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The interactions and conflicts between geese and agricultural interests have risen in the last decades in Sweden. A range of measures are used by humans to disturb and scare geese with the goal to counteract crop damage. The hypothesis of this master thesis is that proximity to physical objects taller than 70 cm above the ground, e.g., woody perennials, houses or naturally occurring topographical features, makes greylag and barnacle geese easier to scare off crops. The incentive to inquire the effect of physical objects on scaring is that landscape and field features such as hedges, agroforestry and buffer strips are often suggested as agroecological practices. Presence of such element is relevant since geese tend to prefer to forage on fields with good visibility range. The data collected could however not prove that geese are more easily scared/disturbed as they are closer situated to physical objects. Among mixed flocks and greylag goose flocks, proximity to physical objects even made them harder to scare away from agricultural fields.

The environmental impact of conventional food production systems imposes a rapid transition towards sustainable production systems through the adoption of agroecological practices. The barriers and accelerators of the adoption of agroecological practices were identified for horticultural crops in Catalonia. Eight interviews and thirty surveys were conducted with local producers. Results show that the loss of producer income and the lack of social awareness regarding organic products are among the important barriers to the adoption of agroecological practices, while information about the experience of other farmers is considered a motivational factor. Finally, the study concludes that the adoption of agroecological practices has economic, political, social, academic and agronomic components., Postprint (published version)

In long colonized areas of the Amazon, such as northeast Pará, agricultural production systems, based mainly on annual crops in slash and burn systems, face challenges to maintain themselves. In this context, actors are promoting agroforestry systems (AFSs) to make viable the restoration of degraded areas, income generation, and food sovereignty of farming families. This transition requires the transformation of the entire agrarian system. This article aims to identify historical events and changes in factors external to the production system that have conditioned the transformations for the introduction/modification of AFS in Irituia – PA. We used systemic approach, historical interviews, questionnaires, documentary analysis and landscape analysis. Local public incentives were the main precursors to the consolidation of AFS within family production systems. With these initiatives that provided multi-scale structural changes, the trajectory of production systems indicates a differentiated perspective, with increased sustainability., Em zonas de colonização antiga da Amazônia, como o Nordeste do Pará, os sistemas de produção agrícola, baseados principalmente em cultivos anuais em sistemas de corte e queima, enfrentam desafios para se manter. Nesse contexto, atores estão promovendo Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAF) para viabilizar a restauração das áreas degradadas, geração de renda e soberania alimentar das famílias agrícolas. Essa transição requer a transformação de todo o sistema agrário. Neste artigo objetiva-se identificar os eventos históricos e as mudanças nos fatores externos ao sistema de produção que condicionaram as transformações para a introdução/modificação dos SAF em Irituia –PA. Utilizou-se a abordagem sistêmica, entrevistas históricas, questionários, análise documental e análise de paisagem. Os incentivos públicos locais foram os principais precursores da consolidação dos SAFs dentro dos sistemas de produção familiares. Com essas iniciativas, que proporcionaram mudanças estruturais multiescalares, a trajetória dos sistemas de produção indica uma perspectiva diferenciada, com incremento de sustentabilidade.

Seven potential controversial topics in agroecology are presented and discussed from a European perspective comparing the position of Agroecology Europe (AEEU) obtained from an iterative, participatory approach with members and compared with published literature, including views from other parts of the world. The seven controversial topics as follows: i) use of agrochemicals; ii) small-scale and peasant farming versus larger farms; iii) technological innovations in agriculture and precision farming; iv) biotechnology and genetic engineering in agriculture; v) local and short food circuits; vi) social justice; vii) gender perspective. The analysis shows that there are diverse points of view related to geographical area and sociopolitical contexts. However, there are several convergences in the ambition to redesign farming and food systems, as a lever acting on several topics, and in considering agroecology with a holistic, participatory, multiactor approach for the needed transition.

