Search

BackgroundJuvenile idiopathic scoliosis (JIS) outcomes with brace treatment are limited with poorly described bracing protocols. Between 49 and 100% of children with JIS will progress to surgery, however, young age, long follow-up, and varying treatment methods make studying this population difficult. The purpose of this study is to report the outcomes of bracing in JIS treated with a Boston brace™ and identify risk factors for progression and surgical intervention.MethodsThis is a single-center retrospective review of 175 patients with JIS who initiated brace treatment between the age of 4 and 9 years. A cohort of 140 children reached skeletal maturity; 91 children had surgery or at least 2 year follow-up after brace completion. Standard in-brace protocol for scoliosis 320° was a Boston brace for 18-20 h/day after MRI (n = 82). Family history, MRI abnormalities, comorbidities, curve type, curve magnitude, bracing duration, number of braces, compliance by report, and surgical interventions were recorded.ResultsChildren were average 7.9 years old (range 4.1-9.8) at the initiation of bracing. The Boston brace™ was prescribed in 82 patients and nine used night bending brace. Mid-thoracic curves (53%) was the most frequent deformity. Maximum curve at presentation was on average 30 ± 9 degrees, in-brace curve angle was 16 ± 8 degrees, and in-brace correction was 58 ± 24 percent. Patients were braced an average of 4.6 ± 1.9 years. 61/91 (67%) went on to posterior spinal fusion at 13.3 ± 2.1 (range 9.3-20.9) years and curve magnitude of 61 ± 12 degrees. Of those that underwent surgery, 49/55 (86%) progressed > 10°, 6/55 (11%) stabilized within 10°, and 0/55 (0%) improved > 10° with brace wear. No children underwent growth-friendly posterior instrumentation. Of the 28 who did not have surgical correction, 3 (11%) progressed > 10°, 13/28 (46%) stabilized within 10°, and 12/28 (43%) improved > 10° with brace wear.ConclusionsThis large seri

The braces of today are constructed to correct the frontal plane deformity of idiopathic adolescent scoliosis (AIS). The Spinaposture brace

The braces of today are constructed to correct the frontal plane deformity of idiopathic adolescent scoliosis (AIS). The Spinaposture brace

[Abstract] Background and purpose: Osteoporotic hyperkyphosis is associated with adverse outcomes, such as fatigue, back pain, or reduced back extensor strength, with a negative impact on functionality and quality of life. The purpose of this review is to assess the effectiveness of spinal orthosis on these adverse effects. Methods: A systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines was performed. Inclusion criteria were (1) women with osteoporosis; (2) randomized controlled trials only; and (3) type of intervention: spinal bracing. Exclusion criteria were (1) article not written in English; (2) full-text not available; and (3) no kyphosis assessment. Quality-of-life variables such as back pain, functional variables such as back extensor strength, and osteoporotic-related variables such as lumbar spine bone mineral density were extracted and recorded before and after the intervention. The characteristics of the intervention programs were also extracted and recorded. The characteristics of studies, interventions, and participants are summarized in a table. Then, the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) was used to assess the quality of the studies. Results and Discussion: Four randomized controlled trials with a low risk of bias were included (n = 326 women with osteoporosis, aged 51–93 years). Interventions consisting of wearing a dynamic hyperextension orthosis for at least two hours per day for six months improved functionality, mobility, back extensor strength, respiratory function, and reduced the thoracic kyphosis angle. Conclusions: Spinal orthosis, especially dynamic hyperextension braces, seems effective in improving the adverse outcomes of osteoporotic hyperkyphosis. It does not seem necessary to wear the orthosis during all daily activities.

[Abstract] Background and purpose: Osteoporotic hyperkyphosis is associated with adverse outcomes, such as fatigue, back pain, or reduced back extensor strength, with a negative impact on functionality and quality of life. The purpose of this review is to assess the effectiveness of spinal orthosis on these adverse effects. Methods: A systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines was performed. Inclusion criteria were (1) women with osteoporosis; (2) randomized controlled trials only; and (3) type of intervention: spinal bracing. Exclusion criteria were (1) article not written in English; (2) full-text not available; and (3) no kyphosis assessment. Quality-of-life variables such as back pain, functional variables such as back extensor strength, and osteoporotic-related variables such as lumbar spine bone mineral density were extracted and recorded before and after the intervention. The characteristics of the intervention programs were also extracted and recorded. The characteristics of studies, interventions, and participants are summarized in a table. Then, the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) was used to assess the quality of the studies. Results and Discussion: Four randomized controlled trials with a low risk of bias were included (n = 326 women with osteoporosis, aged 51–93 years). Interventions consisting of wearing a dynamic hyperextension orthosis for at least two hours per day for six months improved functionality, mobility, back extensor strength, respiratory function, and reduced the thoracic kyphosis angle. Conclusions: Spinal orthosis, especially dynamic hyperextension braces, seems effective in improving the adverse outcomes of osteoporotic hyperkyphosis. It does not seem necessary to wear the orthosis during all daily activities.

The structure in high seismic areas may be susceptible to the severe damage. Structure has to resistgravityload as well aslateral load which can develop high stresses. Now-a-days, shear wall in R.C.structure and steel bracings in steel structure are most popular system to resist lateral load due to earthquake, wind, blast etc.Wall bracing is a construction technique used toimprove the structural performance of a building. Bracing systems include wood or steel or RCC components that help evenly distribute loads and increase the safety of the structure. While traditional framing can support the weight of the roof and floors above, it is not able to resist lateral stresses caused by wind, earthquakes or other forces

The structure in high seismic areas may be susceptible to the severe damage. Structure has to resistgravityload as well aslateral load which can develop high stresses. Now-a-days, shear wall in R.C.structure and steel bracings in steel structure are most popular system to resist lateral load due to earthquake, wind, blast etc.Wall bracing is a construction technique used toimprove the structural performance of a building. Bracing systems include wood or steel or RCC components that help evenly distribute loads and increase the safety of the structure. While traditional framing can support the weight of the roof and floors above, it is not able to resist lateral stresses caused by wind, earthquakes or other forces

The structure in high seismic areas may be susceptible to the severe damage. Structure has to resistgravityload as well aslateral load which can develop high stresses. Now-a-days, shear wall in R.C.structure and steel bracings in steel structure are most popular system to resist lateral load due to earthquake, wind, blast etc.Wall bracing is a construction technique used toimprove the structural performance of a building. Bracing systems include wood or steel or RCC components that help evenly distribute loads and increase the safety of the structure. While traditional framing can support the weight of the roof and floors above, it is not able to resist lateral stresses caused by wind, earthquakes or other forces

The structure in high seismic areas may be susceptible to the severe damage. Structure has to resistgravityload as well aslateral load which can develop high stresses. Now-a-days, shear wall in R.C.structure and steel bracings in steel structure are most popular system to resist lateral load due to earthquake, wind, blast etc.Wall bracing is a construction technique used toimprove the structural performance of a building. Bracing systems include wood or steel or RCC components that help evenly distribute loads and increase the safety of the structure. While traditional framing can support the weight of the roof and floors above, it is not able to resist lateral stresses caused by wind, earthquakes or other forces

The structure in high seismic areas may be susceptible to the severe damage. Structure has to resistgravityload as well aslateral load which can develop high stresses. Now-a-days, shear wall in R.C.structure and steel bracings in steel structure are most popular system to resist lateral load due to earthquake, wind, blast etc.Wall bracing is a construction technique used toimprove the structural performance of a building. Bracing systems include wood or steel or RCC components that help evenly distribute loads and increase the safety of the structure. While traditional framing can support the weight of the roof and floors above, it is not able to resist lateral stresses caused by wind, earthquakes or other forces

The structure in high seismic areas may be susceptible to the severe damage. Structure has to resistgravityload as well aslateral load which can develop high stresses. Now-a-days, shear wall in R.C.structure and steel bracings in steel structure are most popular system to resist lateral load due to earthquake, wind, blast etc.Wall bracing is a construction technique used toimprove the structural performance of a building. Bracing systems include wood or steel or RCC components that help evenly distribute loads and increase the safety of the structure. While traditional framing can support the weight of the roof and floors above, it is not able to resist lateral stresses caused by wind, earthquakes or other forces

The structure in high seismic areas may be susceptible to the severe damage. Structure has to resistgravityload as well aslateral load which can develop high stresses. Now-a-days, shear wall in R.C.structure and steel bracings in steel structure are most popular system to resist lateral load due to earthquake, wind, blast etc.Wall bracing is a construction technique used toimprove the structural performance of a building. Bracing systems include wood or steel or RCC components that help evenly distribute loads and increase the safety of the structure. While traditional framing can support the weight of the roof and floors above, it is not able to resist lateral stresses caused by wind, earthquakes or other forces

The paper presents wooden trusses with parallel chords designed in the System of lightweight roof girders - LKV system, and their application in the construction of buildings. The basic static systems of these girders, their characteristics, as well as numerous examples of constructed wooden structures are presented. In the structure of the wooden constructions, these girders can play the role of bearing elements for receiving gravity loading, as well as the role of lateral bracing frame., U radu su prikazani nosači sa paralelnim pojasnim štapovima projektovani u Sistemu LKV, i njihova primena u konstrukcijama objekata visokogradnje. Prikazani su osnovni statički sistemi ovih nosača, njihove karakteristike, kao i brojni primeri izvedenih drvenih konstrukcija primenom ovih oblika nosača. U strukturi drvene konstrukcije, ovi nosači mogu imati ulogu nosivih elemenata za prijem gravitacionog opterećenja, kao i ulogu spregova protiv vetra i spregova za ukrućenje.

