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En este artículo examinamos y debatimos los posibles factores que pueden desencadenar la autenticidad en los entornos inmersivos animados. Nuestro debate se basa en tres formas de autenticidad, clasificadas como autenticidad objetiva, constructiva o simbólica y existencial. Para explorar estas ideas, presentamos tres estudios de casos extraídos de la propia investigación de los autores, que utilizan medios inmersivos en diferentes contextos (educativo, histórico y político). El objetivo es cuestionar cómo se concibe y construye la autenticidad en tres niveles —autenticidad de la narrativa, autenticidad del entorno y autenticidad de la acción— durante el proceso de diseño y producción. Empezamos definiendo el concepto de autenticidad con referencia a trabajos anteriores en los campos del periodismo y el turismo, y luego exploramos su especificación en la realidad virtual animada a través de la discusión de casos prácticos. Una conclusión importante de nuestro análisis es que se necesitan marcadores de autenticidad para que los usuarios puedan verificar la información presentada y confiar en el contenido educativo. In this article we examine and discuss possible factors that may trigger authenticity in animated immersive environments. Our discussion is based on three forms of authenticity, classified as objective , constructive or symbolic , and existential authenticity . To explore these ideas, we present three case studies drawn from the authors' own research, using immersive media in different contexts (educational, historical and political). The goal is to question how authenticity is conceived and constructed at three levels—narrative authenticity, environment authenticity, and action authenticity—during the design and production process. We begin by defining the concept of authenticity with reference to previous work in the fields of journalism and tourism, and then explore its specification in animated virtual reality through the discussion of case studies. An

[EN] This paper examines and discusses potential factors that may trigger authenticity in animated immersive environments. Our discussion draws upon three forms of authenticity, categorized as objective, constructive or symbolic, and existential authenticity. To explore these ideas, we present three case studies drawn from the authors own research deploying immersive media in different contexts (educational, historical, and political). The aim is to interrogate how authenticity is conceived and constructed on three levels authenticity of narrative, authenticity of environment, and authenticity of action during the design and production process. We start by defining the concept of authenticity with reference to previous work within the fields of journalism and tourism, and then explore its specification in animated virtual reality through the case study discussion. One important conclusion from our analysis is that authenticity markers are needed to enable users to verify the information presented and trust the educational content., [ES] En este artículo examinamos y debatimos los posibles factores que pueden desencadenar la autenticidad en los entornos inmersivos animados. Nuestro debate se basa en tres formas de autenticidad, clasificadas como autenticidad objetiva, constructiva o simbólica y existencial. Para explorar estas ideas, presentamos tres estudios de casos extraídos de la propia investigación de los autores, que utilizan medios inmersivos en diferentes contextos (educativo, histórico y político). El objetivo es cuestionar cómo se concibe y construye la autenticidad en tres niveles autenticidad de la narrativa, autenticidad del entorno y autenticidad de la acción durante el proceso de diseño y producción. Empezamos definiendo el concepto de autenticidad con referencia a trabajos anteriores en los campos del periodismo y el turismo, y luego exploramos su especificación en la realidad virtual animada a través de la discusión de casos prácticos. Una conclusión importante de nuestro análisis es que se necesitan marcadores de autenticidad para que los usuarios puedan verificar la información presentada y confiar en el contenido educativo.