Western civilization based on universal laws, which do not know the particular cultural, geographical and ways of inhabiting the world, has violently incorporated all peoples and communities into its logic of development, progress and economic growth. In the face of the environmental and civilizational crises generated, the indigenous, ancestral and peasant communities have responded by insisting on a radical transformation of the ways of living and inhabiting, through agroecology. In order to define the characteristics of environmental citizenship based on agroecological practices, an ontology of the environmental crisis in Western civilization is presented, first. Secondly, the construction of environmental citizenship based on agroecological practices for the defense, care and protection of life is analyzed. It is then deployed from the Environmental Thinking of the South, the Good Living, living well as a possibility of a profound transition of our culture and our ways of living. It was concluded that agroecological practice is an action of collective resistance to the modes and demands of capitalist production, while environmental citizens express the decision of communities to adopt agroecological practices to defend life and poetically inhabit the land., A civilização ocidental, baseada em leis universais que ignoram as singularidades culturais e geográficas e as formas particulares de habitar o mundo, incorporou violentamente todos os povos e comunidades em sua lógica de desenvolvimento, progresso e crescimento econômico. Diante das crises ambientais e civilizacionais que surgiram, as comunidades indígenas, ancestrais e camponesas responderam insistindo em uma transformação radical dos modos de vida e de habitar, através da agroecologia. A fim de definir as características da cidadania ambiental baseada em práticas agroecológicas, primeiramente apresentamos uma ontologia da crise ambiental na civilização ocidental. Em segundo lugar, analisa a construção de uma cidadania ambiental baseada em práticas agroecológicas para a defesa, cuidado e proteção da vida. Em seguida, desdobra-se, a partir do Pensamento Ambiental do Sul, a boa maneira de viver, vivendo bem como uma possibilidade de uma profunda transição de nossa cultura e de nossas formas de habitar. Conclui-se que a práxis agroecológica é uma ação de resistência coletiva aos modos e exigências da produção capitalista, na medida em que a cidadania ambiental expressa a decisão das comunidades de adotar práticas agroecológicas para defender a vida e habitar poeticamente a terra., La civilización occidental basada en leyes universales, que desconocen las singularidades culturales, geográficas y las formas particulares de habitar el mundo, ha incorpora violentamente a sus lógicas de desarrollo, de progreso y de crecimiento económico a todos los pueblos y comunidades. Frente a las crisis ambiental y civilizatoria generada, las comunidades originarias, ancestrales y campesinas han respondido insistiendo en una transformación radical de las maneras de vivir y habitar, mediante la agroecología. Con el objetivo de definir las características de la ciudadanía ambiental basada en prácticas agroecológicas, se presenta, primero, una ontología de la crisis ambiental en la civilización occidental. En segundo lugar, se analiza la construcción de ciudadanía ambiental basada en prácticas agroecológicas para la defensa, cuidado y protección de la vida. Se despliega luego, desde el Pensamiento Ambiental del Sur el buen vivir, el vivir bien como posibilidad de una transición profunda de nuestra cultura y nuestras maneras de habitar. Se concluye que la praxis agroecológica es una acción de resistencia colectiva a los modos y exigencias de producción capitalista, en tanto las ciudadanías ambientales expresan la decisión de las comunidades de adoptar prácticas agroecológicas para defender la vida y habitar poéticamente la tierra.

Western civilization based on universal laws, which do not know the particular cultural, geographical and ways of inhabiting the world, has violently incorporated all peoples and communities into its logic of development, progress and economic growth. In the face of the environmental and civilizational crises generated, the indigenous, ancestral and peasant communities have responded by insisting on a radical transformation of the ways of living and inhabiting, through agroecology. In order to define the characteristics of environmental citizenship based on agroecological practices, an ontology of the environmental crisis in Western civilization is presented, first. Secondly, the construction of environmental citizenship based on agroecological practices for the defense, care and protection of life is analyzed. It is then deployed from the Environmental Thinking of the South, the Good Living, living well as a possibility of a profound transition of our culture and our ways of living. It was concluded that agroecological practice is an action of collective resistance to the modes and demands of capitalist production, while environmental citizens express the decision of communities to adopt agroecological practices to defend life and poetically inhabit the land., A civilização ocidental, baseada em leis universais que ignoram as singularidades culturais e geográficas e as formas particulares de habitar o mundo, incorporou violentamente todos os povos e comunidades em sua lógica de desenvolvimento, progresso e crescimento econômico. Diante das crises ambientais e civilizacionais que surgiram, as comunidades indígenas, ancestrais e camponesas responderam insistindo em uma transformação radical dos modos de vida e de habitar, através da agroecologia. A fim de definir as características da cidadania ambiental baseada em práticas agroecológicas, primeiramente apresentamos uma ontologia da crise ambiental na civilização ocidental. Em segundo lugar, analisa a construção de uma cidadania ambiental baseada em práticas agroecológicas para a defesa, cuidado e proteção da vida. Em seguida, desdobra-se, a partir do Pensamento Ambiental do Sul, a boa maneira de viver, vivendo bem como uma possibilidade de uma profunda transição de nossa cultura e de nossas formas de habitar. Conclui-se que a práxis agroecológica é uma ação de resistência coletiva aos modos e exigências da produção capitalista, na medida em que a cidadania ambiental expressa a decisão das comunidades de adotar práticas agroecológicas para defender a vida e habitar poeticamente a terra., La civilización occidental basada en leyes universales, que desconocen las singularidades culturales, geográficas y las formas particulares de habitar el mundo, ha incorpora violentamente a sus lógicas de desarrollo, de progreso y de crecimiento económico a todos los pueblos y comunidades. Frente a las crisis ambiental y civilizatoria generada, las comunidades originarias, ancestrales y campesinas han respondido insistiendo en una transformación radical de las maneras de vivir y habitar, mediante la agroecología. Con el objetivo de definir las características de la ciudadanía ambiental basada en prácticas agroecológicas, se presenta, primero, una ontología de la crisis ambiental en la civilización occidental. En segundo lugar, se analiza la construcción de ciudadanía ambiental basada en prácticas agroecológicas para la defensa, cuidado y protección de la vida. Se despliega luego, desde el Pensamiento Ambiental del Sur el buen vivir, el vivir bien como posibilidad de una transición profunda de nuestra cultura y nuestras maneras de habitar. Se concluye que la praxis agroecológica es una acción de resistencia colectiva a los modos y exigencias de producción capitalista, en tanto las ciudadanías ambientales expresan la decisión de las comunidades de adoptar prácticas agroecológicas para defender la vida y habitar poéticamente la tierra.

