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Infrastructure developments depend on decision makers’ perceptions of the particular policy issue and a preferred future state. The complex relationship between accessibility and rural development and the long periods from problem recognition to transport infrastructure realisations bring further uncertainty into regional planning. Therefore, government and public administration tend to rely on narratives to explain the policy issue and to transfer their perspectives into the policy process. However, oversimplified narratives unduly limit the understanding of the problem and so the choice of solutions. This paper aims therefore to contribute to an understanding of the recognition of accessibility and transport infrastructure as a policy problem for sustainable regional development in rural areas. It investigates the narrative that emerges from local officials’ perceptions about a future society, reasons for sustainable growth and the collaboration at the local and regional levels in central Sweden. The analysis details the four key perspectives of the narrative: local people, work and leisure, an urban neighbourhood and public transport services. The findings stress the narrative’s lack of oversight and inclusion that accounts for societies’ heterogeneity. In particular, the analysis expounds a remarkable faceless story that conveys a prevalent lack of understanding of stakeholder needs and the role of critical infrastructure for societal development in rural areas., Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-08-05 (hanlid);Full text license: CC BY;Funder: Municipality of Sundsvall; Municipality of Härnösand; Municipality of Timrå, Municipality of Ånge; Municipality of Nordanstig; Municipality of Hudiksvall

Infrastructure developments depend on decision makers' perceptions of the particular policy issue and a preferred future state. The complex relationship between accessibility and rural development and the long periods from problem recognition to transport infrastructure realisations bring further uncertainty into regional planning. Therefore, government and public administration tend to rely on narratives to explain the policy issue and to transfer their perspectives into the policy process. However, oversimplified narratives unduly limit the understanding of the problem and so the choice of solutions. This paper aims therefore to contribute to an understanding of the recognition of accessibility and transport infrastructure as a policy problem for sustainable regional development in rural areas. It investigates the narrative that emerges from local officials' perceptions about a future society, reasons for sustainable growth and the collaboration at the local and regional levels in central Sweden. The analysis details the four key perspectives of the narrative: local people, work and leisure, an urban neighbourhood and public transport services. The findings stress the narrative's lack of oversight and inclusion that accounts for societies' heterogeneity. In particular, the analysis expounds a remarkable faceless story that conveys a prevalent lack of understanding of stakeholder needs and the role of critical infrastructure for societal development in rural areas.

Infrastructure developments depend on decision makers' perceptions of the particular policy issue and a preferred future state. The complex relationship between accessibility and rural development and the long periods from problem recognition to transport infrastructure realisations bring further uncertainty into regional planning. Therefore, government and public administration tend to rely on narratives to explain the policy issue and to transfer their perspectives into the policy process. However, oversimplified narratives unduly limit the understanding of the problem and so the choice of solutions. This paper aims therefore to contribute to an understanding of the recognition of accessibility and transport infrastructure as a policy problem for sustainable regional development in rural areas. It investigates the narrative that emerges from local officials' perceptions about a future society, reasons for sustainable growth and the collaboration at the local and regional levels in central Sweden. The analysis details the four key perspectives of the narrative: local people, work and leisure, an urban neighbourhood and public transport services. The findings stress the narrative's lack of oversight and inclusion that accounts for societies' heterogeneity. In particular, the analysis expounds a remarkable faceless story that conveys a prevalent lack of understanding of stakeholder needs and the role of critical infrastructure for societal development in rural areas.

Infrastructure developments depend on decision makers’ perceptions of the particular policy issue and a preferred future state. The complex relationship between accessibility and rural development and the long periods from problem recognition to transport infrastructure realisations bring further uncertainty into regional planning. Therefore, government and public administration tend to rely on narratives to explain the policy issue and to transfer their perspectives into the policy process. However, oversimplified narratives unduly limit the understanding of the problem and so the choice of solutions. This paper aims therefore to contribute to an understanding of the recognition of accessibility and transport infrastructure as a policy problem for sustainable regional development in rural areas. It investigates the narrative that emerges from local officials’ perceptions about a future society, reasons for sustainable growth and the collaboration at the local and regional levels in central Sweden. The analysis details the four key perspectives of the narrative: local people, work and leisure, an urban neighbourhood and public transport services. The findings stress the narrative’s lack of oversight and inclusion that accounts for societies’ heterogeneity. In particular, the analysis expounds a remarkable faceless story that conveys a prevalent lack of understanding of stakeholder needs and the role of critical infrastructure for societal development in rural areas., Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-08-05 (hanlid);Full text license: CC BY;Funder: Municipality of Sundsvall; Municipality of Härnösand; Municipality of Timrå, Municipality of Ånge; Municipality of Nordanstig; Municipality of Hudiksvall

Infrastructure developments depend on decision makers' perceptions of the particular policy issue and a preferred future state. The complex relationship between accessibility and rural development and the long periods from problem recognition to transport infrastructure realisations bring further uncertainty into regional planning. Therefore, government and public administration tend to rely on narratives to explain the policy issue and to transfer their perspectives into the policy process. However, oversimplified narratives unduly limit the understanding of the problem and so the choice of solutions. This paper aims therefore to contribute to an understanding of the recognition of accessibility and transport infrastructure as a policy problem for sustainable regional development in rural areas. It investigates the narrative that emerges from local officials' perceptions about a future society, reasons for sustainable growth and the collaboration at the local and regional levels in central Sweden. The analysis details the four key perspectives of the narrative: local people, work and leisure, an urban neighbourhood and public transport services. The findings stress the narrative's lack of oversight and inclusion that accounts for societies' heterogeneity. In particular, the analysis expounds a remarkable faceless story that conveys a prevalent lack of understanding of stakeholder needs and the role of critical infrastructure for societal development in rural areas.

Infrastructure developments depend on decision makers' perceptions of the particular policy issue and a preferred future state. The complex relationship between accessibility and rural development and the long periods from problem recognition to transport infrastructure realisations bring further uncertainty into regional planning. Therefore, government and public administration tend to rely on narratives to explain the policy issue and to transfer their perspectives into the policy process. However, oversimplified narratives unduly limit the understanding of the problem and so the choice of solutions. This paper aims therefore to contribute to an understanding of the recognition of accessibility and transport infrastructure as a policy problem for sustainable regional development in rural areas. It investigates the narrative that emerges from local officials' perceptions about a future society, reasons for sustainable growth and the collaboration at the local and regional levels in central Sweden. The analysis details the four key perspectives of the narrative: local people, work and leisure, an urban neighbourhood and public transport services. The findings stress the narrative's lack of oversight and inclusion that accounts for societies' heterogeneity. In particular, the analysis expounds a remarkable faceless story that conveys a prevalent lack of understanding of stakeholder needs and the role of critical infrastructure for societal development in rural areas.