[EN] This paper examines and discusses potential factors that may trigger authenticity in animated immersive environments. Our discussion draws upon three forms of authenticity, categorized as objective, constructive or symbolic, and existential authenticity. To explore these ideas, we present three case studies drawn from the authors own research deploying immersive media in different contexts (educational, historical, and political). The aim is to interrogate how authenticity is conceived and constructed on three levels authenticity of narrative, authenticity of environment, and authenticity of action during the design and production process. We start by defining the concept of authenticity with reference to previous work within the fields of journalism and tourism, and then explore its specification in animated virtual reality through the case study discussion. One important conclusion from our analysis is that authenticity markers are needed to enable users to verify the information presented and trust the educational content., [ES] En este artículo examinamos y debatimos los posibles factores que pueden desencadenar la autenticidad en los entornos inmersivos animados. Nuestro debate se basa en tres formas de autenticidad, clasificadas como autenticidad objetiva, constructiva o simbólica y existencial. Para explorar estas ideas, presentamos tres estudios de casos extraídos de la propia investigación de los autores, que utilizan medios inmersivos en diferentes contextos (educativo, histórico y político). El objetivo es cuestionar cómo se concibe y construye la autenticidad en tres niveles autenticidad de la narrativa, autenticidad del entorno y autenticidad de la acción durante el proceso de diseño y producción. Empezamos definiendo el concepto de autenticidad con referencia a trabajos anteriores en los campos del periodismo y el turismo, y luego exploramos su especificación en la realidad virtual animada a través de la discusión de casos prácticos. Una conclusión importante de nuestro análisis es que se necesitan marcadores de autenticidad para que los usuarios puedan verificar la información presentada y confiar en el contenido educativo.

[EN] This paper examines and discusses potential factors that may trigger authenticity in animated immersive environments. Our discussion draws upon three forms of authenticity, categorized as objective, constructive or symbolic, and existential authenticity. To explore these ideas, we present three case studies drawn from the authors own research deploying immersive media in different contexts (educational, historical, and political). The aim is to interrogate how authenticity is conceived and constructed on three levels authenticity of narrative, authenticity of environment, and authenticity of action during the design and production process. We start by defining the concept of authenticity with reference to previous work within the fields of journalism and tourism, and then explore its specification in animated virtual reality through the case study discussion. One important conclusion from our analysis is that authenticity markers are needed to enable users to verify the information presented and trust the educational content., [ES] En este artículo examinamos y debatimos los posibles factores que pueden desencadenar la autenticidad en los entornos inmersivos animados. Nuestro debate se basa en tres formas de autenticidad, clasificadas como autenticidad objetiva, constructiva o simbólica y existencial. Para explorar estas ideas, presentamos tres estudios de casos extraídos de la propia investigación de los autores, que utilizan medios inmersivos en diferentes contextos (educativo, histórico y político). El objetivo es cuestionar cómo se concibe y construye la autenticidad en tres niveles autenticidad de la narrativa, autenticidad del entorno y autenticidad de la acción durante el proceso de diseño y producción. Empezamos definiendo el concepto de autenticidad con referencia a trabajos anteriores en los campos del periodismo y el turismo, y luego exploramos su especificación en la realidad virtual animada a través de la discusión de casos prácticos. Una conclusión importante de nuestro análisis es que se necesitan marcadores de autenticidad para que los usuarios puedan verificar la información presentada y confiar en el contenido educativo.

[EN] This paper examines and discusses potential factors that may trigger authenticity in animated immersive environments. Our discussion draws upon three forms of authenticity, categorized as objective, constructive or symbolic, and existential authenticity. To explore these ideas, we present three case studies drawn from the authors own research deploying immersive media in different contexts (educational, historical, and political). The aim is to interrogate how authenticity is conceived and constructed on three levels authenticity of narrative, authenticity of environment, and authenticity of action during the design and production process. We start by defining the concept of authenticity with reference to previous work within the fields of journalism and tourism, and then explore its specification in animated virtual reality through the case study discussion. One important conclusion from our analysis is that authenticity markers are needed to enable users to verify the information presented and trust the educational content., [ES] En este artículo examinamos y debatimos los posibles factores que pueden desencadenar la autenticidad en los entornos inmersivos animados. Nuestro debate se basa en tres formas de autenticidad, clasificadas como autenticidad objetiva, constructiva o simbólica y existencial. Para explorar estas ideas, presentamos tres estudios de casos extraídos de la propia investigación de los autores, que utilizan medios inmersivos en diferentes contextos (educativo, histórico y político). El objetivo es cuestionar cómo se concibe y construye la autenticidad en tres niveles autenticidad de la narrativa, autenticidad del entorno y autenticidad de la acción durante el proceso de diseño y producción. Empezamos definiendo el concepto de autenticidad con referencia a trabajos anteriores en los campos del periodismo y el turismo, y luego exploramos su especificación en la realidad virtual animada a través de la discusión de casos prácticos. Una conclusión importante de nuestro análisis es que se necesitan marcadores de autenticidad para que los usuarios puedan verificar la información presentada y confiar en el contenido educativo.