People frequently await uncertain news, yet research reveals that the strategies people naturally use to cope with uncertainty are largely ineffective. We tested the role of mindfulness for improving the experience of a stressful waiting period. Law graduates awaiting their bar exam results either reported their trait mindfulness (Study 1; N = 150) or were instructed to practice mindfulness meditation (Study 2; N = 90). As hypothesized, participants who were naturally more mindful or who practiced mindfulness managed their expectations more effectively by bracing for the worst later in the waiting period and perceived themselves as coping better. Additionally, participants who were low in dispositional optimism and high in intolerance of uncertainty benefited most from mindfulness (relative to control) meditation. These findings point to a simple and effective way to wait better, particularly for those most vulnerable to distress.

Study and assessment of containment structures, bracing and lattices used in factories earth, adobe type stabilized by the use of finite element software (Abaqus student version). The structures correspond to common types used in Spain for Europe and Ecuador, Perú, Paraguay and Bolivia in Latin America, and have been modified in manufacturing process, dosages and morphology of the material to improved rigidity, stability and energy dissipation of loads to walls of houses on one floor and transmitted to Cyclopean Concrete foundation. The used data in the simulation corresponds to the physical, mechanical, geometrical, adobe resistance characteristics found in characterization tests conducted in the Chapel “Tausa Vieja” in Cundinarmarca (Colombia) and its interaction with the structures of reinforced concrete without difficulty self-construction. The results will be a diagram of categories of structures for land factories and four simulated structural behavior models that include adobe walls in orthogonal cells of reinforced concrete, Estudio y valoración de estructuras de confinamiento, arriostramiento y entramados utilizados en fábricas de tierra, de tipo adobe mediante el uso de un software de elementos finitos, en este caso (Abaqus versión estudiantil). Las estructuras corresponden a tipos comunes utilizados en España por Europa y Ecuador, Perú, Paraguay y Bolivia por Latinoamérica, y que han sufrido modificaciones en el proceso de fabricación, dosificaciones y morfología del material para mejorar la rigidez, estabilidad de muros así como la disipación eficiente de energía de las cargas aplicadas a una vivienda de planta única y transmitidas a una cimentación de hormigón ciclópeo. Los datos utilizados en la simulación corresponden a las características físicas, mecánicas, geométricas y resistencia del adobe; encontrados en ensayos de caracterización realizados en la Capilla “Tausa Vieja” en Cundinamarca- Colombia y serán llevados a la interacción del muro con estructuras no convencionales de hormigón armado pero sin dificultad de autoconstrucción.

Study and assessment of containment structures, bracing and lattices used in factories earth, adobe type stabilized by the use of finite element software (Abaqus student version). The structures correspond to common types used in Spain for Europe and Ecuador, Perú, Paraguay and Bolivia in Latin America, and have been modified in manufacturing process, dosages and morphology of the material to improved rigidity, stability and energy dissipation of loads to walls of houses on one floor and transmitted to Cyclopean Concrete foundation. The used data in the simulation corresponds to the physical, mechanical, geometrical, adobe resistance characteristics found in characterization tests conducted in the Chapel “Tausa Vieja” in Cundinarmarca (Colombia) and its interaction with the structures of reinforced concrete without difficulty self-construction. The results will be a diagram of categories of structures for land factories and four simulated structural behavior models that include adobe walls in orthogonal cells of reinforced concrete, Estudio y valoración de estructuras de confinamiento, arriostramiento y entramados utilizados en fábricas de tierra, de tipo adobe mediante el uso de un software de elementos finitos, en este caso (Abaqus versión estudiantil). Las estructuras corresponden a tipos comunes utilizados en España por Europa y Ecuador, Perú, Paraguay y Bolivia por Latinoamérica, y que han sufrido modificaciones en el proceso de fabricación, dosificaciones y morfología del material para mejorar la rigidez, estabilidad de muros así como la disipación eficiente de energía de las cargas aplicadas a una vivienda de planta única y transmitidas a una cimentación de hormigón ciclópeo. Los datos utilizados en la simulación corresponden a las características físicas, mecánicas, geométricas y resistencia del adobe; encontrados en ensayos de caracterización realizados en la Capilla “Tausa Vieja” en Cundinamarca- Colombia y serán llevados a la interacción del muro con estructuras no convencionales de hormigón armado pero sin dificultad de autoconstrucción.

Study and assessment of containment structures, bracing and lattices used in factories earth, adobe type stabilized by the use of finite element software (Abaqus student version). The structures correspond to common types used in Spain for Europe and Ecuador, Perú, Paraguay and Bolivia in Latin America, and have been modified in manufacturing process, dosages and morphology of the material to improved rigidity, stability and energy dissipation of loads to walls of houses on one floor and transmitted to Cyclopean Concrete foundation. The used data in the simulation corresponds to the physical, mechanical, geometrical, adobe resistance characteristics found in characterization tests conducted in the Chapel “Tausa Vieja” in Cundinarmarca (Colombia) and its interaction with the structures of reinforced concrete without difficulty self-construction. The results will be a diagram of categories of structures for land factories and four simulated structural behavior models that include adobe walls in orthogonal cells of reinforced concrete, Estudio y valoración de estructuras de confinamiento, arriostramiento y entramados utilizados en fábricas de tierra, de tipo adobe mediante el uso de un software de elementos finitos, en este caso (Abaqus versión estudiantil). Las estructuras corresponden a tipos comunes utilizados en España por Europa y Ecuador, Perú, Paraguay y Bolivia por Latinoamérica, y que han sufrido modificaciones en el proceso de fabricación, dosificaciones y morfología del material para mejorar la rigidez, estabilidad de muros así como la disipación eficiente de energía de las cargas aplicadas a una vivienda de planta única y transmitidas a una cimentación de hormigón ciclópeo. Los datos utilizados en la simulación corresponden a las características físicas, mecánicas, geométricas y resistencia del adobe; encontrados en ensayos de caracterización realizados en la Capilla “Tausa Vieja” en Cundinamarca- Colombia y serán llevados a la interacción del muro con estructuras no convencionales de hormigón armado pero sin dificultad de autoconstrucción.

People frequently await uncertain news, yet research reveals that the strategies people naturally use to cope with uncertainty are largely ineffective. We tested the role of mindfulness for improving the experience of a stressful waiting period. Law graduates awaiting their bar exam results either reported their trait mindfulness (Study 1; N = 150) or were instructed to practice mindfulness meditation (Study 2; N = 90). As hypothesized, participants who were naturally more mindful or who practiced mindfulness managed their expectations more effectively by bracing for the worst later in the waiting period and perceived themselves as coping better. Additionally, participants who were low in dispositional optimism and high in intolerance of uncertainty benefited most from mindfulness (relative to control) meditation. These findings point to a simple and effective way to wait better, particularly for those most vulnerable to distress.

Study and assessment of containment structures, bracing and lattices used in factories earth, adobe type stabilized by the use of finite element software (Abaqus student version). The structures correspond to common types used in Spain for Europe and Ecuador, Perú, Paraguay and Bolivia in Latin America, and have been modified in manufacturing process, dosages and morphology of the material to improved rigidity, stability and energy dissipation of loads to walls of houses on one floor and transmitted to Cyclopean Concrete foundation. The used data in the simulation corresponds to the physical, mechanical, geometrical, adobe resistance characteristics found in characterization tests conducted in the Chapel “Tausa Vieja” in Cundinarmarca (Colombia) and its interaction with the structures of reinforced concrete without difficulty self-construction. The results will be a diagram of categories of structures for land factories and four simulated structural behavior models that include adobe walls in orthogonal cells of reinforced concrete, Estudio y valoración de estructuras de confinamiento, arriostramiento y entramados utilizados en fábricas de tierra, de tipo adobe mediante el uso de un software de elementos finitos, en este caso (Abaqus versión estudiantil). Las estructuras corresponden a tipos comunes utilizados en España por Europa y Ecuador, Perú, Paraguay y Bolivia por Latinoamérica, y que han sufrido modificaciones en el proceso de fabricación, dosificaciones y morfología del material para mejorar la rigidez, estabilidad de muros así como la disipación eficiente de energía de las cargas aplicadas a una vivienda de planta única y transmitidas a una cimentación de hormigón ciclópeo. Los datos utilizados en la simulación corresponden a las características físicas, mecánicas, geométricas y resistencia del adobe; encontrados en ensayos de caracterización realizados en la Capilla “Tausa Vieja” en Cundinamarca- Colombia y serán llevados a la interacción del muro con estructuras no convencionales de hormigón armado pero sin dificultad de autoconstrucción.

