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Objective: Assessment of force and angular position based on the analysis of electromyographic signals acquired from the biceps and triceps during the elbow flexion-extension. The idea is to compare the computational algorithms V − Order, WaveLength, Mean Absolute Value, Wavelength, and the Q1 value. Materials and Methods: An experiment with 15 volunteers was carried out. We used weights of 0, 0.5, y 1 kg. We extracted the signal characteristics using the algorithms mentioned above to measure the force. After, we calculated the angular position using a low-pass filter applied to the force signal. We measured the angular position with a NOTCH commercial sensor to validate the algorithms. Then, we evaluated the correlation coefficient and compared the results with those of the algorithm that behaves better.Results: The acquired signals show that the biceps’ signal has a greater amplitude compared to the triceps’ signal. Furthermore, the Q1 algorithm has lower noise levels. Therefore, it is employed to acquire the force and the angular position. As main results, we found a mean correlation coefficient of 72,3% for 1 kg and 60,9% for 0 kg, comparing the angular position calculated with the angular position from the NOTCH sensors.Conclusion: The measurement of force and angular position allows the development of control systems for biomechatronic devices intended to support rehabilitation processes and evaluation of the evolution of a patient. The algorithm behaves better with higher loads, because it implies a greater muscular activation., Objetivo: Evaluar fuerza y posición angular a partir del análisis de señales electromiográficas en bíceps y tríceps durante la realización de movimientos de flexión-extensión de codo, comparando los algoritmos V − Order, WaveLength, Mean Absolute Value, Wavelength y un factor denominado Valor Q1. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un experimento con 15 voluntarios con cargas de 0, 0.5, y 1 kg. Para determinar la fuerza, se extraen características de la señal teniendo en cuenta los algoritmos mencionados en el objetivo, y a partir de estos valores se halla la posición angular mediante el uso de un filtro pasabajos. Para validar los algoritmos, se utilizó un sensor comercial NOTCH para la medición de posición angular y se evaluó el coeficiente de correlación comparando con los resultados del algoritmo que presenta mejor comportamiento. Resultados: Al evaluar las señales adquiridas, la señal del bíceps presenta mayor amplitud respecto al tríceps. Adicionalmente, el algoritmo Q1 presenta menores niveles de ruido por lo que se utiliza para determinar la posición angular. Los resultados muestran que el método Valor Q1 permite la estimación de la señal de posición angular, con un coeficiente de correlación promedio de 72,3% para 1 kg y 60,9% para 0 kg. Conclusiones: La medición de fuerza y posición angular permite el desarrollo de sistemas de control para dispositivos biomecatrónicos destinados al apoyo de procesos de rehabilitación y evaluación de la evolución de un paciente. Los resultados fueron mejores con pesos mayores, debido a que esto implica mayor activación muscular.

Open Access en la web del editor. Received: 26 August 2013; Accepted: 28 March 2014;Published online: 22 April 2014. This Document is Protected by copyright and was first published by Frontiers. All rights reserved. it is reproduced with permission. Copyright © 2014 Lobato-Rincón, Cabanillas-Campos, Bonnin-Arias, Chamorro-Gutiérrez, Murciano-Cespedosa and Sánchez-Ramos Roda. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms., Pupil light reflex can be used as a non-invasive ocular predictor of cephalic autonomic nervous system integrity. Spectral sensitivity of the pupil's response to light has, for some time, been an interesting issue. It has generally, however, only been investigated with the use of white light and studies with monochromatic wavelengths are scarce. This study investigates the effects of wavelength and age within three parameters of the pupil light reflex (amplitude of response, latency, and velocity of constriction) in a large sample of younger and older adults (N = 97), in mesopic conditions. Subjects were exposed to a single light stimulus at four different wavelengths: white (5600° K), blue (450 nm), green (510 nm), and red (600 nm). Data was analyzed appropriately, and, when applicable, using the General Linear Model (GLM), Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), Student's t-test and/or ANCOVA. Across all subjects, pupillary response to light had the greatest amplitude and shortest latency in white and green light conditions. In regards to age, older subjects (46-78 years) showed an increased latency in white light and decreased velocity of constriction in green light compared to younger subjects (18-45 years old). This study provides data patterns on parameters of wavelength-dependent pupil reflexes to light in adults and it contributes to the large body of pupillometric research. It is hoped that this study will add to the overall evaluation of cephalic autonomic nervous system integrity., Depto. de Optometría y Visión, Unidad Docente de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

recently-proposed photomolecular effect wherein polar liquids, principally pure water,can be made to evaporate at higher rates than possible through thermal evaporation alone under specific illumination conditions is experimentally investigated. Specifically, measurements of water mass loss were taken while independently varying illumination wavelength, intensity, angle of incidence and polarization. Prior experiments that resulted in data supporting the existence of the proposed effect were duplicated in an effort to obtain confirming results. Additionally, past experiments producing data consistent with the proposed photomolecular effect were duplicated and extended to evaluate their previously-unexplained results in the context of the photomolecular effect. An experiment specifically intended to directly measure vapor generated by the photomolecular effect was also conceived and built. The presented experiments ultimately failed to confirm or refute the existence of the proposed photomolecular effect, however qualitative analysis of obtained results suggests that the effect is considerably weaker than previously thought, depends on yet-unknown criteria, or possibly does not exist as expected.

The wavelengh of sand ripples formed under oscillatory flow and water waves, i. e. oscillation sand ripples has been well understood by correlating with the representative length-scales of a flow and a bed material; the stroke (twice the amplitude) of fluid oscillation d_0,the thickness of the Stokes layer ? and the median diameter of sand particles D. Some empirical formulae are presented which fit the result of experiments and field observations.

The impact of wavelength and pulse duration in laser cleaning of hard blackish contaminants crust from archaeologically significant Pleistocene bone is investigated in this research. The objective is to determine the practical cleaning procedures and identify adequate laser parameters for cleaning archaeological bone from Sima de los Huesos (Spain) based on conservation and restoration perspectives. Bone surface cleaning was performed utilizing two Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers: subnanosecond pulsed lasers with emission wavelengths at 355 nm and 1064 nm, respectively, and a Yb:KGW femtosecond pulsed laser with an emission wavelength in the third harmonic at 343 nm. In all experiments, the laser beam scanning mode was applied to measure cleaning efficiency in removing contaminants and degradation products while assessing the underlying substrate surface damage. Several properties, including wavelength-dependent absorption, pulse repetition rate, and thermal properties of the material, are analyzed when evaluating the ability of these lasers to boost the cleaning efficiency of the deteriorated bone surface. Bone surface morphology and composition were studied and compared before and after laser irradiation, using Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) characterization methods. The results indicate that 238-femtosecond UV laser irradiation with 2.37 TWcm−2 is significantly safer and more efficient toward surface contaminant desorption than sub-nanosecond laser irradiation. The results herein presented suggest that these types of fs lasers may be considered for realistic laser conservation of valuable historic and archaeological museum artifacts., This research was funded by the H2020-MSCA-ITN-EJD/ED-ARCHMAT action funding under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement, No 766311. The Atapuerca research project is financed by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, grant no. PID2021-122355NB-C31/MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ FED ER.UE. Fieldwork at the Atapuerca sites is funded by the Junta de Castilla y León and the Fundación Atapuerca. The archaeological materials presented in this work were made available by the Laboratory of Human Evolution of the University of Burgos, in close collaboration with the “Colección Museística de Castilla y León” of the Junta de Castilla y León, and Museo de la Evolución Humana (Burgos); we acknowledge Juan Luis Arsuaga for the permit to analyze the sample. The use of Servicio General de Apoyo a la Investigación and the National Facility ELECMI ICTS, node “Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas” at the University of Zaragoza is acknowledged. Partial support was obtained from Departamento de Ciencia, Universidad y Sociedad del Conocimiento of Gobierno de Aragón “Construyendo Europa desde Aragón” (research group T54_20R). This work is part of the ongoing collaboration between INMA (CSIC-University of Zaragoza) and the University of Burgos, under the auspices of Unidad Asociada de I+D+I al CSIC “Vidrio y Materiales del Patrimonio Cultural (VIMPAC)”.

Byla provedena podrobná literární rešerše týkající se grafitického nitridu uhlíku (g-CN) a jeho forem pro možné aplikace v chemických technologiích. Termickými metodami byly připraveny a charakterizovány čtyři rozdílné formy g-CN. Jako prekurzorů bylo využito melaminu (g-CN-Mel), močoviny (g-CN-U), 2,4,6-trichlortriazinu, dikyandiamidu a aminopolyethylenglykolu (g-CN-PEG) nebo melaminu a chloridu draselného (K-PHI). Připravené formy g-CN byly charakterizovány dostupnými fyzikálně-chemickými metodami (FT-IR, elementární analýza, rentgenová prášková difrakce). Připravené formy g-CN byly následně testovány jako katalyzátory pro fotochemickou cyklizační reakci N-fenylthiobenzamidu (1) na 2 fenylbenzothiazol (2). Bylo zjištěno, že kromě cyklizace významnou měrou probíhá i vedlejší desulfurizační reakce N-fenylthiobenzamidu (1) na N-fenylbenzamid (3). Vedlejší reakce se uplatňuje u všech forem g-CN. Byl vysvětlen chemický princip a důvod probíhající desulfurizace, kterou se ani optimalizací reakčních podmínek nepodařilo potlačit, což tak otevírá cestu pro další výzkum., A detailed literature research on graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) and its forms for potential applications in the chemical technologies has been performed. Four various forms of g-CN were prepared and characterized using thermal methods. As precursors, melamine (g-CN-Mel), urea (g-CN-U), 2,4,6 trichlortriazine, dicyanamide and aminopolyethylene glycol (g-CN-PEG) and mixture of melamine and potassium chloride (K-PHI) were used. The prepared forms of g-CN were characterized using available physical and chemical methods such as FT-IR, elementary analysis, X-ray powder diffraction. The prepared forms of g-CN were subsequently tested as catalysts for photochemical cyclization reaction of N-phenylthiobenzamide (1) to 2 phenylbenzothiazole (2). It was found that besides cyclization, a simultaneous reaction of desulfurization of N-phenylthiobenzamide (1) to N-phenylbenzamide (3) also occues. The side reaction occurs in all forms of g-CN. The chemical principle and its reason for the ongoing desulfurization, which could not be suppressed even by optimizing the reaction conditions, were explained. However, this uncovers potential ground for further research., Fakulta chemicko-technologická, Prezentace výsledků bakalářské práce a diskuze k posudku vedoucího bakalářské práce. Student zodpověděl všechny dotazy a připomínky k BP., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

The light spectrum plays a major role in regulating plant growth and development, influencing photosynthesis and photo-morphogenesis. The objective was to evaluate the weight and antioxidant activity of ‘Lavinia’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata L.) plants under LED lights with different red:blue ratios (R:B) used as a supplement to ambient light in a greenhouse at different seasons. Five LED light supplemented treatments were used, white (W, as control, ratio blue:green:red:far-red (B:G:R:Fr) = 30:45:20:5; 0.7:1.0), blue (B = 50:20:20:10; R:B = 0.4:1.0), white-r (Wr = 25:30:40:5; 1.6:1.0), white-R (WR = 15:15:63:7; 4.2:1.0) and red (R = 10:10:75:5; 7.5:1.0) were applied in early autumn, late autumn and winter. Immediately after transplant into the hydroponic system, lettuces plants with 3-4 true leaves (5-6 cm root length) were treated with light treatments for 14 d and harvested. In early autumn, late autumn, and winter, the PAR range applied in ambient light and supplemental lights was between 361 to 495, 222 to 304, and 297 to 407 µmol m-2 s-1, respectively. Lettuce showed the highest fresh leaf mass in early autumn compared to late autumn and winter due to the highest leaf number. In early autumn, only lettuce under the highest R:B (7.5:1.0) had a lower weight among the light treatments. Overall, lettuces supplemented with R:B between 1.6 (Wr) to 4.2 (WR) had significantly higher DM than the control (0.7:1.0). Total phenolic contents (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC) were highest in early autumn, followed by winter and late autumn. Light with the highest R:B (7.5:1.0) diminished TPC and AC in all growing season. This study showed that the quality of ‘Lavinia’ lettuce plants grown in early autumn under R:B between 1.6 and 4.2 improved DM, and higher red component decreased the antioxidant activity. Key words: Antioxidant capacity; Lactuca sativa; LED lighting; total phenolic content; wavelengt

In this study, the optical activity of salt, brown and white sugar solutions of different concentrations is determined. The optical rotation angle as a function of wavelength was studied using different optical color filters. Sodium-D light and laser source of light were used. The optical activity was found to depend on the type of sugar, sugar concentration and the wavelength of the light used. The study revealed that the optical activity was linearly dependent on the concentration of the sugar solution (both white and brown). Cyan light recorded the highest angle of rotation while red light recorded the lowest. It also found that brown sugar has a greater ability to rotate polarized light than white sugar due to the presence of potassium and magnesium components. It is worth noting that the salt solution is optically inactive because it lacks microscopic mirror symmetry. Finally, the findings provide an understanding of the characteristics of polarized light under different solution concentrations and can serve as a guide for conducting further research on high-efficiency polarizers.

The impact of wavelength and pulse duration in laser cleaning of hard blackish contaminants crust from archaeologically significant Pleistocene bone is investigated in this research. The objective is to determine the practical cleaning procedures and identify adequate laser parameters for cleaning archaeological bone from Sima de los Huesos (Spain) based on conservation and restoration perspectives. Bone surface cleaning was performed utilizing two Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers: sub-nanosecond pulsed lasers with emission wavelengths at 355 nm and 1064 nm, respectively, and a Yb:KGW femtosecond pulsed laser with an emission wavelength in the third harmonic at 343 nm. In all experiments, the laser beam scanning mode was applied to measure cleaning efficiency in removing contaminants and degradation products while assessing the underlying substrate surface damage. Several properties, including wavelength-dependent absorption, pulse repetition rate, and thermal properties of the material, are analyzed when evaluating the ability of these lasers to boost the cleaning efficiency of the deteriorated bone surface. Bone surface morphology and composition were studied and compared before and after laser irradiation, using Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) characterization methods. The results indicate that 238-femtosecond UV laser irradiation with 2.37 TWcm−2 is significantly safer and more efficient toward surface contaminant desorption than sub-nanosecond laser irradiation. The results herein presented suggest that these types of fs lasers may be considered for realistic laser conservation of valuable historic and archaeological museum artifacts.