Impact Summary Prior State of Knowledge: Young Swiss people consume news via their smartphones, which are offered to them through news portals, various apps, or via social media feeds, on which they usually come across news by chance and consume it casually in their free time. Novel Contributions: Structural factors of media environments (i.e., access, regulation, and news consumption routines) play a major role in young people’s news consumption. These structural factors can be influenced by parents, teachers, and peers. Practical Implications: For schools in particular, the paradigm that emerges from these findings is to reduce barriers to accessing news content and to rethink certain regulations, and to make recommendations and establish routines that encourage young people to consume news., Several media studies have investigated the news consumption of young people and discussed where they get information and what motivates them to consume news. Little is known about the structural factors that influence young people’s news consumption behavior. The aim of this paper is to fill this research gap by focusing on structural factors that play a major role in young people’s news consumption. In a mixed-methods study, we investigated Swiss youth media behavior in news consumption from 2019 to 2020 in Switzerland. The results show that news consumption of people aged 12–20 is determined by three structural factors at home and outside: 1. access to media and internet; 2. regulation by parents and teachers, and 3. routines at home or school. These three factors shape the individual media environment and are related to young people’s news consumption behavior. Changes in news consumption behavior were evident in school transitions where young people not only change teachers and get a new peer group but are often involved in a change of location. These changes can be normative transitions which have an influence on the structural factors of the individual media environment and thus influence the news consumption behavior of young people.

In this paper, we examine and discuss potential factors that may trigger authenticity in immersive environments. We start by defining the concept of authenticity with reference to previous work within the fields of journalism and tourism, and then explore its specification in virtual reality. In particular, our discussion draws upon the three forms of authenticity as identified by Wang (1999), categorized as objective, constructive or symbolic, and existential authenticity. To further explore these ideas, we present three VR case studies taken from different contexts (educational, historical, and political) to consider how authenticity is conceived and constructed on three levels, namely, authenticity of narrative, authenticity of environment, and authenticity of action. Based on these case studies, we draw conclusions regarding factors that contribute to authenticity in immersive environments and possible authenticity markers. The aim of this paper is to inform researchers as well as practitioners for their future work in the field of immersive environments.

What impact does Virtual Reality (VR) have on political decision-making? By means of a 2 (format: VR vs. text) x 2 (argumentation: pro vs. con) between-subject factorial experiment, we assessed participants’ voting outcomes on a fictitious initiative. Participants (N=175) first cast their vote with the traditional Swiss voting booklet. Next, participants were randomly assigned to either a VR or text stimulus (Swiss voting booklet) containing the same pro- or con-arguments. Finally, they could adjust their previously cast vote, if they wished. The presentation mode has an effect on participants’ voting outcomes. For both, the pro and con VR scenarios, participants show an increase of YES votes, in favor of the presented initiative. These findings are reflected in the retrospective think aloud interviews conducted after the experiment. With this research, we hope to further shed light on how VR could be leveraged for the benefit of society in the political decisionmaking domain.

Instagram users including professional communicators at universities aim for the highest possible number of likes for their posts to get publicity. Thus, knowing what makes an image worth a like becomes part of professional communication skills. In an ongoing project funded by the Digital Futures Fund (an initiative of ZHAW), we investigate why images get liked on Instagram, using methods from the field of visual communication (card sorting, thinking aloud, interviews) and computer vision. The research is based on a corpus of images of more than 6,000 recent Instagram posts of 26 Swiss universities. We compared the results from the methods of both fields and finally opposed them to the absolute likes the images got. At the conference, we will present the final results.