In long colonized areas of the Amazon, such as northeast Pará, agricultural production systems, based mainly on annual crops in slash and burn systems, face challenges to maintain themselves. In this context, actors are promoting agroforestry systems (AFSs) to make viable the restoration of degraded areas, income generation, and food sovereignty of farming families. This transition requires the transformation of the entire agrarian system. This article aims to identify historical events and changes in factors external to the production system that have conditioned the transformations for the introduction/modification of AFS in Irituia – PA. We used systemic approach, historical interviews, questionnaires, documentary analysis and landscape analysis. Local public incentives were the main precursors to the consolidation of AFS within family production systems. With these initiatives that provided multi-scale structural changes, the trajectory of production systems indicates a differentiated perspective, with increased sustainability., Em zonas de colonização antiga da Amazônia, como o Nordeste do Pará, os sistemas de produção agrícola, baseados principalmente em cultivos anuais em sistemas de corte e queima, enfrentam desafios para se manter. Nesse contexto, atores estão promovendo Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAF) para viabilizar a restauração das áreas degradadas, geração de renda e soberania alimentar das famílias agrícolas. Essa transição requer a transformação de todo o sistema agrário. Neste artigo objetiva-se identificar os eventos históricos e as mudanças nos fatores externos ao sistema de produção que condicionaram as transformações para a introdução/modificação dos SAF em Irituia –PA. Utilizou-se a abordagem sistêmica, entrevistas históricas, questionários, análise documental e análise de paisagem. Os incentivos públicos locais foram os principais precursores da consolidação dos SAFs dentro dos sistemas de produção familiares. Com essas iniciativas, que proporcionaram mudanças estruturais multiescalares, a trajetória dos sistemas de produção indica uma perspectiva diferenciada, com incremento de sustentabilidade.

Seven potential controversial topics in agroecology are presented and discussed from a European perspective comparing the position of Agroecology Europe (AEEU) obtained from an iterative, participatory approach with members and compared with published literature, including views from other parts of the world. The seven controversial topics as follows: i) use of agrochemicals; ii) small-scale and peasant farming versus larger farms; iii) technological innovations in agriculture and precision farming; iv) biotechnology and genetic engineering in agriculture; v) local and short food circuits; vi) social justice; vii) gender perspective. The analysis shows that there are diverse points of view related to geographical area and sociopolitical contexts. However, there are several convergences in the ambition to redesign farming and food systems, as a lever acting on several topics, and in considering agroecology with a holistic, participatory, multiactor approach for the needed transition.

In long colonized areas of the Amazon, such as northeast Pará, agricultural production systems, based mainly on annual crops in slash and burn systems, face challenges to maintain themselves. In this context, actors are promoting agroforestry systems (AFSs) to make viable the restoration of degraded areas, income generation, and food sovereignty of farming families. This transition requires the transformation of the entire agrarian system. This article aims to identify historical events and changes in factors external to the production system that have conditioned the transformations for the introduction/modification of AFS in Irituia – PA. We used systemic approach, historical interviews, questionnaires, documentary analysis and landscape analysis. Local public incentives were the main precursors to the consolidation of AFS within family production systems. With these initiatives that provided multi-scale structural changes, the trajectory of production systems indicates a differentiated perspective, with increased sustainability., Em zonas de colonização antiga da Amazônia, como o Nordeste do Pará, os sistemas de produção agrícola, baseados principalmente em cultivos anuais em sistemas de corte e queima, enfrentam desafios para se manter. Nesse contexto, atores estão promovendo Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAF) para viabilizar a restauração das áreas degradadas, geração de renda e soberania alimentar das famílias agrícolas. Essa transição requer a transformação de todo o sistema agrário. Neste artigo objetiva-se identificar os eventos históricos e as mudanças nos fatores externos ao sistema de produção que condicionaram as transformações para a introdução/modificação dos SAF em Irituia –PA. Utilizou-se a abordagem sistêmica, entrevistas históricas, questionários, análise documental e análise de paisagem. Os incentivos públicos locais foram os principais precursores da consolidação dos SAFs dentro dos sistemas de produção familiares. Com essas iniciativas, que proporcionaram mudanças estruturais multiescalares, a trajetória dos sistemas de produção indica uma perspectiva diferenciada, com incremento de sustentabilidade.

