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Translation of western philosophical concept into Chinese is often considered to be challenging. This is attributed to both linguistic and cultural differences. This article discusses these challenges under four categories, namely terminology, semantic understanding and context, philosophical disputes, and language reconstruction and combination. For each category, one or two examples are presented to illustrate the challenges.  How each of these challenges is resolved is also discussed so as to provide the readers with some guidelines if they encounter similar challenges in their work.

Chinese cities have experienced rapid urbanisation and attracted massive investment in the central city through urban redevelopment. Developing less favourable urban areas such as former industrial sites along the waterfront is less attractive for investment as these areas usually need to deal with poor environments and complicated land ownership. It is therefore important to understand how these urban projects are carried out and what financial instruments are used. This paper examines four waterfront redevelopment projects in Shanghai in the last three decades and asks how they got financed. The financial mechanism in the examined cases confirmed that land-based capital accumulation is central in the financialisation of these projects, with the important role of the state-owned development companies in each project to mobilise capital and carry out development. The paper also finds that the variety of innovative financial instruments like bonds, public-private partnership or the urban regeneration fund are explored to tap capital from domestic and international investors. These financial instruments are complementary to the land-based finance which facilitates urban redevelopment in less attractive waterfront areas, allowing new financial players to explore the potential for the waterfront., Urban Development Management

Chinese cities have experienced rapid urbanisation and attracted massive investment in the central city through urban redevelopment. Developing less favourable urban areas such as former industrial sites along the waterfront is less attractive for investment as these areas usually need to deal with poor environments and complicated land ownership. It is therefore important to understand how these urban projects are carried out and what financial instruments are used. This paper examines four waterfront redevelopment projects in Shanghai in the last three decades and asks how they got financed. The financial mechanism in the examined cases confirmed that land-based capital accumulation is central in the financialisation of these projects, with the important role of the state-owned development companies in each project to mobilise capital and carry out development. The paper also finds that the variety of innovative financial instruments like bonds, public-private partnership or the urban regeneration fund are explored to tap capital from domestic and international investors. These financial instruments are complementary to the land-based finance which facilitates urban redevelopment in less attractive waterfront areas, allowing new financial players to explore the potential for the waterfront., Urban Development Management

This graduation project focuses on the livability issues in the historic neighbourhood under the Chinese context. The current Chinese heritage preservation focuses on conserving material, while livability means adapt physical settings for present use. Therefore, the living condition in the historic neighbourhoods is often neglected. This thesis aims to solve the conflicts between heritage preservation and livability by using a broader definition of heritage value. Literature suggests that the community is also a part of the heritage. The well-being of the local community will add a unique identity to the heritage site. So heritage preservation and residents' livability should be linked together. The value of heritage is attributed to the material and shown in the social aspect. There are multiple values attributed to a heritage site, and the spatial transformation process is actually the consequence of prioritizing specific values. By comparing three heritage management approaches that prioritizing different stakeholders and values, a hypothesis is made. The hypothesis states that the value-based approach can be used to improve livability in historic neighbourhoods under the Chinese planning context. This thesis uses Meiyuan Xincun as a site to test this hypothesis. There are three steps in the research by design process. Firstly, research on the broad heritage value will be done to understand the values based on perspectives from all stakeholders. These values overlap or even conflict with each other, and prioritising certain values will lead to different spatial transformation strategies. Secondly, the material-based approach (prioritizes the value of the physical element) and the living heritage approach (prioritizes the local community) are tested to explore the conflicts between the current heritage preservation approach and community needs at the spatial level. Then the value-based approach is adopted to solve the conflicts and come up with spatial strategies., Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Design of the Urban Fabric