News media in Switzerland are confronted with the challenge of not reaching young people, as youth-specific news platforms and formats are not used by the target group. Our study aims to determine how and where young people can be reached with news. It uses a mixed methods approach to analyze the expectations of young people towards news content and formats and to determine their news consumption patterns. The results show that young people’s news consumption is characterized by four dimensions: 1. duration and times of consumption, 2. news consumption habits and behavior, 3. restrictions, 4. media literacy. The significance of these dimensions varies between three age groups determined through the study. The news consumption of the 12-to-14 year-olds is strongly restricted by parents and school. This group consumes news mainly through media available at home. In the group of 15- to-17 year-olds, parental influence and restrictions decrease, while peer influence increases. This age group spends a lot of time on social media platforms where young people stumble upon news rather accidentally. Between 18 and 20 years of age, news consumption stabilizes, and individual patterns emerge. This age group accesses news via selected apps and social media channels. Young people in Switzerland prefer visual formats like pictures, videos, and memes. When scrolling through social media platforms, they come across news content which arouses their interest in certain information and leads them to search for it on media websites. Swiss Youth wants to be informed about relevant news or topics that are “in vogue”.

In this chapter, we address an area that has received little attention in journalism studies so far: the visual design and its semiotic work in journalistic storytelling. In recent years, periodicals have become increasingly multimodal and particularly visual. We are witnessing a shift from text-based pages to a multimodal news design with alternative forms of content presentation, new layout variants, and a general trend to more visual storytelling. Using the theory of social semiotics and taking a multimodal approach, we analyze how design is giving meaning to a journalistic artifact. In a case study using a printed newspaper, we demonstrate how design can shape and influence the message. Our essay provides an analytical framework that comprises three levels: the level of modes, of context, and of discourse. The framework contributes to a systematic understanding of the ongoing changes in visual communication in periodical cultures.

One of the strengths of virtual reality (VR) is to provide a highly realistic user experience. How would VR’s power of realism affect political decision-making, for example, when experienced by citizens before they cast their vote on an issue? We set out to empirically assess if and how voting information presented in VR would influence people’s voting behavior, compared to the traditional text presentation format. In a 2 (format: text vs. VR) × 2 (argumentation: pro vs. con) between-subject factorial experiment, we assessed participants’ voting behavior on a fictitious popular initiative. We first asked all participants (N = 179) to cast their vote based on a brief text, inspired by the traditional Swiss voting booklet (baseline). We then randomly assigned participants to one of four experimental conditions containing the same pro or con arguments concerning the voting issue. Participants could then adjust their previously-cast vote. This was followed by retrospective interviews (N = 32) to gain deeper insights into the decision-making process of the participants. Our study shows that the presentation format has a reinforcing effect, that is, leading to more YES votes for the VR group, and fewer YES votes for the text group. Irrespective of the pro or con arguments, participants show an overall increase in YES votes in VR, which is not the case for the text group. We identified six factors that may have led to this positive change with VR: (1) the affirmative power of images, (2) the vividness of immersive images, (3) first-person storytelling and storyliving, (4) the greater affordances of VR for engagement through interaction, (5) the design of the VR environment, and (6) the novelty of the VR technology.

In den letzten Jahren haben Journalisten von sich reden gemacht, die besonders den Online-Journalismus neu erfunden haben. Sie verwandeln Zahlen in Stories, die sehr anschaulich und sehr knapp die Welt erklären. Julius Tröger, jetzt bei „Zeit online“, gehört zu den Pionieren, er hat jahrelang mit seinem Team und bescheidenen Mitteln bei der „Berliner Morgenpost“ gezeigt, wie man durch Kreativität die Leser immer wieder begeistern und verblüffen kann. Patrick Stotz, eigentlich Städteplaner, zeigt seit 2015 als Datenjournalist bei „Spiegel online“, wie man aus Fußballfans oder Geldautomaten Geschichten herausholt, die man so vorher noch nie gehört hat. Wibke Weber beobachtet, begleitet und analysiert Datenjournalismus seit fast 20 Jahren, sie ist inzwischen Professorin für Medienlinguistik an der Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (ZHAW) in Zürich. Im gemeinsamen Workshop geht es den drei Referenten darum zu zeigen, wie man aus Daten gute Stories macht und übersichtliche Grafiken erstellt, wie Datenteams arbeiten und wie glaubwürdig Grafiken sind.