This study had the objective of evaluating the degree of knowledge and transference of agroecological innovations by Rural Development Agencies (Agencias de Desarrollo Rural, ADRs) that participate in the PESA-FAO, in the state of Puebla, under the hypothesis that those that have this knowledge and transfer it to their groups of attention develop better capacities for food security and sovereignty. Ten microregions were selected from the North, Negra and Mixtec regions of Puebla, where an equal number of ADRs operate. A semi-structured interview was applied to the technical staff of the ADRs and a survey to beneficiaries. Within PESA, the backyard is one of the most relevant spaces, with the potential of complementing a good part of the diet of rural families. Sustainable agricultural practices play an important role in the ADRs’ work, although the technicians do not have theoretical knowledge about agroecology; on the other hand, the beneficiaries carry out several techniques with an agroecologic approach. This is not explicit within PESA’s theoretical proposal, so it is recommended that it is included in a clear way and for technicians to have agroecological knowledge that they can share with the families., La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el grado de conocimiento y de transferencia de innovaciones agroecológicas por parte de las Agencias de Desarrollo Rural (ADR) participantes en el PESA-FAO, en el estado de Puebla, bajo la hipótesis de que las que poseyeran este conocimiento y lo transfirieran a sus grupos de atención desarrollan mejores capacidades para la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria. Se seleccionaron 10 microrregiones de las regiones Norte, Negra y Mixteca del estado de Puebla, donde operan igual número de ADR. Se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada al personal técnico de las ADR y una encuesta a beneficiarios. Dentro del PESA el traspatio es uno de los espacios con mayor relevancia, con el potencial de complementar buena parte de la dieta de las familias rurales. Las prácticas agrícolas sustentables juegan un papel importante en el trabajo de las ADR, aunque los técnicos no cuentan con el conocimiento teórico sobre la agroecología; por otro lado, los beneficiarios realizan varias técnicas con un enfoque agroecológico. Este no es explícito dentro del planteamiento teórico del PESA, por lo que se recomienda se incluya de manera clara y que los técnicos cuenten con un conocimiento agroecológico que puedan compartir con las familias.

This study had the objective of evaluating the degree of knowledge and transference of agroecological innovations by Rural Development Agencies (Agencias de Desarrollo Rural, ADRs) that participate in the PESA-FAO, in the state of Puebla, under the hypothesis that those that have this knowledge and transfer it to their groups of attention develop better capacities for food security and sovereignty. Ten microregions were selected from the North, Negra and Mixtec regions of Puebla, where an equal number of ADRs operate. A semi-structured interview was applied to the technical staff of the ADRs and a survey to beneficiaries. Within PESA, the backyard is one of the most relevant spaces, with the potential of complementing a good part of the diet of rural families. Sustainable agricultural practices play an important role in the ADRs’ work, although the technicians do not have theoretical knowledge about agroecology; on the other hand, the beneficiaries carry out several techniques with an agroecologic approach. This is not explicit within PESA’s theoretical proposal, so it is recommended that it is included in a clear way and for technicians to have agroecological knowledge that they can share with the families., La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el grado de conocimiento y de transferencia de innovaciones agroecológicas por parte de las Agencias de Desarrollo Rural (ADR) participantes en el PESA-FAO, en el estado de Puebla, bajo la hipótesis de que las que poseyeran este conocimiento y lo transfirieran a sus grupos de atención desarrollan mejores capacidades para la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria. Se seleccionaron 10 microrregiones de las regiones Norte, Negra y Mixteca del estado de Puebla, donde operan igual número de ADR. Se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada al personal técnico de las ADR y una encuesta a beneficiarios. Dentro del PESA el traspatio es uno de los espacios con mayor relevancia, con el potencial de complementar buena parte de la dieta de las familias rurales. Las prácticas agrícolas sustentables juegan un papel importante en el trabajo de las ADR, aunque los técnicos no cuentan con el conocimiento teórico sobre la agroecología; por otro lado, los beneficiarios realizan varias técnicas con un enfoque agroecológico. Este no es explícito dentro del planteamiento teórico del PESA, por lo que se recomienda se incluya de manera clara y que los técnicos cuenten con un conocimiento agroecológico que puedan compartir con las familias.