Study and assessment of containment structures, bracing and lattices used in factories earth, adobe type stabilized by the use of finite element software (Abaqus student version). The structures correspond to common types used in Spain for Europe and Ecuador, Perú, Paraguay and Bolivia in Latin America, and have been modified in manufacturing process, dosages and morphology of the material to improved rigidity, stability and energy dissipation of loads to walls of houses on one floor and transmitted to Cyclopean Concrete foundation. The used data in the simulation corresponds to the physical, mechanical, geometrical, adobe resistance characteristics found in characterization tests conducted in the Chapel “Tausa Vieja” in Cundinarmarca (Colombia) and its interaction with the structures of reinforced concrete without difficulty self-construction. The results will be a diagram of categories of structures for land factories and four simulated structural behavior models that include adobe walls in orthogonal cells of reinforced concrete, Estudio y valoración de estructuras de confinamiento, arriostramiento y entramados utilizados en fábricas de tierra, de tipo adobe mediante el uso de un software de elementos finitos, en este caso (Abaqus versión estudiantil). Las estructuras corresponden a tipos comunes utilizados en España por Europa y Ecuador, Perú, Paraguay y Bolivia por Latinoamérica, y que han sufrido modificaciones en el proceso de fabricación, dosificaciones y morfología del material para mejorar la rigidez, estabilidad de muros así como la disipación eficiente de energía de las cargas aplicadas a una vivienda de planta única y transmitidas a una cimentación de hormigón ciclópeo. Los datos utilizados en la simulación corresponden a las características físicas, mecánicas, geométricas y resistencia del adobe; encontrados en ensayos de caracterización realizados en la Capilla “Tausa Vieja” en Cundinamarca- Colombia y serán llevados a la interacción del muro con estructuras no convencionales de hormigón armado pero sin dificultad de autoconstrucción.

An arched structure provides an effective load carrying system for large span structures. When it comes to long span roof structures, timber arches are one of the best solutions from both structural and aesthetical point of view. Glulam arched structures are often designed using slender elements due to economic consideration. Such slender cross-section shape increases the risk of instability. Instability analysis of straight members such as beam and column are explicitly defined in Eurocode. However, for instability of curved members no analytical approach is provided in the code, thus some numerical method is required. Nonetheless, an approximation is frequently used to obtain the effective buckling length for the arched structures in the plane of arches. In this master thesis a linear buckling analysis is carried out in Abaqus to obtain an optimal effective buckling length both in-plane and out-of-plane for circular glulam arched structures. The elastic springs are used to simulate the overall stiffness of the bracing system. The results obtained by the FE simulations are compared with a simple approximation method. Besides, the forces acting on the bracings system is obtained based on 3D geometric nonlinear stress analysis of the timber trusses. Our findings conclude that the approximation method overestimates the effective buckling length for the circular glulam arched structures. In addition, the study indicates that the position of the lateral supports along the length of the arch is an important design aspect for buckling behaviour of the arched structures. Moreover, in order to acquire an effective structure lateral supports are needed both in extrados and intrados. Furthermore, instead of using elastic spring elements to simulate the overall stiffness of the bracing system, a full 3D simulation of two parallel arches was performed. It was shown that the springs are stronger than the real bracing system for the studied arch.

An arched structure provides an effective load carrying system for large span structures. When it comes to long span roof structures, timber arches are one of the best solutions from both structural and aesthetical point of view. Glulam arched structures are often designed using slender elements due to economic consideration. Such slender cross-section shape increases the risk of instability. Instability analysis of straight members such as beam and column are explicitly defined in Eurocode. However, for instability of curved members no analytical approach is provided in the code, thus some numerical method is required. Nonetheless, an approximation is frequently used to obtain the effective buckling length for the arched structures in the plane of arches. In this master thesis a linear buckling analysis is carried out in Abaqus to obtain an optimal effective buckling length both in-plane and out-of-plane for circular glulam arched structures. The elastic springs are used to simulate the overall stiffness of the bracing system. The results obtained by the FE simulations are compared with a simple approximation method. Besides, the forces acting on the bracings system is obtained based on 3D geometric nonlinear stress analysis of the timber trusses. Our findings conclude that the approximation method overestimates the effective buckling length for the circular glulam arched structures. In addition, the study indicates that the position of the lateral supports along the length of the arch is an important design aspect for buckling behaviour of the arched structures. Moreover, in order to acquire an effective structure lateral supports are needed both in extrados and intrados. Furthermore, instead of using elastic spring elements to simulate the overall stiffness of the bracing system, a full 3D simulation of two parallel arches was performed. It was shown that the springs are stronger than the real bracing system for the studied arch.

We are studying the reeled brace, a traditional bracing system for rammed earth wall structure typical of Albacete, Spain: its history, composition, construction and structural behaviour. Its advantages and disadvantages are to be analysed and compared with earth walls without bracings as a solution to the weaknesses of earth structures. We have been able to show the increased global resistance of the building against horizontal pressures (wind and seismic activity) and the collapsing load which this system brings, therefore improving the behaviour of earth walled constructions – a topic which has not been studied until now. The objective is to preserve our cultural heritage and to incorporate this into not only refurbishments but also new builds.

We are studying the reeled brace, a traditional bracing system for rammed earth wall structure typical of Albacete, Spain: its history, composition, construction and structural behaviour. Its advantages and disadvantages are to be analysed and compared with earth walls without bracings as a solution to the weaknesses of earth structures. We have been able to show the increased global resistance of the building against horizontal pressures (wind and seismic activity) and the collapsing load which this system brings, therefore improving the behaviour of earth walled constructions – a topic which has not been studied until now. The objective is to preserve our cultural heritage and to incorporate this into not only refurbishments but also new builds.

Examensarbetet kom som en förfrågan från företaget Northpower stålhallar AB som var i behov av en beräkningsmall för vind- och snölast. Beräkningsmallen utformas i Microsoft Excel och den ska möta de önskemål och krav som tillkommer vid projektering av en hallbyggnad. Beräkningsmallen grundas på en litteraturstudie av vind- och snölast kapitlen i Eurokoderna som inleder den teoretiska delen av rapporten. För att se skillnader mellan stomstabiliseringssystem som vanligen används i hallbyggnader, utfördes en litteraturstudie på vanligt förekommande systemen. En kraftanalys vid olika placeringar av företagets nuvarande stomstabiliseringssystem gjordes med hjälp av den tillverkade beräkningsmallen. Litteraturstudien och analysen sammanställdes till jämförelse av de olika stomstabiliseringssystemen., The subject of this bachelor thesis was a query from Northpower stålhallar AB that was in need of a calculation model for wind- and snow loads. The Calculation model was created in Microsoft Excel and shall satisfy the requirements for the design of an industrial building. The calculation model is founded on a literature study of Eurocodes wind- and snow load chapters, which initializes the theoretical part of the report. To gain a better understanding of the differences between the different types of bracing systems that is normally used in industrial buildings, we performed a literature study on a selection of the usual systems. Using the calculation model, a force analysis on different placing’s of the current lateral stability system the company use was carried out. The thesis ends with a comparison of the study and analysis of the different lateral stability systems that’s been studied.

Study design Retrospective validation study. Objectives To propose a method to evaluate, from a clinical standpoint, the ability of a finite-element model (FEM) of the trunk to simulate orthotic correction of spinal deformity and to apply it to validate a previously described FEM. Summary of background data Several FEMs of the scoliotic spine have been described in the literature. These models can prove useful in understanding the mechanisms of scoliosis progression and in optimizing its treatment, but their validation has often been lacking or incomplete. Methods Three-dimensional (3D) geometries of 10 patients before and during conservative treatment were reconstructed from biplanar radiographs. The effect of bracing was simulated by modeling displacements induced by the brace pads. Simulated clinical indices (Cobb angle, T1–T12 and T4–T12 kyphosis, L1–L5 lordosis, apical vertebral rotation, torsion, rib hump) and vertebral orientations and positions were compared to those measured in the patients' 3D geometries. Results Errors in clinical indices were of the same order of magnitude as the uncertainties due to 3D reconstruction; for instance, Cobb angle was simulated with a root mean square error of 5.7°, and rib hump error was 5.6°. Vertebral orientation was simulated with a root mean square error of 4.8° and vertebral position with an error of 2.5 mm. Conclusions The methodology proposed here allowed in-depth evaluation of subject-specific simulations, confirming that FEMs of the trunk have the potential to accurately simulate brace action. These promising results provide a basis for ongoing 3D model development, toward the design of more efficient orthoses.