Covid-19 war nicht die erste Pandemie in der Schweizer Geschichte. 1918/1919 grassierte die «Spanische Grippe» und entwickelte sich zu einer der schlimmsten demografischen Katastrophen in der Schweiz. Doch was wissen wir über vergangene Pandemien und was können uns die historischen Pandemie-Daten sagen hinsichtlich zukünftiger Gesundheitskrisen? Dazu müssen die Daten zuerst digitalisiert und visualisiert werden. Genau damit beschäftigt sich aktuell ein Forschungsteam der ZHAW und der Universität Zürich. Zwei Wissenschaftlerinnen aus dem Team sind zu Gast im Podcast IAM on ear und erzählen über ihre Arbeit im Projekt. IAM on ear ist der Podcast aus dem Institut für Angewandte Medienwissenschaft der ZHAW. Beobachtungen und kritische Analysen zu aktuellen Themen aus dem Journalismus und der Organisationskommunikation.

News media in Switzerland are confronted with the challenge of not reaching young people, as youth-specific news platforms and formats are not used by the target group. Our study aims to determine how and where young people can be reached with news. It uses a mixed methods approach to analyze the expectations of young people towards news content and formats and to determine their news consumption patterns. The results show that young people’s news consumption is characterized by four dimensions: 1. duration and times of consumption, 2. news consumption habits and behavior, 3. restrictions, 4. media literacy. The significance of these dimensions varies between three age groups determined through the study. The news consumption of the 12-to-14 year-olds is strongly restricted by parents and school. This group consumes news mainly through media available at home. In the group of 15- to-17 year-olds, parental influence and restrictions decrease, while peer influence increases. This age group spends a lot of time on social media platforms where young people stumble upon news rather accidentally. Between 18 and 20 years of age, news consumption stabilizes, and individual patterns emerge. This age group accesses news via selected apps and social media channels. Young people in Switzerland prefer visual formats like pictures, videos, and memes. When scrolling through social media platforms, they come across news content which arouses their interest in certain information and leads them to search for it on media websites. Swiss Youth wants to be informed about relevant news or topics that are “in vogue”.

What impact does Virtual Reality (VR) have on political decision-making? By means of a 2 (format: VR vs. text) x 2 (argumentation: pro vs. con) between-subject factorial experiment, we assessed participants’ voting outcomes on a fictitious initiative. Participants (N=175) first cast their vote with the traditional Swiss voting booklet. Next, participants were randomly assigned to either a VR or text stimulus (Swiss voting booklet) containing the same pro- or con-arguments. Finally, they could adjust their previously cast vote, if they wished. The presentation mode has an effect on participants’ voting outcomes. For both, the pro and con VR scenarios, participants show an increase of YES votes, in favor of the presented initiative. These findings are reflected in the retrospective think aloud interviews conducted after the experiment. With this research, we hope to further shed light on how VR could be leveraged for the benefit of society in the political decisionmaking domain.

In this chapter, we address an area that has received little attention in journalism studies so far: the visual design and its semiotic work in journalistic storytelling. In recent years, periodicals have become increasingly multimodal and particularly visual. We are witnessing a shift from text-based pages to a multimodal news design with alternative forms of content presentation, new layout variants, and a general trend to more visual storytelling. Using the theory of social semiotics and taking a multimodal approach, we analyze how design is giving meaning to a journalistic artifact. In a case study using a printed newspaper, we demonstrate how design can shape and influence the message. Our essay provides an analytical framework that comprises three levels: the level of modes, of context, and of discourse. The framework contributes to a systematic understanding of the ongoing changes in visual communication in periodical cultures.

Instagram users including professional communicators at universities aim for the highest possible number of likes for their posts to get publicity. Thus, knowing what makes an image worth a like becomes part of professional communication skills. In an ongoing project funded by the Digital Futures Fund (an initiative of ZHAW), we investigate why images get liked on Instagram, using methods from the field of visual communication (card sorting, thinking aloud, interviews) and computer vision. The research is based on a corpus of images of more than 6,000 recent Instagram posts of 26 Swiss universities. We compared the results from the methods of both fields and finally opposed them to the absolute likes the images got. At the conference, we will present the final results.

One of the strengths of virtual reality (VR) is to provide a highly realistic user experience. How would VR’s power of realism affect political decision-making, for example, when experienced by citizens before they cast their vote on an issue? We set out to empirically assess if and how voting information presented in VR would influence people’s voting behavior, compared to the traditional text presentation format. In a 2 (format: text vs. VR) × 2 (argumentation: pro vs. con) between-subject factorial experiment, we assessed participants’ voting behavior on a fictitious popular initiative. We first asked all participants (N = 179) to cast their vote based on a brief text, inspired by the traditional Swiss voting booklet (baseline). We then randomly assigned participants to one of four experimental conditions containing the same pro or con arguments concerning the voting issue. Participants could then adjust their previously-cast vote. This was followed by retrospective interviews (N = 32) to gain deeper insights into the decision-making process of the participants. Our study shows that the presentation format has a reinforcing effect, that is, leading to more YES votes for the VR group, and fewer YES votes for the text group. Irrespective of the pro or con arguments, participants show an overall increase in YES votes in VR, which is not the case for the text group. We identified six factors that may have led to this positive change with VR: (1) the affirmative power of images, (2) the vividness of immersive images, (3) first-person storytelling and storyliving, (4) the greater affordances of VR for engagement through interaction, (5) the design of the VR environment, and (6) the novelty of the VR technology.

Keynote

One of the strengths of virtual reality (VR) is to provide a highly realistic user experience. How would VR's power of realism affect political decision-making, for example, when experienced by citizens before they cast their vote on an issue? We set out to empirically assess if and how voting information presented in VR would influence people's voting behavior, compared to the traditional text presentation format. In a 2 (format: text vs. VR) × 2 (argumentation: pro vs. con) between-subject factorial experiment, we assessed participants' voting behavior on a fictitious popular initiative. We first asked all participants (N = 179) to cast their vote based on a brief text, inspired by the traditional Swiss voting booklet (baseline). We then randomly assigned participants to one of four experimental conditions containing the same pro or con arguments concerning the voting issue. Participants could then adjust their previously-cast vote. This was followed by retrospective interviews (N = 32) to gain deeper insights into the decision-making process of the participants. Our study shows that the presentation format has a reinforcing effect, that is, leading to more YES votes for the VR group, and fewer YES votes for the text group. Irrespective of the pro or con arguments, participants show an overall increase in YES votes in VR, which is not the case for the text group. We identified six factors that may have led to this positive change with VR: (1) the affirmative power of images, (2) the vividness of immersive images, (3) first-person storytelling and storyliving, (4) the greater affordances of VR for engagement through interaction, (5) the design of the VR environment, and (6) the novelty of the VR technology.

The media significantly contribute to shaping public opinion and social participation. However, news media are increasingly confronted with the challenge of not reaching younger people. The present study, "Reaching Swiss Digital Natives with News", aims to providesolutions by analyzing the demands and expectations of young people regarding news, as well as their media behavior, their activities associated with news consumption, and their media literacy. The study was conducted from August 2019 to February 2020 by the IAM Institute for Applied Media Studies at the ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences in collaboration with the Universities of Lugano (USI) and Lausanne (UNIL). The study participants were 66 young people aged 12 to 20 years from three Swiss language regions (German-, French-, and Italian-speaking Switzerland). The data was collected in all three language regions with a qualitative multi-method approach. First, interviews were conducted to gain insight into the everyday world of the young people and determine topics for the focus groups. The focus groups provided information about the participants' understanding of news, attitudes towards news consumption, and news consumption motivations. The subsequent ethnographic and diary studies examined the participants' news consumption in real-time: the ethnographic study recorded the participants' interactions on news topics on social media platforms. During the diary study, the participants documented their news consumption using pictures, texts, and predefined keywords. This procedure provided insights into online- and offline news consumption, as the participants also documented newspaper articles read, television broadcasts watched, and radio broadcasts listened. The diary entries were validated with interviews and recordings of cell phone usage time. The triangulation of the data from all research steps shows that young people's news consumption can be systematized according to four dimensions: durat