Infrastructure developments depend on decision makers' perceptions of the particular policy issue and a preferred future state. The complex relationship between accessibility and rural development and the long periods from problem recognition to transport infrastructure realisations bring further uncertainty into regional planning. Therefore, government and public administration tend to rely on narratives to explain the policy issue and to transfer their perspectives into the policy process. However, oversimplified narratives unduly limit the understanding of the problem and so the choice of solutions. This paper aims therefore to contribute to an understanding of the recognition of accessibility and transport infrastructure as a policy problem for sustainable regional development in rural areas. It investigates the narrative that emerges from local officials' perceptions about a future society, reasons for sustainable growth and the collaboration at the local and regional levels in central Sweden. The analysis details the four key perspectives of the narrative: local people, work and leisure, an urban neighbourhood and public transport services. The findings stress the narrative's lack of oversight and inclusion that accounts for societies' heterogeneity. In particular, the analysis expounds a remarkable faceless story that conveys a prevalent lack of understanding of stakeholder needs and the role of critical infrastructure for societal development in rural areas.

The theory of mediatized war implies that any study of conflict that takes place in modern times must also consider the impact of the media within that conflict, especially including new media and communication technologies. Images as visual representations of war have become a part of the information warfare and used to create narratives rooted in the culture of media witnessing (Mortensen) but sometimes entirely divorced from reality (Baudrillard’s simulacrum). The purpose of this thesis was to study images from two Telegram channels, in order to analyze the visual representation of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2022. A qualitative content analysis was used on the images, to observe and interpret the visual themes and context of the images. The theoretical framework that was applied to the categories were the theory of the visual, the culture of witnessing in war, and mediatization of war. The results indicate that both channels try to employ features of media witnessing, with a notable difference that the Russian channel presented a more sanitized, gore-less, and staged version of war while the Ukrainian one focused on the casualties and horrors of war. The study contributes to the fields of mediatization of war and visual representation of war by focusing on the previously unstudied material and combining this unique case with a broad theoretical and empirical body of knowledge.

Social movements are not only remembered in personal experience, but also through cultural carriers that shape how later movements see themselves and are seen by others. The present collection zooms in on the role of photography in this memory-activism nexus. How do iconographic conventions shape images of protest? Why do some images keep movements in the public eye, while others are quickly forgotten? What role do images play in linking different protests, movements, and generations of activists? Have the affordances of digital media made it easier for activists to use images in their memory politics, or has the digital production and massive online exchange of images made it harder to identify and remember a movement via a single powerful image? Bringing together experts in visual culture, cultural memory, social movements, and digital humanities, this collection presents new empirical, theoretical, and methodological insights into the visual memory of protest.

In economics teaching, supply/demand graphs are frequently used as a visual tool to help students understand the complex relationships involved in pricing. Previous studies have investigated students’ understanding of graphs, identifying several challenges related to learning economics through graphs. What has not been investigated further is how visual representations used in teaching economics affect the teaching practice established in the classroom and thus what learning is afforded. This empirical study aims at doing just that. In a series of three lessons, four upper secondary classes were introduced to economics and pricing. Two classes had lessons based on traditional supply/demand graphs and two on a causal loop diagram. The introductory lecture as well as small group discussions were transcribed and analysed to identify teachers’ and students’ communicative actions during this lesson and goals driving them. Based on this analysis, conclusions were drawn concerning the relationship between teaching practices established and what visual representation was used in teaching. Results suggest that the teaching practices established in causal loop diagram-based classrooms could be characterised as epistemic practices, where discussing and learning about pricing was the main object. In contrast, teaching practices established in graph-based classrooms were characterized by a focus on the visual representation as such and the logics behind it, rather than discussing the inner workings of the causal relationships involved in pricing. The study has educational and theoretical significance in terms of practical implications for teaching and discussions concerning what is afforded through different visual representations of the same subject content.

Images have become a key vehicle for communicating climate change, especially in a visually oriented social media ecosystem. However, few studies have examined the ways in which climate change is visually communicated on those platforms. This study addresses that gap by examining more than 2 million images appearing alongside tweets containing #climatechange, identifying the types of images different stakeholders share and the amount of engagement those images elicit. It highlights differences in the image types that are published frequently (e.g., textual visualizations), the image types that users prefer to engage with (e.g., protest images), and the impact of bots and a cyclical communication pattern keyed to focusing events. These findings are then evaluated through a conceptual framework of media logics, which helps highlight some of the distinctions between (news) media logic and social media logic-and their emerging hybridization-within the context of climate change communication.

Images have become a key vehicle for communicating climate change, especially in a visually oriented social media ecosystem. However, few studies have examined the ways in which climate change is visually communicated on those platforms. This study addresses that gap by examining more than 2 million images appearing alongside tweets containing #climatechange, identifying the types of images different stakeholders share and the amount of engagement those images elicit. It highlights differences in the image types that are published frequently (e.g., textual visualizations), the image types that users prefer to engage with (e.g., protest images), and the impact of bots and a cyclical communication pattern keyed to focusing events. These findings are then evaluated through a conceptual framework of media logics, which helps highlight some of the distinctions between (news) media logic and social media logic-and their emerging hybridization-within the context of climate change communication.

Across the United States, a genre of romance novels is sold centering on a “sheikh” character and set in fantasy desert kingdoms modeled off the “Middle East.” The covers feature primarily White Western women in the arms of sheikh characters against backdrops including sand dunes and Bedouin tents with titles referring to sheikhs, sultans, deserts, virgins, and brides. This study uses a decolonial feminist framework to engage in a critical visual discourse analysis of the cover images and contents of these so-called “desert romance” novels (Jarmakani, 2015), alongside pláticas with Muslim women, to understand what this imagery teaches about gender, race, and sexuality, how the imagery acts pedagogically, and with what implications. Through the visuals, titles, and contents, these novels act as a form of public and cultural pedagogy conveying and asserting particular ideas about Muslims, Arabs, and Muslim majority countries with very real impacts and implications.