This study had the objective of evaluating the degree of knowledge and transference of agroecological innovations by Rural Development Agencies (Agencias de Desarrollo Rural, ADRs) that participate in the PESA-FAO, in the state of Puebla, under the hypothesis that those that have this knowledge and transfer it to their groups of attention develop better capacities for food security and sovereignty. Ten microregions were selected from the North, Negra and Mixtec regions of Puebla, where an equal number of ADRs operate. A semi-structured interview was applied to the technical staff of the ADRs and a survey to beneficiaries. Within PESA, the backyard is one of the most relevant spaces, with the potential of complementing a good part of the diet of rural families. Sustainable agricultural practices play an important role in the ADRs’ work, although the technicians do not have theoretical knowledge about agroecology; on the other hand, the beneficiaries carry out several techniques with an agroecologic approach. This is not explicit within PESA’s theoretical proposal, so it is recommended that it is included in a clear way and for technicians to have agroecological knowledge that they can share with the families., La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el grado de conocimiento y de transferencia de innovaciones agroecológicas por parte de las Agencias de Desarrollo Rural (ADR) participantes en el PESA-FAO, en el estado de Puebla, bajo la hipótesis de que las que poseyeran este conocimiento y lo transfirieran a sus grupos de atención desarrollan mejores capacidades para la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria. Se seleccionaron 10 microrregiones de las regiones Norte, Negra y Mixteca del estado de Puebla, donde operan igual número de ADR. Se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada al personal técnico de las ADR y una encuesta a beneficiarios. Dentro del PESA el traspatio es uno de los espacios con mayor relevancia, con el potencial de complementar buena parte de la dieta de las familias rurales. Las prácticas agrícolas sustentables juegan un papel importante en el trabajo de las ADR, aunque los técnicos no cuentan con el conocimiento teórico sobre la agroecología; por otro lado, los beneficiarios realizan varias técnicas con un enfoque agroecológico. Este no es explícito dentro del planteamiento teórico del PESA, por lo que se recomienda se incluya de manera clara y que los técnicos cuenten con un conocimiento agroecológico que puedan compartir con las familias.

This study had the objective of evaluating the degree of knowledge and transference of agroecological innovations by Rural Development Agencies (Agencias de Desarrollo Rural, ADRs) that participate in the PESA-FAO, in the state of Puebla, under the hypothesis that those that have this knowledge and transfer it to their groups of attention develop better capacities for food security and sovereignty. Ten microregions were selected from the North, Negra and Mixtec regions of Puebla, where an equal number of ADRs operate. A semi-structured interview was applied to the technical staff of the ADRs and a survey to beneficiaries. Within PESA, the backyard is one of the most relevant spaces, with the potential of complementing a good part of the diet of rural families. Sustainable agricultural practices play an important role in the ADRs’ work, although the technicians do not have theoretical knowledge about agroecology; on the other hand, the beneficiaries carry out several techniques with an agroecologic approach. This is not explicit within PESA’s theoretical proposal, so it is recommended that it is included in a clear way and for technicians to have agroecological knowledge that they can share with the families., La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el grado de conocimiento y de transferencia de innovaciones agroecológicas por parte de las Agencias de Desarrollo Rural (ADR) participantes en el PESA-FAO, en el estado de Puebla, bajo la hipótesis de que las que poseyeran este conocimiento y lo transfirieran a sus grupos de atención desarrollan mejores capacidades para la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria. Se seleccionaron 10 microrregiones de las regiones Norte, Negra y Mixteca del estado de Puebla, donde operan igual número de ADR. Se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada al personal técnico de las ADR y una encuesta a beneficiarios. Dentro del PESA el traspatio es uno de los espacios con mayor relevancia, con el potencial de complementar buena parte de la dieta de las familias rurales. Las prácticas agrícolas sustentables juegan un papel importante en el trabajo de las ADR, aunque los técnicos no cuentan con el conocimiento teórico sobre la agroecología; por otro lado, los beneficiarios realizan varias técnicas con un enfoque agroecológico. Este no es explícito dentro del planteamiento teórico del PESA, por lo que se recomienda se incluya de manera clara y que los técnicos cuenten con un conocimiento agroecológico que puedan compartir con las familias.