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For the last 180 years, the pathogen P infestans, responsible for the late blight disease, has been a severe problem for farmers. Despite the large efforts and financial investments done in the management of the disease, 15-30% of the potato production is lost to this disease globally each year. The late blight requires a high level of control, where fungicides play a crucial part, to protect the quantity and the quality of the harvest. The use of fungicides is associated with unfavourable consequences, where the risk of a reduced sensitivity to fungicides in the pathogen is one of the more severe. In this study, the aim was to examine how the use of different dosages of the fungicide Infinito affects the genotypic and phenotypic makeup of a P. infestans field population. The population was genetically characterized by using a 12-plex Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) method. Sensitivity to the fungicide in vitro was estimated based on radial growth on Infinito-amended rye-pea agar. The result of the study revealed a population with an unexpectedly narrow genotypic diversity. In the in vitro fungicide tests, no distinction between isolates from treated and untreated plots were observed. Neither were there any signs of selection towards more tolerant genotypes and no significant differences between individual isolates was observed.

The plant pathobiome is described as a set of microorganisms that interact with each other and with the plant biotic environment to influence disease progress. Recent studies have led to the realisation that a disease in a plant is not always associated with single organisms rather is a result of complex interactions between various taxa, the host, and the environment. In this study, we investigated the pathobiome composition of diseased wheat kernels as well as the role of host genotype in determining the assembly of the Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) disease complex. For this purpose, we isolated Fusarium spp. from infected wheat spikes and conducted infection assays on wheat to observe the interaction within the FHB complex, as well as the possible role of the plant genotype in disease progression. The outcome suggested that complex interactions occur within the FHB complex, as well as between the complex and the wheat genotype to cause disease. Hence, the plant genotype has a role in how the communities within the pathobiome interact to cause disease.

Soil health is a part of the sustainable agriculture which the EU is trying to develop. Organic farming can be one way of working towards more healthy soils. The term soil health can be divided into biological, chemical, and physical aspects of the soil that are necessary to sustain the plants grown. This master thesis was conducted within the CONSTRAINTS-project which aims to provide knowledge to help improve the expansion of organic agriculture systems in regions of high productivity with proportionally few organic farms. The purpose of this master thesis was to assess the soil health on a group of organic fields with varying management in Västra Götaland, Sweden. The fields were included in the CONSTRAINTS-project and had varying management. The soil health was studied by analysing the bulk density (BD), potential mineralisation of nitrogen (pot-min), visible and near infrared reflectance (vis-NIR), clay content, pH, and plant nutrients. The BD, pot-min and vis-NIR were measured using soil samples collected during the summer of 2022. Clay content was retrieved from a digital soil map whereas soil pH and plant nutrients were analysed in an earlier soil sampling during autumn 2021 within the CONSTRAINTS-project. The different soil health indicators were related to the farmers’ management, which was collected through interviews, and the yield. The results showed variations in the measured indicators between the different fields and statistical analyses were made to link the measured indicators to the yield. The soil health indicators that were closest related to the winter wheat yield were pH, and vis-NIR measurements (which are strongly related to clay and SOM content). The management practices that were most correlated with yield were connected to the fertilisation, age of the ley and proportion of legumes in the ley. Keywords: organic farming, bulk density, farm management., Jordhälsa är en del i det hållbara jordbruk som utvecklas i EU. Ett sätt att jobba mot en bra jordhälsa är genom ekologisk odling. Termen jordhälsa kan delas upp i biologiska, kemiska och fysiska aspekter som är nödvändiga i jorden för att växterna ska kunna utvecklas och överleva. Detta examensarbete utfördes som en del i CONSTRAINTS-projektet, vars målsättning är att ta fram kunskap för att kunna utveckla den ekologiska odlingen i områden där det finns en hög produktivitet men låg andel ekologiska gårdar. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att kartlägga jordhälsan på en grupp ekologiska gårdar, med varierande odlingsåtgärder, i Västra Götaland. Detta utfördes genom analyser av ett antal indikatorer: skrymdensitet (BD), potentiell mineralisering av kväve (pot-min), vis-NIR, lerhalt, pH och växtnäringsämnen. Skrymdensitet, pot-min och vis-NIR mättes på jordprover som samlades in under sommaren 2022. Information om lerhalt hämtades från den digitala åkermarkskartan medan pH och tillgänglig växtnäring kom från en tidigare jordprovtagning under hösten 2021 inom CONSTRAINTS-projektet. Resultaten visade på variationerna i indikatorerna mellan de olika gårdarna och statistiska analyser utfördes för att relatera indikationerna till skörd. Odlingsåtgärderna på de olika gårdarna undersöktes med hjälp av intervjuer. Indikatorerna för jordhälsa som var starkast relaterade med skörden var pH och vis-NIR mätningarna (som är starkt relaterade till lerinnehåll och andel organiskt material i jorden). Odlingsåtgärderna som korrelerade mest till skörden var gödslingen, vallens ålder och baljväxtinnehåll. Nyckelord: ekologisk odling, skrymdensitet, odlingsåtgärder.

The need for urgent, structural transformations to dominant food systems is increasingly recognized in research and policy. The direction these transformations take is in great part influenced by how the problem is framed and what future pathways become seen as plausible and desirable. Scientific knowledge and the organizations producing it hold considerable authority in suggesting what alternatives are or are not worth pursuing, ultimately shaping frames and in turn being shaped by them. This paper examines Brazil’s federal Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), a major contributor to technological advances that made Brazil into an agricultural powerhouse. We examine the ways in which Embrapa’s leadership has framed sustainable agriculture in its public communication and the wider implications for food systems transformation. Drawing from Embrapa news articles in the period 2015–2020, we identify four interrelated frames forming Embrapa’s prevalent position on sustainability. Our results show that while Embrapa promotes practices based on alternative approaches such as agroecology, its deeper framing often reflects the core assumptions driving dominant industrial food systems. This framing reinforces underlying logics of control, efficiency, and competition aligned with the productivist paradigm and excludes divergent perspectives that exist within the organization.

The study investigated the use of the University of Calabar library for agricultural research by students of the Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management. The general objective of the study was to determine the use of the University of Calabar library for agricultural research by students of the Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management. The specific objectives include to identify the number of students of the Faculty of Agriculture who registered with the University of Calabar library for the 2020/2021 academic session, identify the purpose of library use by students, assess the material and electronic resources available in the University of Calabar library for use by students and determine the constraints to library use by students in the Faculty. The study was conducted in the University of Calabar, Calabar Nigeria. A stratified random sampling procedure was used to select respondents according to the Departments and level of studies from years one-five (1-5) with a total of 250 students as sample size. Data obtained were analyzed using simple frequency and percentage. The findings show that majority of the respondents are male 60%, non registered members recording 74% and 88% of respondents never renewed their registration with the library while their major reasons for non registration/renewal was lack of awareness/ orientation 56%. The major purpose for using the library was during preparation for examination 60%, print and book materials 64% are more in the library; and the greatest constraints was on the difficulty of getting information on specific contents 48%. There is poor usage of the library by undergraduate students of the Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar except during preparation for examination and their greatest constraints was the difficulty of getting information on specific contents. Thus, the need for awareness campaign and orientation on

Charting the political, social, and environmental history of efforts to conserve crop diversity. Many people worry that we're losing genetic diversity in the foods we eat. Over the past century, crop varieties standardized for industrial agriculture have increasingly dominated farm fields. Concerned about what this transition means for the future of food, scientists, farmers, and eaters have sought to protect fruits, grains, and vegetables they consider endangered. They have organized high-tech genebanks and heritage seed swaps. They have combed fields for ancient landraces and sought farmers growing Indigenous varieties. Behind this widespread concern for the loss of plant diversity lies another extinction narrative that concerns the survival of farmers themselves, a story that is often obscured by urgent calls to collect and preserve. Endangered Maize draws on the rich history of corn in Mexico and the United States to uncover this hidden narrative and show how it shaped the conservation strategies adopted by scientists, states, and citizens. In Endangered Maize, historian Helen Anne Curry investigates more than a hundred years of agriculture and conservation practices to understand the tasks that farmers and researchers have considered essential to maintaining crop diversity. Through the contours of efforts to preserve diversity in one of the world's most important crops, Curry reveals how those who sought to protect native, traditional, and heritage crops forged their methods around the expectation that social, political, and economic transformations would eliminate diverse communities and cultures. In this fascinating study of how cultural narratives shape science, Curry argues for new understandings of endangerment and alternative strategies to protect and preserve crop diversity.

The northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, is causing great economical losses to growers worldwide. There is a need for alternative control measures that are environmentally sustainable and effective against the nematode. Biological control is one promising control measure and there are multiple biological control agents on the market against fungal pathogens and insects. One such biocontrol agent is the fungus Clonostachys rosea. In this experiment the biocontrol effect of C. rosea against the root-knot nematode M. hapla was evaluated. The investigation included an antibiosis in vitro experiment and a pot experiment with carrot and lettuce under controlled conditions. Additionally, the effect from drought on M. hapla infection and C. rosea biocontrol was tested. Drought increased the infection by M. hapla on carrot and caused a significant (P < 0,001) decrease in fresh and dry root weight and shoot dry weight, indicating a higher parasitic effect on plant mass of infected plants during dryer periods in cultivated fields of carrot. No biological control effect from C. rosea on M. hapla was detected, nor any growth promoting effects from the fungus on the plants. However, plants treated with C. rosea showed an increased tolerance towards drought stress by not showing significant distinction between plant mass under normal and drought conditions, which was seen in the other treatments. Though, an error due to a high buildup of roots in the peat soil made it difficult to count the galls on plant roots, affecting the result of biocontrol effect and actual nematode infection. The use of sand might have simplified the rinse of the roots and a more accurate result could have been obtained.