This graduation project focuses on the livability issues in the historic neighbourhood under the Chinese context. The current Chinese heritage preservation focuses on conserving material, while livability means adapt physical settings for present use. Therefore, the living condition in the historic neighbourhoods is often neglected. This thesis aims to solve the conflicts between heritage preservation and livability by using a broader definition of heritage value. Literature suggests that the community is also a part of the heritage. The well-being of the local community will add a unique identity to the heritage site. So heritage preservation and residents' livability should be linked together. The value of heritage is attributed to the material and shown in the social aspect. There are multiple values attributed to a heritage site, and the spatial transformation process is actually the consequence of prioritizing specific values. By comparing three heritage management approaches that prioritizing different stakeholders and values, a hypothesis is made. The hypothesis states that the value-based approach can be used to improve livability in historic neighbourhoods under the Chinese planning context. This thesis uses Meiyuan Xincun as a site to test this hypothesis. There are three steps in the research by design process. Firstly, research on the broad heritage value will be done to understand the values based on perspectives from all stakeholders. These values overlap or even conflict with each other, and prioritising certain values will lead to different spatial transformation strategies. Secondly, the material-based approach (prioritizes the value of the physical element) and the living heritage approach (prioritizes the local community) are tested to explore the conflicts between the current heritage preservation approach and community needs at the spatial level. Then the value-based approach is adopted to solve the conflicts and come up with spatial strategies., Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Design of the Urban Fabric

There has been a lack of academic research focusing on the generational differences in leadership preferences in the Chinese context, particularly in terms of the Millennial generation. In what way, if at all, do the leadership preferences of Chinese Millennials differ from those of Chinese non-Millennials? Such was the guiding question of the study I present in this thesis. The purpose of this study was to explore and compare the leadership preferences of Chinese Millennials and non-Millennials, so as to allow academics and organizations to better understand the leadership preferences of Chinese Millennials, and recognize the differences/similarities in leadership preferences between the employees of different generations in China. A total of 460 participants participated in this study (230 are Millennials, 230 non-Millennials), all of whom were Chinese living in mainland China, and full-time workers with at least one year of work experience. The study used a questionnaire to collect data regarding participants’ leadership preferences, which was then analyzed in three steps (i.e., a primary analysis and two follow-up analyses). The results show that, overall, Chinese Millennials have similar leadership preferences to non-Millennials. I draw on relevant literature to theorize about the social and psychological mechanisms that might underpin my findings. Potential explanations include traditional Chinese culture being consolidated and inherited; people having similar fundamental needs (regardless of generational membership), and therefore similar leadership preferences; and the impact of intergenerational interactions and a shared organizational environment. By increasing understanding of the research evidence that exists about leadership preferences across generations, leadership challenges in the multi-generation workforce can be overcome. A better understanding of Millennials’ leadership preferences, as well as differences and similarities in these preferences amo

There has been a lack of academic research focusing on the generational differences in leadership preferences in the Chinese context, particularly in terms of the Millennial generation. In what way, if at all, do the leadership preferences of Chinese Millennials differ from those of Chinese non-Millennials? Such was the guiding question of the study I present in this thesis. The purpose of this study was to explore and compare the leadership preferences of Chinese Millennials and non-Millennials, so as to allow academics and organizations to better understand the leadership preferences of Chinese Millennials, and recognize the differences/similarities in leadership preferences between the employees of different generations in China. A total of 460 participants participated in this study (230 are Millennials, 230 non-Millennials), all of whom were Chinese living in mainland China, and full-time workers with at least one year of work experience. The study used a questionnaire to collect data regarding participants’ leadership preferences, which was then analyzed in three steps (i.e., a primary analysis and two follow-up analyses). The results show that, overall, Chinese Millennials have similar leadership preferences to non-Millennials. I draw on relevant literature to theorize about the social and psychological mechanisms that might underpin my findings. Potential explanations include traditional Chinese culture being consolidated and inherited; people having similar fundamental needs (regardless of generational membership), and therefore similar leadership preferences; and the impact of intergenerational interactions and a shared organizational environment. By increasing understanding of the research evidence that exists about leadership preferences across generations, leadership challenges in the multi-generation workforce can be overcome. A better understanding of Millennials’ leadership preferences, as well as differences and similarities in these preferences amo

