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Researchers are actively pursuing the development of highly functional photocatalyst materials using environmentally friendly and sustainable resources. In this study, wheat straw biochar (BC), a by-product of biomass pyrolysis, was explored as a green, porous substrate and a carbon-based sensitizer to activate Fe-based photocatalysts under visible light. The research also delved into the impact of doping copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn) to enhance the photocatalytic activity of BC-Fe-based catalysts for the removal of methylene orange (MO) from water. Characterization results revealed a more than twofold increase in surface area and greater porosity, contributing to improved radical generation. BC demonstrated its dual functionality as a high surface area substrate and an electron sink, facilitating multistep electron movement and enhancing the photoactivity of the composite catalyst. Photodegradation experiments indicated that the combination of BC with Fe and Zn exhibited the highest performance, removing over 80% of MO within 120 min. Parametric studies highlighted the preference for an alkali pH, and the photocatalyst demonstrated efficient performance up to 30 ppm of dye. Radical scavenging experiments identified •OH and h+ as the most generated radicals. This study establishes that the green and sustainable BC holds promise as a material in the quest for more sustainable photocatalysts.

Researchers are actively pursuing the development of highly functional photocatalyst materials using environmentally friendly and sustainable resources. In this study, wheat straw biochar (BC), a by-product of biomass pyrolysis, was explored as a green, porous substrate and a carbon-based sensitizer to activate Fe-based photocatalysts under visible light. The research also delved into the impact of doping copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn) to enhance the photocatalytic activity of BC-Fe-based catalysts for the removal of methylene orange (MO) from water. Characterization results revealed a more than twofold increase in surface area and greater porosity, contributing to improved radical generation. BC demonstrated its dual functionality as a high surface area substrate and an electron sink, facilitating multistep electron movement and enhancing the photoactivity of the composite catalyst. Photodegradation experiments indicated that the combination of BC with Fe and Zn exhibited the highest performance, removing over 80% of MO within 120 min. Parametric studies highlighted the preference for an alkali pH, and the photocatalyst demonstrated efficient performance up to 30 ppm of dye. Radical scavenging experiments identified •OH and h+ as the most generated radicals. This study establishes that the green and sustainable BC holds promise as a material in the quest for more sustainable photocatalysts.

Diabetes may increase the risk and mortality of certain cancers, but its association with gastric adenocarcinoma is not clear. On the other hand, metformin, a first-line treatment for diabetes, may reduce cancer risks and improve cancer-related survival, but these associations have not been confirmed in gastric adenocarcinoma as well. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate if and how diabetes or its biomarkers and the use of metformin influence the risk and prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma. Study I investigated if diabetes or prediabetes influenced the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma in a population-based Swedish cohort. Participants of the Northern Swedish Health and Disease Study were included and followed up from 1985 to 2017. Participants exposed to diabetes or prediabetes, as confirmed by self-reports or oral glucose tolerance tests, were compared with those of normoglycaemia for the incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma, identified from the Swedish Cancer Registry. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses with adjustment for sex, age, calendar year, body mass index, tobacco smoking, and education level showed no associations between prediabetes or diabetes and the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma (hazard ratio [HR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79-1.44 for prediabetes; HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.46-1.29 for diabetes). Study II was a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing associations between serum Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) or glucose and the risk of developing gastric cancer, based on studies identified from three databases: MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane library. The random-effects model showed that elevated levels of serum HbA1c were associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer (pooled HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.06-1.74), but not so for elevated levels of serum glucose (pooled HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.98-1.26). Study III was a population-based cohort study evaluating whether diabetes worsened the prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma, including all patients diagnosed

Diabetes may increase the risk and mortality of certain cancers, but its association with gastric adenocarcinoma is not clear. On the other hand, metformin, a first-line treatment for diabetes, may reduce cancer risks and improve cancer-related survival, but these associations have not been confirmed in gastric adenocarcinoma as well. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate if and how diabetes or its biomarkers and the use of metformin influence the risk and prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma. Study I investigated if diabetes or prediabetes influenced the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma in a population-based Swedish cohort. Participants of the Northern Swedish Health and Disease Study were included and followed up from 1985 to 2017. Participants exposed to diabetes or prediabetes, as confirmed by self-reports or oral glucose tolerance tests, were compared with those of normoglycaemia for the incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma, identified from the Swedish Cancer Registry. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses with adjustment for sex, age, calendar year, body mass index, tobacco smoking, and education level showed no associations between prediabetes or diabetes and the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma (hazard ratio [HR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79-1.44 for prediabetes; HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.46-1.29 for diabetes). Study II was a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing associations between serum Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) or glucose and the risk of developing gastric cancer, based on studies identified from three databases: MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane library. The random-effects model showed that elevated levels of serum HbA1c were associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer (pooled HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.06-1.74), but not so for elevated levels of serum glucose (pooled HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.98-1.26). Study III was a population-based cohort study evaluating whether diabetes worsened the prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma, including all patients diagnosed