By taking up nutrients and water, root growth has an important influence on plant growth and productivity. Thereby, root growth is influenced by its surrounding soil conditions, which vary spatially even on a small scale. Hence, different parts of the root system are exposed to different penetration resistances in the soil. As root cells are connected by their cell walls, information about growth conditions can be transferred throughout the root system, which is why roots can react to the soil conditions of their neighbouring roots. By doing in-vivo measurements in a hydroponic system, this study investigated the responses of unimpeded roots to local mechanical stress of their neighbouring roots. To do so, the primary or seminal roots were exposed to vertical or horizontal obstacles. Using a time-lapse imaging system under infra-red light in combination with particle image velocimetry the underlying processes of root growth, such as the growth direction, the growth rate, the cell elongation rate, and the growth zone length were quantified. In this study, the primary and seminal roots showed contrasting responses of root growth rate and root growth direction. While the primary roots did not response to a restriction in growth of the seminal roots, seminal roots reacted to the applied stress in the same way as the impeded roots, even if the stress did not occur in their environment. In the case, where the roots found a way to work around the anticipated stress, they compensated for the impaired root with an increase in growth rate. The fact, that the primary root did not show this response, might be due to their different functions in the root system. Furthermore, the relative root growth rate was stronger associated with the relative length of growth zone than with the relative elemental elongation rate. Nevertheless, the elemental elongation rate might be the driver for short-term adjustments. Keywords: kinematics analysis, time-lapse imaging, root growth rate, root

I uppsatsen undersöks hur odlingsutbildningar utanför den akademiska världen överbryggar förståelsen av varandras filosofiska synsätt och epistemologiska utgångspunkter. Studien undersöker skillnader och likheter mellan odlingsinriktningar, hur formella och informella samarbeten ser ut och redogör för samtalen som pågår mellan representanter för odlingsinriktningarna. Studien är abduktiv och det teoretiska ramverket har växt fram i takt med att empirin samlats in. Metoden som använts är semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Centrala begrepp för uppsatsen är ”kunskapssökande” och ”synsätt”. Studien utgår från Gilles Deleuzes & Félix Guattaris poststrukturalistiska förståelsemodell och organiseringsmönster ”rhizom” som uppmuntrar till ”samtal i mellanrummen”, som utmärks av att skapa nya kopplingar snarare än dialektiska samtal. Uppsatsen visar att informanterna har en öppenhet inför att förstå olika odlingsinriktningars filosofiska synsätt och epistemologiska utgångspunkt, men att den förståelsen sträcker sig till en viss gräns, då informanterna upplever att verklighetsuppfattningarna delvis skiljer dem åt. Intervjuerna visar att det framför allt tycks utgöras av en upplevd skillnad, snarare än en verklig skillnad. Uppsatsen visar att informanterna delar både en holistisk syn på världen och en kritik mot hur livsmedelssystemet är organiserat på ett strukturellt plan. Merparten av informanterna uppfattar att odlare inom deras respektive synsätt, finner det främsta handlingsutrymmet för en hållbar omställning av livsmedelssystemet, inom den egna livsvärlden. I uppsatsen framkommer även att det pågår informella samtal mellan odlingsinriktningarna, där informanterna delar praktisk kunskap om odling i syfte att utröna hur det är möjligt att skapa hållbara odlingssystem. Detta sker bland annat genom att informanterna för de olika odlingsinriktningarna delar med sig av och studerar varandras kursmaterial. Informanterna uppfattar dock inte dessa samtal i sig som ett verktyg för för, The study examines how non-academic educations bridge understanding of each other's philosophical views and epistemological starting points. The study examines differences and similarities between farming orientations, what formal and informal collaborations look like and describes the ongoing conversations between representatives of the educations. The study is abductive, and the theoretical framework has emerged as the empirical data has been collected. The method used is semi-structured interviews. Central concepts for the study are "knowledge-seeking" and “outlook”. The study is based on Gilles Deleuzes & Félix Guattari's poststructuralist understanding model and organizational pattern "rhizome" which encourages "conversations in the space between", which is characterized by creating new connections rather than creating dialectical conversations. The study shows that the informants are open to understand the philosophical views and epistemological starting points of different farming orientations, but that this understanding extends to a certain limit, as the informants feel that the perceptions of reality partly separate them. The interviews show that above all it seems to be a perceived difference, rather than a real difference. The study shows that the informants share both a holistic worldview and a critique of how the food system is organized on a structural level. Most of the informants perceive that farmers, within their respective perspectives, find the main scope for action for a sustainable conversion of the food system, within their own lifeworld. The study also shows that there are informal conversations between the farming orientations, where the informants share practical knowledge about farming to find out how it is possible to create sustainable farming systems. This is done, among other things, by the informants for the different farming orientations by sharing and studying each other's course material. However, the informants do not perceive th

Kväve är ett viktigt näringsämne för växten eftersom det fyller många viktiga funktioner, bland annat som byggstenar till proteiner som ingår i fotosyntesen men också klorofyllmolekyler, DNA och RNA. Tillförseln av kväve är viktig att optimera i stärkelsepotatis (Solanum tuberosum) utifrån kvävepris, stärkelsehalt och skörd men också för aspekten att minska utlakning. Innan en eventuell kompletteringsgödsling kan kvävestatus mätas hos potatisen som sedan kan ligga till grund för ett optimerat beslut gällande gödslingsbehov. Bladskaftsanalys är en av de vanligaste metoderna som användas för att få ett mått på kvävestatusen i fält. I bladskaftsanalysen analyseras nitratkoncentrationen i bladskaften. Det är denna metod som företaget Lyckeby (Kristianstad, Sverige) använder sig av för att hjälpa sina stärkelseodlare att optimera sin kvävetillförsel. Bladskaftsanalysmetoden kräver en del handarbete, därför har det i detta arbete gjorts en jämförelse mellan bladskaftsanalysen och andra metoder, såsom; Yara N-sensor, Yara N-tester och satellitbilder från Vultus. Detta med syftet att möjligtvis hitta en ny, mindre arbetskrävande metod att mäta kvävestatus i potatis på och därmed ersätta den nuvarande bladskaftsanalysen. Till grund till detta självständiga arbete har två försök genomförts i Kristianstadtrakten. Försökens upplägg var ett randomiserat plotförsök med tre block med fyra olika led med skilda kompletteringsgödselgivor (100kg N/ha, 150 kg N/ha, 200 kg N/ha, 250 kg N/ha). Det utfördes mätningar nio gånger under sommaren, för varje mättillfälle utfördes mätning med vardera ovannämnd metod. På detta sätt kunde insamlad data ifrån varje mätmetod sammanställas och därefter genomgå en jämförelse mellan varandra för att i slutändan se om mätmetoderna gav liknande resultat. Det utfördes också fältobservationer hos fyra odlare för att testa metoderna i fält. Det visade sig att N-sensorn och N-testern korrelerar starkt till bladskaftsanalysen från och med 34 dagar efter uppk, Nitrogen is an important nutrient for the plant because it is involved in many important functions, such as constituents of proteins that takes part in photosynthesis, but also chlorophyll molecules, DNA and RNA. The supply of nitrogen is important to optimize in starch potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) both to get a high yield with a high starch content but also for the aspect of reducing leaching. Before any supplementary fertilization, the nitrogen status of the potatoes can be measured, which can then form the basis for an optimized decision regarding the amount of fertilizer to be applied. Petiole sap analysis is one of the most common methods used to measure nitrogen status in the field. In the petiole sap analysis, the nitrate concentration in the petiole sap is analyzed. It is this method that Lyckeby (Kristianstad, Sweden) use to help the starch growers to optimize their nitrogen supply. The petiole sap analysis method is somewhat labour intensive, therefore in this work a comparison has been made between the petiole sap analysis and other methods, such as; Yara N-sensor, Yara N-tester and satellite images from Vultus. This with the aim of possibly finding a new, less work-intensive method of measuring the nitrogen status of potatoes and thereby replacing the current petiole sap analysis. As a basis for this work, two experiments have been carried out around the city Kristianstad. The design of the experiments was a randomized plot-experiment with three blocks with four different plots with different supplementary fertilizer applications (100 kg N/ha, 150 kg N/ha, 200 kg N/ha, 250 kg N/ha). Measurements were performed nine times during the summer, for each occasion, measurements were performed using each of the above methods. In this way, data collected from each measurement method could be compiled and then subjected to a comparison between each other to ultimately see if the measurement methods gave similar results. Grower experiments were also performed at fo

Utlakning av kväve (N) och fosfor (P) från jordbruksmark står för nära 50 % av den totala näringstillförseln till vattenmiljöer. Det är viktigt att minska utlakningen av flera anledningar, inte minst eftersom det leder till övergödning, vilket är ett av de största miljöproblemen. I ett av SLU:s långliggande försök (R0-8410) på en mojord i Västergötland undersöktes effekterna av insådd fånggröda (engelskt rajgräs) och vårbearbetning på kväve- och fosforutlakning under en 14-årsperiod. Försöksfältet bestod av åtta separat dränerade rutor med olika behandlingar: höstplöjning, vårplöjning och vårplöjning + fånggröda. Dräneringsvattnet från rutorna mättes och vattenprover samlades in varannan vecka. Analys gjordes med avseende på totalkväve (tot-N) och totalfosfor (tot-P). I genomsnitt minskade kväveutlakningen signifikant med 16 % i ledet med vårplöjning och 27 % med vårplöjning + fånggröda, jämfört med höstplöjning. Motsvarande siffror för fosfor var en ökning på 10 respektive 45 %. Skördenivåerna i försöket påverkades varken av insådd fånggröda eller av senarelagd bearbetning. Slutsatsen blev att senarelagd jordbearbetning från höst till vår och insådd fånggröda minskade kväveutlakningen, men ökade fosforutlakningen., Leaching of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from agricultural land accounts for almost 50 % of the total nutrient supply to aquatic environments. It is important to reduce leaching since it leads to eutrophication, which is one of the biggest environmental issues. In one of SLU:s long-term field experiments (R0-8410) on loamy sand soil in Västergötland in western Sweden, the effects of an undersown catch crop (perennial ryegrass) and spring cultivation on nitrogen and phosphorus leaching were investigated during a 14-year period. The experimental field consisted of eight separately drained plots with different treatments: autumn tillage, spring tillage, and spring tillage + catch crop. The drainage water from the plots was measured and water samples were collected every second week. Analysis was performed for total nitrogen (tot-N) and total phosphorus (tot-P). On average, nitrogen leaching decreased significantly by 16 % with the treatment of spring tillage and 27 % with spring tillage + catch crop, compared to autumn tillage. The corresponding numbers for phosphorus were an increase of 10 and 45 %, respectively. The yield was not affected by an undersown catch crop or delayed tillage. In conclusion, delayed tillage from autumn to spring, and undersown catch crop reduced nitrogen leaching, but increased phosphorus leaching.

Global food systems are currently facing unprecedented challenges with respect to production and nutritional targets, inclusivity and environmental footprint. Several recent reports highlight the need for major, rapid reconfiguration of our food systems as a result. International publicly funded agricultural research for development will play an increasingly vital role in support of such goals as reducing poverty, improving food and nutrition security, and improving natural resources and ecosystem services. Here we take stock of the work over the last decade of CGIAR, one of the major players in the agricultural research for development arena, from the perspective of published, peer-reviewed science. We do this with respect to several elements of its vision as set out in 2011, elements that are shared by many other organisations that are also working towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Overall, we found a strong association between number of CGIAR publications and countries with large numbers of rural poor and high child stunting prevalence. At the same time several countries were identified that are anomalous, being either relatively over- or under-represented in the peer-reviewed literature in relation to numbers of rural poor and stunting prevalence. On average, 30% of the calories consumed in national food baskets come from food sources that are not currently the commodity focus of CGIAR research, such as fruit and vegetables. We identify possible ways in which the alignment between the strategic objectives of an agricultural research for development organisation such as CGIAR and its publicly funded science outputs might be further strengthened, for maximum impact in the nine years that are left for the world to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.

[EN] The objective is to investigate which are the drivers of the formation of inter-organizational cooperation networks that contribute to the achievement of innovation performance in rural areas. Regarding the methodological aspects, the research chose Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Content Analysis for research with the leaders of research, development and innovation networks of the most important agri-food technologies in Brazil and Spain. Our findings suggest that relevant reasons that influence the performance of the innovation are Legitimacy, Flexibility and Efficiency., [ES] El objetivo consiste en investigar cuáles son los factores determinantes para la formación de redes interorganizativas de cooperación que contribuyen a la innovación en las áreas rurales. Para ello, se ha realizado una investigación cuyo objeto de estudio han sido las instituciones de investigación en el sector agropecuario de dos países (España y Brasil) utilizando dos técnicas de investigación como son el Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo (QCA) y el Análisis de Contenido. Los resultados evidencian cómo las razones que influyen en el desempeño de la innovación son la Legitimidad, la Flexibilidad y la Eficiencia.

[EN] The objective is to investigate which are the drivers of the formation of inter-organizational cooperation networks that contribute to the achievement of innovation performance in rural areas. Regarding the methodological aspects, the research chose Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Content Analysis for research with the leaders of research, development and innovation networks of the most important agri-food technologies in Brazil and Spain. Our findings suggest that relevant reasons that influence the performance of the innovation are Legitimacy, Flexibility and Efficiency., [ES] El objetivo consiste en investigar cuáles son los factores determinantes para la formación de redes interorganizativas de cooperación que contribuyen a la innovación en las áreas rurales. Para ello, se ha realizado una investigación cuyo objeto de estudio han sido las instituciones de investigación en el sector agropecuario de dos países (España y Brasil) utilizando dos técnicas de investigación como son el Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo (QCA) y el Análisis de Contenido. Los resultados evidencian cómo las razones que influyen en el desempeño de la innovación son la Legitimidad, la Flexibilidad y la Eficiencia.

[EN] The objective is to investigate which are the drivers of the formation of inter-organizational cooperation networks that contribute to the achievement of innovation performance in rural areas. Regarding the methodological aspects, the research chose Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Content Analysis for research with the leaders of research, development and innovation networks of the most important agri-food technologies in Brazil and Spain. Our findings suggest that relevant reasons that influence the performance of the innovation are Legitimacy, Flexibility and Efficiency., [ES] El objetivo consiste en investigar cuáles son los factores determinantes para la formación de redes interorganizativas de cooperación que contribuyen a la innovación en las áreas rurales. Para ello, se ha realizado una investigación cuyo objeto de estudio han sido las instituciones de investigación en el sector agropecuario de dos países (España y Brasil) utilizando dos técnicas de investigación como son el Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo (QCA) y el Análisis de Contenido. Los resultados evidencian cómo las razones que influyen en el desempeño de la innovación son la Legitimidad, la Flexibilidad y la Eficiencia.

[ES] Gestalgar es un municipio de Valencia que como muchos otros muchos del interior de España está sufriendo un proceso de despoblación y ha visto como paulatinamente su población ha ido en descenso hasta alcanzar los 556 habitantes en 2019. Dicho proceso, a su vez, ha generado el abandonado, no solo de ciertas edificaciones, sino de su gran sello de identidad, que es la huerta que lo rodea y la actividad agrícola en la que se basa principalmente su economía. Debido al gran carácter agrícola que posee el pueblo, y con el objetivo de proponer una actividad que atraiga a la población, se propone para el desarrollo del Trabajo de Fin de Máster la realización de una propuesta de adaptación e intervención paisajística en el borde sur que comienza en la creación de una escuela de capataces en la entrada del pueblo. Con el fin generar el menor impacto y huella posible, se aprovecha y se adapta y acondiciona una construcción de los años 60, que hasta el momento ha sido utilizada como granja, para albergar parte del programa propuesto. Esta escuela se encargará de ofrecer un espacio de formación e investigación agrícola, impulsando de este modo, la recuperación de las parcelas de la huerta y deteniendo en la manera de lo posible dicho abandono y mejorando cualitativamente el paisaje agrario. Se crea, asimismo, un corredor verde que conecta todos los elementos del programa, respetando al máximo la morfología de la huerta y recuperando el discurrir del agua de la acequia madre. Se establece como un camino alternativo a la avenida de la Diputación que impulsará la adecuación de las fachadas que recaen hacia la huerta., [EN] Gestalgar is a municipality in Valencia that, like many others in the interior of Spain, is undergoing a depopulation process and seen as its population has grdually decreases, reaching 556 inhabitants in 2019. This process, has generated the abandonment, not only of certain buildings, but of its great seal of identity, which is the orchard that surrounds it and the agricultural activity on which its economy is mainly based. Due to the great agricultural character that the town possesses, and with the aim of proposing an activity that attracts the population, it is proposed for the development of the Master's Thesis to carry out a proposal for adaptation and landscaping intervention on the southern edge that It begins with the creation of a school of foremen at the entrance of the town. In order to generate the least impact and footprint possible, a construction from the 60s is used and adapted and conditioned, until now it has been controlled as a farm, to house part of the proposed program. This school will be in charge of providing a space for agricultural training and research, thus promoting, recovering the plots of the orchard and stopping this abandonment as much as possible and qualitatively improving the agricultural landscape. Specifically, a green corridor is created that connects all the elements of the program, respecting to the maximum the morphology of the orchard and recovering the flow of the water from the mother canal. It is established as an alternative road to the Avenida de la Diputación that will promote the adaptation of the facades that fall towards the orchads

[ES] Gestalgar es un municipio de Valencia que como muchos otros muchos del interior de España está sufriendo un proceso de despoblación y ha visto como paulatinamente su población ha ido en descenso hasta alcanzar los 556 habitantes en 2019. Dicho proceso, a su vez, ha generado el abandonado, no solo de ciertas edificaciones, sino de su gran sello de identidad, que es la huerta que lo rodea y la actividad agrícola en la que se basa principalmente su economía. Debido al gran carácter agrícola que posee el pueblo, y con el objetivo de proponer una actividad que atraiga a la población, se propone para el desarrollo del Trabajo de Fin de Máster la realización de una propuesta de adaptación e intervención paisajística en el borde sur que comienza en la creación de una escuela de capataces en la entrada del pueblo. Con el fin generar el menor impacto y huella posible, se aprovecha y se adapta y acondiciona una construcción de los años 60, que hasta el momento ha sido utilizada como granja, para albergar parte del programa propuesto. Esta escuela se encargará de ofrecer un espacio de formación e investigación agrícola, impulsando de este modo, la recuperación de las parcelas de la huerta y deteniendo en la manera de lo posible dicho abandono y mejorando cualitativamente el paisaje agrario. Se crea, asimismo, un corredor verde que conecta todos los elementos del programa, respetando al máximo la morfología de la huerta y recuperando el discurrir del agua de la acequia madre. Se establece como un camino alternativo a la avenida de la Diputación que impulsará la adecuación de las fachadas que recaen hacia la huerta., [EN] Gestalgar is a municipality in Valencia that, like many others in the interior of Spain, is undergoing a depopulation process and seen as its population has grdually decreases, reaching 556 inhabitants in 2019. This process, has generated the abandonment, not only of certain buildings, but of its great seal of identity, which is the orchard that surrounds it and the agricultural activity on which its economy is mainly based. Due to the great agricultural character that the town possesses, and with the aim of proposing an activity that attracts the population, it is proposed for the development of the Master's Thesis to carry out a proposal for adaptation and landscaping intervention on the southern edge that It begins with the creation of a school of foremen at the entrance of the town. In order to generate the least impact and footprint possible, a construction from the 60s is used and adapted and conditioned, until now it has been controlled as a farm, to house part of the proposed program. This school will be in charge of providing a space for agricultural training and research, thus promoting, recovering the plots of the orchard and stopping this abandonment as much as possible and qualitatively improving the agricultural landscape. Specifically, a green corridor is created that connects all the elements of the program, respecting to the maximum the morphology of the orchard and recovering the flow of the water from the mother canal. It is established as an alternative road to the Avenida de la Diputación that will promote the adaptation of the facades that fall towards the orchads

[EN] The objective is to investigate which are the drivers of the formation of inter-organizational cooperation networks that contribute to the achievement of innovation performance in rural areas. Regarding the methodological aspects, the research chose Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Content Analysis for research with the leaders of research, development and innovation networks of the most important agri-food technologies in Brazil and Spain. Our findings suggest that relevant reasons that influence the performance of the innovation are Legitimacy, Flexibility and Efficiency., [ES] El objetivo consiste en investigar cuáles son los factores determinantes para la formación de redes interorganizativas de cooperación que contribuyen a la innovación en las áreas rurales. Para ello, se ha realizado una investigación cuyo objeto de estudio han sido las instituciones de investigación en el sector agropecuario de dos países (España y Brasil) utilizando dos técnicas de investigación como son el Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo (QCA) y el Análisis de Contenido. Los resultados evidencian cómo las razones que influyen en el desempeño de la innovación son la Legitimidad, la Flexibilidad y la Eficiencia.

[ES] Gestalgar es un municipio de Valencia que como muchos otros muchos del interior de España está sufriendo un proceso de despoblación y ha visto como paulatinamente su población ha ido en descenso hasta alcanzar los 556 habitantes en 2019. Dicho proceso, a su vez, ha generado el abandonado, no solo de ciertas edificaciones, sino de su gran sello de identidad, que es la huerta que lo rodea y la actividad agrícola en la que se basa principalmente su economía. Debido al gran carácter agrícola que posee el pueblo, y con el objetivo de proponer una actividad que atraiga a la población, se propone para el desarrollo del Trabajo de Fin de Máster la realización de una propuesta de adaptación e intervención paisajística en el borde sur que comienza en la creación de una escuela de capataces en la entrada del pueblo. Con el fin generar el menor impacto y huella posible, se aprovecha y se adapta y acondiciona una construcción de los años 60, que hasta el momento ha sido utilizada como granja, para albergar parte del programa propuesto. Esta escuela se encargará de ofrecer un espacio de formación e investigación agrícola, impulsando de este modo, la recuperación de las parcelas de la huerta y deteniendo en la manera de lo posible dicho abandono y mejorando cualitativamente el paisaje agrario. Se crea, asimismo, un corredor verde que conecta todos los elementos del programa, respetando al máximo la morfología de la huerta y recuperando el discurrir del agua de la acequia madre. Se establece como un camino alternativo a la avenida de la Diputación que impulsará la adecuación de las fachadas que recaen hacia la huerta., [EN] Gestalgar is a municipality in Valencia that, like many others in the interior of Spain, is undergoing a depopulation process and seen as its population has grdually decreases, reaching 556 inhabitants in 2019. This process, has generated the abandonment, not only of certain buildings, but of its great seal of identity, which is the orchard that surrounds it and the agricultural activity on which its economy is mainly based. Due to the great agricultural character that the town possesses, and with the aim of proposing an activity that attracts the population, it is proposed for the development of the Master's Thesis to carry out a proposal for adaptation and landscaping intervention on the southern edge that It begins with the creation of a school of foremen at the entrance of the town. In order to generate the least impact and footprint possible, a construction from the 60s is used and adapted and conditioned, until now it has been controlled as a farm, to house part of the proposed program. This school will be in charge of providing a space for agricultural training and research, thus promoting, recovering the plots of the orchard and stopping this abandonment as much as possible and qualitatively improving the agricultural landscape. Specifically, a green corridor is created that connects all the elements of the program, respecting to the maximum the morphology of the orchard and recovering the flow of the water from the mother canal. It is established as an alternative road to the Avenida de la Diputación that will promote the adaptation of the facades that fall towards the orchads

[EN] The objective is to investigate which are the drivers of the formation of inter-organizational cooperation networks that contribute to the achievement of innovation performance in rural areas. Regarding the methodological aspects, the research chose Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Content Analysis for research with the leaders of research, development and innovation networks of the most important agri-food technologies in Brazil and Spain. Our findings suggest that relevant reasons that influence the performance of the innovation are Legitimacy, Flexibility and Efficiency., [ES] El objetivo consiste en investigar cuáles son los factores determinantes para la formación de redes interorganizativas de cooperación que contribuyen a la innovación en las áreas rurales. Para ello, se ha realizado una investigación cuyo objeto de estudio han sido las instituciones de investigación en el sector agropecuario de dos países (España y Brasil) utilizando dos técnicas de investigación como son el Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo (QCA) y el Análisis de Contenido. Los resultados evidencian cómo las razones que influyen en el desempeño de la innovación son la Legitimidad, la Flexibilidad y la Eficiencia.

During the next 30 years, the world’s population will grow larger and more prosperous. Demand will soar for food and agricultural goods, including meat, dairy, fruits, vegetables, timber, oilseeds for cooking and industrial uses, and biomass for energy, heat, and cooking. At the same time, the natural resource base and ecosystems are under stress from climate change, soil degradation, and poor water management. Poverty, food insecurity, and malnutrition remain stubbornly high, condemning hundreds of millions of people to ill health and unfulfilled potential. Accelerating productivity growth at all scales of production is imperative to meet the needs of consumers and address current and future threats to human and environmental well-being. The human, economic, and environmental consequences of not meeting productivity targets are profound.

The objective is to investigate which are the drivers of the formation of inter-organizational cooperation networks that contribute to the achievement of innovation performance in rural areas. Regarding the methodological aspects, the research chose Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Content Analysis for research with the leaders of research, development and innovation networks of the most important agri-food technologies in Brazil and Spain. Our findings suggest that relevant reasons that influence the performance of the innovation are Legitimacy, Flexibility and Efficiency., El objetivo consiste en investigar cuáles son los factores determinantes para la formación de redes interorganizativas de cooperación que contribuyen a la innovación en las áreas rurales. Para ello, se ha realizado una investigación cuyo objeto de estudio han sido las instituciones de investigación en el sector agropecuario de dos países (España y Brasil) utilizando dos técnicas de investigación como son el Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo (QCA) y el Análisis de Contenido. Los resultados evidencian cómo las razones que influyen en el desempeño de la innovación son la Legitimidad, la Flexibilidad y la Eficiencia.

The objective is to investigate which are the drivers of the formation of inter-organizational cooperation networks that contribute to the achievement of innovation performance in rural areas. Regarding the methodological aspects, the research chose Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Content Analysis for research with the leaders of research, development and innovation networks of the most important agri-food technologies in Brazil and Spain. Our findings suggest that relevant reasons that influence the performance of the innovation are Legitimacy, Flexibility and Efficiency., El objetivo consiste en investigar cuáles son los factores determinantes para la formación de redes interorganizativas de cooperación que contribuyen a la innovación en las áreas rurales. Para ello, se ha realizado una investigación cuyo objeto de estudio han sido las instituciones de investigación en el sector agropecuario de dos países (España y Brasil) utilizando dos técnicas de investigación como son el Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo (QCA) y el Análisis de Contenido. Los resultados evidencian cómo las razones que influyen en el desempeño de la innovación son la Legitimidad, la Flexibilidad y la Eficiencia.

The objective is to investigate which are the drivers of the formation of inter-organizational cooperation networks that contribute to the achievement of innovation performance in rural areas. Regarding the methodological aspects, the research chose Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Content Analysis for research with the leaders of research, development and innovation networks of the most important agri-food technologies in Brazil and Spain. Our findings suggest that relevant reasons that influence the performance of the innovation are Legitimacy, Flexibility and Efficiency., El objetivo consiste en investigar cuáles son los factores determinantes para la formación de redes interorganizativas de cooperación que contribuyen a la innovación en las áreas rurales. Para ello, se ha realizado una investigación cuyo objeto de estudio han sido las instituciones de investigación en el sector agropecuario de dos países (España y Brasil) utilizando dos técnicas de investigación como son el Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo (QCA) y el Análisis de Contenido. Los resultados evidencian cómo las razones que influyen en el desempeño de la innovación son la Legitimidad, la Flexibilidad y la Eficiencia.

This article is a comparative study of two state-based lines of research in Argentina. One involves the development of herbicide-resistant rice varieties by the main state agency devoted to agricultural research. The other is the development of a national inventory of glaciers by another state-run scientific institution. Different document sources were used for this analysis (papers, institutional and regulatory documents, print media), and interviews were carried out with scientists, technicians, and residents. The study found that the same logic was applied to the different scenarios in which the State and scientific-technological knowledge conducted different interventions. That logic focused on promoting commodity-centered science, which constitutes a fundamental input for the current pattern of extractivism., Este artículo estudia en forma comparativa dos trayectorias estatales de investigación en Argentina. Por un lado, la obtención de variedades de arroz resistentes a herbicidas desarrolladas por el principal organismo estatal dedicado a la investigación agrícola. Por otro, la realización de un inventario nacional de glaciares, a cargo de una segunda institución científica estatal. Para este análisis, se utilizaron diferentes fuentes documentales (papers, documentos institucionales y regulatorios, prensa gráfica), y se realizaron entrevistas a científicos, técnicos y pobladores. En conclusión, se encuentra que la misma lógica se aplica en escenarios distintos, donde el Estado y los saberes científico-tecnológicos intervienen de modos variados. Esa lógica está centrada en la promoción de una ciencia estatal de carácter empresarial, que constituye un insumo fundamental para el patrón de acumulación extractivista vigente.

This article is a comparative study of two state-based lines of research in Argentina. One involves the development of herbicide-resistant rice varieties by the main state agency devoted to agricultural research. The other is the development of a national inventory of glaciers by another state-run scientific institution. Different document sources were used for this analysis (papers, institutional and regulatory documents, print media), and interviews were carried out with scientists, technicians, and residents. The study found that the same logic was applied to the different scenarios in which the State and scientific-technological knowledge conducted different interventions. That logic focused on promoting commodity-centered science, which constitutes a fundamental input for the current pattern of extractivism., Este artículo estudia en forma comparativa dos trayectorias estatales de investigación en Argentina. Por un lado, la obtención de variedades de arroz resistentes a herbicidas desarrolladas por el principal organismo estatal dedicado a la investigación agrícola. Por otro, la realización de un inventario nacional de glaciares, a cargo de una segunda institución científica estatal. Para este análisis, se utilizaron diferentes fuentes documentales (papers, documentos institucionales y regulatorios, prensa gráfica), y se realizaron entrevistas a científicos, técnicos y pobladores. En conclusión, se encuentra que la misma lógica se aplica en escenarios distintos, donde el Estado y los saberes científico-tecnológicos intervienen de modos variados. Esa lógica está centrada en la promoción de una ciencia estatal de carácter empresarial, que constituye un insumo fundamental para el patrón de acumulación extractivista vigente.

The objective is to investigate which are the drivers of the formation of inter-organizational cooperation networks that contribute to the achievement of innovation performance in rural areas. Regarding the methodological aspects, the research chose Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Content Analysis for research with the leaders of research, development and innovation networks of the most important agri-food technologies in Brazil and Spain. Our findings suggest that relevant reasons that influence the performance of the innovation are Legitimacy, Flexibility and Efficiency., El objetivo consiste en investigar cuáles son los factores determinantes para la formación de redes interorganizativas de cooperación que contribuyen a la innovación en las áreas rurales. Para ello, se ha realizado una investigación cuyo objeto de estudio han sido las instituciones de investigación en el sector agropecuario de dos países (España y Brasil) utilizando dos técnicas de investigación como son el Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo (QCA) y el Análisis de Contenido. Los resultados evidencian cómo las razones que influyen en el desempeño de la innovación son la Legitimidad, la Flexibilidad y la Eficiencia.

During the next 30 years, the world’s population will grow larger and more prosperous. Demand will soar for food and agricultural goods, including meat, dairy, fruits, vegetables, timber, oilseeds for cooking and industrial uses, and biomass for energy, heat, and cooking. At the same time, the natural resource base and ecosystems are under stress from climate change, soil degradation, and poor water management. Poverty, food insecurity, and malnutrition remain stubbornly high, condemning hundreds of millions of people to ill health and unfulfilled potential. Accelerating productivity growth at all scales of production is imperative to meet the needs of consumers and address current and future threats to human and environmental well-being. The human, economic, and environmental consequences of not meeting productivity targets are profound.

Det finns flera sjukdomar som påverkar spenat (Spinacia oleracea). Sjukdomarna sänker skörden och försämras kvaliteten av produkten. Dessutom vill konsumenter inte ha angripna plantor som inte ser bra ut. I Sverige är den allvarligaste sjukdomen spenatbladmögel, orsa-kat av Peronospora effuosa f.sp. spinaciae. Andra viktiga sjukdomar är bladfläckar, grodd-brännor och rotrötor. Dessa är samlingsbegrepp för flera patogener vilka ger liknande symp-tom i respektive grupp. Det faktum att det är flera patogener som orsakar liknande symptom gör att det är svårt att avgöra vilken patogen som orsakar sjukdomen i enskilda fall. De patogener som orsakar bladfläckar och som tas upp i denna uppsats är Alternaria spp., Cer-cospora spp., Cladosporium spp., Ramularia spp. samt Stemphylium spp. De patogener som orsakar rotröta och tas upp i denna uppsats är Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp. samt Rhizoctonia spp. I dagsläget i Sverige finns det inte någon statistik på kvantiteterna som går till spillo på grund av dessa sjukdomar. Tidigare har det funnits produktion av industrispenat i Sverige som frusits in för både konsumenthandel och för fortsatt process inom matindustrin, men numera finns enbart baby leaf produktion. Den totala skörden är ungefär 5 225 ton vilket svarar för 50% av den svenska konsumtionen av baby leaf. Patogener kan spridas på olika sätt, allt från överföring av jord eller vatten, med hjälp av luftburna sporer, med jord som sitter på redskap eller via frö eller annat förökningsmaterial. Vid fröinfektion av vissa patogener, Cladosporium och Stemphylium, har det visat sig effek-tivt att tvätta fröet i antingen varmt vatten eller i klorlösning. I andra fall har man kunnat minska i angrepp av Alternaria alternata genom att spruta en blandning bestående av etanol och extrakt av ingefära (Zingiber officinale) över infekterade blad. Nedbrukning av sarepta-senap (Brassica juncea) mot jordburna svampar har också visat ett positivt resultat. Det bästa sättet att bekämpa samt, Several diseases affect both the quantity and the appearance of spinach (Spinacia oleracea), which results in consumers refusing them. The most important disease of spinach in Sweden is downy mildew caused by Peronospora effuosa f.sp. spinaciae. Other important diseases are leafspots, damping-off and root rots. These diseases are caused by several pathogens causing similar symptoms within each group. The fact that there are several pathogens caus-ing similar symptoms makes it hard to determine which one is the main cause of the disease. The pathogens causing leaf spots that will be included up in this thesis are Alternaria spp. Cercospora spp. Cladosporium spp. Ramularia spp. and Stemphylium spp. The pathogens causing root rot and damping-off that will be included up are Pythium spp. Phytophthora spp. and Rhizoctonia spp. In Sweden there are no current statistics of the quantity that is lost because of these dis-eases. Earlier, frozen spinach for the processing food industry was produced in Sweden. Nowadays the only spinach production in Sweden is baby leaf for direct consumption. The total amount harvested is approximately 5225 metric tonnes, which is approximately 50% of the consumption of baby leaf in Sweden. This literature study collects information about the different diseases and the pathogens causing them, as well as possible control measures. Scientific literature has been used to gather information about how these pathogens affect spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Plant pathogens can spread in different ways, from being transferred by soil or water, by the air and soil that is transported on machineries as well as spread by the seed or other propagation material. Infection from some pathogens, Cladosporium and Stemphylium, have been reduced by washing the seeds in either hot water or chlorine. In some cases, there has been a reduction of Alternaria alternata on spinach by spraying the leaf with a mixture of ethanol and ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract. Grow

Det här kandidatarbetet i biologi utfördes för att undersöka hur daggmaskar påverkas av jordbruk. Fokus lades på påverkan från jordbearbetning och arbetet bestod av en litteraturstudie samt en fältstudie. Arbetet är viktigt då en djupare förståelse för daggmaskar och deras arbete i jorden kan hjälpa motiveringen för ett mer miljövänligt jordbruk. Daggmaskar är viktiga i jorden då de både förbättrar markstruktur och hjälper till att få näringsämnen återvunna. Det finns tre ekologiska grupper som daggmaskar kan delas in i, epigeic, endogeic och anecic. Grupperna har olika levnadssätt och påverkas på olika sätt av jordbearbetning. Det är främst de djupgrävande, anecic, daggmaskarna som påverkas negativt av jordbearbetning. Litteraturstudien i detta arbete visade på tydliga skillnader i både antal och vikt av daggmaskar vid reducerad jordbearbetning i förhållande till konventionell jordbearbetning. Den reducerade jordbearbetningen kan utifrån de analyserade artiklarna i litteraturstudien ge mellan 2-9 gånger mer daggmask än konventionell jordbearbetning. Reducerad jordbearbetning kan innefatta allt från grund plöjning till direktsådd. Fältstudien i detta arbete utfördes på en gård utanför Upplands-Väsby som använder den så kallade ”Sättrametoden” (SM). SM är en form av reducerad jordbearbetning där marken lämnas orörd efter skörd fram till vårbruket där marken endast kultiveras. Fältstudien bestod av en metod som möjliggjorde upplockning av daggmaskar. Maskarna kunde sedan identifieras, vägas och räknas för vidare analys. Resultatet från fältstudien stämde inte överens med litteraturstudien och det var endast en av fyra undersökta faktorer som gav en signifikant skillnad mellan de fält som brukats med SM och de som brukats konventionellt. SM är alltså eventuellt inte tillräckligt gynnsam för att ge ett positivt resultat på mängden daggmaskar. Det som kunde påvisas var att det finns fler anecic daggmaskar i de fält som brukats med SM. Metoden som användes kan inte säkers, This bachelor’s thesis in biology aimed at examining how earthworms are affected by agriculture. The main purpose was to examine the effect of different types of tillage on earthworms through a literature review and a field study. This subject is important to gain a deeper understanding of earthworms and their contributions to healthy soils, towards a more environmentally friendly agriculture. Earthworms are important in soil; they improve soil structure and regulate nutrient cycling through burrowing and mixing of soil. There are three ecological groups that earthworms can be divided into, epigeic, endogeic and anecic. The groups have different ways of living and are therefore affected differently by tillage. The deep-burrowing, anecic earthworms are the ones most negatively affected by tillage. The literature study showed clear differences in number and weight of earthworms when reduced tillage was used, in comparison to conventional tillage. Fields using reduced tillage (RT) could have 2-9 times more earthworms than fields using conventional tillage according to the analyzed articles in this study. RT can include everything from shallow ploughing to direct sowing. The field study was performed near Upplands-Väsby, Sweden on a farm using the so-called “Sättrametoden” (SM). SM is a sort of RT where the soil is left undisturbed after harvest until spring when it is cultivated. The field study was made with a method allowing the earthworms in the soil to be picked up, identified, counted, and then weighed for further analysis. The result from the field study did not match the result from the literature review since only one out of four studied aspects showed significant differences in earthworm number or weight. The explanation might be that the SM is not “reduced enough” to positively affect earthworm populations in comparison to conventional tillage. The aspect that did show a difference was the number of anecic earthworms, there were more anecic earthworms in the

Voor alle landbouwbedrijven in de Achterhoek is de ruimtelijke variatie in bodemkwaliteit als ook bemestingspraktijk in kaart gebracht. Hiervoor is gebruik gemaakt van data uit zowel openbare bronnen als ook uit het landbouwkundige meetnet van Eurofins Agro. Gebruik makend van de Open Bodemindex zijn de belangrijkste bodemkundige knelpunten voor duurzame gewasproductie geïdentificeerd. Met het modelinstrumentarium INITIATOR is de ruimtelijke variatie in bemesting in kaart gebracht en vergeleken met de landbouwkundig gewenste praktijk conform de in Nederland geldende Goede Landbouwpraktijk. Ook is in kaart gebracht hoeveel nutriënten er verloren gaan naar het watersysteem. Als laatste is op basis van literatuurgegevens en gebiedskenmerken aangegeven of en welk handelingsperspectief er is om via agrarische maatregelen bij te dragen aan voldoende en schoon grond- en oppervlaktewater.