In this study, the optical activity of salt, brown and white sugar solutions of different concentrations is determined. The optical rotation angle as a function of wavelength was studied using different optical color filters. Sodium-D light and laser source of light were used. The optical activity was found to depend on the type of sugar, sugar concentration and the wavelength of the light used. The study revealed that the optical activity was linearly dependent on the concentration of the sugar solution (both white and brown). Cyan light recorded the highest angle of rotation while red light recorded the lowest. It also found that brown sugar has a greater ability to rotate polarized light than white sugar due to the presence of potassium and magnesium components. It is worth noting that the salt solution is optically inactive because it lacks microscopic mirror symmetry. Finally, the findings provide an understanding of the characteristics of polarized light under different solution concentrations and can serve as a guide for conducting further research on high-efficiency polarizers.

In this study, the optical activity of salt, brown and white sugar solutions of different concentrations is determined. The optical rotation angle as a function of wavelength was studied using different optical color filters. Sodium-D light and laser source of light were used. The optical activity was found to depend on the type of sugar, sugar concentration and the wavelength of the light used. The study revealed that the optical activity was linearly dependent on the concentration of the sugar solution (both white and brown). Cyan light recorded the highest angle of rotation while red light recorded the lowest. It also found that brown sugar has a greater ability to rotate polarized light than white sugar due to the presence of potassium and magnesium components. It is worth noting that the salt solution is optically inactive because it lacks microscopic mirror symmetry. Finally, the findings provide an understanding of the characteristics of polarized light under different solution concentrations and can serve as a guide for conducting further research on high-efficiency polarizers.

We report on a bulk thulium laser operating on the 3H4 → 3H5 transition with pure upconversion pumping at 1064 nm by an ytterbium fiber laser (addressing the 3F4 → 3F2,3 excited-state absorption (ESA) transition of Tm3+ ions) generating 433 mW at 2291 nm with a slope efficiency of 7.4% / 33.2% vs. the incident / absorbed pump power, respectively, and linear laser polarization representing the highest output power ever extracted from any bulk 2.3 µm thulium laser with upconversion pumping. As a gain material, a Tm3+-doped potassium lutetium double tungstate crystal is employed. The polarized ESA spectra of this material in the near-infrared are measured by the pump-probe method. The possible benefits of dual-wavelength pumping at 0.79 and 1.06 µm are also explored, indicating a positive effect of co-pumping at 0.79 µm on reducing the threshold pump power for upconversion pumping.

We study a cascade laser scheme involving the 3H4 → 3H5 and 3F4 → 3H6 consecutive transitions in Tm3+-doped materials as a promising technique to favor laser emission at 2.3 µm. We examine the conditions in terms of the Tm3+ doping levels for which the cascade laser is beneficial or not. For this, Tm:LiYF4 lasers based on crystals with several doping levels in the range of 2.5 - 6 at.% with and without cascade laser are studied. For low doping of 2.5 at.% Tm3+, adding the laser emission at 1.9 µm allows to double the output power at 2.3 µm, whereas for high doping of 6 at.%, allowing the laser to operate at 1.9 µm totally suppresses the laser emission at 2.3 µm. An analytical model is developed and confronted with experimental results to predict this doping-dependent phenomenon and forecast the potential benefits. This study of cascade laser emission on the 3H4→ 3H5 and 3F4→ 3H6 transitions versus the Tm3+ doping level is finally extended to other well-known Tm3+-doped laser materials.

Solar energy is quite simple as the energy can be obtained from the sun directly. Solar energy is categorized as one of the best renewable energy since it does not emit carbon dioxide and because of unlimited supports from the sun. In this paper, three main sections of solar technologies like photovoltaic solar panel, concentrating solar power, heating and cooling system which is available present days have been investigated.  In the second part of this research, an experiment has been carried out to evaluate the effects of colors of light on the performance of solar photovoltaic panels. Different colors of light having different wavelength, resulting in different frequency and hence different energy. In general, the solar spectrum influences the performance of the solar panels. The results show that the solar panels are influenced more by the red color of light. This report will start off by detailing the three main solar technologies, followed by the testing on the colors of light with the solar panels.

AbstractOne problematic task in the laser-based powder bed fusion (LB-PBF) process is the estimation of meltpool depth, which is a function of the process parameters and thermophysical properties of the materials. In this research, the effective factors that drive the meltpool depth such as optical penetration depth, angle of incidence, the ratio of laser power to scan speed, surface properties and plasma formation are discussed. The model is useful to estimate the meltpool depth for various manufacturing conditions. A proposed methodology is based on the simulation of a set of process parameters to obtain the variation of meltpool depth and temperature, followed by validation with reference to experimental test data. Numerical simulation of the LB-PBF process was performed using the computational scientific tool “Flow3D Version 11.2” to obtain the meltpool features. The simulation data was then developed into a predictive analytical model for meltpool depth and temperature based on the thermophysical powder properties and associated parameters. The novelty and contribution of this research are characterising the fundamental governing factors on meltpool depth and developing an analytical model based on process parameters and powder properties. The predictor model helps to accurately estimate the meltpool depth which is important and has to be sufficient to effectively fuse the powder to the build plate or the previously solidified layers ensuring proper bonding quality. Results showed that the developed analytical model has a high accuracy to predict the meltpool depth. The model is useful to rapidly estimate the optimal process window before setting up the manufacturing tasks and can therefore save on lead-time and cost. This methodology is generally applied to Inconel 718 processing and is generalisable for any powder of interest. The discussions identified how the effective physical factors govern the induced heat versus meltpool

Ball rolling dung beetles use a wide range of cues to steer themselves along a fixed bearing, including the spectral gradient of scattered skylight that spans the sky. Here, we define the spectral sensitivity of the diurnal dung beetle Kheper lamarcki and use the information to explore the orientation performance under a range of spectral light combinations. We find that, when presented with spectrally diverse stimuli, the beetles primarily orient to the apparent brightness differences as perceived by their green photoreceptors. Under certain wavelength combinations, they also rely on spectral information to guide their movements, but the brightness and spectral directional information is never fully disentangled. Overall, our results suggest the use of a dichromatic, primitive colour vision system for the extraction of directional information from the celestial spectral gradient to support straight-line orientation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in the United States, affecting approximately 1 in 10 adults, and its prevalence is expected to rise as the population ages. Treatment options for AF are limited; moreover, the development of new treatments is hindered by limited (1) knowledge regarding human atrial electrophysiological endpoints (e.g., conduction velocity [CV]) and (2) accurate experimental models. Here, we measured the CV and refractory period, and subsequently calculated the conduction wavelength, in vivo (four subjects with AF and four controls), and ex vivo (atrial slices from human hearts). Then, we created an in vitro model of human atrial conduction using induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. This model consisted of iPS-derived human atrial cardiomyocytes plated onto a micropatterned linear 1D spiral design of Matrigel. The CV (34-41 cm/s) of the in vitro model was nearly five times faster than 2D controls (7-9 cm/s) and similar to in vivo (40-64 cm/s) and ex vivo (28-51 cm/s) measurements. Our iPS-derived in vitro model recapitulates key features of in vivo atrial conduction and may be a useful methodology to enhance our understanding of AF and model patient-specific disease.