Diabetes may increase the risk and mortality of certain cancers, but its association with gastric adenocarcinoma is not clear. On the other hand, metformin, a first-line treatment for diabetes, may reduce cancer risks and improve cancer-related survival, but these associations have not been confirmed in gastric adenocarcinoma as well. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate if and how diabetes or its biomarkers and the use of metformin influence the risk and prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma. Study I investigated if diabetes or prediabetes influenced the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma in a population-based Swedish cohort. Participants of the Northern Swedish Health and Disease Study were included and followed up from 1985 to 2017. Participants exposed to diabetes or prediabetes, as confirmed by self-reports or oral glucose tolerance tests, were compared with those of normoglycaemia for the incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma, identified from the Swedish Cancer Registry. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses with adjustment for sex, age, calendar year, body mass index, tobacco smoking, and education level showed no associations between prediabetes or diabetes and the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma (hazard ratio [HR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79-1.44 for prediabetes; HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.46-1.29 for diabetes). Study II was a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing associations between serum Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) or glucose and the risk of developing gastric cancer, based on studies identified from three databases: MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane library. The random-effects model showed that elevated levels of serum HbA1c were associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer (pooled HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.06-1.74), but not so for elevated levels of serum glucose (pooled HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.98-1.26). Study III was a population-based cohort study evaluating whether diabetes worsened the prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma, including all patients diagnosed

Diabetes may increase the risk and mortality of certain cancers, but its association with gastric adenocarcinoma is not clear. On the other hand, metformin, a first-line treatment for diabetes, may reduce cancer risks and improve cancer-related survival, but these associations have not been confirmed in gastric adenocarcinoma as well. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate if and how diabetes or its biomarkers and the use of metformin influence the risk and prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma. Study I investigated if diabetes or prediabetes influenced the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma in a population-based Swedish cohort. Participants of the Northern Swedish Health and Disease Study were included and followed up from 1985 to 2017. Participants exposed to diabetes or prediabetes, as confirmed by self-reports or oral glucose tolerance tests, were compared with those of normoglycaemia for the incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma, identified from the Swedish Cancer Registry. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses with adjustment for sex, age, calendar year, body mass index, tobacco smoking, and education level showed no associations between prediabetes or diabetes and the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma (hazard ratio [HR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79-1.44 for prediabetes; HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.46-1.29 for diabetes). Study II was a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing associations between serum Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) or glucose and the risk of developing gastric cancer, based on studies identified from three databases: MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane library. The random-effects model showed that elevated levels of serum HbA1c were associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer (pooled HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.06-1.74), but not so for elevated levels of serum glucose (pooled HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.98-1.26). Study III was a population-based cohort study evaluating whether diabetes worsened the prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma, including all patients diagnosed

Diabetes may increase the risk and mortality of certain cancers, but its association with gastric adenocarcinoma is not clear. On the other hand, metformin, a first-line treatment for diabetes, may reduce cancer risks and improve cancer-related survival, but these associations have not been confirmed in gastric adenocarcinoma as well. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate if and how diabetes or its biomarkers and the use of metformin influence the risk and prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma. Study I investigated if diabetes or prediabetes influenced the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma in a population-based Swedish cohort. Participants of the Northern Swedish Health and Disease Study were included and followed up from 1985 to 2017. Participants exposed to diabetes or prediabetes, as confirmed by self-reports or oral glucose tolerance tests, were compared with those of normoglycaemia for the incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma, identified from the Swedish Cancer Registry. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses with adjustment for sex, age, calendar year, body mass index, tobacco smoking, and education level showed no associations between prediabetes or diabetes and the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma (hazard ratio [HR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79-1.44 for prediabetes; HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.46-1.29 for diabetes). Study II was a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing associations between serum Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) or glucose and the risk of developing gastric cancer, based on studies identified from three databases: MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane library. The random-effects model showed that elevated levels of serum HbA1c were associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer (pooled HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.06-1.74), but not so for elevated levels of serum glucose (pooled HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.98-1.26). Study III was a population-based cohort study evaluating whether diabetes worsened the prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma, including all patients diagnosed