There has been a lack of academic research focusing on the generational differences in leadership preferences in the Chinese context, particularly in terms of the Millennial generation. In what way, if at all, do the leadership preferences of Chinese Millennials differ from those of Chinese non-Millennials? Such was the guiding question of the study I present in this thesis. The purpose of this study was to explore and compare the leadership preferences of Chinese Millennials and non-Millennials, so as to allow academics and organizations to better understand the leadership preferences of Chinese Millennials, and recognize the differences/similarities in leadership preferences between the employees of different generations in China. A total of 460 participants participated in this study (230 are Millennials, 230 non-Millennials), all of whom were Chinese living in mainland China, and full-time workers with at least one year of work experience. The study used a questionnaire to collect data regarding participants’ leadership preferences, which was then analyzed in three steps (i.e., a primary analysis and two follow-up analyses). The results show that, overall, Chinese Millennials have similar leadership preferences to non-Millennials. I draw on relevant literature to theorize about the social and psychological mechanisms that might underpin my findings. Potential explanations include traditional Chinese culture being consolidated and inherited; people having similar fundamental needs (regardless of generational membership), and therefore similar leadership preferences; and the impact of intergenerational interactions and a shared organizational environment. By increasing understanding of the research evidence that exists about leadership preferences across generations, leadership challenges in the multi-generation workforce can be overcome. A better understanding of Millennials’ leadership preferences, as well as differences and similarities in these preferences amo

There has been a lack of academic research focusing on the generational differences in leadership preferences in the Chinese context, particularly in terms of the Millennial generation. In what way, if at all, do the leadership preferences of Chinese Millennials differ from those of Chinese non-Millennials? Such was the guiding question of the study I present in this thesis. The purpose of this study was to explore and compare the leadership preferences of Chinese Millennials and non-Millennials, so as to allow academics and organizations to better understand the leadership preferences of Chinese Millennials, and recognize the differences/similarities in leadership preferences between the employees of different generations in China. A total of 460 participants participated in this study (230 are Millennials, 230 non-Millennials), all of whom were Chinese living in mainland China, and full-time workers with at least one year of work experience. The study used a questionnaire to collect data regarding participants’ leadership preferences, which was then analyzed in three steps (i.e., a primary analysis and two follow-up analyses). The results show that, overall, Chinese Millennials have similar leadership preferences to non-Millennials. I draw on relevant literature to theorize about the social and psychological mechanisms that might underpin my findings. Potential explanations include traditional Chinese culture being consolidated and inherited; people having similar fundamental needs (regardless of generational membership), and therefore similar leadership preferences; and the impact of intergenerational interactions and a shared organizational environment. By increasing understanding of the research evidence that exists about leadership preferences across generations, leadership challenges in the multi-generation workforce can be overcome. A better understanding of Millennials’ leadership preferences, as well as differences and similarities in these preferences amo

When exploring business in China we noticed that companies behaved in a different way, Corporate Social Responsibility was seen as integrated in companies’ business models as an integral part in order for them to grow and sustain. This seemed to be a new approach to us as well as poorly discussed in the literature we had experienced. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the content of Business Model, the conceptualisation of corporate social responsibility in the Chinese context and the importance of including the concept of corporate social responsibility in firms’ Business Models. Based on the exploration, we decided to employ the hermeneutics perspective of social science. Accordingly, the research was conducted through a qualitative study with an inductive approach. Based on interviews of the respondents’ organisational and personal perspective of the Chinese context, with literature review as reference to and reflection on the findings to have in-depth understanding of the concepts, we conducted this study, which is shaped by the following major findings. Business Model and Corporate Social Responsibility are dependent on the complexity in a certain context, the studied Chinese context, and therefore need reconfiguration. Sustainability in China is assumed to move, but rather in its own direction than similar way to the development in West. The focus of Business Model is moving more towards creating value in terms of economic, social and societal rather than only considering money making. The Chinese government is seen to have political power and influence on the business market with heavy interference in the business’s direction, operation and management. As a result, collaboration with government can guide, facilitate and increase success of businesses. Business Model for Sustainability should be created on an aggregate level, where businesses should consider integrating Corporate Social Responsibility as the foundation in their business model

