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An experimental method was developed to examine oxidations of austenitic and martensitic stainless steels. The results show that the surface roughness along both rolling and transverse directions decreases with an increase of reduction. When the reheating time is increased, the average thickness of oxide scales of stainless steels increases, which results in relatively rough surface after hot rolling. The effects of oxide scale on the friction condition and surface roughness transfer in hot rolling depend on the oxide scale generated during reheating. The calculated surface roughness is close to the experimental results, which verifies the developed FEM model. © (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.

The precipitates and hydrogen permeation behavior in three kinds of hot rolled low carbon heavy plate steels for enameling were analyzed; then, both sides of the steels were enameled. The experimental results show that a large amount of coarse Ti4C2S2 and fine Ti(C, N) particles exist in the optimized Ti-bearing steel, quite a lot of fine Ti(C, N) particles exist in the optimized carbon steel, but only a little bit fine Ti(C, N) particles exist in the carbon steel. The fishscaling resistance of the steels can be correlated to the effective hydrogen diffusion coefficient, and a model of correlation between the effective hydrogen diffusion coefficient and the volume fraction of the precipitates was established and verified. The effective hydrogen diffusion coefficient should be lower than 3. 96 × 10 6 cm2/s to avoid fishscaling in heavy plate steels. © 2014 Central Iron and Steel Research Institute.

An experimental method was developed to examine oxidations of austenitic and martensitic stainless steels. The results show that the surface roughness along both rolling and transverse directions decreases with an increase of reduction. When the reheating time is increased, the average thickness of oxide scales of stainless steels increases, which results in relatively rough surface after hot rolling. The effects of oxide scale on the friction condition and surface roughness transfer in hot rolling depend on the oxide scale generated during reheating. The calculated surface roughness is close to the experimental results, which verifies the developed FEM model. © (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.

The precipitates and hydrogen permeation behavior in three kinds of hot rolled low carbon heavy plate steels for enameling were analyzed; then, both sides of the steels were enameled. The experimental results show that a large amount of coarse Ti4C2S2 and fine Ti(C, N) particles exist in the optimized Ti-bearing steel, quite a lot of fine Ti(C, N) particles exist in the optimized carbon steel, but only a little bit fine Ti(C, N) particles exist in the carbon steel. The fishscaling resistance of the steels can be correlated to the effective hydrogen diffusion coefficient, and a model of correlation between the effective hydrogen diffusion coefficient and the volume fraction of the precipitates was established and verified. The effective hydrogen diffusion coefficient should be lower than 3. 96 × 10 6 cm2/s to avoid fishscaling in heavy plate steels. © 2014 Central Iron and Steel Research Institute.

The attenuation length measuring device was constructed by using oscilloscope and LabVIEW for signal acquisition and processing. The performance of the device has been tested with a variety of ways, the test results show that the set-up has a good stability and high precision (sigma/mean reached 0.4 percent). Besides, the accuracy of the measurement system will decrease by about 17 percent if a filter is used. The attenuation length of gadolinium-loaded liquid scintillator (Gd-LS) was measured as 15.10 plus or minus 0.35 m where Gd-LS was heavily used in Daya Bay Neutrino Experiment. In addition, one method based on the Beer-Lambert law was proposed to investigate the reliability of the measurement device, the R-square reached 0.9995. Moreover, three purification methods for Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB) production were compared in the experiment., Comment: 5 pages, 8 figures, 9 conferences

The bubble structures, fishscaling resistance, adhesion and its mechanism of vitreous enamel to low carbon steels were evaluated by microscopic methods. The results show that the microalloying elements deteriorates the adhesion but suppress the fishscaling tendency, the enamel-steel interface adhesion could be explained as mainly the mechanical interlocking and chemical bonding during the firing process; the lower carbon substrate causes higher proportion of bigger bubbles in the enamel layer and subsequently causes the lower fishscaling susceptibility. © (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.

Friction is one of the most significant physical phenomena influencing metal forming. The deformation or fracture of oxide scale significantly affects the roll-strip interface behaviour. Sticking occurs frequently during hot rolling of stainless steels especially ferritic stainless steels, which causes surface defects of both steel products and rolls. It is important to characterize the features of the oxide scale in hot rolling of stainless steel strips, but few studies have been carried out. This paper focuses on the deformation of oxide scale and roll-strip interface characteristics in hot rolling of austenitic stainless steel 304L and ferritic stainless steel 430. Oxidation tests in a short time in humid air with water vapour content of 7.0. vol.% were carried out using Gleeble 3500 thermo-mechanical simulator, and the oxidation characteristics of 304L and 430 steels were obtained. The deformation, surface morphology of oxide scale of the steels, and the friction in hot rolling were studied in hot rolling tests. Thick oxide scale of 304L steel shows high lubricative effect while the breaking of thin oxide scales of 430 steel may make the steel substrate to contact with the roll, which counteracts the lubricative effect of the oxide scale and results in friction coefficient increasing with an increase of reduction. A FEM simulation has been developed to analyse the deformation behaviour of oxide scale and surface roughness transfer during hot rolling of stainless steels and the model describing the rough surface profiles of the scales and steel has been integrated into the simulation. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.