Diabetes may increase the risk and mortality of certain cancers, but its association with gastric adenocarcinoma is not clear. On the other hand, metformin, a first-line treatment for diabetes, may reduce cancer risks and improve cancer-related survival, but these associations have not been confirmed in gastric adenocarcinoma as well. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate if and how diabetes or its biomarkers and the use of metformin influence the risk and prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma. Study I investigated if diabetes or prediabetes influenced the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma in a population-based Swedish cohort. Participants of the Northern Swedish Health and Disease Study were included and followed up from 1985 to 2017. Participants exposed to diabetes or prediabetes, as confirmed by self-reports or oral glucose tolerance tests, were compared with those of normoglycaemia for the incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma, identified from the Swedish Cancer Registry. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses with adjustment for sex, age, calendar year, body mass index, tobacco smoking, and education level showed no associations between prediabetes or diabetes and the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma (hazard ratio [HR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79-1.44 for prediabetes; HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.46-1.29 for diabetes). Study II was a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing associations between serum Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) or glucose and the risk of developing gastric cancer, based on studies identified from three databases: MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane library. The random-effects model showed that elevated levels of serum HbA1c were associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer (pooled HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.06-1.74), but not so for elevated levels of serum glucose (pooled HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.98-1.26). Study III was a population-based cohort study evaluating whether diabetes worsened the prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma, including all patients diagnosed

Diabetes may increase the risk and mortality of certain cancers, but its association with gastric adenocarcinoma is not clear. On the other hand, metformin, a first-line treatment for diabetes, may reduce cancer risks and improve cancer-related survival, but these associations have not been confirmed in gastric adenocarcinoma as well. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate if and how diabetes or its biomarkers and the use of metformin influence the risk and prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma. Study I investigated if diabetes or prediabetes influenced the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma in a population-based Swedish cohort. Participants of the Northern Swedish Health and Disease Study were included and followed up from 1985 to 2017. Participants exposed to diabetes or prediabetes, as confirmed by self-reports or oral glucose tolerance tests, were compared with those of normoglycaemia for the incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma, identified from the Swedish Cancer Registry. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses with adjustment for sex, age, calendar year, body mass index, tobacco smoking, and education level showed no associations between prediabetes or diabetes and the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma (hazard ratio [HR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79-1.44 for prediabetes; HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.46-1.29 for diabetes). Study II was a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing associations between serum Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) or glucose and the risk of developing gastric cancer, based on studies identified from three databases: MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane library. The random-effects model showed that elevated levels of serum HbA1c were associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer (pooled HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.06-1.74), but not so for elevated levels of serum glucose (pooled HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.98-1.26). Study III was a population-based cohort study evaluating whether diabetes worsened the prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma, including all patients diagnosed

Diabetes may increase the risk and mortality of certain cancers, but its association with gastric adenocarcinoma is not clear. On the other hand, metformin, a first-line treatment for diabetes, may reduce cancer risks and improve cancer-related survival, but these associations have not been confirmed in gastric adenocarcinoma as well. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate if and how diabetes or its biomarkers and the use of metformin influence the risk and prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma. Study I investigated if diabetes or prediabetes influenced the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma in a population-based Swedish cohort. Participants of the Northern Swedish Health and Disease Study were included and followed up from 1985 to 2017. Participants exposed to diabetes or prediabetes, as confirmed by self-reports or oral glucose tolerance tests, were compared with those of normoglycaemia for the incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma, identified from the Swedish Cancer Registry. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses with adjustment for sex, age, calendar year, body mass index, tobacco smoking, and education level showed no associations between prediabetes or diabetes and the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma (hazard ratio [HR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79-1.44 for prediabetes; HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.46-1.29 for diabetes). Study II was a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing associations between serum Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) or glucose and the risk of developing gastric cancer, based on studies identified from three databases: MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane library. The random-effects model showed that elevated levels of serum HbA1c were associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer (pooled HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.06-1.74), but not so for elevated levels of serum glucose (pooled HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.98-1.26). Study III was a population-based cohort study evaluating whether diabetes worsened the prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma, including all patients diagnosed

Background: Whether prediabetes or diabetes increases the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma is not clear. Methods: This cohort study included 111,198 participants in the Northern Swedish Health and Disease Study. The participants were followed up from November 1985 to April 2017. The exposure to prediabetes or diabetes was assessed by oral glucose tolerance tests and self-reports. The incidence of the outcome gastric adenocarcinoma was identified from the Swedish Cancer Registry. Multivariable Cox regressions were used to analyse the associations between prediabetes or diabetes and the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma, providing hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), with adjustment for sex, age, calendar year, body mass index, tobacco smoking and education level. Results: Compared with normoglycaemic participants, the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma was not increased among participants with prediabetes (HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.79–1.44), diabetes (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.46–1.29) or any of these exposures (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.73–1.27). No associations were identified between prediabetes or diabetes and the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma in stratified analyses or in analyses separating cardia and non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma. Conclusions: This study does not support the hypothesis that prediabetes or diabetes increases the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma.