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Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most common types of cancer in the world and has a 5-year survival rate of ~20%. Immunotherapies have shown promising results leading to durable responses, however, they are only effective for a subset of patients. To determine the best therapeutic approach, a thorough and in-depth profiling of the tumour microenvironment (TME) is required. The TME is a complex network of cell types that form an interconnected network, promoting tumour cell initiation, growth and dissemination. The stroma, immune cells and endothelial cells that comprise the TME generate a plethora of cytotoxic or cytoprotective signalling pathways. In this review, we discuss immunotherapeutic targets in NSCLC tumours and how the TME may influence patients' response to immunotherapy.

Background

Conclusions

By using the supernovae type Ia data we study influence of the anisotropy (although low) on the evolution of the universe and compare ${\Lambda}$CDM model with 6 representative parametrizations of the recent Hubble expansion history $H(z)$. To compare these models we use the the maximum likelihood method for find that the best fit dynamical $\omega(z)$ and $q(z)$ obtained from the SNIa dataset. In particular we find the best fit value of $\Lambda$CDM model $(\Omega_{\sigma_0}= 0.013$, $\chi^2_{min}=197.56)$. The analysis shows that by considering the anisotropy, it leads to more best fit parameters in all models (except of SCDM) with SNIa data. We also use two statistical tests such as the usual $\chi^2_{min}/dof$ and p-test to compare different dark energy models. According to both statistical tests and considering anisotropy, the linear parametrization model that is providing the best fit to $\Lambda$CDM model.

By using the supernovae type Ia data we study influence of the anisotropy (although low) on the evolution of the universe and compare ${\Lambda}$CDM model with 6 representative parametrizations of the recent Hubble expansion history $H(z)$. To compare these models we use the the maximum likelihood method for find that the best fit dynamical $\omega(z)$ and $q(z)$ obtained from the SNIa dataset. In particular we find the best fit value of $\Lambda$CDM model $(\Omega_{\sigma_0}= 0.013$, $\chi^2_{min}=197.56)$. The analysis shows that by considering the anisotropy, it leads to more best fit parameters in all models (except of SCDM) with SNIa data. We also use two statistical tests such as the usual $\chi^2_{min}/dof$ and p-test to compare different dark energy models. According to both statistical tests and considering anisotropy, the linear parametrization model that is providing the best fit to $\Lambda$CDM model.

Title. Comfort as a basic need in hospitalized patients in Iran: a hermeneutic phenomenology study. Aim. This paper is a report of a study conducted to explore the comfort experiences of hospitalized patients during their admission to medical-surgical wards in an Iranian hospital. Background. Comfort has various definitions, ranging from a basic human need, to a process, function or an outcome of nursing. As comfort is a substantive need throughout life in health and illness, providing comfort is a major function and challenge for holistic nursing care. Method. This hermeneutic phenomenological study was conducted between July 2006 and April 2007 in six medical-surgical wards of one of a university hospital in Iran. Data were generated with 22 participants (16 hospitalized patients and six nurses), using in-depth interviews to capture their detailed experiences of comfort. Analysis based on the framework of Diekelmann enabled data interpretation and elaboration of shared themes. Findings. One constitutive pattern, 'Comfort: a need of hospitalized patients' and four related themes - A friend in hospital, Relief of suffering within a calm environment, Seeking God, and Presence among family - were identified in the data. Conclusion. These findings offer unique insight for planning and implementing appropriate clinical practices in Iran, especially in caring for Muslim patients. Two major implications are to: (1) consider comfort criteria during nursing assessment and planning of care during a patient's hospitalization and (2) note that Shiite people in particular are more comfortable and feel better when they are able to follow their religious principles. © 2009 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Title. Comfort as a basic need in hospitalized patients in Iran: a hermeneutic phenomenology study. Aim. This paper is a report of a study conducted to explore the comfort experiences of hospitalized patients during their admission to medical-surgical wards in an Iranian hospital. Background. Comfort has various definitions, ranging from a basic human need, to a process, function or an outcome of nursing. As comfort is a substantive need throughout life in health and illness, providing comfort is a major function and challenge for holistic nursing care. Method. This hermeneutic phenomenological study was conducted between July 2006 and April 2007 in six medical-surgical wards of one of a university hospital in Iran. Data were generated with 22 participants (16 hospitalized patients and six nurses), using in-depth interviews to capture their detailed experiences of comfort. Analysis based on the framework of Diekelmann enabled data interpretation and elaboration of shared themes. Findings. One constitutive pattern, 'Comfort: a need of hospitalized patients' and four related themes - A friend in hospital, Relief of suffering within a calm environment, Seeking God, and Presence among family - were identified in the data. Conclusion. These findings offer unique insight for planning and implementing appropriate clinical practices in Iran, especially in caring for Muslim patients. Two major implications are to: (1) consider comfort criteria during nursing assessment and planning of care during a patient's hospitalization and (2) note that Shiite people in particular are more comfortable and feel better when they are able to follow their religious principles. © 2009 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Shear-induced orientation and the relaxation of orientation after the cessation of shear in 45 and 50 wt% solutions of cholesteric hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) in m-cresol have been studied in situ by infrared spectroscopy and polarised microscopy. The shearing experiments were conducted at 30-80 degreesC at shear rates of 1-300 s(-1), which covered the director tumbling, wagging and a small part of the steady-state shear rate regimes. The steady-state order parameter was proportional to the shear rate and the proportionality constant increased with increasing HPC concentration and decreasing temperature. The concentrated solutions studied showed steady-state alignment even in the tumbling regime. Three different shear-rate regions with different behaviours of the solutions after the cessation of shear were found in these concentrated HPC solutions. At low shear rates (1-5 s(-1), referring to the 50% HPC solution) the polymer remained isotropic during shear but became gradually more oriented a few minutes after the cessation of shear, an observation that was substantiated by polarized microscopy. The order parameter reached a final plateau value and stayed constant at this level for long periods of time (similar to24 h). At intermediate shear rates (from 5 to 50 s(-1) for the 50% HPC solution), a detectable order parameter was recorded at steady shear and, after the cessation of shear, the structure returned to an almost isotropic state within a few minutes, after which the orientation gradually started to increase to approach a plateau value after about 150 min. At even higher shear rates (similar to100 s(-1) for to the 50% HPC solution), the initial steady shear order parameter relaxed to an almost isotropic state and remained constant at this level for time periods extending up to 24 h., QC 20100525