The as-rolled and enamel fired microstructure and mechanical properties of two low carbon steels with different compositions were analysed in the paper. The results show that the grains do not coarsen in lab firing process, and could be refined after industrial enamel firing process. The strength can keep stable in the firing process and the impact energy could be enhanced greatly under the industrial enamel firing process. The surface decarburized layer was occurred as a result of chemical reaction among the carbon in steel and water, oxides in the enamel frit. © (2011) Trans Tech Publications.

The oxidation of stainless steels 304 and 304L during hot rolling is studied in this paper. Results show the oxide scale thickness decreases significantly with an increase of reduction, and the oxide scales of both 304 and 304L stainless steels were found more deformable than the steel substrate. Surface roughness shows a complicated transfer during the hot rolling process due to the complexity of oxide scale characteristics. Also, surface roughness decreases with an increase of reduction. The authors show that the friction coefficient decreases with an increase of oxide scale thickness for stainless steel 304L. Copyright © 2011, IGI Global.

The as-rolled and enamel fired microstructure and mechanical properties of two low carbon steels with different compositions were analysed in the paper. The results show that the grains do not coarsen in lab firing process, and could be refined after industrial enamel firing process. The strength can keep stable in the firing process and the impact energy could be enhanced greatly under the industrial enamel firing process. The surface decarburized layer was occurred as a result of chemical reaction among the carbon in steel and water, oxides in the enamel frit. © (2011) Trans Tech Publications.

Friction is one of the most significant physical phenomena influencing metal forming. The deformation or fracture of oxide scale significantly affects the roll-strip interface behaviour. Sticking occurs frequently during hot rolling of stainless steels especially ferritic stainless steels, which causes surface defects of both steel products and rolls. It is important to characterize the features of the oxide scale in hot rolling of stainless steel strips, but few studies have been carried out. This paper focuses on the deformation of oxide scale and roll-strip interface characteristics in hot rolling of austenitic stainless steel 304L and ferritic stainless steel 430. Oxidation tests in a short time in humid air with water vapour content of 7.0. vol.% were carried out using Gleeble 3500 thermo-mechanical simulator, and the oxidation characteristics of 304L and 430 steels were obtained. The deformation, surface morphology of oxide scale of the steels, and the friction in hot rolling were studied in hot rolling tests. Thick oxide scale of 304L steel shows high lubricative effect while the breaking of thin oxide scales of 430 steel may make the steel substrate to contact with the roll, which counteracts the lubricative effect of the oxide scale and results in friction coefficient increasing with an increase of reduction. A FEM simulation has been developed to analyse the deformation behaviour of oxide scale and surface roughness transfer during hot rolling of stainless steels and the model describing the rough surface profiles of the scales and steel has been integrated into the simulation. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.

The oxidation of stainless steels 304 and 304L during hot rolling is studied in this paper. Results show the oxide scale thickness decreases significantly with an increase of reduction, and the oxide scales of both 304 and 304L stainless steels were found more deformable than the steel substrate. Surface roughness shows a complicated transfer during the hot rolling process due to the complexity of oxide scale characteristics. Also, surface roughness decreases with an increase of reduction. The authors show that the friction coefficient decreases with an increase of oxide scale thickness for stainless steel 304L. Copyright © 2011, IGI Global.

In rolling process, the contact friction is of crucial importance for accurate modeling, optimum design and control of industrial rolling processes. It is important to characterize the features of the oxide scale of stainless steel in hot strip rolling because the scale on the strip surface affects friction coefficient and thermal conductivity coefficient. To some extent, the rolling force and friction condition depend on the thickness and the microstructure of the oxide scale. Oxidation tests of stainless steels 304 and 304L were carried out in a high temperature electric resistance furnace. The humid air in which the water vapour content can be controlled was generated and remained to flow into the chamber of the furnace in 2.5 × 10-4 m3/s to study the effect of humidity on the oxidation of stainless steels. The microstructure and thickness of oxide scale layer of stainless steels were obtained and two or three oxide layers can be found. The humid air has a significant effect on the growth of oxide scale. Hot rolling tests were carried out on Hille 100 rolling mill. The friction condition at the roll-strip interface during hot rolling of stainless steel was determined and the transfer of surface roughness was discussed. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In rolling process, the contact friction is of crucial importance for accurate modeling, optimum design and control of industrial rolling processes. It is important to characterize the features of the oxide scale of stainless steel in hot strip rolling because the scale on the strip surface affects friction coefficient and thermal conductivity coefficient. To some extent, the rolling force and friction condition depend on the thickness and the microstructure of the oxide scale. Oxidation tests of stainless steels 304 and 304L were carried out in a high temperature electric resistance furnace. The humid air in which the water vapour content can be controlled was generated and remained to flow into the chamber of the furnace in 2.5 × 10-4 m3/s to study the effect of humidity on the oxidation of stainless steels. The microstructure and thickness of oxide scale layer of stainless steels were obtained and two or three oxide layers can be found. The humid air has a significant effect on the growth of oxide scale. Hot rolling tests were carried out on Hille 100 rolling mill. The friction condition at the roll-strip interface during hot rolling of stainless steel was determined and the transfer of surface roughness was discussed. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.