Landbouwgrond in gemeente Berg en Dal, met de Ooijpolder als hofleverancier, fungeert vijf jaar als Living Lab. Onderzoekers van onder meer de Radboud Universiteit gaan samen met boeren aan de slag om de biodiversiteit een boost te geven. Barton Arnts, akkerbouwer en eigenaar van pluktuin Ooijs Moois, ziet er heil in. Mits er een eerlijke vergoeding komt.

Fungicide use is the dominant direct method to control fungal pathogens on crops in agriculture. While effective, excessive use of them can be harmful to biodiversity and lead to fungicide resistance in pathogen populations. Biocontrol is an alternative where natural antagonistic organisms, called biocontrol agents (BCA), are used to protect crops. One such BCA is the mycoparasitic fungus Clonostachys rosea which has a wide host range, including Fusarium graminearum, an important fungal path-ogen causing the disease fusarium head blight in cereals. One important challenge facing the use of biocontrol is finding cost-effective ways of identifying strains of BCAs that incorporate the desired attributes. The purpose of this project is to evaluate three different in vitro assays for evaluation of C. rosea’s antagonism against F. gra-minearum and to find if they correlate with previous climate chamber experiments that more accurately represent field conditions. Six different strains of C. rosea with differing levels of expected biocontrol efficacy were used. The results indicate that the assays used do no correlate well with the biocontrol potential of the tested strains. There was also some indication of variation in phenotypic expression when different growth media were used. These results have support in the literature as in vitro screening for BCAs have been shown to miss strains of organisms that proved to be effective under field conditions. Further optimization of these assays is suggested to determine whether they can be useful for screening purposes. Improved protocols of these assays could also serve as a cost-effective means to study variations in pheno-types, relevant to biocontrol, between strains as well as other attributes important for BCAs to be implemented in commercial uses., Användning av fungicider är idag den främsta metoden för att direkt bekämpa växt-patogena svampar inom jordbruket. Trots deras effektivitet kan en överanvändning av dem vara skadligt för biodiversitet, samt leda till fungicidresistens i populationer av patogena svampar. Biologisk bekämpning är ett alternativ där naturliga antagonis-ter används för att skydda grödor. En sådan antagonist är mykoparasiten Clonosta-chys rosea som har en bred värdpreferens, inklusive Fusarium graminearum, en vik-tigt patogen som orsakar axfusarios i spannmål. En viktig utmaning för biologisk bekämpning är att på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt hitta isolat av antagonister som är ef-fektiva under fältförhållanden. Syftet med detta projekt är att utvärdera tre olika in vitro metoder för att bestämma C. rosea’s antagonism mot F. graminearum och un-dersöka huruvida dessa metoder korrelerar med tidigare utförda experiment i klimat-kammare, där förhållandena till en större grad efterliknar de i fält. Sex olika isolat av C. rosea användes med olika nivåer av förväntad biologisk bekämpning. Resultaten indikerade att metoderna inte korrelerar väl med isolatens förväntade förmåga. Det förekom även indikationer på fenotypisk variation när olika tillväxtmedia användes. Dessa resultat har stöd i litteraturen där det konstaterats att in vitro metoder för scre-ening av organismer för biologisk bekämpning inte har kunnat identifiera isolat som visats vara effektiva i fält. Ytterligare optimering av dessa metoder är nödvändiga för att kunna avgöra om de är användbara i screeningsyfte. Förbättrade protokoll av dessa skulle även kunna fungera som kostnadseffektiva medel för att undersöka fenoty-piska variationer, med relevans for biologisk bekämpning, mellan isolat samt andra attribut som är viktiga för kommersiell implementering av biologisk bekämpning.

Gräsogräs har blivit allt vanligare i odlingssystem med övervägande del höstsådda grödor. Övergången från traditionell jordbearbetning med plog till reducerad bearbetning med kultivator och harv gynnar även gräsogräsen. Lostor (Bromus L.) förekommer naturligt i Sverige, men på senare tid har allt oftare främst sandlosta (Bromus sterilis L.) och luddlosta (Bromus hordeaceus L.) rapporterats som problemogräs. I den här studien har lostornas biologi, utbredning, spridning och åtgärder för att kontrollera dem undersökts. Studien innehåller två delar, en genomgång av litteratur inom området och en intervjudel med 16 växtodlingsrådgivare i olika regioner i södra och mellersta Sverige. Intervjufrågorna behandlade områden som utbredning, spridning, skördenedsättning, förebyggande åtgärder och kontroll. Lostorna förekommer idag mer eller mindre från de sydligaste delarna i Sverige upp till Mälardalsområdet. När lostor är etablerade i fält kan de orsaka betydande skördeförluster, i sandlostans fall på upp till 10%, och ibland mer. Den sprids från fältkanter med maskiner in i fälten, med maskiner mellan fält och förmodligen även med utsäde. Genom att använda sig av förebyggande, mekaniska och kemiska åtgärder går det att kontrollera lostorna. Det är viktigt att lantbrukarna lär sig känna igen vilka gräsogräs de har i fältet så att rätt åtgärder sätts in. Den enklaste åtgärden med god effekt utan att behöva göra några större förändringar i växtodlingssystemet är att använda vändande jordbearbetning, dvs plöjning. En återgång till en mer varierad växtföljd med antingen vall eller flera på varandra följande år med vårsådda grödor har också bra effekt. Om plöjning eller ändrad växtföljd anses vara för stora förändringar finns andra alternativ. Med fördröjd sådd på hösten kan en eller flera falska såbäddar genomföras för att locka sandlostan att gro. Gäller det luddlosta är det bäst att lämna fröerna ostörda på ytan. När fröna väl grott kan plantorna bekämpas mekaniskt eller kemisk

Kvävegödselmedel är det mest använda gödselmedlet i Sverige till följd av dess goda effekter på en grödas kvalité och avkastning. Tillförsel av kväve (N) görs vanligen i formerna nitrat (NO3-) och ammonium (NH4+), gärna i kombination med andra näringsämnen. Fältförsök i vete har visat en högre N-effektivitet vid användning av N-gödselmedel i fast form jämfört med flytande form. Vad som orsakar de här skillnaderna är inte fastställt. Syftet med den här uppsatsen var att undersöka vilka mekanismer som kan inverka på att flytande gödselmedel ger upphov till lägre N-effektivitet, med fokus på ammoniumfixeringens inverkan. Ett experiment utfördes på lerjord där två olika gödselmedel, ett ammoniumbaserat (NS 21–24) och ett nitratbaserat (Kalksalpeter), applicerades i fast och flytande form som sedan behandlades med simulerat regn av olika intensitet under en period på 17 dagar. Under experimentets gång utfördes salthaltsmätningar för att uppskatta mobiliteten av gödselmedlen. Jordproverna skickades därefter på extraktionsanalys för att mäta halterna av mineralkväve (min-N) i proverna med CaCl2 samt KCl som extraktionsmetoder. Resultatet visade att intensiv nederbörd direkt på torr jord förstärkte skillnaderna mellan fast och flytande gödsel. Fast gödselmedel gav högre min-N än flytande gödselmedel oavsett N-form. Kalksalpeter gav högre min-N än NS 21–24 i alla behandlingarna. Resultaten stärker tidigare studiers indikationer på att skillnader mellan fast och flytande kvävegödselmedel faktiskt existerar. Utifrån resultaten i den här studien går det att utesluta ammoniumfixeringens inverkan på skillnaderna mellan fast och flytande N-gödselmedel och orsaken till skillnaderna har inte kunnat fastställas. Salthaltsmätningarna indikerade också att skillnaderna som uppstod mellan fast och flytande gödselmedel i det här experimentet skedde de första två dagarna. Vidare studier kan med fördel göras under en kortare tidsperiod och undersöka andra möjliga processer som t.ex. immobil, Nitrogen fertilizers are well established as the most used fertilizer in Sweden due to its improvement in crop yield and quality. Field trials in Sweden on wheat have shown higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) when nitrogen fertilizer is applied in solid form in comparison to liquid form. The reason for the differences is not fully understood. This thesis aimed to examine the mechanisms that influence lower NUE for liquid nitrogen fertilizer with a focus on ammonium fixation. An experiment on clay soil was performed with two different nitrogen fertilizers: one ammonium-based (NS 21-24) and one nitrate-based (Kalksalpeter). These were applied in solid and liquid form respectively and were then exposed to simulated rain with different intensity during a period of 17 days. During the experiment salinity measures were made to estimate the mobility of the different fertilizers. After 17 days the soil samples were extracted with KCl and CaCl2 as extractions methods and analyzed for mineral-N content in the samples. The results showed that intense precipitation on fertilized dry soil increased the differences between solid and liquid fertilizer. Solid fertilizer gave higher N-recovery than liquid fertilizer regardless of nitrogen form. In addition, Kalksalpeter displayed higher N-recovery than NS 21-24 irrespective of the application form. These results reinforce previous studies that differences between solid and liquid nitrogen fertilizers exists. Based on the results of this study, it is possible to exclude the effect of ammonium fixation on the differences between solid and liquid fertilizer. Salinity measurements also indicated that the differences between solid and liquid fertilizer occurred in the first two days. Further studies can be made during a shorter period and investigate other possible processes, e.g. immobilization.

Soybeans are one the most traded crops in the world with main production areas in north and south America. Europe only produces 5 % of its domestic need for soybean. In the Nemoral zone of northern Europe no commercial cultivation of soybeans exists today. However, between 1940 -1960 there existed a breeding programme for soybeans in Sweden, but it never reached a commercial scale. Soybeans are interesting to introduce to Swedish organic farming for replacing imported soymeal in animal diets as well as for direct human consumption. To expand the soybean production further north more knowledge about soybeans maturity timing and temperature requirements during the major phenological stages needs to be acquired. An important trait for cultivation of soybeans in the Nemoral zone is capacity to germinate under the low temperatures which in this zone are common in spring. This thesis aims to study three germination dynamics parameters of soybeans; the base temperature for germination (Tb), growing degree days to 50 % germination (GDD50) and the maximum germination rate (b). Secondly, this study aims to investigate if there is an increased tolerance of germination under low temperatures for modern cultivars compared to historic Swedish cultivars. Thirdly, germination dynamic parameters of the most common weed species were studied with the aim to gather more information about weed-crop competition dynamics and possible implications on non-chemical weed management practices. In total 12 soybean cultivars and 10 weed species were studied. Germination experiments were carried out in climate chambers with 12 constant temperatures between 0 – 40 °C. Log logistic functions were used for estimation of the mentioned germination dynamic parameters. The results showed that there were significant differences regarding Tb, GDD50 and b between the studied soybean cultivars. There were also significant differences between modern cultivars and the historic cultivar ‘Fiskeby V’. Germinatio

The global coffee industry faces many sustainability challenges of which serious adaptation and transformation techniques is required in order to get it back on the right path. The climate changes have already and will continue to affect the current coffee cultivation areas so much that some of the geographical location used for coffee cultivation today cannot be used for coffee cultivation in the future. At the same time the social sustainability challenges within the coffee industry are severe as the coffee farmers earn less money from coffee cultivation and many of them remain living in poverty. The stakeholders of companies are increasingly demanding that companies take CSR responsibility along the whole value chains. The aim of this study was to look at how Nordic coffee roasting companies are communicating around their corporate social responsibility and in which way the companies are seeking legitimacy from their stakeholders. This was done through studying the communication in the sustainability reports of the companies as well as through email interviews with sustainability professionals from the company. The coffee industry is considered a pioneer within the sustainability field as they have been working to improve the sustainability for decades already and companies within the coffee industry tend to work with sustainability in homogenous ways. Through the findings from the study, it was identified that the studied companies communicated in rather similar ways around taken sustainability actions. Besides this, the companies recognized that they do not have sufficient knowledge to solve the biggest sustainability issues in the coffee industry as it looks like today. This case study serves as an example of how companies active in the Nordic coffee industry tend to communicate CSR and which aspects they tend to focus on. It shows how companies through different strategies tend to inform and involve their stakeholders. It also shows that CSR communication str

The concept of electronic resources had tremendously been adopted by most societies due to its associated value. Technology advancement has been a major driving force for this dynamic shift of access to information. Such a technology requirement may be in the form of hardware such as computers, tablets, and mobile phones, or software. These resources help researchers and scholars to access information conveniently at any time and from any location. Insects are a major component of the ecosystem. Some insects are very destructive such as giant looper, caterpillars and locusts, while others such as bees and grasshoppers are beneficial. While agriculturalists continue to experience losses due to pests, some solutions already exist and can be accessed online. It is therefore the role of experts like entomologists who should retrieve the technical information from various sources and provide meaningful solutions to the local farmers. This paper aims to address the gap in information services provided by institutions and information personnel, for improved utilization of electronic resources by teachers, researchers, and postgraduate students, of Entomology at Makerere University and National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO). The study employed a mixed-methods research paradigm. An Interview guide, questionnaire, and observation guide were used to collect data from Entomologists. Data was captured using Epidata (V. 3.1), analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS (V.21) to obtain the frequencies and relationships in response to the research questions. Data were presented in tables and graphs for appropriate interpretation. Results from the study indicated that Entomologists were aware of the availability of E-Resources at their institutions. It was also established that the internet was largely utilized in the search for information, and searches from Google Scholar and AGORA databases were more prominent. The majority of the Entomologists were found to prefer

The concept of electronic resources had tremendously been adopted by most societies due to its associated value. Technology advancement has been a major driving force for this dynamic shift of access to information. Such a technology requirement may be in the form of hardware such as computers, tablets, and mobile phones, or software. These resources help researchers and scholars to access information conveniently at any time and from any location. Insects are a major component of the ecosystem. Some insects are very destructive such as giant looper, caterpillars and locusts, while others such as bees and grasshoppers are beneficial. While agriculturalists continue to experience losses due to pests, some solutions already exist and can be accessed online. It is therefore the role of experts like entomologists who should retrieve the technical information from various sources and provide meaningful solutions to the local farmers. This paper aims to address the gap in information services provided by institutions and information personnel, for improved utilization of electronic resources by teachers, researchers, and postgraduate students, of Entomology at Makerere University and National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO). The study employed a mixed-methods research paradigm. An Interview guide, questionnaire, and observation guide were used to collect data from Entomologists. Data was captured using Epidata (V. 3.1), analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS (V.21) to obtain the frequencies and relationships in response to the research questions. Data were presented in tables and graphs for appropriate interpretation. Results from the study indicated that Entomologists were aware of the availability of E-Resources at their institutions. It was also established that the internet was largely utilized in the search for information, and searches from Google Scholar and AGORA databases were more prominent. The majority of the Entomologists were found to prefer

Agricultural communities battle pandemic-scale pest and disease outbreaks every year. The health and productivity of people, livestock, and crops are all vulnerable. Food and nutrition security, livelihoods, and environmental sustainability are all threatened by these outbreaks. The Global Agricultural Productivity Report lays out some of pandemic scale threats that must be addressed to ensure that we can sustainably produce food, feed, fiber, and bioenergy for 10 billion people in 2050. Agricultural productivity is not just essential for sustainably meeting the demands of a growing world. The technologies and practices that increase productivity can also be harnessed to cultivate resilience, especially to pandemics that can strike with little warning, with catastrophic results.

Native potato production is an important livelihood strategy for most rural Andean families. An inclusive value chain development approach developed by the International Potato Center (CIP) triggered innovation processes to enhance the marketing of native potatoes benefiting small-scale producersand value chain actors and improving their livelihoods.Making use of new market opportunities for development requiresan array of other innovationsincluding institutional and technologicalones. The approach initially developed in Peru was also successfully implemented in Ecuador and Boliviaandcould be expandedto other crops in other regions, La producción de papas nativas es una estrategia de sustento importante para la mayoría de las familias rurales andinas. Un enfoque inclusivo de desarrollo de cadenas de valor desarrollado por el Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP) desencadenó procesos de innovación para mejorar y promover el comercio de papas nativas, mejorando los medios de vida de los pequeños productores y beneficiando a todos los actores de la cadena de valor de papas nativas. Usar las nuevas oportunidades del mercado para el desarrollo requiere una serie de otras innovaciones, incluidas las institucionales y tecnológicas. El enfoque desarrollado inicialmente en Perú también se implementó con éxito en Ecuador y Bolivia y podría expandirse a otros cultivos en otras regiones

Crop yield prediction is addressed through machine learning. Two predictor variables were used: hectares harvested, and production in tons. For the first case, the best model was a dense neural network (DNN) architecture, with a MSE of 0.0081, followed by Random Forest (RF) with an MSE of 0.0104, decision trees (AD) with 0.0168, and finally vector support machines (SVM) with 0.0328. When production in tons was predicted, the best model was RF with a MSE of 0.0550, followed by AD with 0.1418, DNN with 0.1489, and finally SVM with 0.3420. The statistical test of significant difference showed that there is no such difference between the performance of the models when the variable hectares harvested is predicted, but in the case of production in tons, where the predictive capacity of RF was approximately 95%., Se aborda la predicción del rendimiento de los cultivos a través del aprendizaje automático. Se usaron dos variables predictoras: hectáreas cosechadas, y producción en toneladas. Para el primer caso, el mejor modelo fue una arquitectura de red neuronal densa (DNN), con un MSE de 0.0081, seguido de los Random Forest (RF) con un MSE de 0.0104, árboles de decisión (AD) con 0.0168, y finalmente las máquinas de soporte vectorial (SVM) con 0.0328. Cuando se predijo producción en toneladas, el mejor modelo fue el de los RF con un MSE de 0.0550, seguidos de AD con 0.1418, DNN con 0.1489, y finalmente SVM con 0.3420. El test estadístico de diferencia significativa mostró que no existe tal diferencia entre el rendimiento de los modelos cuando se predice la variable hectáreas cosechadas, pero si para el caso de producción en toneladas, donde la capacidad predictiva de RF fue de 95% aproximadamente.

Taking into account that the climatic conditions throughout the world due to the green house effect, generating that the temperature has been growing, affecting in one way or another the social, economic and environmental aspects, as reported by Ideam and Fonade and reinforced by the magazine agribusiness. Farmers currently do not have the necessary tools to be able to carry out a technical study and define the precise time for quality cultivation of each of their products. Using the arima estimation model, the temperature, humidity, velocity, pressure data released by a weather station (Standard Station) were related to a predictive mathematical model. As a first part of the modeling of the system, a “Wunder Station” brand station was acquired and located in Yurimena - Cofrem (Km 33, avenue Puerto López) where for six months data from the different meteorological variables were collected, these results were analyzed using E-views (software) and were parameterized in order to establish an accuracy of 95%. As a result of this prediction model, it is sought to estimate the different environmental variables in this region for agricultural purposes. The prediction model will be the basis for the design and implementation of a weather station created from the research group of the Panamericana University Foundation. With the data obtained during this period, a 45-day prediction was established with an error rate of 0.4%, allowing the analysis of other variables such as relative humidity, wind speed, among others., Teniendo en cuenta que las condiciones climáticas en todo el mundo debido al efecto invernadero generando que la temperatura haya venido en crecimiento, afectando de una u otra forma lo social, económico y ambiental, tal como lo informa el Ideam y Fonade[1] y reforzado por la revista agronegocios[2]. Los agricultores no cuentan actualmente con herramientas necesarias para poder realizar un estudio técnico y definir la época precisa para el cultivo con calidad de cada uno de sus productos. Mediante el modelo de estimación de ARIMA, se relacionaron datos de temperatura, humedad, velocidad, presión arrojados por una estación meteorológica (Estación Patrón) llevándolo a un modelo matemático predictivo. Como primera parte del modelado del sistema, se procedió a adquirir una estación de marca Wunder Station y ubicarla en Yurimena – Cofrem (Km 33, Vía Puerto López) donde durante seis meses se recolectaron datos de las diferentes variables meteorológicas, estos resultados se analizaron mediante E-views (software) y se parametrizaron a fin de establecer una precisión del 95%. Como resultado de este modelo de predicción, se busca estimar las diferentes variables ambientales con fines agrícolas. Con los datos obtenidos durante este periodo se logró establecer una predicción de 45 días con un porcentaje de error del 0,4%, permitiendo el análisis de otras variables como humedad relativa, velocidad del viento, entre otros.