Today, architecture is primarily consumed through interfaces like Instagram, on-line journals, websites, video games and print publications. This is in part due to the fixed geographical position of architecture. Images allow architecture to be distributed to a broader audience. However, images also represent a problematic disembodiment of the built environment. The complicated relationship between architecture and its image is explored in the first section of this paper, Mnemosyne Field through an interrogation of Aby Warburg’s Mnemosyne Atlas. The second section of this paper, Atlas Materia investigates material qualities as conveyors of architectural identity through fieldwork. The material adjacencies and observational imperfections of fieldwork result in an equivocal architectural experience that takes place at the intersection of a city’s physical qualities and the phenomenological response they produce. This paper describes the pedagogical outcome of sensorial mapping strategies that provided a visual and tactile representation of the city of Buffalo, New York. Based on the experience of material properties, the ultimate objective of Atlas Materia is to help establish a link between phenomenology of perception and urban spaces through a material-centered strategy., La arquitectura actual es consumida principalmente por medio de interfaces tales como Instagram, revistas online, sitios web, videojuegos y publicaciones en papel. Esto es debido en parte a la posición geográfica fija de la arquitectura. Las imágenes permiten que la arquitectura sea distribuida a audiencias más amplias. Sin embargo, las imágenes representan también una desconexión problemática con el medio construido. La compleja relación entre la arquitectura y su imagen se explora en la primera parte delpresente texto, Mnemosyne Field, mediante una incursión en el Atlas Mnemosyne de Aby Warburg. La segunda sección, Atlas Materia, investiga las cualidades materiales como vehículos de identidad arquitectónica en trabajos de campo. Las adyacencias materiales y las imperfecciones observables en los estudios in situ desembocan en una experiencia arquitectónica equívoca que tiene lugar en la intersección de las cualidades físicas de la ciudad y las respuestas fenomenológicas que éstas producen. El presente texto describe los resultados pedagógicos de unas estrategias de mapas sensoriales que proporcionaron una representación visual y táctil de laciudad de Buffalo, Nueva York. Basándose en la experiencia de las propiedades materiales, el objetivo último de Atlas Materia es contribuir al establecimiento de vínculos entre la fenomenología de la percepción y los espacios urbanos mediante una estrategia centrada en lo material.

The theory of mediatized war implies that any study of conflict that takes place in modern times must also consider the impact of the media within that conflict, especially including new media and communication technologies. Images as visual representations of war have become a part of the information warfare and used to create narratives rooted in the culture of media witnessing (Mortensen) but sometimes entirely divorced from reality (Baudrillard’s simulacrum). The purpose of this thesis was to study images from two Telegram channels, in order to analyze the visual representation of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2022. A qualitative content analysis was used on the images, to observe and interpret the visual themes and context of the images. The theoretical framework that was applied to the categories were the theory of the visual, the culture of witnessing in war, and mediatization of war. The results indicate that both channels try to employ features of media witnessing, with a notable difference that the Russian channel presented a more sanitized, gore-less, and staged version of war while the Ukrainian one focused on the casualties and horrors of war. The study contributes to the fields of mediatization of war and visual representation of war by focusing on the previously unstudied material and combining this unique case with a broad theoretical and empirical body of knowledge.

Images have become a key vehicle for communicating climate change, especially in a visually oriented social media ecosystem. However, few studies have examined the ways in which climate change is visually communicated on those platforms. This study addresses that gap by examining more than 2 million images appearing alongside tweets containing #climatechange, identifying the types of images different stakeholders share and the amount of engagement those images elicit. It highlights differences in the image types that are published frequently (e.g., textual visualizations), the image types that users prefer to engage with (e.g., protest images), and the impact of bots and a cyclical communication pattern keyed to focusing events. These findings are then evaluated through a conceptual framework of media logics, which helps highlight some of the distinctions between (news) media logic and social media logic-and their emerging hybridization-within the context of climate change communication.

Across the United States, a genre of romance novels is sold centering on a “sheikh” character and set in fantasy desert kingdoms modeled off the “Middle East.” The covers feature primarily White Western women in the arms of sheikh characters against backdrops including sand dunes and Bedouin tents with titles referring to sheikhs, sultans, deserts, virgins, and brides. This study uses a decolonial feminist framework to engage in a critical visual discourse analysis of the cover images and contents of these so-called “desert romance” novels (Jarmakani, 2015), alongside pláticas with Muslim women, to understand what this imagery teaches about gender, race, and sexuality, how the imagery acts pedagogically, and with what implications. Through the visuals, titles, and contents, these novels act as a form of public and cultural pedagogy conveying and asserting particular ideas about Muslims, Arabs, and Muslim majority countries with very real impacts and implications.

Images have become a key vehicle for communicating climate change, especially in a visually oriented social media ecosystem. However, few studies have examined the ways in which climate change is visually communicated on those platforms. This study addresses that gap by examining more than 2 million images appearing alongside tweets containing #climatechange, identifying the types of images different stakeholders share and the amount of engagement those images elicit. It highlights differences in the image types that are published frequently (e.g., textual visualizations), the image types that users prefer to engage with (e.g., protest images), and the impact of bots and a cyclical communication pattern keyed to focusing events. These findings are then evaluated through a conceptual framework of media logics, which helps highlight some of the distinctions between (news) media logic and social media logic-and their emerging hybridization-within the context of climate change communication.

Images have become a key vehicle for communicating climate change, especially in a visually oriented social media ecosystem. However, few studies have examined the ways in which climate change is visually communicated on those platforms. This study addresses that gap by examining more than 2 million images appearing alongside tweets containing #climatechange, identifying the types of images different stakeholders share and the amount of engagement those images elicit. It highlights differences in the image types that are published frequently (e.g., textual visualizations), the image types that users prefer to engage with (e.g., protest images), and the impact of bots and a cyclical communication pattern keyed to focusing events. These findings are then evaluated through a conceptual framework of media logics, which helps highlight some of the distinctions between (news) media logic and social media logic-and their emerging hybridization-within the context of climate change communication.

Since Russia initiated their war in Ukraine February 2022, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyj went from being a national celebrity to becoming a global phenomenon. With international news media reporting on his every move, the representation of Zelenskyj has become central to how distant audiences make sense of the war, gaining immense popularity among Western audiences particularly. For Ukraine, having no formal alliance, the vitality of winning international popular support cannot be exaggerated. What makes Zelenskyj an unusual case interesting for the study of political personalisation is largely due to how he has been represented visually. The research field has previously focused more on verbal or written communication, predominantly studying personalisation within national election contexts. This thesis therefore aims to provide new insight on the significance of visual representation, within an international context of representing leaders’ to gain popular opinion. For this purpose, we apply a semiotic approach to convey the cultural meanings in pictures of Zelenskyj, furthermore analysing his image in comparison to pictures of his opponent, Russian President Vladimir Putin. The analysis found ideological notions and myths embedded in visualising Zelenskyj dressed as a soldier in the field or together with world leaders, ultimately representing him as a “defender of liberal-democratic principles” and ”member of the Western family”.

Mode directed by Klaus Ehrlich, produced by the state television of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and aired between 1975 and 1990. The study is focused on the specific features of mise-en-scène of the medium, a multifunctional container capable of holding simultaneously several messages on different levels. The purpose is to highlight the communicative power of the body in a visual representation. The body, together with the dress and the setting are the elements on which is based the composition of a fashion image committed to the propagandising of the values and principles of the Socialist State. At the same time, the same elements are the key to revealing a series of contradictions and complexities, which are intrinsic characteristics of the very peculiar political and social context of those years.