Solar energy is quite simple as the energy can be obtained from the sun directly. Solar energy is categorized as one of the best renewable energy since it does not emit carbon dioxide and because of unlimited supports from the sun. In this paper, three main sections of solar technologies like photovoltaic solar panel, concentrating solar power, heating and cooling system which is available present days have been investigated.  In the second part of this research, an experiment has been carried out to evaluate the effects of colors of light on the performance of solar photovoltaic panels. Different colors of light having different wavelength, resulting in different frequency and hence different energy. In general, the solar spectrum influences the performance of the solar panels. The results show that the solar panels are influenced more by the red color of light. This report will start off by detailing the three main solar technologies, followed by the testing on the colors of light with the solar panels.

[ES] El cultivo de la alcaparra (Capparis spinosa L.) es un cultivo tradicional del litoral mediterráneo, ya que se trata de un ingrediente corriente en la dieta mediterránea. Sin embargo, es un cultivo que presenta problemas en su propagación, concretamente en el caso de la reproducción sexual presenta un porcentaje bajo germinación de las semillas, siendo un proceso lento. Una de las razones podría ser la cubierta dura que impide la imbibición y/o la emergencia de la radícula. En el presente Trabajo Final de Máster se evaluó la influencia de diferentes tratamientos en la imbibición, viabilidad y germinación de las semillas. Las semillas se sometieron a dos tratamientos de escarificación física, con ultrasonidos mediante un sonicador, ensayando 3 potencias y 3 duraciones diferentes, y radiación láser durante 4 tiempos de exposición diferentes. Además, se ensayó la respuesta de las semillas a la iluminación con diferentes longitudes de onda durante la germinación, analizando el efecto de iluminar las semillas con luz blanca, azul, roja, azul + roja, así como la respuesta de semillas que se mantuvieron en oscuridad. En todos los ensayos se realizaron 4 repeticiones por tratamiento, comparando siempre la humectación del sustrato con agua destilada y con una solución de ácido giberélico (500 mg L-1). En todos los ensayos se constata que para obtener una germinación adecuada se necesita la adición de ácido giberélico. El resultado obtenido con el tratamiento de ultrasonidos depende de la potencia aplicada y del tiempo de exposición, variando desde un adelanto de la germinación (20 W durante 1 min) hasta una disminución del porcentaje de germinación (100 W 3 min). Durante el tratamiento con ultrasonidos aumenta la humedad de la semilla, en mayor medida a mayor potencia y tiempo de exposición; en cambio, en el ensayo de imbibición, el contenido de humedad final de las semillas no se ve afectado por estos factores, por lo que el valor de la imbibición (%) se ve reducido a, [EN] The cultivation of the caper (Capparis spinosa L.) is a traditional crop of the Mediterranean area, since it is a common ingredient in the Mediterranean diet. However, it is a crop that presents problems in its propagation, particularly it has a low seed germination percentage and has a slow germination process. One of the reasons could be the hard cover that prevents the imbibition and/or the radicle emergence. In the present Final Master¿s Project, the influence of different treatments on the imbibition, viability and germination of the seeds has been evaluated. The seeds were subjected to two physical scarification treatments with ultrasound using a sonicator, testing 3 powers and 3 different durations, and laser radiation during 4 different exposure times. In addition, the seeds response to different wavelengths lighting during germination were tested, analysing the effect of the white, blue, red, blue + red lights, as well as the response of seeds that were kept in the dark. In all the tests, 4 repetitions were carried out per treatment, always comparing the wetting of the substrate with distilled water and with a solution of gibberellic acid (500 mg L-1). In all the tests, it is found that to obtain adequate germination the addition of gibberellic acid is necessary. The result obtained with the ultrasound treatment depends on the applied power and the exposure time, varying from an earlier germination (20 W for 1 min) to a decrease in the germination percentage (100 W 3 min). During the treatment with ultrasound, the seed moisture increases, to a greater extent at higher power and exposure time. On the other hand, in the imbibition test, the final seed moisture content is not affected by these factors, so the imbibition value (%) is reduced at higher powers and exposure times. Irradiation of the seeds with He-Ne laser beam does not improve or advance germination; neither modifies the imbibition process. Caper seeds do not need lighting for germination, an

[ES] El cultivo de la alcaparra (Capparis spinosa L.) es un cultivo tradicional del litoral mediterráneo, ya que se trata de un ingrediente corriente en la dieta mediterránea. Sin embargo, es un cultivo que presenta problemas en su propagación, concretamente en el caso de la reproducción sexual presenta un porcentaje bajo germinación de las semillas, siendo un proceso lento. Una de las razones podría ser la cubierta dura que impide la imbibición y/o la emergencia de la radícula. En el presente Trabajo Final de Máster se evaluó la influencia de diferentes tratamientos en la imbibición, viabilidad y germinación de las semillas. Las semillas se sometieron a dos tratamientos de escarificación física, con ultrasonidos mediante un sonicador, ensayando 3 potencias y 3 duraciones diferentes, y radiación láser durante 4 tiempos de exposición diferentes. Además, se ensayó la respuesta de las semillas a la iluminación con diferentes longitudes de onda durante la germinación, analizando el efecto de iluminar las semillas con luz blanca, azul, roja, azul + roja, así como la respuesta de semillas que se mantuvieron en oscuridad. En todos los ensayos se realizaron 4 repeticiones por tratamiento, comparando siempre la humectación del sustrato con agua destilada y con una solución de ácido giberélico (500 mg L-1). En todos los ensayos se constata que para obtener una germinación adecuada se necesita la adición de ácido giberélico. El resultado obtenido con el tratamiento de ultrasonidos depende de la potencia aplicada y del tiempo de exposición, variando desde un adelanto de la germinación (20 W durante 1 min) hasta una disminución del porcentaje de germinación (100 W 3 min). Durante el tratamiento con ultrasonidos aumenta la humedad de la semilla, en mayor medida a mayor potencia y tiempo de exposición; en cambio, en el ensayo de imbibición, el contenido de humedad final de las semillas no se ve afectado por estos factores, por lo que el valor de la imbibición (%) se ve reducido a, [EN] The cultivation of the caper (Capparis spinosa L.) is a traditional crop of the Mediterranean area, since it is a common ingredient in the Mediterranean diet. However, it is a crop that presents problems in its propagation, particularly it has a low seed germination percentage and has a slow germination process. One of the reasons could be the hard cover that prevents the imbibition and/or the radicle emergence. In the present Final Master¿s Project, the influence of different treatments on the imbibition, viability and germination of the seeds has been evaluated. The seeds were subjected to two physical scarification treatments with ultrasound using a sonicator, testing 3 powers and 3 different durations, and laser radiation during 4 different exposure times. In addition, the seeds response to different wavelengths lighting during germination were tested, analysing the effect of the white, blue, red, blue + red lights, as well as the response of seeds that were kept in the dark. In all the tests, 4 repetitions were carried out per treatment, always comparing the wetting of the substrate with distilled water and with a solution of gibberellic acid (500 mg L-1). In all the tests, it is found that to obtain adequate germination the addition of gibberellic acid is necessary. The result obtained with the ultrasound treatment depends on the applied power and the exposure time, varying from an earlier germination (20 W for 1 min) to a decrease in the germination percentage (100 W 3 min). During the treatment with ultrasound, the seed moisture increases, to a greater extent at higher power and exposure time. On the other hand, in the imbibition test, the final seed moisture content is not affected by these factors, so the imbibition value (%) is reduced at higher powers and exposure times. Irradiation of the seeds with He-Ne laser beam does not improve or advance germination; neither modifies the imbibition process. Caper seeds do not need lighting for germination, an