Crop yield prediction is addressed through machine learning. Two predictor variables were used: hectares harvested, and production in tons. For the first case, the best model was a dense neural network (DNN) architecture, with a MSE of 0.0081, followed by Random Forest (RF) with an MSE of 0.0104, decision trees (AD) with 0.0168, and finally vector support machines (SVM) with 0.0328. When production in tons was predicted, the best model was RF with a MSE of 0.0550, followed by AD with 0.1418, DNN with 0.1489, and finally SVM with 0.3420. The statistical test of significant difference showed that there is no such difference between the performance of the models when the variable hectares harvested is predicted, but in the case of production in tons, where the predictive capacity of RF was approximately 95%., Se aborda la predicción del rendimiento de los cultivos a través del aprendizaje automático. Se usaron dos variables predictoras: hectáreas cosechadas, y producción en toneladas. Para el primer caso, el mejor modelo fue una arquitectura de red neuronal densa (DNN), con un MSE de 0.0081, seguido de los Random Forest (RF) con un MSE de 0.0104, árboles de decisión (AD) con 0.0168, y finalmente las máquinas de soporte vectorial (SVM) con 0.0328. Cuando se predijo producción en toneladas, el mejor modelo fue el de los RF con un MSE de 0.0550, seguidos de AD con 0.1418, DNN con 0.1489, y finalmente SVM con 0.3420. El test estadístico de diferencia significativa mostró que no existe tal diferencia entre el rendimiento de los modelos cuando se predice la variable hectáreas cosechadas, pero si para el caso de producción en toneladas, donde la capacidad predictiva de RF fue de 95% aproximadamente.

Taking into account that the climatic conditions throughout the world due to the green house effect, generating that the temperature has been growing, affecting in one way or another the social, economic and environmental aspects, as reported by Ideam and Fonade and reinforced by the magazine agribusiness. Farmers currently do not have the necessary tools to be able to carry out a technical study and define the precise time for quality cultivation of each of their products. Using the arima estimation model, the temperature, humidity, velocity, pressure data released by a weather station (Standard Station) were related to a predictive mathematical model. As a first part of the modeling of the system, a “Wunder Station” brand station was acquired and located in Yurimena - Cofrem (Km 33, avenue Puerto López) where for six months data from the different meteorological variables were collected, these results were analyzed using E-views (software) and were parameterized in order to establish an accuracy of 95%. As a result of this prediction model, it is sought to estimate the different environmental variables in this region for agricultural purposes. The prediction model will be the basis for the design and implementation of a weather station created from the research group of the Panamericana University Foundation. With the data obtained during this period, a 45-day prediction was established with an error rate of 0.4%, allowing the analysis of other variables such as relative humidity, wind speed, among others., Teniendo en cuenta que las condiciones climáticas en todo el mundo debido al efecto invernadero generando que la temperatura haya venido en crecimiento, afectando de una u otra forma lo social, económico y ambiental, tal como lo informa el Ideam y Fonade[1] y reforzado por la revista agronegocios[2]. Los agricultores no cuentan actualmente con herramientas necesarias para poder realizar un estudio técnico y definir la época precisa para el cultivo con calidad de cada uno de sus productos. Mediante el modelo de estimación de ARIMA, se relacionaron datos de temperatura, humedad, velocidad, presión arrojados por una estación meteorológica (Estación Patrón) llevándolo a un modelo matemático predictivo. Como primera parte del modelado del sistema, se procedió a adquirir una estación de marca Wunder Station y ubicarla en Yurimena – Cofrem (Km 33, Vía Puerto López) donde durante seis meses se recolectaron datos de las diferentes variables meteorológicas, estos resultados se analizaron mediante E-views (software) y se parametrizaron a fin de establecer una precisión del 95%. Como resultado de este modelo de predicción, se busca estimar las diferentes variables ambientales con fines agrícolas. Con los datos obtenidos durante este periodo se logró establecer una predicción de 45 días con un porcentaje de error del 0,4%, permitiendo el análisis de otras variables como humedad relativa, velocidad del viento, entre otros.

Crop yield prediction is addressed through machine learning. Two predictor variables were used: hectares harvested, and production in tons. For the first case, the best model was a dense neural network (DNN) architecture, with a MSE of 0.0081, followed by Random Forest (RF) with an MSE of 0.0104, decision trees (AD) with 0.0168, and finally vector support machines (SVM) with 0.0328. When production in tons was predicted, the best model was RF with a MSE of 0.0550, followed by AD with 0.1418, DNN with 0.1489, and finally SVM with 0.3420. The statistical test of significant difference showed that there is no such difference between the performance of the models when the variable hectares harvested is predicted, but in the case of production in tons, where the predictive capacity of RF was approximately 95%., Se aborda la predicción del rendimiento de los cultivos a través del aprendizaje automático. Se usaron dos variables predictoras: hectáreas cosechadas, y producción en toneladas. Para el primer caso, el mejor modelo fue una arquitectura de red neuronal densa (DNN), con un MSE de 0.0081, seguido de los Random Forest (RF) con un MSE de 0.0104, árboles de decisión (AD) con 0.0168, y finalmente las máquinas de soporte vectorial (SVM) con 0.0328. Cuando se predijo producción en toneladas, el mejor modelo fue el de los RF con un MSE de 0.0550, seguidos de AD con 0.1418, DNN con 0.1489, y finalmente SVM con 0.3420. El test estadístico de diferencia significativa mostró que no existe tal diferencia entre el rendimiento de los modelos cuando se predice la variable hectáreas cosechadas, pero si para el caso de producción en toneladas, donde la capacidad predictiva de RF fue de 95% aproximadamente.

En las últimas décadas, los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) se han estado desarrollando rápidamente, con un crecimiento económico e incrementos en ingresos. El sector agrícola es fundamental en este desarrollo, pues contribuye considerablemente en términos económicos y sociales. Sin embargo, este sector se ve fuertemente afectado por la variabilidad de temperatura y precipitaciones y el creciente impacto del cambio climático. Por esta razón, el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) y el Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), con apoyo de los Programas de Investigación de CGIAR en Políticas, Instituciones y Mercados (PIM) y en Cambio Climático, Agricultura y Seguridad Alimentaria (CCAFS), se asociaron para evaluar el impacto del cambio climático en cultivos agrícolas clave para ALC, e identificar medidas de adaptación. Este reporte presenta los resultados del análisis para distintos países e incluye varios niveles: productividad, economía y comercio, tanto a nivel regional como para países específicos. Asimismo, se identifican medidas para reducir dicha vulnerabilidad en línea con las aspiraciones de los países señaladas en sus Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (NDC por sus siglas en inglés) dentro del marco del Acuerdo de París.

Variety trials are conducted across the US by land-grant institutions to evaluate the performance of commercial seed varieties of many crops, such as corn, soybean, wheat, etc. Farmers and other agriculture professionals use this data to help them choose the best seed varieties for their farming operation. Statistics presented in variety trial reports may be unfamiliar to some stakeholders, which can lead to incorrect conclusions. This fact sheet explains the statistics used in variety trials and how to properly apply the statistics to interpret the data.

Native potato production is an important livelihood strategy for most rural Andean families. An inclusive value chain development approach developed by the International Potato Center (CIP) triggered innovation processes to enhance the marketing of native potatoes benefiting small-scale producersand value chain actors and improving their livelihoods.Making use of new market opportunities for development requiresan array of other innovationsincluding institutional and technologicalones. The approach initially developed in Peru was also successfully implemented in Ecuador and Boliviaandcould be expandedto other crops in other regions, La producción de papas nativas es una estrategia de sustento importante para la mayoría de las familias rurales andinas. Un enfoque inclusivo de desarrollo de cadenas de valor desarrollado por el Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP) desencadenó procesos de innovación para mejorar y promover el comercio de papas nativas, mejorando los medios de vida de los pequeños productores y beneficiando a todos los actores de la cadena de valor de papas nativas. Usar las nuevas oportunidades del mercado para el desarrollo requiere una serie de otras innovaciones, incluidas las institucionales y tecnológicas. El enfoque desarrollado inicialmente en Perú también se implementó con éxito en Ecuador y Bolivia y podría expandirse a otros cultivos en otras regiones

Crop yield prediction is addressed through machine learning. Two predictor variables were used: hectares harvested, and production in tons. For the first case, the best model was a dense neural network (DNN) architecture, with a MSE of 0.0081, followed by Random Forest (RF) with an MSE of 0.0104, decision trees (AD) with 0.0168, and finally vector support machines (SVM) with 0.0328. When production in tons was predicted, the best model was RF with a MSE of 0.0550, followed by AD with 0.1418, DNN with 0.1489, and finally SVM with 0.3420. The statistical test of significant difference showed that there is no such difference between the performance of the models when the variable hectares harvested is predicted, but in the case of production in tons, where the predictive capacity of RF was approximately 95%., Se aborda la predicción del rendimiento de los cultivos a través del aprendizaje automático. Se usaron dos variables predictoras: hectáreas cosechadas, y producción en toneladas. Para el primer caso, el mejor modelo fue una arquitectura de red neuronal densa (DNN), con un MSE de 0.0081, seguido de los Random Forest (RF) con un MSE de 0.0104, árboles de decisión (AD) con 0.0168, y finalmente las máquinas de soporte vectorial (SVM) con 0.0328. Cuando se predijo producción en toneladas, el mejor modelo fue el de los RF con un MSE de 0.0550, seguidos de AD con 0.1418, DNN con 0.1489, y finalmente SVM con 0.3420. El test estadístico de diferencia significativa mostró que no existe tal diferencia entre el rendimiento de los modelos cuando se predice la variable hectáreas cosechadas, pero si para el caso de producción en toneladas, donde la capacidad predictiva de RF fue de 95% aproximadamente.