The past years have triggered the established blended learning format to develop into other kinds of online teaching formats, with, for example, combinations of a/synchronous learning with more flexible (co-)location requirements for teachers and students. This has led to a renewed exploration of ways to ensure accessible and life-long learning through developed educational practices. Comparing online education formats can be challenging but is necessary. Building on case study methodology, the objective of this study was to explore online learning situations (n = 21): Asynchronous Distance Education (ADE) (n = 15) and (synchronous) Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) (n = 6), to develop a method to systematically analyse and evaluate different formats of online education using engagement theory. To do so, a schema was developed through which visual representations of learning situations were analysed. Results show that visual representations of learning situations enable nuanced comparisons across different formats of online education. Analysis reveals that the format of education affects the conditions under which the teacher more readily facilitates student engagement and that asynchronous and synchronous formats supported different nuances of engagement.

Understanding deep evolutionary time is crucial for biology education and for conceptualizing evolutionary history. Although such knowledge might help citizens contemplate their actions in the context of human existence, understanding deep evolutionary time is a demanding cognitive endeavor for students. The enormous magnitudes of evolutionary time are often visually communicated through phylograms and timelines. Given the importance of understanding evolutionary time in various scientific domains at large, there is a need for tools to gauge students’ knowledge about visually communicated deep evolutionary time. In response, we describe the design and validation of an instrument to measure knowledge about the visual representation of deep evolutionary time. Development, expert panel evaluation, and piloting of an initial 14 questions with 139 respondents resulted in a 10-item multiple-choice questionnaire. Subsequent collection and analysis of 212 responses validated the 10-item Deep Evolutionary Time Visual Instrument (DET-Vis). Identification of a single factor suggests a unidimensional construct that represents knowledge about the visual communication of deep evolutionary time. A Cronbach’s alpha of 0.73 yielded an acceptable internal consistency of the instrument. The items of the instrument discriminate well with discrimination coefficients between 0.25 and 0.53. The instrument is of moderate difficulty with difficulty indices ranging from 0.56 to 0.81. The seven-step methodological design and validation procedure of this study yielded a unidimensional, valid, and reliable ten-item deep evolutionary time visual test instrument. The instrument items probe both procedural and declarative aspects of the construct that could warrant future psychometric exploration. Use of DET-Vis in pedagogical practice could help support the teaching of deep evolutionary time at upper secondary and undergraduate levels.

Understanding deep evolutionary time is crucial for biology education and for conceptualizing evolutionary history. Although such knowledge might help citizens contemplate their actions in the context of human existence, understanding deep evolutionary time is a demanding cognitive endeavor for students. The enormous magnitudes of evolutionary time are often visually communicated through phylograms and timelines. Given the importance of understanding evolutionary time in various scientific domains at large, there is a need for tools to gauge students’ knowledge about visually communicated deep evolutionary time. In response, we describe the design and validation of an instrument to measure knowledge about the visual representation of deep evolutionary time. Development, expert panel evaluation, and piloting of an initial 14 questions with 139 respondents resulted in a 10-item multiple-choice questionnaire. Subsequent collection and analysis of 212 responses validated the 10-item Deep Evolutionary Time Visual Instrument (DET-Vis). Identification of a single factor suggests a unidimensional construct that represents knowledge about the visual communication of deep evolutionary time. A Cronbach’s alpha of 0.73 yielded an acceptable internal consistency of the instrument. The items of the instrument discriminate well with discrimination coefficients between 0.25 and 0.53. The instrument is of moderate difficulty with difficulty indices ranging from 0.56 to 0.81. The seven-step methodological design and validation procedure of this study yielded a unidimensional, valid, and reliable ten-item deep evolutionary time visual test instrument. The instrument items probe both procedural and declarative aspects of the construct that could warrant future psychometric exploration. Use of DET-Vis in pedagogical practice could help support the teaching of deep evolutionary time at upper secondary and undergraduate levels.

The colonial legacy of development aid has been widely discussed in academia. This study uses postcolonial theory to shed light upon how one Finnish NGO’s visual imageries affect the representation of the African continent. The thesis adds underexplored perspectives by highlighting the perceptions of five Finnish African diaspora members in Finland, giving a voice to the subaltern. Using qualitative semi-structured interviews combined with the photo-elicitation technique the study emphasizes through thematic analysis that the NGO’s visual imageries affect the everyday lives of the Finnish African diaspora by reproducing imageries that reflect colonial undertones. Results also indicated that the photos reproduce the single story of Africa in the Finnish society, affecting how the Finnish majority perceives the diaspora members. The diaspora members felt disappointed by the misrepresentation of the African continent, but they also provided solutions to overcome these very existing hierarchies.

Sentiment visualization is concerned with visual representation of sentiments, emotions, opinions, and stances typically detected in textual data, for example, charts or diagrams representing negative and positive opinions in online customer reviews or Twitter discussions. Such approaches have been applied for the purposes of academic research and practical applications in the past years. But the question of usability of these various techniques still remains generally unsolved, as the existing research typically addresses individual design alternatives for a particular technique implementation only. This work focuses on evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of common visual representations for low-level visualization tasks in the context of sentiment visualization. More specifically, we describe a task-based within-subject user study for various tasks, carried out as an online survey and taking the task completion time and error rate into account for most questions. The study involved 50 participants, and we present and discuss their responses and free-form comments. The results provide evidence of strengths and weaknesses of particular representations and visual variables with respect to different tasks, as well as specific user preferences, in the context of sentiment visualization., DISA

Mode directed by Klaus Ehrlich, produced by the state television of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and aired between 1975 and 1990. The study is focused on the specific features of mise-en-scène of the medium, a multifunctional container capable of holding simultaneously several messages on different levels. The purpose is to highlight the communicative power of the body in a visual representation. The body, together with the dress and the setting are the elements on which is based the composition of a fashion image committed to the propagandising of the values and principles of the Socialist State. At the same time, the same elements are the key to revealing a series of contradictions and complexities, which are intrinsic characteristics of the very peculiar political and social context of those years.

Sentiment visualization is concerned with visual representation of sentiments, emotions, opinions, and stances typically detected in textual data, for example, charts or diagrams representing negative and positive opinions in online customer reviews or Twitter discussions. Such approaches have been applied for the purposes of academic research and practical applications in the past years. But the question of usability of these various techniques still remains generally unsolved, as the existing research typically addresses individual design alternatives for a particular technique implementation only. This work focuses on evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of common visual representations for low-level visualization tasks in the context of sentiment visualization. More specifically, we describe a task-based within-subject user study for various tasks, carried out as an online survey and taking the task completion time and error rate into account for most questions. The study involved 50 participants, and we present and discuss their responses and free-form comments. The results provide evidence of strengths and weaknesses of particular representations and visual variables with respect to different tasks, as well as specific user preferences, in the context of sentiment visualization., DISA

Symmetric positive definite (SPD) visual representations are effective due to their ability to capture high-order statistics to describe images. Reliable and efficient calculation of SPD matrix representation from small sized feature maps with a high number of channels in CNN is a challenging issue. This thesis presents three novel methods to address the above challenge. The first method, called Relation Dropout (ReDro), is inspired by the fact that eigen-decomposition of a block diagonal matrix can be efficiently obtained by eigendecomposition of each block separately. Thus, instead of using a full covariance matrix as in the literature, this thesis randomly group the channels and form a covariance matrix per group. ReDro is inserted as an additional layer preceding the matrix normalisation step and the random grouping is made transparent to all subsequent layers. ReDro can be seen as a dropout-related regularisation which discards some pair-wise channel relationships across each group. The second method, called FastCOV, exploits the intrinsic connection between eigensytems of XXT and XTX. Specifically, it computes position-wise covariance matrix upon convolutional feature maps instead of the typical channel-wise covariance matrix. As the spatial size of feature maps is usually much smaller than the channel number, conducting eigen-decomposition of the position-wise covariance matrix avoids rank-deficiency and it is faster than the decomposition of the channel-wise covariance matrix. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the normalised channel-wise covariance matrix can be retrieved by the connection of the XXT and XTX eigen-systems. The third method, iSICE, deals with the reliable covariance estimation from small sized and highdimensional CNN feature maps. It exploits the prior structure of the covariance matrix to estimate sparse inverse covariance which is developed in the literature to deal with the covariance matrix’s small sample issue. Given a covariance matri

The opening sequence of a series or film acts as a preamble that encapsulates various key elements of the plot or presents aesthetic and iconographic features that appear in the story. In this research, we analyze the representation of the modern-day American city in the opening sequences of three recent series that were very well received: The Sopranos (HBO, 1999-2007), Weeds (Showtime, 2005-2012) and House of Cards (Netflix, 2013-2018). To this end, we characterize the urban spaces presented in these intros, analyzing how their different elements are represented and used, the differences (or not) between “reality” and fiction, as regards their spatial and urban layout, together with the projection in the media of the different urban contexts. The Sopranos and House of Cards offer a brief, but highly detailed, picture of two world-famous metropolises (New York and Washington DC) and their different functional aspects. Weeds, and to some extent The Sopranos, offer the viewer an insight into suburban areas, as an example of urban sprawl in idealized family residential areas. These images are in sharp contrast with the cultural, historical Washington portrayed in House of Cards. In this way, the three opening sequences present and help create many of the stereotype images that make up our collective imaginary of the urban landscape of the East and West coast of the United States., Representaciones e imaginarios urbanos a través de los opening de tres series estadounidenses: The Sopranos, Weeds y House of Cards Las secuencias de apertura de una serie o de una película funcionan como preámbulo en el que se encapsulan elementos denotativos de la trama o se insertan atributos estéticos e iconográficos directamente relacionados con la historia. Este trabajo analiza la representación de la ciudad contemporánea estadounidense a través de los openings de tres series recientes con notable recepción: The Sopranos (HBO, 1999–2007), Weeds (Showtime, 2005–2012) y House of Cards (Netflix, 2013–2018). Se lleva a cabo una caracterización de estos espacios urbanos, la representación y uso que se hace de sus elementos, la diferenciación (o no) entre “realidad” y ficción en cuanto a la configuración de su dimensión espacial y urbana, junto con la proyección mediática de los distintos contextos urbanos. The Sopranos y House of Cards dan cuenta de la figuración y funcionalidad de núcleos urbanos conocidos globalmente (Nueva York y Washington DC) y de su espacio metropolitano. Weeds, pero también The Sopranos, detalla lugares del ámbito suburbano, ejemplo del urban sprawl estadounidense e ideal residencial familiar, en contraposición con la ciudad vinculada a la cultura y la historia de House of Cards. Las tres secuencias de apertura conforman y representan los estereotipos del imaginario colectivo que tenemos del paisaje urbano de la costa este y oeste del país.

Based on a literature review, this text argues about the importance of literacy and image interpretation for qualitative research in education. The theoretical foundation is mainly based on Santaella (2012) who deals with the notions of visual representation, highlighting that images differ according to the purpose for which they are intended, as they have different functions and meanings. Bohnsack (2007) proposes the documentary method of interpretation and emphasizes its relevance in the treatment of images within the scope of qualitative research. The potent contribution of the theories of the two authors to research on images can be seen, both for the formal analysis of the elements that compose them and for the senses and worldviews present in them. The text presents two images that allow us to reflect on the importance of analysis and visual literacy, a photograph produced by Sebastião Salgado that denounces the conditions of invisibility in which peasant and indigenous communities in Latin America live, and an advertising image, addressed to certain audiences, with the aim of encouraging consumption, articulating issues involving gender. The power of visual literacy, analysis and interpretation of images is highlighted, to demonstrate processes that produce invisibility of social groups, strategies of hierarchy of classes and social groups, as well as inequalities of gender and race., A partir de uma revisão bibliográfica, o presente texto argumenta sobre a importância da alfabetização e da interpretação das imagens para a investigação qualitativa em educação. A fundamentação teórica se baseia principalmente em Santaella (2012) que trata sobre as noções de representação visual, destacando que as imagens diferem de acordo com a finalidade a que se destinam, pois possuem diferentes funções e significados. Bohnsack (2007) propõe o método documentário de interpretação e enfatiza sua relevância no tratamento das imagens no âmbito da pesquisa qualitativa. Constata-se a potente contribuição das teorias dos dois autores para as pesquisas sobre as imagens, tanto para a análise formal dos elementos que as compõem quanto para os sentidos e as visões de mundo presentes nas mesmas. O texto apresenta duas imagens que nos possibilitam refletir sobre a importância da análise e da alfabetização visual, uma fotografia produzida por Sebastião Salgado que denuncia as condições de invisibilidade em que vivem comunidades camponesas e indígenas da América Latina, e uma imagem de publicidade, endereçada a determinados públicos, com o objetivo de exortar ao consumo, articulando questões que envolvem gênero. Destaca-se a potência da alfabetização visual, da análise e interpretação de imagens, para demonstrar processos que vem produzir invisibilidade de grupos sociais, estratégias de hierarquização de classes e grupos sociais, bem como desigualdades de gênero e raça.

The colonial legacy of development aid has been widely discussed in academia. This study uses postcolonial theory to shed light upon how one Finnish NGO’s visual imageries affect the representation of the African continent. The thesis adds underexplored perspectives by highlighting the perceptions of five Finnish African diaspora members in Finland, giving a voice to the subaltern. Using qualitative semi-structured interviews combined with the photo-elicitation technique the study emphasizes through thematic analysis that the NGO’s visual imageries affect the everyday lives of the Finnish African diaspora by reproducing imageries that reflect colonial undertones. Results also indicated that the photos reproduce the single story of Africa in the Finnish society, affecting how the Finnish majority perceives the diaspora members. The diaspora members felt disappointed by the misrepresentation of the African continent, but they also provided solutions to overcome these very existing hierarchies.

