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This study aims to offer an overview of the effect of environmental law sanctions, particularly criminal sanctions for restoring environmental functions for firms, on restoring environmental functions in Indonesia and Brazil. Using conceptual techniques, statutory methodologies, and comparative legal approaches with Brazil, this study examines how norms emerge in the law. The research shows that criminal sanctions for environmental function restoration in Indonesia have not had their full intended effect and often lead to confusion over their implementation since they do not specify a means of gauging whether or not their goals have been met. This discovery also suggests that criminal consequences for environmental function restoration have not been utilized to their full potential. This is because criminal sanctions do not offer a mechanism for gauging the degree to which ecological restoration efforts have been fruitful. Brazil, which is more likely to apply administrative sanctions and has a better impact, conducts a wide range of things, including imposing fines, canceling company licenses, and other preventative steps used to anticipate excessive environmental exploitation. Brazil has taken these precautions to avoid the negative effects of environmental overexploitation. The actions are in effect to ensure that environmental exploitation does not reach unsustainable levels.

This research aims to investigate the structural and gamma shielding properties of different resin composite dental materials for medical applications. For this study, morphological structures and elemental compositions of the investigated composite samples were obtained by SEM/EDS analysis. The FTIR spectroscopy was employed to understand the bond structures of the resin composites. In addition to structural analyses, some of vital gamma radiation attenuation parameters were determined using MCNPX general purpose Monte Carlo code (version 2–6-0). The results showed that 3 M, GC, and Tokuyama composites indicated more regular and homogeneous structure. Zn, Zr, Ba, Sr, and Yb heavy elements were added in certain proportions in order to increase the radiopacity of the restorative material in the studied samples. As FTIR results were interpreted, C–O, O–H, and Si–O bonds were observed in all of the composites. Moreover, Bisco was found to be the most successful in reducing radiation intensity among the others, while Tokuyama was the least effective material to attenuate photon intensity. The elements Zn and Yb in Bisco have increased radiopacity and radiation absorption capabilities. It can be concluded that outcomes of the present investigation would be useful for ionizing radiation application in medicine especially in diagnostic imaging and radiation treatment.

This research aims to investigate the structural and gamma shielding properties of different resin composite dental materials for medical applications. For this study, morphological structures and elemental compositions of the investigated composite samples were obtained by SEM/EDS analysis. The FTIR spectroscopy was employed to understand the bond structures of the resin composites. In addition to structural analyses, some of vital gamma radiation attenuation parameters were determined using MCNPX general purpose Monte Carlo code (version 2–6-0). The results showed that 3 M, GC, and Tokuyama composites indicated more regular and homogeneous structure. Zn, Zr, Ba, Sr, and Yb heavy elements were added in certain proportions in order to increase the radiopacity of the restorative material in the studied samples. As FTIR results were interpreted, C–O, O–H, and Si–O bonds were observed in all of the composites. Moreover, Bisco was found to be the most successful in reducing radiation intensity among the others, while Tokuyama was the least effective material to attenuate photon intensity. The elements Zn and Yb in Bisco have increased radiopacity and radiation absorption capabilities. It can be concluded that outcomes of the present investigation would be useful for ionizing radiation application in medicine especially in diagnostic imaging and radiation treatment.

The introduction of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in the glass field has greatly improved this industry to further increase fabrication productivity. ANNs are the systems that help the glass expert to estimate a few parameters such as density, molar volume, ultrasonic velocity, elastic moduli and optical band gap in the glass composition. The greatness of this system was implemented in a series of bismuth-borate (Bi2O3-B2O3) glasses which have been successfully produced using melting and quenching methods with the configuration of mBi2O3- (100-m)B2O3 where m = 0, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 mol%. In this present works, the experimental values resulting from the composition of this glass series were compared with the values obtained from the estimation by ANNs. This study has concluded that the ANNs system is relevant to be used in the fields of glass industry since the coefficient of R2 values showed by the density, molar volume, ultrasonic velocity, elastic moduli and optical band gap graph is between 0.998 and 1.0000 which believed highly desirable.

The solid-state sintering technique was used to successfully manufacture low-cost foam glass-ceramic utilising ark clamshell and cullet glass waste. The foam glass-ceramic has a composition of xACS-(100-x)SLS, where x = 1, 3, 6, and 9 wt%, and is classified as FGC1, FGC2, FGC3, and FGC4 as the ark clamshell content increases. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) findings reveal that when the ark clamshell composition increases, two main crystals with the appearance of Csingle bondO and Casingle bondOsingle bondSi bands grow as wollastonite (CaSiO3) and cristobalite (SiO2) phases. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) micrograph was used to confirm the porosity microstructure of the foam glass-ceramic aggregates. The sample with the greatest expansion (83.98%) yielded the lowest apparent density (0.699 g/cm3). The compressive strength measurement of the foam glass-ceramic aggregates was measured using GCF2 with 3 wt% of ACS. For a sample containing 3 wt% ACS, the maximum compressive strength value was 1.14 MPa, with an average total porosity of about 58.34%, and it has the potential to be employed in the construction sector.

The introduction of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in the glass field has greatly improved this industry to further increase fabrication productivity. ANNs are the systems that help the glass expert to estimate a few parameters such as density, molar volume, ultrasonic velocity, elastic moduli and optical band gap in the glass composition. The greatness of this system was implemented in a series of bismuth-borate (Bi2O3-B2O3) glasses which have been successfully produced using melting and quenching methods with the configuration of mBi2O3- (100-m)B2O3 where m = 0, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 mol%. In this present works, the experimental values resulting from the composition of this glass series were compared with the values obtained from the estimation by ANNs. This study has concluded that the ANNs system is relevant to be used in the fields of glass industry since the coefficient of R2 values showed by the density, molar volume, ultrasonic velocity, elastic moduli and optical band gap graph is between 0.998 and 1.0000 which believed highly desirable.

The solid-state sintering technique was used to successfully manufacture low-cost foam glass-ceramic utilising ark clamshell and cullet glass waste. The foam glass-ceramic has a composition of xACS-(100-x)SLS, where x = 1, 3, 6, and 9 wt%, and is classified as FGC1, FGC2, FGC3, and FGC4 as the ark clamshell content increases. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) findings reveal that when the ark clamshell composition increases, two main crystals with the appearance of Csingle bondO and Casingle bondOsingle bondSi bands grow as wollastonite (CaSiO3) and cristobalite (SiO2) phases. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) micrograph was used to confirm the porosity microstructure of the foam glass-ceramic aggregates. The sample with the greatest expansion (83.98%) yielded the lowest apparent density (0.699 g/cm3). The compressive strength measurement of the foam glass-ceramic aggregates was measured using GCF2 with 3 wt% of ACS. For a sample containing 3 wt% ACS, the maximum compressive strength value was 1.14 MPa, with an average total porosity of about 58.34%, and it has the potential to be employed in the construction sector.