When exploring business in China we noticed that companies behaved in a different way, Corporate Social Responsibility was seen as integrated in companies’ business models as an integral part in order for them to grow and sustain. This seemed to be a new approach to us as well as poorly discussed in the literature we had experienced. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the content of Business Model, the conceptualisation of corporate social responsibility in the Chinese context and the importance of including the concept of corporate social responsibility in firms’ Business Models. Based on the exploration, we decided to employ the hermeneutics perspective of social science. Accordingly, the research was conducted through a qualitative study with an inductive approach. Based on interviews of the respondents’ organisational and personal perspective of the Chinese context, with literature review as reference to and reflection on the findings to have in-depth understanding of the concepts, we conducted this study, which is shaped by the following major findings. Business Model and Corporate Social Responsibility are dependent on the complexity in a certain context, the studied Chinese context, and therefore need reconfiguration. Sustainability in China is assumed to move, but rather in its own direction than similar way to the development in West. The focus of Business Model is moving more towards creating value in terms of economic, social and societal rather than only considering money making. The Chinese government is seen to have political power and influence on the business market with heavy interference in the business’s direction, operation and management. As a result, collaboration with government can guide, facilitate and increase success of businesses. Business Model for Sustainability should be created on an aggregate level, where businesses should consider integrating Corporate Social Responsibility as the foundation in their business model

In this thesis, we are studying the issue of transformational leadership in Chinese context, which is subjected to social science category. The reason why we concentrate on this research issue is based on the limited available references of Chinese transformational leadership, on our personal interests of transformational leadership and on the rather interesting and mysterious Chinese context covering the influence of globalization, digitalization and so forth. At the same time, we will focus on two major research questions, what leaders and followers’ expectations are during transformation in Chinese companies and what skills and abilities Chinese transformational leaders need in practice.Since we have ascertained the research issue and questions, the methodology of grounded theory and relevant literatures of organizational change, full range of leadership model, followership, and skill approach laid the solid foundation for our further data collection and data analysis. And the way of interviewing and questionnaire as specific methods of data collection played a crucial role in gathering empirical data, which gives contributions to theory development for our research.Through collecting and analyzing data, we constructed our theory of Chinese transformational leadership. For improving transformation performance in Chinese companies, transformational leaders is required to take both leaders and followers’ expectations into consideration and to lead the transformation with effective leadership skills and abilities. In addition, we found that there is a new implication of transformational followership for readers and a comparatively vague concept of trust in transformation process in Chinese companies for further study.

In this thesis, we are studying the issue of transformational leadership in Chinese context, which is subjected to social science category. The reason why we concentrate on this research issue is based on the limited available references of Chinese transformational leadership, on our personal interests of transformational leadership and on the rather interesting and mysterious Chinese context covering the influence of globalization, digitalization and so forth. At the same time, we will focus on two major research questions, what leaders and followers’ expectations are during transformation in Chinese companies and what skills and abilities Chinese transformational leaders need in practice.Since we have ascertained the research issue and questions, the methodology of grounded theory and relevant literatures of organizational change, full range of leadership model, followership, and skill approach laid the solid foundation for our further data collection and data analysis. And the way of interviewing and questionnaire as specific methods of data collection played a crucial role in gathering empirical data, which gives contributions to theory development for our research.Through collecting and analyzing data, we constructed our theory of Chinese transformational leadership. For improving transformation performance in Chinese companies, transformational leaders is required to take both leaders and followers’ expectations into consideration and to lead the transformation with effective leadership skills and abilities. In addition, we found that there is a new implication of transformational followership for readers and a comparatively vague concept of trust in transformation process in Chinese companies for further study.

The College English Curriculum Requirements (CECR), announced by the Chinese Ministry of Education in 2007, recommended the inclusion of formative assessment into the existing summative assessment framework of College English. This policy had the potential to fundamentally change the nature of assessment and its role in the teaching and learning of English in Chinese universities. In order to document and analyse these changes, case studies involving English language teachers and learners were undertaken in two Chinese Universities: one a Key university in the national capital; the other a non-Key university in a western province. The case study design incorporated classroom observations and interviews with English language teachers and their students. The type and focus of feedback and the engagement of students in assessment were analysed in the two contexts. Fundamental to the analysis was the concept of enactment, with the focus of this study on the ways that policy ideas and principles were enacted in the practices of the Chinese university classroom. Understandings of formative assessment as applied in contexts other than the predominantly Western, Anglophone contexts from where many of its principles derive, are offered.

This narrative inquiry explores 6 Chinese early childhood teachers’ teaching and learning experiences in Shanghai and Beijing, where Chinese and Western educational ideas and practices co-exist. Interviews with teachers, kindergarten directors, and parents, and participatory observations and collected documents are analysed and interpreted to reveal the teachers’ experiences of being both teacher and learner in the contemporary urban Chinese context. The teachers’ experiences and voices are at the centre of this study and are represented in poetic format. The themes emerging from the teachers’ poems are discussed alongside relevant literature in order to gain in-depth understanding of each teacher’s teaching and learning experience in specific kindergarten contexts. Emerging themes embody the reality of teaching and learning, professional learning in the embedded community of practice, and the teachers’ professional and personal selves. Tensions and challenges the teachers faced in teaching and learning are identified. The enabling and constraining factors that may deskill, re-skill, or empower the teachers are discussed. The teachers’ stories suggest that they experience tensions between the multiple and contradicting educational ideas; the embedded kindergarten community’s interpretation of teaching and learning at multiple levels; the teachers’ personal practical knowledge; and their life as a multifaceted human being. The research suggests the need for kindergarten directors, scholars and policymakers to pay attention to the dynamic relationships between a kindergarten’s structure, curriculum, pedagogy, images of the child, teachers’ personal practical knowledge, professional learning, and teachers’ inner selves and agency.

This narrative inquiry explores 6 Chinese early childhood teachers’ teaching and learning experiences in Shanghai and Beijing, where Chinese and Western educational ideas and practices co-exist. Interviews with teachers, kindergarten directors, and parents, and participatory observations and collected documents are analysed and interpreted to reveal the teachers’ experiences of being both teacher and learner in the contemporary urban Chinese context. The teachers’ experiences and voices are at the centre of this study and are represented in poetic format. The themes emerging from the teachers’ poems are discussed alongside relevant literature in order to gain in-depth understanding of each teacher’s teaching and learning experience in specific kindergarten contexts. Emerging themes embody the reality of teaching and learning, professional learning in the embedded community of practice, and the teachers’ professional and personal selves. Tensions and challenges the teachers faced in teaching and learning are identified. The enabling and constraining factors that may deskill, re-skill, or empower the teachers are discussed. The teachers’ stories suggest that they experience tensions between the multiple and contradicting educational ideas; the embedded kindergarten community’s interpretation of teaching and learning at multiple levels; the teachers’ personal practical knowledge; and their life as a multifaceted human being. The research suggests the need for kindergarten directors, scholars and policymakers to pay attention to the dynamic relationships between a kindergarten’s structure, curriculum, pedagogy, images of the child, teachers’ personal practical knowledge, professional learning, and teachers’ inner selves and agency.

This narrative inquiry explores 6 Chinese early childhood teachers’ teaching and learning experiences in Shanghai and Beijing, where Chinese and Western educational ideas and practices co-exist. Interviews with teachers, kindergarten directors, and parents, and participatory observations and collected documents are analysed and interpreted to reveal the teachers’ experiences of being both teacher and learner in the contemporary urban Chinese context. The teachers’ experiences and voices are at the centre of this study and are represented in poetic format. The themes emerging from the teachers’ poems are discussed alongside relevant literature in order to gain in-depth understanding of each teacher’s teaching and learning experience in specific kindergarten contexts. Emerging themes embody the reality of teaching and learning, professional learning in the embedded community of practice, and the teachers’ professional and personal selves. Tensions and challenges the teachers faced in teaching and learning are identified. The enabling and constraining factors that may deskill, re-skill, or empower the teachers are discussed. The teachers’ stories suggest that they experience tensions between the multiple and contradicting educational ideas; the embedded kindergarten community’s interpretation of teaching and learning at multiple levels; the teachers’ personal practical knowledge; and their life as a multifaceted human being. The research suggests the need for kindergarten directors, scholars and policymakers to pay attention to the dynamic relationships between a kindergarten’s structure, curriculum, pedagogy, images of the child, teachers’ personal practical knowledge, professional learning, and teachers’ inner selves and agency.