Understanding deep evolutionary time is crucial for biology education and for conceptualizing evolutionary history. Although such knowledge might help citizens contemplate their actions in the context of human existence, understanding deep evolutionary time is a demanding cognitive endeavor for students. The enormous magnitudes of evolutionary time are often visually communicated through phylograms and timelines. Given the importance of understanding evolutionary time in various scientific domains at large, there is a need for tools to gauge students’ knowledge about visually communicated deep evolutionary time. In response, we describe the design and validation of an instrument to measure knowledge about the visual representation of deep evolutionary time. Development, expert panel evaluation, and piloting of an initial 14 questions with 139 respondents resulted in a 10-item multiple-choice questionnaire. Subsequent collection and analysis of 212 responses validated the 10-item Deep Evolutionary Time Visual Instrument (DET-Vis). Identification of a single factor suggests a unidimensional construct that represents knowledge about the visual communication of deep evolutionary time. A Cronbach’s alpha of 0.73 yielded an acceptable internal consistency of the instrument. The items of the instrument discriminate well with discrimination coefficients between 0.25 and 0.53. The instrument is of moderate difficulty with difficulty indices ranging from 0.56 to 0.81. The seven-step methodological design and validation procedure of this study yielded a unidimensional, valid, and reliable ten-item deep evolutionary time visual test instrument. The instrument items probe both procedural and declarative aspects of the construct that could warrant future psychometric exploration. Use of DET-Vis in pedagogical practice could help support the teaching of deep evolutionary time at upper secondary and undergraduate levels.

Článek se zabývá filmovou reprezentací a interkulturním natáčením etnografických či antropologických filmů. Text poukazuje na to, že filmová reprezentace není jen výsledkem dichotomicky pojaté mocenské nerovnováhy mezi mocným výzkumníkem a slabším objektem či subjektem natáčení, ale mnohem širší kombinací pozic, vztahů a kontextů týkajících se všech aktérů. Nabízí perspektivu z postsocialistického světa a poukazuje na to, že exotizace, marginalizace a stereotypizace odrážejí různé diskurzy a historické zkušenosti s kolonizací. Právě různé zkušenosti s koloniálními praktikami mezi Západem a Východem sehrávají roli i v tom, že pozice exotizovaných se v těchto prostorech může proměňovat. Text vychází ze zkušenosti při práci na filmu Lakros - to je způsob života, The article deals with the topic of film representation and intercultural encounters, on the example of contact between Native Americans, Czech athletes and anthropologists-filmmakers. The text points out that (film) representation is not just a matter of a dichotomously conceptualized power balance between a “powerful” researcher and a “weaker” object / subject, but a much more varied interconnection of contexts and positions of all actors. It offers a perspective from the post-socialist world and points out that exoticization, marginalization and stereotyping are a reflection of various discourses and historical experiences of colonization. These differences between the West and Central Europe are the reasons why the positions of the exoticized can change and turn in them.

Understanding deep evolutionary time is crucial for biology education and for conceptualizing evolutionary history. Although such knowledge might help citizens contemplate their actions in the context of human existence, understanding deep evolutionary time is a demanding cognitive endeavor for students. The enormous magnitudes of evolutionary time are often visually communicated through phylograms and timelines. Given the importance of understanding evolutionary time in various scientific domains at large, there is a need for tools to gauge students’ knowledge about visually communicated deep evolutionary time. In response, we describe the design and validation of an instrument to measure knowledge about the visual representation of deep evolutionary time. Development, expert panel evaluation, and piloting of an initial 14 questions with 139 respondents resulted in a 10-item multiple-choice questionnaire. Subsequent collection and analysis of 212 responses validated the 10-item Deep Evolutionary Time Visual Instrument (DET-Vis). Identification of a single factor suggests a unidimensional construct that represents knowledge about the visual communication of deep evolutionary time. A Cronbach’s alpha of 0.73 yielded an acceptable internal consistency of the instrument. The items of the instrument discriminate well with discrimination coefficients between 0.25 and 0.53. The instrument is of moderate difficulty with difficulty indices ranging from 0.56 to 0.81. The seven-step methodological design and validation procedure of this study yielded a unidimensional, valid, and reliable ten-item deep evolutionary time visual test instrument. The instrument items probe both procedural and declarative aspects of the construct that could warrant future psychometric exploration. Use of DET-Vis in pedagogical practice could help support the teaching of deep evolutionary time at upper secondary and undergraduate levels.

Understanding deep evolutionary time is crucial for biology education and for conceptualizing evolutionary history. Although such knowledge might help citizens contemplate their actions in the context of human existence, understanding deep evolutionary time is a demanding cognitive endeavor for students. The enormous magnitudes of evolutionary time are often visually communicated through phylograms and timelines. Given the importance of understanding evolutionary time in various scientific domains at large, there is a need for tools to gauge students’ knowledge about visually communicated deep evolutionary time. In response, we describe the design and validation of an instrument to measure knowledge about the visual representation of deep evolutionary time. Development, expert panel evaluation, and piloting of an initial 14 questions with 139 respondents resulted in a 10-item multiple-choice questionnaire. Subsequent collection and analysis of 212 responses validated the 10-item Deep Evolutionary Time Visual Instrument (DET-Vis). Identification of a single factor suggests a unidimensional construct that represents knowledge about the visual communication of deep evolutionary time. A Cronbach’s alpha of 0.73 yielded an acceptable internal consistency of the instrument. The items of the instrument discriminate well with discrimination coefficients between 0.25 and 0.53. The instrument is of moderate difficulty with difficulty indices ranging from 0.56 to 0.81. The seven-step methodological design and validation procedure of this study yielded a unidimensional, valid, and reliable ten-item deep evolutionary time visual test instrument. The instrument items probe both procedural and declarative aspects of the construct that could warrant future psychometric exploration. Use of DET-Vis in pedagogical practice could help support the teaching of deep evolutionary time at upper secondary and undergraduate levels.

The past years have triggered the established blended learning format to develop into other kinds of online teaching formats, with, for example, combinations of a/synchronous learning with more flexible (co-)location requirements for teachers and students. This has led to a renewed exploration of ways to ensure accessible and life-long learning through developed educational practices. Comparing online education formats can be challenging but is necessary. Building on case study methodology, the objective of this study was to explore online learning situations (n = 21): Asynchronous Distance Education (ADE) (n = 15) and (synchronous) Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) (n = 6), to develop a method to systematically analyse and evaluate different formats of online education using engagement theory. To do so, a schema was developed through which visual representations of learning situations were analysed. Results show that visual representations of learning situations enable nuanced comparisons across different formats of online education. Analysis reveals that the format of education affects the conditions under which the teacher more readily facilitates student engagement and that asynchronous and synchronous formats support different nuances of engagement. © 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Funding: The Research is a Part of the Malmo IT in Education Research Project (MITis) and is Funded by the City of Malmo.