Examensarbetet kom som en förfrågan från företaget Northpower stålhallar AB som var i behov av en beräkningsmall för vind- och snölast. Beräkningsmallen utformas i Microsoft Excel och den ska möta de önskemål och krav som tillkommer vid projektering av en hallbyggnad. Beräkningsmallen grundas på en litteraturstudie av vind- och snölast kapitlen i Eurokoderna som inleder den teoretiska delen av rapporten. För att se skillnader mellan stomstabiliseringssystem som vanligen används i hallbyggnader, utfördes en litteraturstudie på vanligt förekommande systemen. En kraftanalys vid olika placeringar av företagets nuvarande stomstabiliseringssystem gjordes med hjälp av den tillverkade beräkningsmallen. Litteraturstudien och analysen sammanställdes till jämförelse av de olika stomstabiliseringssystemen., The subject of this bachelor thesis was a query from Northpower stålhallar AB that was in need of a calculation model for wind- and snow loads. The Calculation model was created in Microsoft Excel and shall satisfy the requirements for the design of an industrial building. The calculation model is founded on a literature study of Eurocodes wind- and snow load chapters, which initializes the theoretical part of the report. To gain a better understanding of the differences between the different types of bracing systems that is normally used in industrial buildings, we performed a literature study on a selection of the usual systems. Using the calculation model, a force analysis on different placing’s of the current lateral stability system the company use was carried out. The thesis ends with a comparison of the study and analysis of the different lateral stability systems that’s been studied.

This paper presents the technical solution of gable roof structure, formed from timber truss members in LKV system. The basic element of roof structure is simply supported gabled trapezoidal beam member, with span of 19.30 m. Due to the conditions of transport, structural member was formed from several parts, which are joined together at the construction site. The spatial stability of the structure is achieved by braces against the wind and by braces for stiffening.

Se exploró la propagación de ondas en una tapa de guitarra mediante análisis transitorios, es decir, a través de su evolución en el tiempo. La finalidad de usar el dominio del tiempo, en vez del dominio de la frecuencia como se suele reportar típicamente, fue lograr un análisis más visual de la influencia del abanico y el puente. Para ello, se midieron las propiedades elásticas de una tapa real mediante experimentos simples, para usarlas en un modelo con elementos finitos. El modelo mostró buena concordancia con comportamientos experimentales reportados en la literatura. En la misma tapa, se simuló la propagación de dos tipos de onda; se hizo un análisis usando una onda con contenido espectral bajo, y otro aplicando una onda con contenido espectral alto. Los resultados mostraron, a simple vista, que la velocidad de propagación sobre la tapa cambió notablemente debido a las estructuras adheridas. El cambio fue particularmente notorio para perturbaciones de longitud de onda corta, es decir, para frecuencias altas. En consecuencia, está claro que el diseño del abanico y del puente de una guitarra es crucial, principalmente, en los sonidos más agudos emitidos por el instrumento., Wave propagation on a guitar top plate was explored using transient analysis. The goal of using time domain, instead of frequency domain as it is commonly reported, was to achieve a more simple approach about the influence of the fan bracing and the bridge. For this purpose, the elastic properties of a real top plate were measured through simple experiments, in order to build the respective finite element model. The model exhibited good agreement with experimental behaviors of the literature. In the same top plate, the propagation of two kinds of waves was simulated; one analysis was done using one wave of high harmonic content, and another applying a wave with low harmonic content. Results showed, to naked eye, that the velocity of propagation over the top plate clearly changed due to their interactions with the attached structures. Such change was particularly noticeable for waves of short wavelength, in other words, for high frequencies. Then, it is evident that for guitars, designs of fan bracing and bridge are crucial, mainly, in treble sounds radiated by the instruments., Peer Reviewed

Předmětem diplomové práce je statický přepočet plnostěnné, ocelové, nýtované, mostní konstrukce bez mostovky. Most se nachází na traťovém úseku TÚ 1581 Choceň (mimo) až Litomyšl (včetně) v kilometru 6,255. Statický přepočet byl proveden podle platných evropských a českých norem a podle nové směrnice SŽDC SR 5. Výsledky obou přepočtů byly porovnány., The subject of this thesis is the static recalculation of solid-steel, riveted bridge construction, without deck. The bridge is located on the track section TÚ 1581 Choceň (except) to Litomyšl (inclusive) in 6,255 kilometer. Static recalculation was performed according valid European and Czech standards and according the new directive SŽDC SR 5. Result of both static recalculation were compared., Katedra dopravního stavitelství, Uchazeč prezentoval komisi hlavní výsledky a závěry své diplomové práce. Po prezentaci diplomové práce zodpověděl dotazy vedoucího a připomínky oponenta diplomové práce (uvedeny v posudcích práce). V diskusi o diplomové práci podrobně zodpověděl všechny dotazy členů komise.

A number of steel bridges have suffered lateral-torsional failure during their construction due to their lacking adequate lateral and/or rotational stiffness. In most cases, slight bracing can be of great benefit to the main girders involved through their controlling out-of-plane deformations and enabling the resistance that is needed to be achieved. The present research concerned the performance of different bracing systems, both those of commonly used types and pragmatic alternatives. The methods that were employed include the derivation of analytical solutions, full-scale laboratory testing, and numerical modeling. The results of a part of the study showed that the load-carrying capacity of The Marcy Bridge that collapsed in 2002 could be improved by adding top flange plan bracing at 10-20% of its span near the supports. Theoretically, according to Eurocode 3, providing each bar of an X-type plan bracing having cross-sectional area as small as 8 mm^2 serves to enhance the load-carrying capacity of the bridge by a factor of 1.28, which is sufficient to prevent failure of the bridge during the casting of the deck. The research also included the derivation of a simplified analytical approach for determining the critical moment of the laterally braced steel girders at the level of their compression flange, which otherwise can usually not be predicted without the use of finite element program. The model employed related the buckling length of the compression flange of steel girders in question to their critical moment. An exact solution and a simplified expression were also derived for dealing with the effect of the rotational restraint of the shorter segments on the buckling length of the longer segments in beams having unequally spaced lateral bracings. The effects of this sort are often neglected in practice and the buckling length of compression members in such systems is commonly assumed to be equal to the largest distance between the bracing points. However, the

Cílem této diplomové práce je porovnat stavbu skeletu, buďto metodou montáže z prefabrikovaných železobetonových dílců nebo monolitickým odléváním konstrukce z železobetonu. V první části je řešena prováděcí dokumentace, kde jsou výkresy a textové části k projektu budovy hotelu. V další části je řešen technologický postupu provádění konstrukčního systému objektu hotelu. K diplomové práci je přiložena výkresová dokumentace, rozpočet stavby z prefabrikovaných dílců a rozpočet monolitické konstrukce skeletu, harmonogram prací a potřebné tepelně technické výpočty., The aim of this thesis is to compare the structure of the skeleton, either by the assembly of prefabricated reinforced components or monolithic casting of reinforced concrete structures. The first part is the detailed documentation, drawings and text part of the project building. The next part is the technological progress in implementing the structural system of the building of the hotel. The thesis is accompanied by drawings, construction budget of prefabricated parts and Budget monolithic structure of the skeleton, the work schedule and the necessary thermal calculations., Import 04/02/2014

A critical stage for the construction of steel-concrete composite bridges occurs during casting of the bridge deck, when the wet concrete has still not hardened. The entire construction load is then taken by the non-composite steel sections. Bracing may be needed to make the slender girders rigid enough to resist lateral torsional buckling during this phase. If temporary formwork could be attached and be shown to work as torsional bracing; material could be saved and the construction phase could be safer. Within this thesis some of the commonly used temporary formworks are described and analyzed to see if some of them could work as discrete torsional bracing. Findings from this investigation were that the often used formwork system CUPLOK was easy and suitable to be modified and attached to the girders as discrete torsional bracing. With the modified CUPLOK system attached, three different systems were numerically analyzed using the finite element program Abaqus. One with formwork attached to a laboratory test beam set-up with dimensions according to Mehri and two on real bridges with trapezoidal respective I-girder cross section. Findings from analyzes were that with the modified CUPLOK system attached, the stiffness were increased dramatically on the slender I-girder system and also, but relatively less, on the less slender real bridge I-girder system. No stiffening effect was shown on the specific trapezoidal cross section analyzed herein. Finally the findings are discussed and further research proposed.