[ES] El cultivo de la alcaparra (Capparis spinosa L.) es un cultivo tradicional del litoral mediterráneo, ya que se trata de un ingrediente corriente en la dieta mediterránea. Sin embargo, es un cultivo que presenta problemas en su propagación, concretamente en el caso de la reproducción sexual presenta un porcentaje bajo germinación de las semillas, siendo un proceso lento. Una de las razones podría ser la cubierta dura que impide la imbibición y/o la emergencia de la radícula. En el presente Trabajo Final de Máster se evaluó la influencia de diferentes tratamientos en la imbibición, viabilidad y germinación de las semillas. Las semillas se sometieron a dos tratamientos de escarificación física, con ultrasonidos mediante un sonicador, ensayando 3 potencias y 3 duraciones diferentes, y radiación láser durante 4 tiempos de exposición diferentes. Además, se ensayó la respuesta de las semillas a la iluminación con diferentes longitudes de onda durante la germinación, analizando el efecto de iluminar las semillas con luz blanca, azul, roja, azul + roja, así como la respuesta de semillas que se mantuvieron en oscuridad. En todos los ensayos se realizaron 4 repeticiones por tratamiento, comparando siempre la humectación del sustrato con agua destilada y con una solución de ácido giberélico (500 mg L-1). En todos los ensayos se constata que para obtener una germinación adecuada se necesita la adición de ácido giberélico. El resultado obtenido con el tratamiento de ultrasonidos depende de la potencia aplicada y del tiempo de exposición, variando desde un adelanto de la germinación (20 W durante 1 min) hasta una disminución del porcentaje de germinación (100 W 3 min). Durante el tratamiento con ultrasonidos aumenta la humedad de la semilla, en mayor medida a mayor potencia y tiempo de exposición; en cambio, en el ensayo de imbibición, el contenido de humedad final de las semillas no se ve afectado por estos factores, por lo que el valor de la imbibición (%) se ve reducido a, [EN] The cultivation of the caper (Capparis spinosa L.) is a traditional crop of the Mediterranean area, since it is a common ingredient in the Mediterranean diet. However, it is a crop that presents problems in its propagation, particularly it has a low seed germination percentage and has a slow germination process. One of the reasons could be the hard cover that prevents the imbibition and/or the radicle emergence. In the present Final Master¿s Project, the influence of different treatments on the imbibition, viability and germination of the seeds has been evaluated. The seeds were subjected to two physical scarification treatments with ultrasound using a sonicator, testing 3 powers and 3 different durations, and laser radiation during 4 different exposure times. In addition, the seeds response to different wavelengths lighting during germination were tested, analysing the effect of the white, blue, red, blue + red lights, as well as the response of seeds that were kept in the dark. In all the tests, 4 repetitions were carried out per treatment, always comparing the wetting of the substrate with distilled water and with a solution of gibberellic acid (500 mg L-1). In all the tests, it is found that to obtain adequate germination the addition of gibberellic acid is necessary. The result obtained with the ultrasound treatment depends on the applied power and the exposure time, varying from an earlier germination (20 W for 1 min) to a decrease in the germination percentage (100 W 3 min). During the treatment with ultrasound, the seed moisture increases, to a greater extent at higher power and exposure time. On the other hand, in the imbibition test, the final seed moisture content is not affected by these factors, so the imbibition value (%) is reduced at higher powers and exposure times. Irradiation of the seeds with He-Ne laser beam does not improve or advance germination; neither modifies the imbibition process. Caper seeds do not need lighting for germination, an

We propose and demonstrate a compact and simple vector bending sensor capable of distinguishing any direction and amplitude with high accuracy. The sensor consists of a short segment of asymmetric multicore fiber (MCF) fusion spliced to a standard single mode fiber. The reflection spectrum of such a structure shifts and shrinks in specific manners depending on the direction in which the MCF is bent. By monitoring simultaneously wavelength shift and light power variations, the amplitude and bend direction of the MCF can be unmistakably measured in any orientation, from 0 degrees to 360 degrees. The bending sensor proposed here is highly sensitive even for small bending angles (below 1 degrees).

[ES] El cultivo de la alcaparra (Capparis spinosa L.) es un cultivo tradicional del litoral mediterráneo, ya que se trata de un ingrediente corriente en la dieta mediterránea. Sin embargo, es un cultivo que presenta problemas en su propagación, concretamente en el caso de la reproducción sexual presenta un porcentaje bajo germinación de las semillas, siendo un proceso lento. Una de las razones podría ser la cubierta dura que impide la imbibición y/o la emergencia de la radícula. En el presente Trabajo Final de Máster se evaluó la influencia de diferentes tratamientos en la imbibición, viabilidad y germinación de las semillas. Las semillas se sometieron a dos tratamientos de escarificación física, con ultrasonidos mediante un sonicador, ensayando 3 potencias y 3 duraciones diferentes, y radiación láser durante 4 tiempos de exposición diferentes. Además, se ensayó la respuesta de las semillas a la iluminación con diferentes longitudes de onda durante la germinación, analizando el efecto de iluminar las semillas con luz blanca, azul, roja, azul + roja, así como la respuesta de semillas que se mantuvieron en oscuridad. En todos los ensayos se realizaron 4 repeticiones por tratamiento, comparando siempre la humectación del sustrato con agua destilada y con una solución de ácido giberélico (500 mg L-1). En todos los ensayos se constata que para obtener una germinación adecuada se necesita la adición de ácido giberélico. El resultado obtenido con el tratamiento de ultrasonidos depende de la potencia aplicada y del tiempo de exposición, variando desde un adelanto de la germinación (20 W durante 1 min) hasta una disminución del porcentaje de germinación (100 W 3 min). Durante el tratamiento con ultrasonidos aumenta la humedad de la semilla, en mayor medida a mayor potencia y tiempo de exposición; en cambio, en el ensayo de imbibición, el contenido de humedad final de las semillas no se ve afectado por estos factores, por lo que el valor de la imbibición (%) se ve reducido a, [EN] The cultivation of the caper (Capparis spinosa L.) is a traditional crop of the Mediterranean area, since it is a common ingredient in the Mediterranean diet. However, it is a crop that presents problems in its propagation, particularly it has a low seed germination percentage and has a slow germination process. One of the reasons could be the hard cover that prevents the imbibition and/or the radicle emergence. In the present Final Master¿s Project, the influence of different treatments on the imbibition, viability and germination of the seeds has been evaluated. The seeds were subjected to two physical scarification treatments with ultrasound using a sonicator, testing 3 powers and 3 different durations, and laser radiation during 4 different exposure times. In addition, the seeds response to different wavelengths lighting during germination were tested, analysing the effect of the white, blue, red, blue + red lights, as well as the response of seeds that were kept in the dark. In all the tests, 4 repetitions were carried out per treatment, always comparing the wetting of the substrate with distilled water and with a solution of gibberellic acid (500 mg L-1). In all the tests, it is found that to obtain adequate germination the addition of gibberellic acid is necessary. The result obtained with the ultrasound treatment depends on the applied power and the exposure time, varying from an earlier germination (20 W for 1 min) to a decrease in the germination percentage (100 W 3 min). During the treatment with ultrasound, the seed moisture increases, to a greater extent at higher power and exposure time. On the other hand, in the imbibition test, the final seed moisture content is not affected by these factors, so the imbibition value (%) is reduced at higher powers and exposure times. Irradiation of the seeds with He-Ne laser beam does not improve or advance germination; neither modifies the imbibition process. Caper seeds do not need lighting for germination, an