Sentiment visualization is concerned with visual representation of sentiments, emotions, opinions, and stances typically detected in textual data, for example, charts or diagrams representing negative and positive opinions in online customer reviews or Twitter discussions. Such approaches have been applied for the purposes of academic research and practical applications in the past years. But the question of usability of these various techniques still remains generally unsolved, as the existing research typically addresses individual design alternatives for a particular technique implementation only. This work focuses on evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of common visual representations for low-level visualization tasks in the context of sentiment visualization. More specifically, we describe a task-based within-subject user study for various tasks, carried out as an online survey and taking the task completion time and error rate into account for most questions. The study involved 50 participants, and we present and discuss their responses and free-form comments. The results provide evidence of strengths and weaknesses of particular representations and visual variables with respect to different tasks, as well as specific user preferences, in the context of sentiment visualization., DISA

Sentiment visualization is concerned with visual representation of sentiments, emotions, opinions, and stances typically detected in textual data, for example, charts or diagrams representing negative and positive opinions in online customer reviews or Twitter discussions. Such approaches have been applied for the purposes of academic research and practical applications in the past years. But the question of usability of these various techniques still remains generally unsolved, as the existing research typically addresses individual design alternatives for a particular technique implementation only. This work focuses on evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of common visual representations for low-level visualization tasks in the context of sentiment visualization. More specifically, we describe a task-based within-subject user study for various tasks, carried out as an online survey and taking the task completion time and error rate into account for most questions. The study involved 50 participants, and we present and discuss their responses and free-form comments. The results provide evidence of strengths and weaknesses of particular representations and visual variables with respect to different tasks, as well as specific user preferences, in the context of sentiment visualization., DISA

Sentiment visualization is concerned with visual representation of sentiments, emotions, opinions, and stances typically detected in textual data, for example, charts or diagrams representing negative and positive opinions in online customer reviews or Twitter discussions. Such approaches have been applied for the purposes of academic research and practical applications in the past years. But the question of usability of these various techniques still remains generally unsolved, as the existing research typically addresses individual design alternatives for a particular technique implementation only. This work focuses on evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of common visual representations for low-level visualization tasks in the context of sentiment visualization. More specifically, we describe a task-based within-subject user study for various tasks, carried out as an online survey and taking the task completion time and error rate into account for most questions. The study involved 50 participants, and we present and discuss their responses and free-form comments. The results provide evidence of strengths and weaknesses of particular representations and visual variables with respect to different tasks, as well as specific user preferences, in the context of sentiment visualization., Funding: Center for Data Intensive Sciences and Applications (DISA) at Linnaeus University

Sentiment visualization is concerned with visual representation of sentiments, emotions, opinions, and stances typically detected in textual data, for example, charts or diagrams representing negative and positive opinions in online customer reviews or Twitter discussions. Such approaches have been applied for the purposes of academic research and practical applications in the past years. But the question of usability of these various techniques still remains generally unsolved, as the existing research typically addresses individual design alternatives for a particular technique implementation only. This work focuses on evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of common visual representations for low-level visualization tasks in the context of sentiment visualization. More specifically, we describe a task-based within-subject user study for various tasks, carried out as an online survey and taking the task completion time and error rate into account for most questions. The study involved 50 participants, and we present and discuss their responses and free-form comments. The results provide evidence of strengths and weaknesses of particular representations and visual variables with respect to different tasks, as well as specific user preferences, in the context of sentiment visualization., DISA

This study investigates how different visual representations of price facilitate learning in upper secondary social science education. Three lessons on pricing were given to four classes (n = 94 students). Two classes had lessons based on graphs and two on a causal loop diagram. Written pre- and post-test answers were analysed phenomenographically and results arising from the two visual representations were compared. Results suggested that a causal loop diagram facilitated a more complex way of understanding the causal relationships in pricing than the graph. The traditional way of introducing price, through the use of supply/demand graphs, is thereby problematised. The study extends knowledge by identifying a synergy between phenomenography and research on visual representations and has specific implications for teaching and learning.

This study investigates how different visual representations of price facilitate learning in upper secondary social science education. Three lessons on pricing were given to four classes (n = 94 students). Two classes had lessons based on graphs and two on a causal loop diagram. Written pre- and post-test answers were analysed phenomenographically and results arising from the two visual representations were compared. Results suggested that a causal loop diagram facilitated a more complex way of understanding the causal relationships in pricing than the graph. The traditional way of introducing price, through the use of supply/demand graphs, is thereby problematised. The study extends knowledge by identifying a synergy between phenomenography and research on visual representations and has specific implications for teaching and learning.

This study investigates how different visual representations of price facilitate learning in upper secondary social science education. Three lessons on pricing were given to four classes (n = 94 students). Two classes had lessons based on graphs and two on a causal loop diagram. Written pre- and post-test answers were analysed phenomenographically and results arising from the two visual representations were compared. Results suggested that a causal loop diagram facilitated a more complex way of understanding the causal relationships in pricing than the graph. The traditional way of introducing price, through the use of supply/demand graphs, is thereby problematised. The study extends knowledge by identifying a synergy between phenomenography and research on visual representations and has specific implications for teaching and learning.

The debate(s) on the relationship between art, activism and academia is as old as knowledge-production itself. In keeping with this volume’s focus on refexivity and representation, this contribution asks what role flmmakers, curators and artists play as knowledge producers and as knowledge-brokers when working on politicized issues such migration and/or ethnicity. This chapter looks at three European experiences that sit on the seam of curatorial practice, testimony and activism and address the (visual) narratives of minority groups. Exploring the emergence of these initiatives and drawing upon interviews with the curators and artists behind them, this chapter takes stock of ongoing debates on the complex relationship between political and artistic representation on minority groups. Adopting Mitchell’s (1995) approach to representation that sees it as always being “of someone, by someone, to someone”, particular attention is given to the implications of what kind of stories are told, for whom they are told, and of who does the storytelling.

Purpose: This paper results from an intervention study focusing on the relationship between visual representation used in teaching about pricing in economics and teaching-learning practices established in the classroom, with a focus on the affordance offered through the representations used. Method: Lessons were conducted with four upper secondary classes: two had lessons based on graphs and two on a causal loop diagram. Transcriptions of the lesson, including small group discussions, were analysed using a practice theory perspective, identifying actions and goals driving them. Results arising from the two representations were compared. Findings: Different actions were mediated through the different representations. A causal loop diagram afforded more qualified actions, and more epistemic teaching-learning practices, than graphs. Research limitations/implications: This study should be replicated with different subject contents /visual representations. Practical implications: Choice of visual tools used in teaching will affect the practice established and thus the knowledge made available for students to experience.

This study investigates how different visual representations of price facilitate learning in upper secondary social science education. Three lessons on pricing were given to four classes (n = 94 students). Two classes had lessons based on graphs and two on a causal loop diagram. Written pre- and post-test answers were analysed phenomenographically and results arising from the two visual representations were compared. Results suggested that a causal loop diagram facilitated a more complex way of understanding the causal relationships in pricing than the graph. The traditional way of introducing price, through the use of supply/demand graphs, is thereby problematised. The study extends knowledge by identifying a synergy between phenomenography and research on visual representations and has specific implications for teaching and learning.

Recent successes in training word embeddings for NLP tasks have encouraged a wave of research on representation learning for sourcecode, which builds on similar NLP methods. The overall objective is then to produce code embeddings that capture the maximumof program semantics. State-of-the-art approaches invariably rely on a syntactic representation (i.e., raw lexical tokens, abstractsyntax trees, or intermediate representation tokens) to generate embeddings, which are criticized in the literature as non-robustor non-generalizable. In this work, we investigate a novel embedding approach based on the intuition that source code has visualpatterns of semantics. We further use these patterns to address the outstanding challenge of identifying semantic code clones. Wepropose theWySiWiM(“What You See Is What It Means”) approach where visual representations of source code are fed into powerfulpre-trained image classification neural networks from the field of computer vision to benefit from the practical advantages of transferlearning. We evaluate the proposed embedding approach on the task of vulnerable code prediction in source code and on two variationsof the task of semantic code clone identification: code clone detection (a binary classification problem), and code classification (amulti-classification problem). We show with experiments on the BigCloneBench (Java), Open Judge (C) that although simple, ourWySiWiMapproach performs as effectively as state of the art approaches such as ASTNN or TBCNN. We also showed with datafrom NVD and SARD thatWySiWiMrepresentation can be used to learn a vulnerable code detector with reasonable performance(accuracy∼90%). We further explore the influence of different steps in our approach, such as the choice of visual representations or theclassification algorithm, to eventually discuss the promises and limitations of this research direction.

Recent successes in training word embeddings for NLP tasks have encouraged a wave of research on representation learning for sourcecode, which builds on similar NLP methods. The overall objective is then to produce code embeddings that capture the maximumof program semantics. State-of-the-art approaches invariably rely on a syntactic representation (i.e., raw lexical tokens, abstractsyntax trees, or intermediate representation tokens) to generate embeddings, which are criticized in the literature as non-robustor non-generalizable. In this work, we investigate a novel embedding approach based on the intuition that source code has visualpatterns of semantics. We further use these patterns to address the outstanding challenge of identifying semantic code clones. Wepropose theWySiWiM(“What You See Is What It Means”) approach where visual representations of source code are fed into powerfulpre-trained image classification neural networks from the field of computer vision to benefit from the practical advantages of transferlearning. We evaluate the proposed embedding approach on the task of vulnerable code prediction in source code and on two variationsof the task of semantic code clone identification: code clone detection (a binary classification problem), and code classification (amulti-classification problem). We show with experiments on the BigCloneBench (Java), Open Judge (C) that although simple, ourWySiWiMapproach performs as effectively as state of the art approaches such as ASTNN or TBCNN. We also showed with datafrom NVD and SARD thatWySiWiMrepresentation can be used to learn a vulnerable code detector with reasonable performance(accuracy∼90%). We further explore the influence of different steps in our approach, such as the choice of visual representations or theclassification algorithm, to eventually discuss the promises and limitations of this research direction.

Syfte och frågeställningar : Syftet med denna kandidatexamensuppsats är att belysa skillnaden mellan hur kvinnliga och manliga idrottare framställs i media genom fotografier och hur det påverkar konstruktionen och/eller förstärkningen av könstereotyper och könsroller, vilket i sin tur försvårar arbetet för en jämställd idrott; utifrån RF:s jämställdhetsmål för 2025. Studien ämnar svara på följande frågeställningar: 1) Förekommer manliga idrottare i större omfattning än kvinnliga idrottare i media? 2) Blir kvinnliga idrottare marginaliserade i media genom att placeras senare i tidningen och på färre första sidor än manliga idrottare? 3) Porträtteras kvinnliga idrottare oftare på bilder i mindre storlek än manliga idrottare? 4) Framställs kvinnor på ett könsstereotypiskt sätt i media som begränsar möjligheter för en jämställd idrott? 5) Förekommer manligt kodade idrotter i större omfattning än kvinnligt kodade idrotter i media?6) I vilken utsträckning får kvinnligt kodade idrotter utrymme i media och vilket kön representeras mest i respektive kodad idrott? Metod: Undersökningen genomfördes genom en kvantitativ innehållsanalys på 3153 bilder på idrottare i Sportbladet. Ett kodningsschema konstruerades där faktorer som kön, placering i tidningen, storlek på bilden, om idrottaren framställdes i eller utanför en idrottskontext och i idrottskläder eller civila kläder. Något som också noterades var om idrotten var manligt, neutralt eller kvinnligt kodad. En pilottestning genomfördes för att testa interbedömarreliabiliteten och därefter kodades de 3153 bilder som studien avser. Resultat: Manliga idrottare porträtteras på 75% av alla bilder jämfört med 25% på kvinnliga idrottare (p = <.001). Manliga idrottare förekom även tidigare i tidningen än kvinnliga idrottare (p= <.001). Det fanns ingen skillnad mellan könen gällande storlek på bild (p <.184). Resultatet visar även att kvinnliga idrottare oftare framställs utanför en idrottskontext än manliga idrottare (p=, Aim: The purpose of this study is to examine and illustrate the way female and male athletes are portrayed in media through photographs and how that in turn affects the construction and/or the reinforcement of gender stereotypes and gender roles, which in turn obstruct the strive for equality in sports; regarding the Swedish Sports Confederations goals for equality to be met 2025. The study presents six questions of issue: 1) Are male athletes portrayed to a larger extent than female athletes in media? 2) Are female athletes marginalized in media by being systematically placed later in the paper and in less first pages than male athletes? 3) Are female athletes portrayed in smaller pictures more often than male athletes? 4) Are female athletes portrayed in a gender stereotypical way in media that limits the possibilities for equality in sports? 5) Are masculine sports portrayed to a larger extent than feminine sports in media? 6) To what extent are feminine sports portrayed in media and what gender is most prominent in feminine sports? Method: The study performed a quantitative content analysis on 3153 pictures in Sportbladet. A coding scheme was designed where factors such as, gender, placement in the paper, size of picture, if the athlete was portrayed in or outside of an athletic context, if the athlete was portrayed in athletic or civilian clothes. It was also noted if the sport was masculine, neutral or feminine. A pilot test was conducted to test for interrater reliability. Thereafter the main analysis of the study was conducted on 3153 pictures. Results: Male athletes are portrayed in 75% of all pictures compared to female athletes who is portrayed in 25% (p = <.001). Male athletes also occurred earlier in the paper than female athletes (p= <.001). There were no differences between male and female athletes regarding the size of the picture (p <.184). The results indicate that female athletes more often were portrayed outside an athletic context than