[EN] Nowadays, the railway line Tarragona ' Barcelona goes through Sant Feliu de Llobregat. It causes a barrier which affects the connectivity between both parts of the town and citizens' life quality. Moreover, there is a level crossing which is a danger for pedestrians and vehicles. This project wants to solve the previous problem with the burying of the line. Diaphragm walls will be built with steel bracings at the top of the walls. In several areas, concrete slabs will be placed in the upper part to connect the town. In the future, the line will be completely covered like an artificial tunnel. The buried works affects the drainage network and some services which will be restored or diverted. The railway superstructure will be made with slab track by Rheda2000 system. The works are expected to last about 23 months. During this time, a bus line will cover this part of the railway line., [ES] En la actualidad, la línea ferroviaria Tarragona ' Barcelona discurre a lo largo de todo el núcleo urbano de Sant Feliu de Llobregat generando una barrera que afecta a la conectividad y a la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Además, cabe destacar la existencia de un paso a nivel que reviste una alta peligrosidad para peatones y vehículos. Con este proyecto se pretende resolver el problema anterior mediante el soterramiento de la vía. Para ello se propone ejecutar muros pantalla arriostrados en cabeza con puntales metálicos. En ciertos puntos del trazado, para dar continuidad a los viales existentes, se disponen losas de cobertura de hormigón armado, que en estas zonas desempeñan la función de arriostramiento. Esta solución se ha desarrollado de este modo para que en un futuro sea viable cubrirla totalmente en forma de túnel artificial. El soterramiento afecta a varios cruces de drenaje así como a un conjunto de servicios cuya restitución y/o desvío se ha contemplado en el presente proyecto. Respecto a la superestructura ferroviaria, se ha dispuesto vía en placa a lo largo de todo el trazado mediante sistema Rheda2000. Se ha previsto que el período de ejecución de las obras sea de 23 meses, tiempo durante el cual se dispondrá de un servicio de autobús para dar continuidad a la línea., [CA] Avui, la línia ferroviària Tarragona ' Barcelona travessa el centre urbà de Sant Feliu de Llobregat. També, existeix un pas a nivell que suposa un perill per als vianants i vehicles. Amb aquest projecte es vol resoldre l'anterior problema amb el soterrament de la via. Es construiran pantalles amb traves metàl'liques al cap. En certs punts, per a donar continuïtat als vials existents, es disposarà llosa de formigó, fent en aquest cas de trava. Aquesta solució, s' ha desenvolupat així per a què en un futur siga viable cobrir-la totalment en forma de túnel artificial. El soterrament afecta a la xarxa de drenatge i a diversos servicis que seran restituïts i/o desviats. Respecte a la superestructura ferroviària, s' ha disposat via en placa al llarg del traçat mitjançant el sistema Rheda2000. S' ha previst que el període d' execució de les obres siga de 23 mesos, temps durant el qual es disposarà d' un servici d' autobús per a donar continuïtat a la línia.

[EN] Nowadays, the railway line Tarragona - Barcelona goes through Sant Feliu de Llobregat. It causes a barrier which affects the connectivity between both parts of the town and citizens life quality. Moreover, there is a level crossing which is a danger for pedestrians and vehicles. This project wants to solve the previous problem with the burying of the line. Diaphragm walls will be built with steel bracings at the top of the walls. In several areas, concrete slabs will be placed in the upper part to connect the town. In the future, the line will be completely covered like an artificial tunnel. The buried works affects the drainage network and some services which will be restored or diverted. The railway superstructure will be made with slab track by Rheda2000 system. The works are expected to last about 23 months. During this time, a bus line will cover this part of the railway line., [CA] Avui, la línia ferroviària Tarragona - Barcelona travessa el centre urbà de Sant Feliu de Llobregat. També, existeix un pas a nivell que suposa un perill per als vianants i vehicles. Amb aquest projecte es vol resoldre l'anterior problema amb el soterrament de la via. Es construiran pantalles amb traves metàl·liques al cap. En certs punts, per a donar continuïtat als vials existents, es disposarà llosa de formigó, fent en aquest cas de trava. Aquesta solució, s'ha desenvolupat així per a què en un futur siga viable cobrir-la totalment en forma de túnel artificial. El soterrament afecta a la xarxa de drenatge i a diversos servicis que seran restituïts i/o desviats. Respecte a la superestructura ferroviària, s'ha disposat via en placa al llarg del traçat mitjançant el sistema Rheda2000. S'ha previst que el període d'execució de les obres siga de 23 mesos, temps durant el qual es disposarà d'un servici d'autobús per a donar continuïtat a la línia., [ES] En la actualidad, la línea ferroviaria Tarragona - Barcelona discurre a lo largo de todo el núcleo urbano de Sant Feliu de Llobregat generando una barrera que afecta a la conectividad y a la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Además, cabe destacar la existencia de un paso a nivel que reviste una alta peligrosidad para peatones y vehículos. Con este proyecto se pretende resolver el problema anterior mediante el soterramiento de la vía. Para ello se propone ejecutar muros pantalla arriostrados en cabeza con puntales metálicos. En ciertos puntos del trazado, para dar continuidad a los viales existentes, se disponen losas de cobertura de hormigón armado, que en estas zonas desempeñan la función de arriostramiento. Esta solución se ha desarrollado de este modo para que en un futuro sea viable cubrirla totalmente en forma de túnel artificial. El soterramiento afecta a varios cruces de drenaje así como a un conjunto de servicios cuya restitución y/o desvío se ha contemplado en el presente proyecto. Respecto a la superestructura ferroviaria, se ha dispuesto vía en placa a lo largo de todo el trazado mediante sistema Rheda2000. Se ha previsto que el período de ejecución de las obras sea de 23 meses, tiempo durante el cual se dispondrá de un servicio de autobús para dar continuidad a la línea.

[EN] Nowadays, the railway line Tarragona - Barcelona goes through Sant Feliu de Llobregat. It causes a barrier which affects the connectivity between both parts of the town and citizens¿ life quality. Moreover, there is a level crossing which is a danger for pedestrians and vehicles. This project wants to solve the previous problem with the burying of the line. Diaphragm walls will be built with steel bracings at the top of the walls. In several areas, concrete slabs will be placed in the upper part to connect the town. In the future, the line will be completely covered like an artificial tunnel. The buried works affects the drainage network and some services which will be restored or diverted. The railway superstructure will be made with slab track by Rheda2000 system. The works are expected to last about 23 months. During this time, a bus line will cover this part of the railway line., [CA] Avui, la línia ferroviària Tarragona - Barcelona travessa el centre urbà de Sant Feliu de Llobregat. També, existeix un pas a nivell que suposa un perill per als vianants i vehicles. Amb aquest projecte es vol resoldre l'anterior problema amb el soterrament de la via. Es construiran pantalles amb traves metàl·liques al cap. En certs punts, per a donar continuïtat als vials existents, es disposarà llosa de formigó, fent en aquest cas de trava. Aquesta solució, s'ha desenvolupat així per a què en un futur siga viable cobrir-la totalment en forma de túnel artificial. El soterrament afecta a la xarxa de drenatge i a diversos servicis que seran restituïts i/o desviats. Respecte a la superestructura ferroviària, s'ha disposat via en placa al llarg del traçat mitjançant el sistema Rheda2000. S'ha previst que el període d'execució de les obres siga de 23 mesos, temps durant el qual es disposarà d'un servici d'autobús per a donar continuïtat a la línia., [ES] En la actualidad, la línea ferroviaria Tarragona - Barcelona discurre a lo largo de todo el núcleo urbano de Sant Feliu de Llobregat generando una barrera que afecta a la conectividad y a la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Además, cabe destacar la existencia de un paso a nivel que reviste una alta peligrosidad para peatones y vehículos. Con este proyecto se pretende resolver el problema anterior mediante el soterramiento de la vía. Para ello se propone ejecutar muros pantalla arriostrados en cabeza con puntales metálicos. En ciertos puntos del trazado, para dar continuidad a los viales existentes, se disponen losas de cobertura de hormigón armado, que en estas zonas desempeñan la función de arriostramiento. Esta solución se ha desarrollado de este modo para que en un futuro sea viable cubrirla totalmente en forma de túnel artificial. El soterramiento afecta a varios cruces de drenaje así como a un conjunto de servicios cuya restitución y/o desvío se ha contemplado en el presente proyecto. Respecto a la superestructura ferroviaria, se ha dispuesto vía en placa a lo largo de todo el trazado mediante sistema Rheda2000. Se ha previsto que el período de ejecución de las obras sea de 23 meses, tiempo durante el cual se dispondrá de un servicio de autobús para dar continuidad a la línea.

[EN] Nowadays, the railway line Tarragona ' Barcelona goes through Sant Feliu de Llobregat. It causes a barrier which affects the connectivity between both parts of the town and citizens' life quality. Moreover, there is a level crossing which is a danger for pedestrians and vehicles. This project wants to solve the previous problem with the burying of the line. Diaphragm walls will be built with steel bracings at the top of the walls. In several areas, concrete slabs will be placed in the upper part to connect the town. In the future, the line will be completely covered like an artificial tunnel. The buried works affects the drainage network and some services which will be restored or diverted. The railway superstructure will be made with slab track by Rheda2000 system. The works are expected to last about 23 months. During this time, a bus line will cover this part of the railway line., [ES] En la actualidad, la línea ferroviaria Tarragona ' Barcelona discurre a lo largo de todo el núcleo urbano de Sant Feliu de Llobregat generando una barrera que afecta a la conectividad y a la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Además, cabe destacar la existencia de un paso a nivel que reviste una alta peligrosidad para peatones y vehículos. Con este proyecto se pretende resolver el problema anterior mediante el soterramiento de la vía. Para ello se propone ejecutar muros pantalla arriostrados en cabeza con puntales metálicos. En ciertos puntos del trazado, para dar continuidad a los viales existentes, se disponen losas de cobertura de hormigón armado, que en estas zonas desempeñan la función de arriostramiento. Esta solución se ha desarrollado de este modo para que en un futuro sea viable cubrirla totalmente en forma de túnel artificial. El soterramiento afecta a varios cruces de drenaje así como a un conjunto de servicios cuya restitución y/o desvío se ha contemplado en el presente proyecto. Respecto a la superestructura ferroviaria, se ha dispuesto vía en placa a lo largo de todo el trazado mediante sistema Rheda2000. Se ha previsto que el período de ejecución de las obras sea de 23 meses, tiempo durante el cual se dispondrá de un servicio de autobús para dar continuidad a la línea., [CA] Avui, la línia ferroviària Tarragona ' Barcelona travessa el centre urbà de Sant Feliu de Llobregat. També, existeix un pas a nivell que suposa un perill per als vianants i vehicles. Amb aquest projecte es vol resoldre l'anterior problema amb el soterrament de la via. Es construiran pantalles amb traves metàl'liques al cap. En certs punts, per a donar continuïtat als vials existents, es disposarà llosa de formigó, fent en aquest cas de trava. Aquesta solució, s' ha desenvolupat així per a què en un futur siga viable cobrir-la totalment en forma de túnel artificial. El soterrament afecta a la xarxa de drenatge i a diversos servicis que seran restituïts i/o desviats. Respecte a la superestructura ferroviària, s' ha disposat via en placa al llarg del traçat mitjançant el sistema Rheda2000. S' ha previst que el període d' execució de les obres siga de 23 mesos, temps durant el qual es disposarà d' un servici d' autobús per a donar continuïtat a la línia.

[EN] Nowadays, the railway line Tarragona - Barcelona goes through Sant Feliu de Llobregat. It causes a barrier which affects the connectivity between both parts of the town and citizens life quality. Moreover, there is a level crossing which is a danger for pedestrians and vehicles. This project wants to solve the previous problem with the burying of the line. Diaphragm walls will be built with steel bracings at the top of the walls. In several areas, concrete slabs will be placed in the upper part to connect the town. In the future, the line will be completely covered like an artificial tunnel. The buried works affects the drainage network and some services which will be restored or diverted. The railway superstructure will be made with slab track by Rheda2000 system. The works are expected to last about 23 months. During this time, a bus line will cover this part of the railway line., [CA] Avui, la línia ferroviària Tarragona - Barcelona travessa el centre urbà de Sant Feliu de Llobregat. També, existeix un pas a nivell que suposa un perill per als vianants i vehicles. Amb aquest projecte es vol resoldre l'anterior problema amb el soterrament de la via. Es construiran pantalles amb traves metàl·liques al cap. En certs punts, per a donar continuïtat als vials existents, es disposarà llosa de formigó, fent en aquest cas de trava. Aquesta solució, s'ha desenvolupat així per a què en un futur siga viable cobrir-la totalment en forma de túnel artificial. El soterrament afecta a la xarxa de drenatge i a diversos servicis que seran restituïts i/o desviats. Respecte a la superestructura ferroviària, s'ha disposat via en placa al llarg del traçat mitjançant el sistema Rheda2000. S'ha previst que el període d'execució de les obres siga de 23 mesos, temps durant el qual es disposarà d'un servici d'autobús per a donar continuïtat a la línia., [ES] En la actualidad, la línea ferroviaria Tarragona - Barcelona discurre a lo largo de todo el núcleo urbano de Sant Feliu de Llobregat generando una barrera que afecta a la conectividad y a la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Además, cabe destacar la existencia de un paso a nivel que reviste una alta peligrosidad para peatones y vehículos. Con este proyecto se pretende resolver el problema anterior mediante el soterramiento de la vía. Para ello se propone ejecutar muros pantalla arriostrados en cabeza con puntales metálicos. En ciertos puntos del trazado, para dar continuidad a los viales existentes, se disponen losas de cobertura de hormigón armado, que en estas zonas desempeñan la función de arriostramiento. Esta solución se ha desarrollado de este modo para que en un futuro sea viable cubrirla totalmente en forma de túnel artificial. El soterramiento afecta a varios cruces de drenaje así como a un conjunto de servicios cuya restitución y/o desvío se ha contemplado en el presente proyecto. Respecto a la superestructura ferroviaria, se ha dispuesto vía en placa a lo largo de todo el trazado mediante sistema Rheda2000. Se ha previsto que el período de ejecución de las obras sea de 23 meses, tiempo durante el cual se dispondrá de un servicio de autobús para dar continuidad a la línea.

Failures due to instability phenomena will happen suddenly and can cause the whole structure to collapse. It’s therefore in the engineer’s best interest to have a good knowledge about these phenomena. One example of instability phenomena is column buckling, which is the main focus of this thesis. The main cases that are being evaluated have a single brace in the middle of a timber column with hinged ends, where a part of the report revolves around a comparison of calculation methods for column buckling in Eurocode and the U.S. Building code. The second part revolves around the influence of the initial curvature shape and magnitude on a column. During this evaluation second order is taken into account in the numerical analysis. Finally the brace stiffness and reaction force on a column is evaluated, to gain a better understanding of its overall influence on a column’s load bearing capacity. In the study it was shown that Eurocode and the U.S. Building code weren’t comparable due to formation of respective building code. A comparison between the two building codes was however done, to get a better understanding of the difference between the two. Results show that a larger initial curvature leads to a larger reduction to the overall load bearing capacity for a column. The assumed shape of the initial curvature has a large impact on the load bearing capacity. There exist a large discrepancy between the simplified shape of the initial curvature and the least beneficial, which depends on the size and shape of the initial curvature. Findings show that an increase of a column’s brace stiffness contributes to the load bearing capacity even though the stiffness might be small. The European standard however demands a minimum stiffness for a brace to be considered acceptable. The study also shows that the brace force is dependent on the initial curvature of the column and the bracing stiffness. Yura’s & Helwig’s brace force expression is studied and compared with the result of

A critical stage for the construction of steel-concrete composite bridges occurs during casting of the bridge deck, when the wet concrete has still not hardened. The entire construction load is then taken by the non-composite steel sections. Bracing may be needed to make the slender girders rigid enough to resist lateral torsional buckling during this phase. If temporary formwork could be attached and be shown to work as torsional bracing; material could be saved and the construction phase could be safer. Within this thesis some of the commonly used temporary formworks are described and analyzed to see if some of them could work as discrete torsional bracing. Findings from this investigation were that the often used formwork system CUPLOK was easy and suitable to be modified and attached to the girders as discrete torsional bracing. With the modified CUPLOK system attached, three different systems were numerically analyzed using the finite element program Abaqus. One with formwork attached to a laboratory test beam set-up with dimensions according to Mehri and two on real bridges with trapezoidal respective I-girder cross section. Findings from analyzes were that with the modified CUPLOK system attached, the stiffness were increased dramatically on the slender I-girder system and also, but relatively less, on the less slender real bridge I-girder system. No stiffening effect was shown on the specific trapezoidal cross section analyzed herein. Finally the findings are discussed and further research proposed.

[EN] Nowadays, the railway line Tarragona ' Barcelona goes through Sant Feliu de Llobregat. It causes a barrier which affects the connectivity between both parts of the town and citizens' life quality. Moreover, there is a level crossing which is a danger for pedestrians and vehicles. This project wants to solve the previous problem with the burying of the line. Diaphragm walls will be built with steel bracings at the top of the walls. In several areas, concrete slabs will be placed in the upper part to connect the town. In the future, the line will be completely covered like an artificial tunnel. The buried works affects the drainage network and some services which will be restored or diverted. The railway superstructure will be made with slab track by Rheda2000 system. The works are expected to last about 23 months. During this time, a bus line will cover this part of the railway line., [ES] En la actualidad, la línea ferroviaria Tarragona ' Barcelona discurre a lo largo de todo el núcleo urbano de Sant Feliu de Llobregat generando una barrera que afecta a la conectividad y a la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Además, cabe destacar la existencia de un paso a nivel que reviste una alta peligrosidad para peatones y vehículos. Con este proyecto se pretende resolver el problema anterior mediante el soterramiento de la vía. Para ello se propone ejecutar muros pantalla arriostrados en cabeza con puntales metálicos. En ciertos puntos del trazado, para dar continuidad a los viales existentes, se disponen losas de cobertura de hormigón armado, que en estas zonas desempeñan la función de arriostramiento. Esta solución se ha desarrollado de este modo para que en un futuro sea viable cubrirla totalmente en forma de túnel artificial. El soterramiento afecta a varios cruces de drenaje así como a un conjunto de servicios cuya restitución y/o desvío se ha contemplado en el presente proyecto. Respecto a la superestructura ferroviaria, se ha dispuesto vía en placa a lo largo de todo el trazado mediante sistema Rheda2000. Se ha previsto que el período de ejecución de las obras sea de 23 meses, tiempo durante el cual se dispondrá de un servicio de autobús para dar continuidad a la línea., [CA] Avui, la línia ferroviària Tarragona ' Barcelona travessa el centre urbà de Sant Feliu de Llobregat. També, existeix un pas a nivell que suposa un perill per als vianants i vehicles. Amb aquest projecte es vol resoldre l'anterior problema amb el soterrament de la via. Es construiran pantalles amb traves metàl'liques al cap. En certs punts, per a donar continuïtat als vials existents, es disposarà llosa de formigó, fent en aquest cas de trava. Aquesta solució, s' ha desenvolupat així per a què en un futur siga viable cobrir-la totalment en forma de túnel artificial. El soterrament afecta a la xarxa de drenatge i a diversos servicis que seran restituïts i/o desviats. Respecte a la superestructura ferroviària, s' ha disposat via en placa al llarg del traçat mitjançant el sistema Rheda2000. S' ha previst que el període d' execució de les obres siga de 23 mesos, temps durant el qual es disposarà d' un servici d' autobús per a donar continuïtat a la línia.