On the South Coast of West Sumatra was found a luminous mushroom, the Neonothopanus sp. The light-emitting characteristics of this mushroom are not yet known. For the use of this bioluminescence in various fields, information on the optimal light emission conditions of the mushroom is required. This study aims to determine the optimal conditions of light emission from mushrooms such as temperature and pH. In this study, the measurement of the light spectrum of mushrooms with variations in temperature and temperature was carried out. The measuring instrument used is a nano photometer. The results showed that the maximum intensity occurred at a wavelength of 505 nm in the green area. The maximum intensity occurs at a temperature of 15 oC and pH 8.

We propose and demonstrate a compact and simple vector bending sensor capable of distinguishing any direction and amplitude with high accuracy. The sensor consists of a short segment of asymmetric multicore fiber (MCF) fusion spliced to a standard single mode fiber. The reflection spectrum of such a structure shifts and shrinks in specific manners depending on the direction in which the MCF is bent. By monitoring simultaneously wavelength shift and light power variations, the amplitude and bend direction of the MCF can be unmistakably measured in any orientation, from 0 degrees to 360 degrees. The bending sensor proposed here is highly sensitive even for small bending angles (below 1 degrees).

Difficulties with wind turbines can arise during operation due to externalforces provoked by the wind. Calculating the deflection of the blades can beused to give break points for maintenance, design and/or monitoring purposes. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors can be installed on the windblades to detect signals that can be reinterpreted as deflection in differentdirections. In this project a tool was developed that can take this information in real time to analyze critical issues which is important to save timeand operational and maintenance costs (O&M). To do so, a predictive model is used to anticipate the deflection in the blades caused by the impact ofthe wind in different orientations. The main purpose of this work is to showan algorithm that can transform optical signals from the FBG sensors into ashape calculator for the deflection for maintenance purposes. At the sametime, it is shown that this algorithm can be used as a forecast tool takinginto consideration the weather data.

When waves propagate in coastal areas they sufer changes in the wavelength and wave direction resulting from the interaction with the sea bottom. In SAR images, the waves can be identify through variations in the gray tones of the image, making it possible to infer the bathymetry from the variations in the wavelength. Commonly, the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used to estimate the wavelength in domains close to the coast, recognizing, however, that this method has some limitations, mainly for small depths. To overcome the limitations of FFT, this work uses wavelet spectral analysis to estimate bathymetric data. The new image processing methodology shows positive and promising results for mapping shallow marine environments., Peer Reviewed

Low iron soda-lime glass (SLG) is a low-cost, bulk manufactured, commercially available off-the-shelf glass with high quality clarity and transparency, and superior percentage visible light transmittance with color that is resistant to yellowing over time. SLG has been used for various military applications and for the past 15 years, has been studied and viewed with borosilicate as ideal choices of glass for transparent armor applications. Prior research has demonstrated that SLG experiences fractoluminescence (FL), or the emission of photons during rapid dynamic fracture. Contested theories for the cause of FL include thermal origins, relaxation of non-bridging oxygen hole centers, and even Cherenkov radiation. This thesis investigated whether FL can be observed in SLG via near-hypervelocity kinetic impact utilizing a 40 mm powder gun. Target systems include both planar impact for standard diagnostics and gap-sealed cylindrical chambers to both minimize noise from external light and enable post-test analysis of impacted glass. A comparative analysis was conducted against borosilicate glass, which has no FL properties. Unique FL emission bands were observed during near hypervelocity impact of SLG at 423 nm (2.9 eV) at the frame of impact and 555 nm (2.2 eV) for the duration of fracture. Using a grey body spectral exitance emission spectra fit, a fracture emission temperature of 3200 K was calculated that does not support the theory of Cherenkov radiation as the cause of FL., Lieutenant, United States Navy, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Difficulties with wind turbines can arise during operation due to externalforces provoked by the wind. Calculating the deflection of the blades can beused to give break points for maintenance, design and/or monitoring purposes. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors can be installed on the windblades to detect signals that can be reinterpreted as deflection in differentdirections. In this project a tool was developed that can take this information in real time to analyze critical issues which is important to save timeand operational and maintenance costs (O&M). To do so, a predictive model is used to anticipate the deflection in the blades caused by the impact ofthe wind in different orientations. The main purpose of this work is to showan algorithm that can transform optical signals from the FBG sensors into ashape calculator for the deflection for maintenance purposes. At the sametime, it is shown that this algorithm can be used as a forecast tool takinginto consideration the weather data.

The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied as a tool for the optimization of the operational conditions of the photo-degradation of highly concentrated PY12 wastewater, resulting from a textile industry located in the suburbs of Medellin (Colombia). The Box-Behnken experimental Design (BBD) was chosen for the purpose of response optimization. The photo-Fenton process was carried out in a laboratory-scale batch photo-reactor. A multifactorial experimental design was proposed, including the following variables: the initial dyestuff concentration, the H(2)O(2) and the Fe(+2) concentrations, as well as the UV wavelength radiation. The photo-Fenton process performed at the optimized conditions resulted in ca. 100% of dyestuff decolorization, 92% of COD and 82% of TOC degradation. A kinetic study was accomplished, including the identification of some intermediate compounds generated during the oxidation process. The water biodegradability reached a final DBO(5)/DQO = 0.86 value.

The use of multiple wavelength illumination in digital in-line holographic microscopy is presented. A biological sample is illuminated sequentially with three different optical sources and the separate holograms reconstructed with the appropriate wavelength. For controlling the scale of the reconstructed holograms, a reconstruction algorithm that allows for choosing the pixel size at the reconstruction plane independently of the wavelength and the reconstruction distance is used. The method is illustrated with experimental results. © OSA 2012.