The influence of inserting WO3 in a barium-phosphate glass system (BaWP) with the chemical composition of (50-x)BaO+ (x + y)WO3 + (50-y)P2O5, where x = y and x + y = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mol% was evaluated. Makishima-Mackenzie's theory was applied to describe the tested BaWP glasses’ mechanical properties. The mechanical moduli (Young's, shear, bulk, and longitudinal) were predicted based on packing factor, coordination number, and the ionic radius of elements constituting the current glasses. Moreover, The shielding ability of the investigated glass samples was assessed using the Monte Carlo. The simulated results showed the best mass attenuation coefficient recorded for the BaWP7 glass sample. It is ranged between 0.3191 and 0.0517 cm2/g for gamma photons ranging from 0.284 to 1.406 MeV, respectively.

The influence of inserting WO3 in a barium-phosphate glass system (BaWP) with the chemical composition of (50-x)BaO+ (x + y)WO3 + (50-y)P2O5, where x = y and x + y = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mol% was evaluated. Makishima-Mackenzie's theory was applied to describe the tested BaWP glasses’ mechanical properties. The mechanical moduli (Young's, shear, bulk, and longitudinal) were predicted based on packing factor, coordination number, and the ionic radius of elements constituting the current glasses. Moreover, The shielding ability of the investigated glass samples was assessed using the Monte Carlo. The simulated results showed the best mass attenuation coefficient recorded for the BaWP7 glass sample. It is ranged between 0.3191 and 0.0517 cm2/g for gamma photons ranging from 0.284 to 1.406 MeV, respectively.

The versatility of graphene oxide (GO) as coating materials on the glass surface is a new revolution in the advanced glass era. In this work, GO liquid solution was prepared by using electrochemical exfoliation in an electrolyte solution assisted by different surfactants. Meanwhile, a glass series was prepared by using the conventional meltquenched technique. A low-cost and simple spray deposition technique was used to deposit the GO on the glass sample. The obtained glass series was denoted as GO coated TNd (NPs), meanwhile, the uncoated glass was labelled as uncoated TNd (NPs). The linear optical properties of GO coated TNd (NPs) glass series was determined using UVVis spectrophotometer and utilizing the Lorentz-Lorentz equation to determine the value of polarizability. X-ray diffraction spectra revealed the amorphous structural characteristics of the glass series. The SEM morphological image revealed the variation of GO distribution on the glass surface due to the agglomeration and inhomogeneity of GO distribution on the glass surface. The homogeneity of GO distribution on the glass surface is negligible in this work as we focus solely on the effect of GO on glass properties. According to the observations, the value of GO-coated TNd (NPs) is in the range 3.4531- 3.8549 Å and uncoated TNd (NPs) is in the range 2.709- 2.774 Å. Meanwhile, the optical basicity value ranges from 1.220 to 1.262. These results demonstrate that the polarizability of oxide ions and optical basicity values of the GO coated TNd (NPs) glass series was higher than the uncoated TNd (NPs) glass. The metallization criterion for the GO-coated TNd (NPs) glass system is in the range of 0.3 < M < 0.4. Based on these results, the obtained glasses are promising in linear optical glass fibre.

The versatility of graphene oxide (GO) as coating materials on the glass surface is a new revolution in the advanced glass era. In this work, GO liquid solution was prepared by using electrochemical exfoliation in an electrolyte solution assisted by different surfactants. Meanwhile, a glass series was prepared by using the conventional meltquenched technique. A low-cost and simple spray deposition technique was used to deposit the GO on the glass sample. The obtained glass series was denoted as GO coated TNd (NPs), meanwhile, the uncoated glass was labelled as uncoated TNd (NPs). The linear optical properties of GO coated TNd (NPs) glass series was determined using UVVis spectrophotometer and utilizing the Lorentz-Lorentz equation to determine the value of polarizability. X-ray diffraction spectra revealed the amorphous structural characteristics of the glass series. The SEM morphological image revealed the variation of GO distribution on the glass surface due to the agglomeration and inhomogeneity of GO distribution on the glass surface. The homogeneity of GO distribution on the glass surface is negligible in this work as we focus solely on the effect of GO on glass properties. According to the observations, the value of GO-coated TNd (NPs) is in the range 3.4531- 3.8549 Å and uncoated TNd (NPs) is in the range 2.709- 2.774 Å. Meanwhile, the optical basicity value ranges from 1.220 to 1.262. These results demonstrate that the polarizability of oxide ions and optical basicity values of the GO coated TNd (NPs) glass series was higher than the uncoated TNd (NPs) glass. The metallization criterion for the GO-coated TNd (NPs) glass system is in the range of 0.3 < M < 0.4. Based on these results, the obtained glasses are promising in linear optical glass fibre.

In the present work, the nuclear radiation shielding proficiency of eight glassy alloys (Gd25RE25Co25Al25 (RE = Tb, Dy and Ho)) containing different amounts of rare earth elements was investigated with MCNPX simulation codes. Mass attenuation coefficients (μ/ρ) of the glassy alloys were simulated in the energy interval of 0.2-20 MeV by exploiting MCNPX codes, and the generated data were found to match with theoretical WinXCOM results. Next, other crucial photon attenuation parameters, effective atomic number (Zeff), Half Value Layer (HVL), and Mean Free Path (MFP), were gotten out using μ/ρ values. It was seen that Er20Tm20 and Er20Tb20 samples replaced with Er by Gd had the highest Zeff and μ/ρ values, whereas HVL and MFP values were the smallest among the other glassy alloys. Geometric progression (GP) procedure was enjoyed to achieve the exposure and energy absorption buildup factors (EBF and EABF) for the glassy alloys proposed. EABFs and EBFs took the largest and lowest values for Gd25Tb25 and Er20Tm20, respectively, to the other samples. Furthermore, the glassy alloys' neutron reduction abilities were estimated by acquiring fast neutron removal cross-sections (∑R). It was noticed that the ∑R values of the glassy alloys are increased with the rising sample density and seen to be comparable to ∑R values of water and ordinary concrete. The results obtained from this study are important in that they show that glassy alloys can be used as radiation shielding. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.