[EN] Nowadays, the railway line Tarragona - Barcelona goes through Sant Feliu de Llobregat. It causes a barrier which affects the connectivity between both parts of the town and citizens¿ life quality. Moreover, there is a level crossing which is a danger for pedestrians and vehicles. This project wants to solve the previous problem with the burying of the line. Diaphragm walls will be built with steel bracings at the top of the walls. In several areas, concrete slabs will be placed in the upper part to connect the town. In the future, the line will be completely covered like an artificial tunnel. The buried works affects the drainage network and some services which will be restored or diverted. The railway superstructure will be made with slab track by Rheda2000 system. The works are expected to last about 23 months. During this time, a bus line will cover this part of the railway line., [CA] Avui, la línia ferroviària Tarragona - Barcelona travessa el centre urbà de Sant Feliu de Llobregat. També, existeix un pas a nivell que suposa un perill per als vianants i vehicles. Amb aquest projecte es vol resoldre l'anterior problema amb el soterrament de la via. Es construiran pantalles amb traves metàl·liques al cap. En certs punts, per a donar continuïtat als vials existents, es disposarà llosa de formigó, fent en aquest cas de trava. Aquesta solució, s'ha desenvolupat així per a què en un futur siga viable cobrir-la totalment en forma de túnel artificial. El soterrament afecta a la xarxa de drenatge i a diversos servicis que seran restituïts i/o desviats. Respecte a la superestructura ferroviària, s'ha disposat via en placa al llarg del traçat mitjançant el sistema Rheda2000. S'ha previst que el període d'execució de les obres siga de 23 mesos, temps durant el qual es disposarà d'un servici d'autobús per a donar continuïtat a la línia., [ES] En la actualidad, la línea ferroviaria Tarragona - Barcelona discurre a lo largo de todo el núcleo urbano de Sant Feliu de Llobregat generando una barrera que afecta a la conectividad y a la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Además, cabe destacar la existencia de un paso a nivel que reviste una alta peligrosidad para peatones y vehículos. Con este proyecto se pretende resolver el problema anterior mediante el soterramiento de la vía. Para ello se propone ejecutar muros pantalla arriostrados en cabeza con puntales metálicos. En ciertos puntos del trazado, para dar continuidad a los viales existentes, se disponen losas de cobertura de hormigón armado, que en estas zonas desempeñan la función de arriostramiento. Esta solución se ha desarrollado de este modo para que en un futuro sea viable cubrirla totalmente en forma de túnel artificial. El soterramiento afecta a varios cruces de drenaje así como a un conjunto de servicios cuya restitución y/o desvío se ha contemplado en el presente proyecto. Respecto a la superestructura ferroviaria, se ha dispuesto vía en placa a lo largo de todo el trazado mediante sistema Rheda2000. Se ha previsto que el período de ejecución de las obras sea de 23 meses, tiempo durante el cual se dispondrá de un servicio de autobús para dar continuidad a la línea.

[EN] Nowadays, the railway line Tarragona - Barcelona goes through Sant Feliu de Llobregat. It causes a barrier which affects the connectivity between both parts of the town and citizens life quality. Moreover, there is a level crossing which is a danger for pedestrians and vehicles. This project wants to solve the previous problem with the burying of the line. Diaphragm walls will be built with steel bracings at the top of the walls. In several areas, concrete slabs will be placed in the upper part to connect the town. In the future, the line will be completely covered like an artificial tunnel. The buried works affects the drainage network and some services which will be restored or diverted. The railway superstructure will be made with slab track by Rheda2000 system. The works are expected to last about 23 months. During this time, a bus line will cover this part of the railway line., [CA] Avui, la línia ferroviària Tarragona - Barcelona travessa el centre urbà de Sant Feliu de Llobregat. També, existeix un pas a nivell que suposa un perill per als vianants i vehicles. Amb aquest projecte es vol resoldre l'anterior problema amb el soterrament de la via. Es construiran pantalles amb traves metàl·liques al cap. En certs punts, per a donar continuïtat als vials existents, es disposarà llosa de formigó, fent en aquest cas de trava. Aquesta solució, s'ha desenvolupat així per a què en un futur siga viable cobrir-la totalment en forma de túnel artificial. El soterrament afecta a la xarxa de drenatge i a diversos servicis que seran restituïts i/o desviats. Respecte a la superestructura ferroviària, s'ha disposat via en placa al llarg del traçat mitjançant el sistema Rheda2000. S'ha previst que el període d'execució de les obres siga de 23 mesos, temps durant el qual es disposarà d'un servici d'autobús per a donar continuïtat a la línia., [ES] En la actualidad, la línea ferroviaria Tarragona - Barcelona discurre a lo largo de todo el núcleo urbano de Sant Feliu de Llobregat generando una barrera que afecta a la conectividad y a la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Además, cabe destacar la existencia de un paso a nivel que reviste una alta peligrosidad para peatones y vehículos. Con este proyecto se pretende resolver el problema anterior mediante el soterramiento de la vía. Para ello se propone ejecutar muros pantalla arriostrados en cabeza con puntales metálicos. En ciertos puntos del trazado, para dar continuidad a los viales existentes, se disponen losas de cobertura de hormigón armado, que en estas zonas desempeñan la función de arriostramiento. Esta solución se ha desarrollado de este modo para que en un futuro sea viable cubrirla totalmente en forma de túnel artificial. El soterramiento afecta a varios cruces de drenaje así como a un conjunto de servicios cuya restitución y/o desvío se ha contemplado en el presente proyecto. Respecto a la superestructura ferroviaria, se ha dispuesto vía en placa a lo largo de todo el trazado mediante sistema Rheda2000. Se ha previsto que el período de ejecución de las obras sea de 23 meses, tiempo durante el cual se dispondrá de un servicio de autobús para dar continuidad a la línea.

[EN] Nowadays, the railway line Tarragona ' Barcelona goes through Sant Feliu de Llobregat. It causes a barrier which affects the connectivity between both parts of the town and citizens' life quality. Moreover, there is a level crossing which is a danger for pedestrians and vehicles. This project wants to solve the previous problem with the burying of the line. Diaphragm walls will be built with steel bracings at the top of the walls. In several areas, concrete slabs will be placed in the upper part to connect the town. In the future, the line will be completely covered like an artificial tunnel. The buried works affects the drainage network and some services which will be restored or diverted. The railway superstructure will be made with slab track by Rheda2000 system. The works are expected to last about 23 months. During this time, a bus line will cover this part of the railway line., [ES] En la actualidad, la línea ferroviaria Tarragona ' Barcelona discurre a lo largo de todo el núcleo urbano de Sant Feliu de Llobregat generando una barrera que afecta a la conectividad y a la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Además, cabe destacar la existencia de un paso a nivel que reviste una alta peligrosidad para peatones y vehículos. Con este proyecto se pretende resolver el problema anterior mediante el soterramiento de la vía. Para ello se propone ejecutar muros pantalla arriostrados en cabeza con puntales metálicos. En ciertos puntos del trazado, para dar continuidad a los viales existentes, se disponen losas de cobertura de hormigón armado, que en estas zonas desempeñan la función de arriostramiento. Esta solución se ha desarrollado de este modo para que en un futuro sea viable cubrirla totalmente en forma de túnel artificial. El soterramiento afecta a varios cruces de drenaje así como a un conjunto de servicios cuya restitución y/o desvío se ha contemplado en el presente proyecto. Respecto a la superestructura ferroviaria, se ha dispuesto vía en placa a lo largo de todo el trazado mediante sistema Rheda2000. Se ha previsto que el período de ejecución de las obras sea de 23 meses, tiempo durante el cual se dispondrá de un servicio de autobús para dar continuidad a la línea., [CA] Avui, la línia ferroviària Tarragona ' Barcelona travessa el centre urbà de Sant Feliu de Llobregat. També, existeix un pas a nivell que suposa un perill per als vianants i vehicles. Amb aquest projecte es vol resoldre l'anterior problema amb el soterrament de la via. Es construiran pantalles amb traves metàl'liques al cap. En certs punts, per a donar continuïtat als vials existents, es disposarà llosa de formigó, fent en aquest cas de trava. Aquesta solució, s' ha desenvolupat així per a què en un futur siga viable cobrir-la totalment en forma de túnel artificial. El soterrament afecta a la xarxa de drenatge i a diversos servicis que seran restituïts i/o desviats. Respecte a la superestructura ferroviària, s' ha disposat via en placa al llarg del traçat mitjançant el sistema Rheda2000. S' ha previst que el període d' execució de les obres siga de 23 mesos, temps durant el qual es disposarà d' un servici d' autobús per a donar continuïtat a la línia.