Since the outbreak of SARS-COV-2, various virus inactivation techniques have been applied to suppress the spread of virus. Ultraviolet exposure inactivation is an efficient approach to inactivate virus, within UV band, UV-C with comparatively higher energy. UV-C has been proved to inactivate viruses efficiently, while to figure out efficient inactivation approach, virus reduction rate as a function of UV-C wavelength with different viral sensitivity and quantitative exposure dose should be measured through experiments. On the one hand, miniatured, energy-efficient and fully-customized UV-C light-emitting diodes (LED) offer possibility of switching wavelengths and adjusting quantitative optical properties, on the other hand, UV-C LEDs have been produced with the latest technology based on Aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN). ~\\Multifunctional UV-C LED Virus Inactivation Experimental Platform is a system designed with replaceable UV-C wavelengths, controllable light intensity and exposure time for quantitative virology experiments. The system has an initial design for standard virology experimental equipment which offers a new and consistent tool for virus researchers. The Inactivation Platform has been assembled and utilized to perform several Influenza A (ssRNA virus) inactivation experiments in order to obtain reduction rate as a function of UV-C wavelength and exposure dose with Germicidal Curve and Inactivation Curve respectively. ~\\After inactivation experiments implementation and result analysis, the inactivation mechanism on the basis of molecular dynamic research theory and simulation is supposed to be figured out. Due to the complexity of proteins in virus, the research focuses on Nucleic Acid Bases (NABs) as target genetic viral material. The absorbed ultraviolet energy results in ultrafast decay, including molecular electronic transition, virus structure variation (Dimerization) theoretically. The absorbed energy along the band is rev, Electrical Engineering | Embedded Systems

We propose and demonstrate a compact and simple vector bending sensor capable of distinguishing any direction and amplitude with high accuracy. The sensor consists of a short segment of asymmetric multicore fiber (MCF) fusion spliced to a standard single mode fiber. The reflection spectrum of such a structure shifts and shrinks in specific manners depending on the direction in which the MCF is bent. By monitoring simultaneously wavelength shift and light power variations, the amplitude and bend direction of the MCF can be unmistakably measured in any orientation, from 0 degrees to 360 degrees. The bending sensor proposed here is highly sensitive even for small bending angles (below 1 degrees).

On the South Coast of West Sumatra was found a luminous mushroom, the Neonothopanus sp. The light-emitting characteristics of this mushroom are not yet known. For the use of this bioluminescence in various fields, information on the optimal light emission conditions of the mushroom is required. This study aims to determine the optimal conditions of light emission from mushrooms such as temperature and pH. In this study, the measurement of the light spectrum of mushrooms with variations in temperature and temperature was carried out. The measuring instrument used is a nano photometer. The results showed that the maximum intensity occurred at a wavelength of 505 nm in the green area. The maximum intensity occurs at a temperature of 15 oC and pH 8.

Light represents a signal for the regulation of virulence in many microbial pathogens. Two stone fruits, nectarines and cherries, were used to investigate the influence of light on brown rot caused by Monilinia laxa. Three single-spore strains were inoculated on nectarines and incubated under different white lights, red light, blue light, greenight, and black light with two photoperiods. In addition, to understand the effect of daylight irradiance on brown rot, M. laxa was inoculated on different cherry cultivars and incubated under two simulated solar irradiations. Significantly higher disease severity and sporulation were reported on inoculated nectarines incubated under 58 W white light for 12 hr light/12 hr darkness than on nectarines incubated in continuous darkness. Only red light caused a significant increase in the incidence and severity of the disease in nectarines inoculated with the three M. laxa isolates, compared to fruit incubated under white light. High light intensity (185.45 W/m2), caused greater brown rot severity in all cherry cultivars, both early and late varieties, than low irradiance (145.85 W/m2). Significant up-regulation of the pathogenicity-related MlPNL2 gene was observed as an early response after cherry inoculation under high-intensity light, especially in late cherry cultivars, while MlPG1 expression did not show any changes under different light irradiances. M. laxa was shown to be a light-responsive fungal pathogen, and light seemed to play an active role in brown rot development.

Characterization the light source has been carried out using a Vis-Nir spectrophotometer with the Ocean Optics DTmini-2 model. The purpose of this characteristic is to obtain the optimum wavelength as a light source in making a digital optical non-contact speedometer model. There are 5 light sources tested, namely blue, green, yellow, red and white light. From the characterization results, the wavelengths were blue (450 nm), green (540 nm), yellow (570 nm), red (640 nm) and white (550 nm). In making the digital optical non-contact speedometer model, a photodiode sensor is used which has an absorbance peak point at 479 nm, 680, and 900 nm. The working principle of the prototype is to detect changes in light intensity as a result of the reflectance by the wheel. The sensor reads every color changes on the wheel and the results will be sent to the microcontroller for further processing. The results obtained are that the red LED is excellent to this prototype because it has the highest ADC value compared to other light sources tested. This is consistent with the results of the sensor spectrophotometer characterization.

Characterization the light source has been carried out using a Vis-Nir spectrophotometer with the Ocean Optics DTmini-2 model. The purpose of this characteristic is to obtain the optimum wavelength as a light source in making a digital optical non-contact speedometer model. There are 5 light sources tested, namely blue, green, yellow, red and white light. From the characterization results, the wavelengths were blue (450 nm), green (540 nm), yellow (570 nm), red (640 nm) and white (550 nm). In making the digital optical non-contact speedometer model, a photodiode sensor is used which has an absorbance peak point at 479 nm, 680, and 900 nm. The working principle of the prototype is to detect changes in light intensity as a result of the reflectance by the wheel. The sensor reads every color changes on the wheel and the results will be sent to the microcontroller for further processing. The results obtained are that the red LED is excellent to this prototype because it has the highest ADC value compared to other light sources tested. This is consistent with the results of the sensor spectrophotometer characterization.

Commercial agriculture is a resource intensive industry that employs significant amounts of agrochemicals to maintain a high yield output. Excessive application of insecticides has detrimental impacts on human health, environment and long-term sustainability. One particular area of interest is in exploring how insects are attracted to specific bands of the visible light spectrum. This paper details the study of several light conditions using Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to determine its phototaxis response on the common grasshopper, garden moth and lava beetle. The results conclude that all three insects exhibit positive phototaxis response on wavelengths around 491nm and below, which encompasses ultraviolet, blue and green. The radiant intensity experiment revealed a threshold response of 2.8mW/m2, or 25m in reciprocal distance.

[EN] The paper describes a simple method of measuring the speed of light in water using the wave properties of light. The tools used are a compact disk (CD), an aquarium, a laser pointer and a ruler. The key tool is a CD of which the reflective layer has been scratched off. Using the comparison method, we compare the speed of light in water with the already known speed of light in air. The measurement itself will be realized using a ruler and a graph paper. Other than measuring the speed of light in water, the activities offers an experimental proof that during light refraction the wavelength of the light changes while the frequency remains constant, which is an important but not trivial fact about refraction.

[EN] The paper describes a simple method of measuring the speed of light in water using the wave properties of light. The tools used are a compact disk (CD), an aquarium, a laser pointer and a ruler. The key tool is a CD of which the reflective layer has been scratched off. Using the comparison method, we compare the speed of light in water with the already known speed of light in air. The measurement itself will be realized using a ruler and a graph paper. Other than measuring the speed of light in water, the activities offers an experimental proof that during light refraction the wavelength of the light changes while the frequency remains constant, which is an important but not trivial fact about refraction.

[EN] The paper describes a simple method of measuring the speed of light in water using the wave properties of light. The tools used are a compact disk (CD), an aquarium, a laser pointer and a ruler. The key tool is a CD of which the reflective layer has been scratched off. Using the comparison method, we compare the speed of light in water with the already known speed of light in air. The measurement itself will be realized using a ruler and a graph paper. Other than measuring the speed of light in water, the activities offers an experimental proof that during light refraction the wavelength of the light changes while the frequency remains constant, which is an important but not trivial fact about refraction.

[EN] The paper describes a simple method of measuring the speed of light in water using the wave properties of light. The tools used are a compact disk (CD), an aquarium, a laser pointer and a ruler. The key tool is a CD of which the reflective layer has been scratched off. Using the comparison method, we compare the speed of light in water with the already known speed of light in air. The measurement itself will be realized using a ruler and a graph paper. Other than measuring the speed of light in water, the activities offers an experimental proof that during light refraction the wavelength of the light changes while the frequency remains constant, which is an important but not trivial fact about refraction.

Nowadays, the uses of laser and optics in the medical areas are extremely vivid, especially low-level laser therapy. The light with the wavelength of 633 nm to 1200 nm could penetrate and propagate deep in biological tissue. To develop the low-level laser therapy device, optimizing light delivery is critical to accurately stimulate the biological effects inside the biological tissue. Nevertheless, each form of the tissues at each zone on the body had various refractive optic, absorption, scattering, and anisotropy coefficients. This paper describes the simulation results of low-level laser propagation from skin surface at the lower spine, the knee, the femur and the prostate gland with four wavelengths (633 nm, 780 nm, 850 nm, and 940 nm) by the Monte Carlo method. These simulation results are the base for developing the low-level laser therapy device, that could be used in clinical for treating the fracture, knee osteoarthritis, spinal degeneration, and benign prostatic hypertrophy.

[EN] The paper describes a simple method of measuring the speed of light in water using the wave properties of light. The tools used are a compact disk (CD), an aquarium, a laser pointer and a ruler. The key tool is a CD of which the reflective layer has been scratched off. Using the comparison method, we compare the speed of light in water with the already known speed of light in air. The measurement itself will be realized using a ruler and a graph paper. Other than measuring the speed of light in water, the activities offers an experimental proof that during light refraction the wavelength of the light changes while the frequency remains constant, which is an important but not trivial fact about refraction.

The spectral bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) maps incident radiation of a surface to its outgoing counterpart at different wavelengths. This function plays a fundamental role in characterizing the various types of earth surfaces. Due to its high dimensionality, the measurements, analysis, and simulation of spectral BRDF are challenging. In this letter, we introduce a new method for processing spectral reflectance using the so-called data-adjacency, i.e., the correlation between adjacent wavelengths and viewing directions. The results show that the benefits of efficient representation, noise reduction, and analysis capability can all be integrated to the data. © 2019 IEEE.

Nowadays, the uses of laser and optics in the medical areas are extremely vivid, especially low-level laser therapy. The light with the wavelength of 633 nm to 1200 nm could penetrate and propagate deep in biological tissue. To develop the low-level laser therapy device, optimizing light delivery is critical to accurately stimulate the biological effects inside the biological tissue. Nevertheless, each form of the tissues at each zone on the body had various refractive optic, absorption, scattering, and anisotropy coefficients. This paper describes the simulation results of low-level laser propagation from skin surface at the lower spine, the knee, the femur and the prostate gland with four wavelengths (633 nm, 780 nm, 850 nm, and 940 nm) by the Monte Carlo method. These simulation results are the base for developing the low-level laser therapy device, that could be used in clinical for treating the fracture, knee osteoarthritis, spinal degeneration, and benign prostatic hypertrophy.

Purpose: We evaluated the responses to chromatic perception (wavelength) stimuli in the visible spectrum among children from an elementary school in Nezahualcoyotl Country, Mexico.Materials and Methods: A software developed ad hoc was used to measure how children perceived the colors blue, green, yellow, and red. The tests were in monocular form, and responses were pooled based on their similarity according to the Pearson correlation index and cluster analysis by unweighted averages. A chi-square test was applied to the groups for significant differences. Results: Data from each wavelength were analyzed in relation to age, sex, and ocular laterality. At a wavelength of 450 nm, children aged 6-7 years old (group 1) of both sexes perceived the wavelength as skewed to the left -9.39 nm, while children aged 8- 11 years old (group 2) visualized a leftward skew of -4.40 nm (P < 0.0001). Then, at 530 nm, shifts of -5.39 and -6.72 nm were reported in the groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.0001), while at 580 nm, the shifts were -2.59 and -2.62 nm for both groups (P < 0.0001). Finally, at 710 nm, the shifts were +2.49 and +2.74 nm (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: At 450 nm, younger children perceived wavelengths far from normal, but, as they aged, their perceptions normalized. At 530 nm, childre shifted to the left in all cases, getting closer to normality. Finally, at 580 nm, the shift was still leftward but moved to the right at 710 nm in all cases

Nowadays, the uses of laser and optics in the medical areas are extremely vivid, especially low-level laser therapy. The light with the wavelength of 633 nm to 1200 nm could penetrate and propagate deep in biological tissue. To develop the low-level laser therapy device, optimizing light delivery is critical to accurately stimulate the biological effects inside the biological tissue. Nevertheless, each form of the tissues at each zone on the body had various refractive optic, absorption, scattering, and anisotropy coefficients. This paper describes the simulation results of low-level laser propagation from skin surface at the lower spine, the knee, the femur and the prostate gland with four wavelengths (633 nm, 780 nm, 850 nm, and 940 nm) by the Monte Carlo method. These simulation results are the base for developing the low-level laser therapy device, that could be used in clinical for treating the fracture, knee osteoarthritis, spinal degeneration, and benign prostatic hypertrophy.

Nowadays, the uses of laser and optics in the medical areas are extremely vivid, especially low-level laser therapy. The light with the wavelength of 633 nm to 1200 nm could penetrate and propagate deep in biological tissue. To develop the low-level laser therapy device, optimizing light delivery is critical to accurately stimulate the biological effects inside the biological tissue. Nevertheless, each form of the tissues at each zone on the body had various refractive optic, absorption, scattering, and anisotropy coefficients. This paper describes the simulation results of low-level laser propagation from skin surface at the lower spine, the knee, the femur and the prostate gland with four wavelengths (633 nm, 780 nm, 850 nm, and 940 nm) by the Monte Carlo method. These simulation results are the base for developing the low-level laser therapy device, that could be used in clinical for treating the fracture, knee osteoarthritis, spinal degeneration, and benign prostatic hypertrophy.

Commercial agriculture is a resource intensive industry that employs significant amounts of agrochemicals to maintain a high yield output. Excessive application of insecticides has detrimental impacts on human health, environment and long-term sustainability. One particular area of interest is in exploring how insects are attracted to specific bands of the visible light spectrum. This paper details the study of several light conditions using Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to determine its phototaxis response on the common grasshopper, garden moth and lava beetle. The results conclude that all three insects exhibit positive phototaxis response on wavelengths around 491nm and below, which encompasses ultraviolet, blue and green. The radiant intensity experiment revealed a threshold response of 2.8mW/m2, or 25m in reciprocal distance.