In this study, a promising relationship between antibacterial zone and radiation attenuation properties was investigated in Ag2O doped bioactive glasses with a chemical composition of xAg2O–20Li2O–25TeO2-(55-x)B2O3 (where x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mol%). For this aim, a wide-ranging radiation attenuation characterization procedure was performed on Ag2O substituted bioactive glasses. The general-purpose Monte Carlo code MCNPX (v.2.7.0) was used to model bioactive glasses. The mass attenuation coefficients were calculated using a gamma-ray transmission setup. The coefficients obtained were used to determine other important attenuation properties. Finally, for particular behaviors, exposure (EBF) and energy absorption (EABF) build-up factors were calculated for specific attitudes of Ag2O substitutions in bioactive glasses during the interaction process. The results showed that there is direct relationship between Ag2O substitution amount and radiation attenuation properties. In addition to its well-behaviors on inhibition zone against bacterial occurrences, it can be concluded that increasing Ag2O would increase the gamma-ray attenuation properties of studied bioactive glass system. © 2021 The Authors

In the current study, promising glass composites based on vanadium pentoxide (V2O5)- doped zinc borate (ZnB) were investigated in terms of their nuclear-radiation-shielding dynamics. The mass and linear attenuation coefficient, half-value layer, mean free path, tenth-value layer, effective atomic number, exposure-buildup factor, and energy-absorption-buildup factor were deeply simulated by using MCNPX code, Phy-X PSD code, and WinXcom to study the validation of ZBV1, ZBV2, ZBV3, and ZBV4 based on (100−x)(0.6ZnO-0.4B2O3)(x)(V2O5) (x = 1, 2, 3, 4 mol%) samples against ionizing radiation. The results showed that attenuation competencies of the studied glasses slightly changed while increasing the V2O5 content from 1 mol% to 4 mol%. The domination of ZnO concentration in the composition compared to B2O3 makes ZnO substitution with V2O5 more dominant, leading to a decrease in density. Since density has a significant role in the attenuation of gamma rays, a negative effect was observed. It can be concluded that the aforementioned substitution can negatively affect the shielding competencies of studied glasses. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This study aimed to determine the contribution of B2O3/CdO substitution on gamma-ray attenuation behaviors of 46V2O5–46P2O5–(8−x)B2O3–xCdO (x = 0–8 mol%) glass system. Accordingly, attenuation coefficients along with half and tenth value layers of five different samples were determined in 0.015 MeV–15 MeV photon energy range. Moreover, effective atomic numbers and effective atomic weight along with exposure and energy absorption buildup factors were determined in same energy range. The result showed that B2O3/CdO substitution has a direct effect on behaviors of studied semiconducting oxide glasses against ionizing gamma-rays. Our findings showed that increasing CdO reinforcement has an obvious impact on gamma-ray attenuation properties especially in the low energy range, where photoelectric effect dominates the photon–matter interaction. Moreover, half-value layer, mean-free path and tenth value layer also decrease with an increase in the content of CdO in the composition. Consequently, VPBCd8 sample with 8% mole CdO additive was reported with the minimum half-value layer, the mean-free path, tenth value layer exposure build-up factor and energy absorption build-up factors. The outcomes would be useful for scientific community to observe the most suitable substitution type along with related semiconducting oxide glass composition to provide the aforementioned shielding properties in terms of needs and utilization requirements. © 2021 The Authors

This study aimed to performan extensive characterization of a 74.75TeO2–0.25V2O5–(25 - x)B2O3-xNd2O3 glass system with (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mol%) for radiation shielding properties. Linear and mass attenuation coefficients were determined using Phy-X PSD software and compared with the simulation using Monte Carlo software MCNPX (version 2.7.0). Half value layer, mean free path, tenth value layer, effective atomic number, exposure buildup factor, and energy absorption buildup factors of VTBNd0.0, VTBNd0.5, VTBNd1.0, and VTBNd1.5 glasses were determined, respectively. The results showed that boron (III) oxide and neodymium (III) oxide substitution has an obvious impact on the gamma ray attenuation properties of the studied glasses. It can be concluded that the VTBNd1.5 sample with the highest content of neodymium (III) oxide (1.5 mol%) is the superior sample for shielding of gamma radiation in the investigated energy range. © 2021 by the authors.

Six borate and silica glasses with varying compositions were investigated for their mechanical and radiation shielding viability. Makishima-Mackenzie elastic model was utilized to study the elastic properties of the investigated glasses. The obtained results illustrated that PbO and Bi2O3 oxides reduced the glass samples' mechanical properties. For instance, the bulks' model decreased between 68.15 and 44.10 GPa, the shear model also followed the same trend and decreased from 31.95 to 23.33 GPa, reducing the PbO and Bi2O3 ratios in the studied glass samples. Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP-5) was utilized to evaluate the investigated glasses' shielding capacity. The obtained results depict that the highest linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) occurred at 0.356 MeV; it takes values 0.618, 1.024, 1.161, 1.271, 1.963, and 2.071 cm-1 for G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6. Based on the simulated values of LAC, other shielding properties such as transmission rate (TR), radiation protection efficiency (RPE), half-value layer (HVL) were evaluated. The calculated results illustrated that the shielding properties enhanced with Bi2O3 and PbO insertion ratios. © 2021 The Author(s).

The current research article aims to study the radiation shielding competence of a newly developed PbO-B2O3-SeO2-Er2O3:Au2O3 glass ceramic. The concentrations of the constituent oxides were 40, 10, 49.5, and 0.5 mol % for PbO, B2O3, SeO2, and Er2O3, respectively. The studied ceramic specimens were denoted by EA0, EA25, EA50, EA75 and EA100, and their density values were 5.87, 5.92, 5.94, 6.09, and 6.10 g/cm3, respectively. The radiation shielding competence and photon buildup factors of the present ceramics were investigated under the Au2O3/SeO2 substitution with ratio up to 0.1 mol %. The obtained results reveal that the MAC values were reported with 0.233 cm2/g difference between the minimum and the maximum Au2O3 reinforced samples. The highest MAC values were reported for EA100 sample, which has the highest Au2O3 additive in its chemical structure. At 4 MeV photon energy, HVL values were reported as 3.2658 cm, 3.2352 cm, 3.2212 cm, 3.139 cm and 3.1309 cm for EA0, EA25, EA50, EA75 and EA100, respectively. Moreover, the highest values of EBF were observed for the EA100, and the lowest values of EBF were observed for EA0. Therefore, it can be concluded that the present ceramics possess high level shielding competence to use for various applications of gamma radiation. © 2021