[EN] Nowadays, the railway line Tarragona - Barcelona goes through Sant Feliu de Llobregat. It causes a barrier which affects the connectivity between both parts of the town and citizens life quality. Moreover, there is a level crossing which is a danger for pedestrians and vehicles. This project wants to solve the previous problem with the burying of the line. Diaphragm walls will be built with steel bracings at the top of the walls. In several areas, concrete slabs will be placed in the upper part to connect the town. In the future, the line will be completely covered like an artificial tunnel. The buried works affects the drainage network and some services which will be restored or diverted. The railway superstructure will be made with slab track by Rheda2000 system. The works are expected to last about 23 months. During this time, a bus line will cover this part of the railway line., [CA] Avui, la línia ferroviària Tarragona - Barcelona travessa el centre urbà de Sant Feliu de Llobregat. També, existeix un pas a nivell que suposa un perill per als vianants i vehicles. Amb aquest projecte es vol resoldre l'anterior problema amb el soterrament de la via. Es construiran pantalles amb traves metàl·liques al cap. En certs punts, per a donar continuïtat als vials existents, es disposarà llosa de formigó, fent en aquest cas de trava. Aquesta solució, s'ha desenvolupat així per a què en un futur siga viable cobrir-la totalment en forma de túnel artificial. El soterrament afecta a la xarxa de drenatge i a diversos servicis que seran restituïts i/o desviats. Respecte a la superestructura ferroviària, s'ha disposat via en placa al llarg del traçat mitjançant el sistema Rheda2000. S'ha previst que el període d'execució de les obres siga de 23 mesos, temps durant el qual es disposarà d'un servici d'autobús per a donar continuïtat a la línia., [ES] En la actualidad, la línea ferroviaria Tarragona - Barcelona discurre a lo largo de todo el núcleo urbano de Sant Feliu de Llobregat generando una barrera que afecta a la conectividad y a la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Además, cabe destacar la existencia de un paso a nivel que reviste una alta peligrosidad para peatones y vehículos. Con este proyecto se pretende resolver el problema anterior mediante el soterramiento de la vía. Para ello se propone ejecutar muros pantalla arriostrados en cabeza con puntales metálicos. En ciertos puntos del trazado, para dar continuidad a los viales existentes, se disponen losas de cobertura de hormigón armado, que en estas zonas desempeñan la función de arriostramiento. Esta solución se ha desarrollado de este modo para que en un futuro sea viable cubrirla totalmente en forma de túnel artificial. El soterramiento afecta a varios cruces de drenaje así como a un conjunto de servicios cuya restitución y/o desvío se ha contemplado en el presente proyecto. Respecto a la superestructura ferroviaria, se ha dispuesto vía en placa a lo largo de todo el trazado mediante sistema Rheda2000. Se ha previsto que el período de ejecución de las obras sea de 23 meses, tiempo durante el cual se dispondrá de un servicio de autobús para dar continuidad a la línea.

[EN] Nowadays, the railway line Tarragona - Barcelona goes through Sant Feliu de Llobregat. It causes a barrier which affects the connectivity between both parts of the town and citizens¿ life quality. Moreover, there is a level crossing which is a danger for pedestrians and vehicles. This project wants to solve the previous problem with the burying of the line. Diaphragm walls will be built with steel bracings at the top of the walls. In several areas, concrete slabs will be placed in the upper part to connect the town. In the future, the line will be completely covered like an artificial tunnel. The buried works affects the drainage network and some services which will be restored or diverted. The railway superstructure will be made with slab track by Rheda2000 system. The works are expected to last about 23 months. During this time, a bus line will cover this part of the railway line., [CA] Avui, la línia ferroviària Tarragona - Barcelona travessa el centre urbà de Sant Feliu de Llobregat. També, existeix un pas a nivell que suposa un perill per als vianants i vehicles. Amb aquest projecte es vol resoldre l'anterior problema amb el soterrament de la via. Es construiran pantalles amb traves metàl·liques al cap. En certs punts, per a donar continuïtat als vials existents, es disposarà llosa de formigó, fent en aquest cas de trava. Aquesta solució, s'ha desenvolupat així per a què en un futur siga viable cobrir-la totalment en forma de túnel artificial. El soterrament afecta a la xarxa de drenatge i a diversos servicis que seran restituïts i/o desviats. Respecte a la superestructura ferroviària, s'ha disposat via en placa al llarg del traçat mitjançant el sistema Rheda2000. S'ha previst que el període d'execució de les obres siga de 23 mesos, temps durant el qual es disposarà d'un servici d'autobús per a donar continuïtat a la línia., [ES] En la actualidad, la línea ferroviaria Tarragona - Barcelona discurre a lo largo de todo el núcleo urbano de Sant Feliu de Llobregat generando una barrera que afecta a la conectividad y a la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Además, cabe destacar la existencia de un paso a nivel que reviste una alta peligrosidad para peatones y vehículos. Con este proyecto se pretende resolver el problema anterior mediante el soterramiento de la vía. Para ello se propone ejecutar muros pantalla arriostrados en cabeza con puntales metálicos. En ciertos puntos del trazado, para dar continuidad a los viales existentes, se disponen losas de cobertura de hormigón armado, que en estas zonas desempeñan la función de arriostramiento. Esta solución se ha desarrollado de este modo para que en un futuro sea viable cubrirla totalmente en forma de túnel artificial. El soterramiento afecta a varios cruces de drenaje así como a un conjunto de servicios cuya restitución y/o desvío se ha contemplado en el presente proyecto. Respecto a la superestructura ferroviaria, se ha dispuesto vía en placa a lo largo de todo el trazado mediante sistema Rheda2000. Se ha previsto que el período de ejecución de las obras sea de 23 meses, tiempo durante el cual se dispondrá de un servicio de autobús para dar continuidad a la línea.

Slender columns' lateral stability under compressive axial loads is presented, with uninhibited, partially inhibited and totally inhibited end side-sway, including the effects of semi-rigid connections and a uniformly distributed lateral elastic foundation (Winkler's type) throughout its entire span. The proposed classification of prismatic columns on an elastic foundation and the corresponding stability equations are general and relatively simple to apply, yielding exact results when compared to other analytical methods. The buckling load was obtained by making the determinant of a 4 x 4 matrix equal to zero for columns having side-sway uninhibited or partially inhibited at both ends, and of a 3 x 3 matrix for columns having side-sway inhibited at one or both ends. The effect of semi-rigid connections on the buckling load of five classical column cases is fully discussed and the results compared to those arising from other analytical methods., Se presenta de una manera clásica la estabilidad lateral de columnas esbeltas bajo cargas axiales de compresión; con derivas en los extremos desinhibidas, inhibidas parcialmente y totalmente inhibidas, incluyendo los efectos de las conexiones semirrígidas y una fundación elástica lateral y uniformemente distribuida (tipo Winkler) a lo largo de toda su luz. La clasificación propuesta en las columnas prismáticas, sobre fundación elástica y las ecuaciones correspondientes de estabilidad son generales y relativamente simples de aplicar; obteniéndose resultados exactos cuando se comparan con otros métodos analíticos. La carga de pandeo se obtiene igualando a cero el valor del determinante de una matriz de 4 x 4, para columnas con deriva lateral desinhibida o parcialmente inhibida en ambos extremos, y de una matriz de 3 x 3 para columnas con deriva lateral inhibida en uno o ambos extremos, respectivamente. Los efectos de las conexiones semirrígidas sobre la carga de pandeo, de cinco casos de columna clásicos, son discutidos y los resultados son comparados con los de otros métodos analíticos.

Large-scale shake table tests were conducted at E-Defense, Japan, to examine the dynamic response of a steel concentrically braced frame. The specimen was a single-bay, single-story frame with a pair of square hollow structural section braces placed in a chevron arrangement. The gusset plates connecting the brace to the framing elements were provided with an elliptic fold line to accommodate out-of-plane rotation of the brace in compression. The specimen was subjected repeatedly to a unidirectional ground motion with increasing magnitude until the braces buckled and eventually fractured. The bracing connections performed as intended; the gusset plates folded out of plane, and no crack was observed in the gusset plate or in the critical welds. Consequently, the test results demonstrated excellent performance of the bracing connections. Elastic deformation of the beam prevented the braces from developing their full tensile strength. Yielding in the middle of the beam, which was predicted by monotonic loading analysis, did not occur. The specimen response was reproduced by a numerical model using fiber elements. This model was able to predict the occurrence of brace buckling and fracture and thereby accurately trace the dynamic behavior of the frame. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000679. (C) 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.