In a highly digitized society, internet use yields many advantages in everyday life. In Switzerland, today the share of non-users is dwindling. At the same time, disadvantages of internet non-use become increasingly severe. For more evidence-based public policies to mitigate the risks of digital and social exclusion, long-term results from representative surveys are needed. This chapter investigates how the digital divide – social differences in internet adoption – evolved in Switzerland from 2011 to 2019. The results of multiple binary logistic regressions reveal that internet use remains stratified along existing social differences. Non-use has become increasingly concentrated in traditionally disadvantaged societal groups: people with lower education and income and higher age are more likely to be non-users. Lack of interest and lack of skills are among the main reported reasons for non-use. This underlines that a basic level of media literacy is needed for internet adoption. Non-users feel less integrated into today’s society, which highlights the relevance of promoting internet use among them, for instance by having them benefit from the internet indirectly through proxy-use.

The media significantly contribute to shaping public opinion and social participation. However, news media are increasingly confronted with the challenge of not reaching younger people. The present study, "Reaching Swiss Digital Natives with News", aims to providesolutions by analyzing the demands and expectations of young people regarding news, as well as their media behavior, their activities associated with news consumption, and their media literacy. The study was conducted from August 2019 to February 2020 by the IAM Institute for Applied Media Studies at the ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences in collaboration with the Universities of Lugano (USI) and Lausanne (UNIL). The study participants were 66 young people aged 12 to 20 years from three Swiss language regions (German-, French-, and Italian-speaking Switzerland). The data was collected in all three language regions with a qualitative multi-method approach. First, interviews were conducted to gain insight into the everyday world of the young people and determine topics for the focus groups. The focus groups provided information about the participants' understanding of news, attitudes towards news consumption, and news consumption motivations. The subsequent ethnographic and diary studies examined the participants' news consumption in real-time: the ethnographic study recorded the participants' interactions on news topics on social media platforms. During the diary study, the participants documented their news consumption using pictures, texts, and predefined keywords. This procedure provided insights into online- and offline news consumption, as the participants also documented newspaper articles read, television broadcasts watched, and radio broadcasts listened. The diary entries were validated with interviews and recordings of cell phone usage time. The triangulation of the data from all research steps shows that young people's news consumption can be systematized according to four dimensions: durat

Panel: Data visualization as a semiotic and aesthetic resource in society

Many news stories are based on data visualization, and storytelling with data has become a buzzword in journalism. But what exactly does storytelling with data mean? When does a data visualization tell a story? And what are narrative constituents in data visualization? This chapter first defines the key terms in this context: story, narrative, narrativity, showing and telling. Then, it sheds light on the various forms of narrativity in data visualization and, based on a corpus analysis of 73 data visualizations, describes the basic visual elements that constitute narrativity: the instance of a narrator, sequentiality, temporal dimension, and tellability. The paper concludes that understanding how data are transformed into visual stories is key to understanding how facts are shaped and communicated in society.

Many news stories are based on data visualization, and storytelling with data has become a buzzword in journalism. But what exactly does storytelling with data mean? When does a data visualization tell a story? And what are narrative constituents in data visualization? This chapter first defines the key terms in this context: story, narrative, narrativity, showing and telling. Then, it sheds light on the various forms of narrativity in data visualization and, based on a corpus analysis of 73 data visualizations, describes the basic visual elements that constitute narrativity: the instance of a narrator, sequentiality, temporal dimension, and tellability. The paper concludes that understanding how data are transformed into visual stories is key to understanding how facts are shaped and communicated in society.

This chapter explores the role of data visualization in relation to transparency in the news, a field in which a decline in trust and a subsequent need to reassert credibility is an ongoing challenge. Being transparent about how the news is produced is seen as one way of generating trust, yet there has been very little empirical research into transparency practices in newsrooms. Our chapter f ills this gap, focusing on transparency and data visualization. We argue that working with data visualization involves particular enactments of transparency, many of which are surprisingly not visual.

Panel: Data visualization as a semiotic and aesthetic resource in society

Erschienen in: Graphic Realities: Comics as Documentary, History, and Journalism. A special issue of ImageTexT edited by Laura Schlichting and Johannes C. P. Schmid