The Cux(Ge30Se70)100−x (0 ≤ x ≤ 12 at.%) chalcogenide alloys have been synthesized by the conventional melt quenching technique. The physical properties such as the mean coordination number, density, molar volume, compactness, overall bond energy, and cohesive energy were estimated for the Cu doped Ge-Se glassy alloys. The chemical bond approach (CBA) was used to predict the type and proportion of the formed bonds in the studied glasses. Subsequently, several structural and physical properties have been estimated. The results show that the studied glasses are rigidly connected, having an average coordination number increase from 2.6 to 2.77. The density and glass compactness show an increase with the Cu content, whereas the main atomic volume decreases. The cohesive energy and the heat of atomization show a similar behavior trend with the enhancement of Cu % in the Ge-Se binary glasses. The optical band gap was estimated theoretically compared with the previously published experimental values for the Cux(Ge30Se70)100−x (0 ≤ x ≤ 12 at.%) thin films. The covalency parameter >91% for the studied glasses so that the compositions may be used as a stable glass former. Furthermore, the mechanical properties as the elastic bulk modulus, Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, micro-hardness, and Debye temperature were investigated as a function of the Cu content. © 2021

The Cux(Ge30Se70)100−x (0 ≤ x ≤ 12 at.%) chalcogenide alloys have been synthesized by the conventional melt quenching technique. The physical properties such as the mean coordination number, density, molar volume, compactness, overall bond energy, and cohesive energy were estimated for the Cu doped Ge-Se glassy alloys. The chemical bond approach (CBA) was used to predict the type and proportion of the formed bonds in the studied glasses. Subsequently, several structural and physical properties have been estimated. The results show that the studied glasses are rigidly connected, having an average coordination number increase from 2.6 to 2.77. The density and glass compactness show an increase with the Cu content, whereas the main atomic volume decreases. The cohesive energy and the heat of atomization show a similar behavior trend with the enhancement of Cu % in the Ge-Se binary glasses. The optical band gap was estimated theoretically compared with the previously published experimental values for the Cux(Ge30Se70)100−x (0 ≤ x ≤ 12 at.%) thin films. The covalency parameter >91% for the studied glasses so that the compositions may be used as a stable glass former. Furthermore, the mechanical properties as the elastic bulk modulus, Poisson’s ratio, Young’s modulus, micro-hardness, and Debye temperature were investigated as a function of the Cu content.

The Cux(Ge30Se70)100−x (0 ≤ x ≤ 12 at.%) chalcogenide alloys have been synthesized by the conventional melt quenching technique. The physical properties such as the mean coordination number, density, molar volume, compactness, overall bond energy, and cohesive energy were estimated for the Cu doped Ge-Se glassy alloys. The chemical bond approach (CBA) was used to predict the type and proportion of the formed bonds in the studied glasses. Subsequently, several structural and physical properties have been estimated. The results show that the studied glasses are rigidly connected, having an average coordination number increase from 2.6 to 2.77. The density and glass compactness show an increase with the Cu content, whereas the main atomic volume decreases. The cohesive energy and the heat of atomization show a similar behavior trend with the enhancement of Cu % in the Ge-Se binary glasses. The optical band gap was estimated theoretically compared with the previously published experimental values for the Cux(Ge30Se70)100−x (0 ≤ x ≤ 12 at.%) thin films. The covalency parameter >91% for the studied glasses so that the compositions may be used as a stable glass former. Furthermore, the mechanical properties as the elastic bulk modulus, Poisson’s ratio, Young’s modulus, micro-hardness, and Debye temperature were investigated as a function of the Cu content.

The impact of adding PbO and WO3 on the mechanical properties and radiation shielding efficiency of 4 different glass samples labeled as TWP1, TWP2, TWP3, and TWP4 (samples codes) was studied via the Makishima and Mackenzie model (MMD), Rocherulle model (RD), XCOM database, FLUKA code, and Phys-X/PSD software. According to MMD, Young's (Y), bulk (K), shear (G) modulus values increase from 59.13 to 62.80 GPa, from 37.76 to 43.86 GPa, from 25.48 to 26.55 GPa, and from 71.73 to 79.26 GPa for TWP1 and TWP4 glasses, respectively. 277.833, 358.768, 465.048 and 570.786 cm−1 values are the highest linear attenuation coefficient (μ) values for TWP1, TWP2, TWP3 and TWP4 glasses at 0.015 MeV. The results refer that the TWP4 glass sample has the highest radiation shielding and mechanical properties. The results indicated that the addition of lead and tungsten to the investigated samples improves their elastic and radiation shielding properties. Thus, the TWP4 sample is the best compared to the other glass samples. © 2020 The Authors

In the present study, nanocomposites with different ratios of NiO and Co3O4 (x = 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7) have been prepared via microwave oven and characterized using XRD. FLUKA code has been used to estimate the values of the mass attenuation coefficient (μm) for all samples. From the measurement, we found that when the thickness of the samples increases, the gamma transmission values decrease. Besides, the μm values increase as the Co3O4 content increase from 0.3 to 0.7%. At selected photon energy, the HVL, TVL, and MFP values decrease with increasing Co3O4 concentrations. At low energies (0.1–0.5 MeV), the linear decreasing trend in MAC values indication that photoelectric effect (PEA) (∝1/E3.5) dominance over this region. Afterward, at medium energy regions (0.5–1.33 MeV), the decrements in MAC values are insignificant as the Compton scattering (CS) (∝1/E) phenomenon dominates. As a conclusion, CoNi3 has superior effectiveness as a shielding material. © 2020 The Author(s)

Highly efficient gamma shielding of BZBB glasses with various Bi2O3 concentrations in the xBi2O3-30B2O3-(65-x)ZnO-5BaO, (5 ≤ x ≤ 25 mol%) were evaluated for their radiation shielding properties. The m results have been evaluated via the NISTXCOM database and simulated via FLUKA code. The simulation values by Monte Carlo code (FLUKA) have been shown to converge and correlate with XCOM values. Shielding properties like HVL, MFP, Zeff, EBF, and EABF values have been computed. The values observed that μm and Zeff increase with increasing Bi2O3. 47.09, 48.91, 50.73, 52.54 and 54.36 (cm2/g) are the μm values for BZBB1, BZBB2, BZBB3, BZBB4 and BZBB5 glasses at 15 keV. Also, the μm values decrease with increasing photon energy for all glass samples. Moreover, BZBB5 sample had the lowest HVL, MFP, EBF, and EABF values. That indicates to the addition of Bi2O3 improves the radiation shielding properties of BZBB glasses. The obtained results were compared with the most commonly shielding materials such as lead and concretes. It was concluded that the improved BZBB glasses with the addition of Bi2O3 showed excellent shielding properties comparing with shielding materials. These results could be highly beneficial for fields such as medical treatment facilities. © 2020 The Authors.