This narrative inquiry explores 6 Chinese early childhood teachers’ teaching and learning experiences in Shanghai and Beijing, where Chinese and Western educational ideas and practices co-exist. Interviews with teachers, kindergarten directors, and parents, and participatory observations and collected documents are analysed and interpreted to reveal the teachers’ experiences of being both teacher and learner in the contemporary urban Chinese context. The teachers’ experiences and voices are at the centre of this study and are represented in poetic format. The themes emerging from the teachers’ poems are discussed alongside relevant literature in order to gain in-depth understanding of each teacher’s teaching and learning experience in specific kindergarten contexts. Emerging themes embody the reality of teaching and learning, professional learning in the embedded community of practice, and the teachers’ professional and personal selves. Tensions and challenges the teachers faced in teaching and learning are identified. The enabling and constraining factors that may deskill, re-skill, or empower the teachers are discussed. The teachers’ stories suggest that they experience tensions between the multiple and contradicting educational ideas; the embedded kindergarten community’s interpretation of teaching and learning at multiple levels; the teachers’ personal practical knowledge; and their life as a multifaceted human being. The research suggests the need for kindergarten directors, scholars and policymakers to pay attention to the dynamic relationships between a kindergarten’s structure, curriculum, pedagogy, images of the child, teachers’ personal practical knowledge, professional learning, and teachers’ inner selves and agency.

Although mobile services have gained huge potential market in recent years, the adoption of mobile services has been far slower than expected. Many scholars put forward mobile services adoption models to explore the causes of low adoption of mobile services. But few researchers have explained why different types of services differ in terms of popularity from the view of lifestyle. The authors attempt to explain the adoption of various mobile services in the view of lifestyle through descriptive analysis and ANOVE analysis in China. And the conclusions are as follows: 1) the adoption of different types of mobile services varies with different groups of users, because 2) different groups of users often have their own lifestyles (e.g., new life consciousness, arbitrary consciousness, financial consciousness, etc.), 3) which can significantly affect their intention to adopt various mobile services.

Urban development has become increasingly complex in recent times. This is not only because of the multiplicity of actors involved and the complexity of social developments, but it is also because the scope of the implications of urban area development has significantly enlarged: they often significantly transgress the area concerned and even the city itself. Higher demands are imposed on the process management. A large number of interested parties have or claim a say at different scale levels. With the increase of international competition between cities on an international stage, urban development processes also subject to the direct influence of events from far outside the region in question. The most complex situation, and one that is increasingly occurring in practice, arises in the case of public-private co-operation, where the division of roles is different in each and every situation. The content of urban area development focuses on creating spatial constellations wherein various functions (residential, working, etc.) can develop in harmony. These constellations must be coherent and integrated units. Social developments/issues are particularly influential on development projects, both where space is concerned as well as otherwise. Apart from the spatial aspect, attention must also be given to social, political, economic, ecological, and social-cultural aspects. The whole must be combined in such way that the result has sufficient spatial and market quality. This paper highlights the most important essence of Dutch theoretical debate and practical experience on urban area development and the implications for Chinese practice., Real Estate and Housing, Architecture

In the past decade, there has been an increasing number of natural disasters that led to catastrophic damage to mankind. China is one of the countries most affected by natural disasters in the world. Although logistics activities account for a large percentage of total operations in aftermath relief, they have frequently not been recognized as key levers for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of humanitarian organizations and as being crucial to operational excellence. Meanwhile, due to the large number of relief actors involved in the Chinese context, the coordination among various players becomes a very prominent challenge to cope with. Therefore, this master study aims to explore how to improve the coordination among actors in the Chinese relief chain context. This research consists of theoretical and empirical parts. In the theoretical party, this thesis explores the prospects of transferring lessons learnt from the commercial supply chain to the relief chain by finding out the existing coordination mechanisms in the commercial logistics operations. Some coordination mechanisms- i.e. Joint Procurement, Quick Response, Continuous Replenishment Program, Vendor Managed Inventory, Joint Managed Inventory, Continuous Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment and 3rd party logistics are the practiced coordination mechanisms in procurement, inventory and transportation processes together with corresponding characteristics and requirements to adopt them. Besides specific coordination mechanisms, generic lessons learnt from the commercial supply chain are also abstracted. They are Resource Sharing, Joint Decision Making and Outsourcing, which can be performed on strategic, tactical or operational levels based on the orientations of relationships among coordinating alliance. These experiences from the commercial supply chain come as a foreground for relief actors to step on. Although the objective of the relief chain and commercial supply chain remains the same i.e., Safety Science, Values and Technology, Technology, Policy and Management