The radiation shielding effects and elastic properties of adding lead (Pb) and bismuth (Bi) to glasses was analyzed. Six different glasses, coded as G1-G6, were simulated with varying compositions of bismuth oxide and lead oxide, with G1 having the lowest density and G6 having the greatest. MCNP-5 code was used to calculate the mass attenuation coefficient, half value layer, tenth value layer, and mean free path of the glasses, the latter of which was compared with other radiation shields. These parameters were investigated between 0.015 MeV and 15 MeV. The bond compression model was utilized to analyze various parameters that describe the elastic properties of the glass samples. From the ultrasonic wave measurement result, the substitution of PbO and Bi2O3 which working as a network modifier towards SiO2 glass systems would break up the Si–O–Si bonds along with all the formation of non-bridging oxygen's which give the impact in the elastic moduli analysis of the glasses. © 2020 The Authors.

Hetrometal oxides of (1 - x)Al2O3/xPbO2(NPs) nanoparticles with different PbO2content(x = 0, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7) have been prepared by irradiation method. The NPs powder hasbeen checked by X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD measurements affirmed the presence of bothpure NPs and nanocomposites of (1 - x)Al2O3/xPbO2NPs with different PbO2contents. Thecalculated structural parameters which using the experimental result of XRD charts to givea complete image of these measurements. Moreover, the results using FLUKA code showedthat the values attenuation coefficient (_m), high effective atomic number (Zeff) and neu-tron shielding parameters increase as the lead dioxide increase in the Al2O3/PbO2samples.While the values of half-value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP) decrease with increas-ing PbO2content. The investigated shielding features of the chosen Al2O3/PbO2would beadvantageous for exposure control. © 2020 The Authors.

We present some new results for alpha(psi)(L)-rational contractive and cyclic alpha(psi)(L)-rational contractive mappings defined in d(l)-complete metric-like spaces (also known as dislocated metric spaces). We have showed that established results for both types of contractive mappings are in the fact equivalent. By using this result obtained so far we discuss some examples at the end of this paper. All these examples show the advantage of our results.

Stainless steel is commonly used in radiation applications for its high temperature resistance and fine mechanical properties. In this study, three types of high alloyed stainless-steel samples were produced. Before the production, GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit was used to estimate the total fast neutron macroscopic cross sections and gamma mass attenuation coefficients. The hot-pressing process and the powder metallurgy method were applied. We tested samples’ chemical and mechanical strength. Samples were exposed to both gamma rays and fast neutrons. The obtained simulation and experimental results for both neutron and gamma radiation are compatible. According to the simulation and experimental results, neutron shielding capacity of the new stainless-steel alloys is higher than the most commonly used 316LN stainless steel in nuclear applications. Among the prepared samples, SSA1 steel has the smallest half value layer at the all examined energies. All the prepared samples posses higher mass attenuation coefficient values and lower half value layer than 316LN steel. This indicates that the produced three new high alloyed stainless-steel samples have high gamma absorption capacity when compared to 316LN steel.

Stainless steel is commonly used in radiation applications for its high temperature resistance and fine mechanical properties. In this study, three types of high alloyed stainless-steel samples were produced. Before the production, GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit was used to estimate the total fast neutron macroscopic cross sections and gamma mass attenuation coefficients. The hot-pressing process and the powder metallurgy method were applied. We tested samples’ chemical and mechanical strength. Samples were exposed to both gamma rays and fast neutrons. The obtained simulation and experimental results for both neutron and gamma radiation are compatible. According to the simulation and experimental results, neutron shielding capacity of the new stainless-steel alloys is higher than the most commonly used 316LN stainless steel in nuclear applications. Among the prepared samples, SSA1 steel has the smallest half value layer at the all examined energies. All the prepared samples posses higher mass attenuation coefficient values and lower half value layer than 316LN steel. This indicates that the produced three new high alloyed stainless-steel samples have high gamma absorption capacity when compared to 316LN steel.

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of chloroprene on the surface of silica nanoparticles was performed to obtain polychloroprene-grafted-silica nanoparticles (PCP-g-SiO 2 NPs). These particles were dispersed in a commercial polychloroprene matrix to obtain PCP nanocomposites with different silica core loadings (1, 5, 10, and 25 wt%). Two different chain graft densities were studied (“low,” 0.022 ch/nm 2 and “high,” 0.21 ch/nm 2 ) as a function of the grafted polymer molecular mass. The cured samples showed significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the PCP rubber nanocomposites as compared to the unfilled PCP as measured by standard tensile and dynamic mechanical analysis even with low silica content. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were notably enhanced when the graft density was low and grafted molecular masses were high. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) were used to analyze the dispersion states of the grafted nanoparticles which confirmed the correlation between high grafted chain lengths and improved dispersion states and mechanical properties

Majdi M Alzoubi,1 KS Hayati,1 AM Rosliza,1 AA Ahmad,1 ZM Al-Hamdan2 1Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43400, Malaysia; 2Department of Nursing Management, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, JordanCorrespondence: KS HayatiDepartment of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43400, MalaysiaEmail hayatik@upm.edu.myBackground: Synergistic integration of predictors and elements that determine the success of total quality management (TQM) implementations in hospitals has been the bane of theoretical development in the TQM research area. Thus, this paper aims to offer a systematic literature review to provide a foundation on which research on TQM can be built and to identify the predictors of successful TQM in the health-care context.Materials and methods: A systematic literature survey was adopted in this paper, involving the review of 25 relevant researched articles found in the databases Science Direct, EBSCO, MEDLINE, CINAHL and PubMed.Result: The systematic literature survey reveals five variables to be core predictors of TQM, signifying how important these variables are in the successful implementation of TQM in the health-care context. Also, it is revealed that the identified core predictors have positive effects on an improved health-care system. However, the systematic survey of the literature reveals a dearth of studies on TQM in the health-care context.Conclusion: As TQM has become an important management approach for advancing effectiveness in the health-care sector, this kind of research is of value to researchers and managers. Stakeholders in the health sectors should introduce and implement TQM in hospitals and clinics. Nevertheless, this study has limitations, including that the databases and search engines adopted for the literature search ar

© The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 273, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00273., Mixotrophic flagellates can comprise significant proportions of plankton biomass in marine ecosystems. Despite the growing recognition of the importance of this ecological strategy, and the identification of major environmental factors controlling phagotrophic behavior (light and nutrients), the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying mixotrophic behavior are still unclear. In this study, we performed RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis for two mixotrophic prasinophytes, Micromonas polaris and Pyramimonas tychotreta, under dissolved nutrient regimes that altered their ingestion of bacteria prey. Though the strains examined were polar isolates, both belong to genera with widespread distribution. Our aim was to characterize the transcriptomes of these two non-model phytoflagellates, identify transcripts consistent with phagotrophic activity and assess their differential expression in response to nutrient stress. De novo assembly of the transcriptomes yielded large numbers of novel coding transcripts with no known match within public databases. A summary of the transcripts by Gene Ontology terms showed many expected expression patterns, including genes involved in photosynthetic pathways and enzymes implicated in nutrient uptake pathways. Searches of KEGG databases identified several genes associated with intra-cellular digestive pathways actively transcribed in both prasinophytes. Differential expression analysis showed a larger response in P. tychotreta, where 23,373 genes were up-regulated and 1,752 were down-regulated in the low nutrient treatment when phagotrophy was enhanced. In contrast, in M. polaris, low nutrient treatments resulted in up-regulation of 314 transcripts while down-regulating 371. With respect to phagotrophic-related expression, 37 genes were co-expressed in both P. tychotreta and M. polaris, and although the response was less pronounced in M. polaris, it is consistent with differences in observed ingestion behavior. This study presents the, The Owlsnest Super-Computing Cluster at Temple University is funded by a National Science Foundation Grant CNS-09-58854. The CUNY HPCC is operated by the College of Staten Island and funded, in part, by grants from the City of New York, State of New York, CUNY Research Foundation, and National Science Foundation Grants CNS-0958379, CNS-0855217, and ACI 1126113. Support for this work was also supplied by National Science Foundation grants PLR-1341362 (RG), PLR-1603538 (RS), and PLR-1603833 (RG).

© The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 273, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00273., Mixotrophic flagellates can comprise significant proportions of plankton biomass in marine ecosystems. Despite the growing recognition of the importance of this ecological strategy, and the identification of major environmental factors controlling phagotrophic behavior (light and nutrients), the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying mixotrophic behavior are still unclear. In this study, we performed RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis for two mixotrophic prasinophytes, Micromonas polaris and Pyramimonas tychotreta, under dissolved nutrient regimes that altered their ingestion of bacteria prey. Though the strains examined were polar isolates, both belong to genera with widespread distribution. Our aim was to characterize the transcriptomes of these two non-model phytoflagellates, identify transcripts consistent with phagotrophic activity and assess their differential expression in response to nutrient stress. De novo assembly of the transcriptomes yielded large numbers of novel coding transcripts with no known match within public databases. A summary of the transcripts by Gene Ontology terms showed many expected expression patterns, including genes involved in photosynthetic pathways and enzymes implicated in nutrient uptake pathways. Searches of KEGG databases identified several genes associated with intra-cellular digestive pathways actively transcribed in both prasinophytes. Differential expression analysis showed a larger response in P. tychotreta, where 23,373 genes were up-regulated and 1,752 were down-regulated in the low nutrient treatment when phagotrophy was enhanced. In contrast, in M. polaris, low nutrient treatments resulted in up-regulation of 314 transcripts while down-regulating 371. With respect to phagotrophic-related expression, 37 genes were co-expressed in both P. tychotreta and M. polaris, and although the response was less pronounced in M. polaris, it is consistent with differences in observed ingestion behavior. This study presents the, The Owlsnest Super-Computing Cluster at Temple University is funded by a National Science Foundation Grant CNS-09-58854. The CUNY HPCC is operated by the College of Staten Island and funded, in part, by grants from the City of New York, State of New York, CUNY Research Foundation, and National Science Foundation Grants CNS-0958379, CNS-0855217, and ACI 1126113. Support for this work was also supplied by National Science Foundation grants PLR-1341362 (RG), PLR-1603538 (RS), and PLR-1603833 (RG).

The effect of different reaction time on the structural and optical properties of porous SiO2 nanoparticles by simple precipitation method was comprehensively studied in this work. In this study, an aqueous sodium silicate was reacted with ethanol in deionized water and stirred between 30 to 180 min as for mixture to react. The filtered product was subjected to drying and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared reflection (FTIR), surface area analyzer, Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The produced SiO2 nanoparticles powder was in amorphous form with the average particle size less than 100 nm. The sample with reaction time 90 min shows fine porous characteristic with the highest specific surface area and average pore volume. This different characteristic also gives a significant change in optical properties of the final product.

The effect of different reaction time on the structural and optical properties of porous SiO2 nanoparticles by simple precipitation method was comprehensively studied in this work. In this study, an aqueous sodium silicate was reacted with ethanol in deionized water and stirred between 30 to 180 min as for mixture to react. The filtered product was subjected to drying and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared reflection (FTIR), surface area analyzer, Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The produced SiO2 nanoparticles powder was in amorphous form with the average particle size less than 100 nm. The sample with reaction time 90 min shows fine porous characteristic with the highest specific surface area and average pore volume. This different characteristic also gives a significant change in optical properties of the final product.

Tellurite glass systems in the form [ZnO]x [(TeO2)0.7-PbO)0.3]1-x (x=0, 0.15, 0.17, 0.20, 0.22 and 0.25 mol%) have been prepared by the conventional melt quenching technique. The amorphous and glassy characteristic of samples were confirmed by XRD technique. Both longitudinal and shear ultrasonic velocities were measured by using the pulse-echo method at 5 MHz resonating frequency at room temperature. Elastic moduli (longitudinal modulus, shear modulus, Young’s modulus and Bulk modulus), Poisson’s ratio have been calculated, and the correlation between elastic moduli with those of glass composition is discussed. All elastic constants of the glass system were estimated as well as the microhardness, acoustic impedance, thermal expansion coefficient, softening temperature, and Debye temperature has been determined using the experimental data. The experimental data of the elastic moduli for investigating glasses were compared with those of theoretically calculated values using Makishima-Mackenzie theory, bond compression model and Rocherulle model.

Tellurite glass systems in the form [ZnO]x [(TeO2)0.7-PbO)0.3]1-x (x=0, 0.15, 0.17, 0.20, 0.22 and 0.25 mol%) have been prepared by the conventional melt quenching technique. The amorphous and glassy characteristic of samples were confirmed by XRD technique. Both longitudinal and shear ultrasonic velocities were measured by using the pulse-echo method at 5 MHz resonating frequency at room temperature. Elastic moduli (longitudinal modulus, shear modulus, Young’s modulus and Bulk modulus), Poisson’s ratio have been calculated, and the correlation between elastic moduli with those of glass composition is discussed. All elastic constants of the glass system were estimated as well as the microhardness, acoustic impedance, thermal expansion coefficient, softening temperature, and Debye temperature has been determined using the experimental data. The experimental data of the elastic moduli for investigating glasses were compared with those of theoretically calculated values using Makishima-Mackenzie theory, bond compression model and Rocherulle model.

A facile thermal treatment route was for the first time used to successfully synthesize amorphous silica nanoparticles. Various techniques were employed to study the structural, phase and elemental composition of the material at different calcination temperature between 500-750oC. The XRD analysis confirms the formation silica to be in an amorphous state and further revealed that the material remained in amorphous state even when calcined at 750oC. The FT-IR spectra shows that the calcination process has enable the removal of organic source from PVP and formation of amorphous silica nanoparticles. The average particle size of the material estimated from the TEM images shows that the particle were <10nm. The optical absorbance exhibited in the UV region reveals amorphous silica nanoparticles possess a wide band gap ranging from 3.803-4.126eV calcined between 500 to 750oC. The EDX analysis has confirmed the presence of Si and O as the only elements in the material formed, which implies thermal treatment method is effective for the synthesis of amorphous silica nanoparticles.

A facile thermal treatment route was for the first time used to successfully synthesize amorphous silica nanoparticles. Various techniques were employed to study the structural, phase and elemental composition of the material at different calcination temperature between 500-750oC. The XRD analysis confirms the formation silica to be in an amorphous state and further revealed that the material remained in amorphous state even when calcined at 750oC. The FT-IR spectra shows that the calcination process has enable the removal of organic source from PVP and formation of amorphous silica nanoparticles. The average particle size of the material estimated from the TEM images shows that the particle were <10nm. The optical absorbance exhibited in the UV region reveals amorphous silica nanoparticles possess a wide band gap ranging from 3.803-4.126eV calcined between 500 to 750oC. The EDX analysis has confirmed the presence of Si and O as the only elements in the material formed, which implies thermal treatment method is effective for the synthesis of amorphous silica nanoparticles.

In the last two decades there have been dramatic changes in the epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), with increases in incidence and severity of disease in many countries worldwide. The incidence of CDI has also increased in surgical patients. Optimization of management of C difficile, has therefore become increasingly urgent. An international multidisciplinary panel of experts prepared evidenced-based World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) guidelines for management of CDI in surgical patients.

Evolution of microtexture during isothermal annealing of a heavily warm-rolled Fe- 0.08%C-24.18%Cr-10.5%Ni duplex stainless steel (DSS) having approximately equal volume fraction of ferrite and austenite was investigated in the present work. The DSS was warm-rolled to ∼90% reduction in thickness at three different temperatures, namely, 225°C, 425°C and 625°C followed by isothermal annealing at 1175°C for different length of time. Austenite showed pure metal or copper type texture at different warm-rolling temperatures. In contrast, the texture of ferrite in different warm-rolled DSS revealed the presence of RD (RD//<110>) and ND (ND//<111>) fibers. The annealing texture of austenite showed retention of the deformation texture components while ferrite revealed strong RD-fiber.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to develop a novel 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based Statistical Shape Modeling (SSM) and apply it in knee MRIs in order to extract and compare relevant shapes of the tibia and femur in patients with and without acute Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries.MethodsBilateral MR images were acquired and analyzed for 50 patients with acute ACL injuries and for 19 control subjects. A shape model was extracted for the tibia and femur using an SSM algorithm based on a set of matched landmarks that are computed in a fully automatic manner.ResultsShape differences were detected between the knees in the ACL-injury group and control group, suggesting a common shape feature that may predispose these knees to injury. Some of the detected shape features that discriminate between injured and control knees are related to intercondylar width and posterior tibia slope, features that have been suggested in previous studies as ACL morphological risk factors. However, shape modeling has the great potential to quantify these characteristics with a comprehensive description of the surfaces describing complex 3D deformation that cannot be represented with simple geometric indexes.Conclusions3D MRI-based bone shape quantification has the ability to identify specific anatomic risk factors for ACL injury. A better understanding of the role in bony shape on ligamentous injuries could help in the identification of subjects with an increased risk for an ACL tear and to develop targeted prevention strategies, including education and training.

Evolution of microtexture during isothermal annealing of a heavily warm-rolled Fe- 0.08%C-24.18%Cr-10.5%Ni duplex stainless steel (DSS) having approximately equal volume fraction of ferrite and austenite was investigated in the present work. The DSS was warm-rolled to ∼90% reduction in thickness at three different temperatures, namely, 225°C, 425°C and 625°C followed by isothermal annealing at 1175°C for different length of time. Austenite showed pure metal or copper type texture at different warm-rolling temperatures. In contrast, the texture of ferrite in different warm-rolled DSS revealed the presence of RD (RD//<110>) and ND (ND//<111>) fibers. The annealing texture of austenite showed retention of the deformation texture components while ferrite revealed strong RD-fiber.

Evolution of microtexture during isothermal annealing of a heavily warm-rolled Fe- 0.08%C-24.18%Cr-10.5%Ni duplex stainless steel (DSS) having approximately equal volume fraction of ferrite and austenite was investigated in the present work. The DSS was warm-rolled to ∼90% reduction in thickness at three different temperatures, namely, 225°C, 425°C and 625°C followed by isothermal annealing at 1175°C for different length of time. Austenite showed pure metal or copper type texture at different warm-rolling temperatures. In contrast, the texture of ferrite in different warm-rolled DSS revealed the presence of RD (RD//<110>) and ND (ND//<111>) fibers. The annealing texture of austenite showed retention of the deformation texture components while ferrite revealed strong RD-fiber.

Evolution of microtexture during isothermal annealing of a heavily warm-rolled Fe- 0.08%C-24.18%Cr-10.5%Ni duplex stainless steel (DSS) having approximately equal volume fraction of ferrite and austenite was investigated in the present work. The DSS was warm-rolled to ∼90% reduction in thickness at three different temperatures, namely, 225°C, 425°C and 625°C followed by isothermal annealing at 1175°C for different length of time. Austenite showed pure metal or copper type texture at different warm-rolling temperatures. In contrast, the texture of ferrite in different warm-rolled DSS revealed the presence of RD (RD//<110>) and ND (ND//<111>) fibers. The annealing texture of austenite showed retention of the deformation texture components while ferrite revealed strong RD-fiber.

Evolution of microtexture during isothermal annealing of a heavily warm-rolled Fe- 0.08%C-24.18%Cr-10.5%Ni duplex stainless steel (DSS) having approximately equal volume fraction of ferrite and austenite was investigated in the present work. The DSS was warm-rolled to ∼90% reduction in thickness at three different temperatures, namely, 225°C, 425°C and 625°C followed by isothermal annealing at 1175°C for different length of time. Austenite showed pure metal or copper type texture at different warm-rolling temperatures. In contrast, the texture of ferrite in different warm-rolled DSS revealed the presence of RD (RD//<110>) and ND (ND//<111>) fibers. The annealing texture of austenite showed retention of the deformation texture components while ferrite revealed strong RD-fiber.

Evolution of microtexture during isothermal annealing of a heavily warm-rolled Fe- 0.08%C-24.18%Cr-10.5%Ni duplex stainless steel (DSS) having approximately equal volume fraction of ferrite and austenite was investigated in the present work. The DSS was warm-rolled to ∼90% reduction in thickness at three different temperatures, namely, 225°C, 425°C and 625°C followed by isothermal annealing at 1175°C for different length of time. Austenite showed pure metal or copper type texture at different warm-rolling temperatures. In contrast, the texture of ferrite in different warm-rolled DSS revealed the presence of RD (RD//<110>) and ND (ND//<111>) fibers. The annealing texture of austenite showed retention of the deformation texture components while ferrite revealed strong RD-fiber.

The effect of warm rolling on the evolution of microstructure and texture in a duplex stainless steel (DSS) was investigated. For this purpose, a DSS steel was warm rolled up to 90 pct reduction in thickness at 498 K, 698 K, and 898 K (225 °C, 425 °C, and 625 °C). The microstructure with an alternate arrangement of deformed ferrite and austenite bands was observed after warm rolling; however, the microstructure after 90 pct warm rolling at 498 K and 898 K (225 °C and 625 °C) was more lamellar and uniform as compared to the rather fragmented and inhomogeneous structure observed after 90 pct warm rolling at 698 K (425 °C). The texture of ferrite in warm-rolled DSS was characterized by the presence of the RD (〈011〉//RD) and ND (〈111〉//ND) fibers. However, the texture of ferrite in DSS warm rolled at 698 K (425 °C) was distinctly different having much higher fraction of the RD-fiber components than that of the ND-fiber components. The texture and microstructural differences in ferrite in DSS warm rolled at different temperatures could be explained by the interaction of carbon atoms with dislocations. In contrast, the austenite in DSS warm rolled at different temperatures consistently showed pure metal- or copper-type deformation texture which was attributed to the increase in stacking fault energy at the warm-rolling temperatures. It was concluded that the evolution of microstructure and texture of the two constituent phases in DSS was greatly affected by the temperature of warm rolling, but not significantly by the presence of the other phase

The evolution of microstructure and texture during cross-rolling and annealing was investigated by electron backscatter diffraction in a ferritic-austenitic duplex stainless steel. For this purpose an alloy with nearly equal volume fraction of the two phases was deformed by multi-pass cross-rolling process up to 90% reduction in thickness. The rolling and transverse directions were mutually interchanged in each pass by rotating the sample by 90°around the normal direction. In order to avoid deformation induced phase transformation and dynamic strain aging, the rolling was carried out at an optimized temperature of 898 K (625 °C) at the warm-deformation range. The microstructure after cross warm-rolling revealed a lamellar structure with alternate arrangement of the bands of two phases. Strong brass and rotated brass components were observed in austenite in the steel after processing by cross warm-rolling. The ferrite in the cross warm-rolling processed steel showed remarkably strong RD-fiber (RD//< 011 >) component {001}< 011 >. The development of texture in the two phases after processing by cross warm-rolling could be explained by the stability of the texture components. During isothermal annealing of the 90% cross warm-rolling processed material the lamellar morphology was retained before collapse of the lamellar structure to the mutual interpenetration of the phase bands. Ferrite showed recovery resulting in annealing texture similar to the deformation texture. In contrast, the austenite showed primary recrystallization without preferential orientation selection leading to the retention of deformation texture. The evolution of deformation and annealing texture in the two phases of the steel was independent of one another

The evolution of microstructure and texture during cross-rolling and annealing was investigated by electron backscatter diffraction in a ferritic-austenitic duplex stainless steel. For this purpose an alloy with nearly equal volume fraction of the two phases was deformed by multi-pass cross-rolling process up to 90% reduction in thickness. The rolling and transverse directions were mutually interchanged in each pass by rotating the sample by 90°around the normal direction. In order to avoid deformation induced phase transformation and dynamic strain aging, the rolling was carried out at an optimized temperature of 898 K (625 °C) at the warm-deformation range. The microstructure after cross warm-rolling revealed a lamellar structure with alternate arrangement of the bands of two phases. Strong brass and rotated brass components were observed in austenite in the steel after processing by cross warm-rolling. The ferrite in the cross warm-rolling processed steel showed remarkably strong RD-fiber (RD//< 011 >) component {001}< 011 >. The development of texture in the two phases after processing by cross warm-rolling could be explained by the stability of the texture components. During isothermal annealing of the 90% cross warm-rolling processed material the lamellar morphology was retained before collapse of the lamellar structure to the mutual interpenetration of the phase bands. Ferrite showed recovery resulting in annealing texture similar to the deformation texture. In contrast, the austenite showed primary recrystallization without preferential orientation selection leading to the retention of deformation texture. The evolution of deformation and annealing texture in the two phases of the steel was independent of one another