Urban development has become increasingly complex in recent times. This is not only because of the multiplicity of actors involved and the complexity of social developments, but it is also because the scope of the implications of urban area development has significantly enlarged: they often significantly transgress the area concerned and even the city itself. Higher demands are imposed on the process management. A large number of interested parties have or claim a say at different scale levels. With the increase of international competition between cities on an international stage, urban development processes also subject to the direct influence of events from far outside the region in question. The most complex situation, and one that is increasingly occurring in practice, arises in the case of public-private co-operation, where the division of roles is different in each and every situation. The content of urban area development focuses on creating spatial constellations wherein various functions (residential, working, etc.) can develop in harmony. These constellations must be coherent and integrated units. Social developments/issues are particularly influential on development projects, both where space is concerned as well as otherwise. Apart from the spatial aspect, attention must also be given to social, political, economic, ecological, and social-cultural aspects. The whole must be combined in such way that the result has sufficient spatial and market quality. This paper highlights the most important essence of Dutch theoretical debate and practical experience on urban area development and the implications for Chinese practice., Real Estate and Housing, Architecture

In the past decade, there has been an increasing number of natural disasters that led to catastrophic damage to mankind. China is one of the countries most affected by natural disasters in the world. Although logistics activities account for a large percentage of total operations in aftermath relief, they have frequently not been recognized as key levers for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of humanitarian organizations and as being crucial to operational excellence. Meanwhile, due to the large number of relief actors involved in the Chinese context, the coordination among various players becomes a very prominent challenge to cope with. Therefore, this master study aims to explore how to improve the coordination among actors in the Chinese relief chain context. This research consists of theoretical and empirical parts. In the theoretical party, this thesis explores the prospects of transferring lessons learnt from the commercial supply chain to the relief chain by finding out the existing coordination mechanisms in the commercial logistics operations. Some coordination mechanisms- i.e. Joint Procurement, Quick Response, Continuous Replenishment Program, Vendor Managed Inventory, Joint Managed Inventory, Continuous Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment and 3rd party logistics are the practiced coordination mechanisms in procurement, inventory and transportation processes together with corresponding characteristics and requirements to adopt them. Besides specific coordination mechanisms, generic lessons learnt from the commercial supply chain are also abstracted. They are Resource Sharing, Joint Decision Making and Outsourcing, which can be performed on strategic, tactical or operational levels based on the orientations of relationships among coordinating alliance. These experiences from the commercial supply chain come as a foreground for relief actors to step on. Although the objective of the relief chain and commercial supply chain remains the same i.e., Safety Science, Values and Technology, Technology, Policy and Management

Since modern China was closed to the outside world until 1979, research on management issues within organizations operating in the Chinese context is a relatively recent phenomenon. In this study, we analyzed this body of research by performing a citation analysis on 226 research articles on this topic published in 20 leading English language academic journals over the past 16 years (1984-1999). The citation impact analysis identified the 52 most cited articles and the academic journals as well as the most influential authors on this research. We examined the issues or topics in these 52 influential articles and suggest some directions for future research. © 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Since modern China was closed to the outside world until 1979, research on management issues within organizations operating in the Chinese context is a relatively recent phenomenon. In this study, we analyzed this body of research by performing a citation analysis on 226 research articles on this topic published in 20 leading English language academic journals over the past 16 years (1984-1999). The citation impact analysis identified the 52 most cited articles and the academic journals as well as the most influential authors on this research. We examined the issues or topics in these 52 influential articles and suggest some directions for future research. © 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers.