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In this article we propose an approach to the study of social representa-tions that circulated about this institution between the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s, based on the analysis of cultural productions, newspaper articles and legislative changes. What images were circulating about the experience lived by the one hundred thousand 20-year-old men called up every year to fulfill the SMO in the Army, Navy or Aeronautics bet-ween the late 1960s and early 1970s? What and debates were taking place around this military institution? Which social sectors questioned the prevai-ling militarism and the forms of state violence or, on the other hand, in which a positive evaluation of the passage through the conscription prevailed? Based on a series of sources, I will seek to reconstruct different readings and versions of the passage through that institution: from the exaltation and vindication of the virtues of conscription to parody, satire and criticism that challenged its operating logic from political humor or from national rock., En este artículo proponemos una aproximación al estudio de representaciones sociales que circulaban sobre el servicio militar obligatorio (SMO) entre fines de la década de 1960 y principios de la de 1970, a partir del análisis de producciones culturales, artículos periodísticos y cambios legislativos. ¿Qué imágenes circulaban y que debates se daban sobre la experiencia que vivían los cien mil varones de 20 años convocados todos los años a cumplir con el SMO en el Ejército, en la Marina o en la Aeronáutica entre fines de 1960 y principios de 1970? ¿qué sectores sociales cuestionaban el militarismo reinante y las formas de violencia estatal o, en cambio, en cuáles primaba una valoración positiva del paso por la conscripción? Tomando un corpus de diversas fuentes, buscaremos reconstruir distintas lecturas y versiones sobre el paso por esa institución: desde la exaltación y reivindicación de las virtudes de la conscripción hasta la parodia, la sátira y la crítica que impugnaba su lógica de funcionamiento desde el humor político o desde el rock nacional. Recibido: 3/5/2022 – Aceptado: 5/2/2023

Background: In Finland, the development of oral health in young, 19- to 21-year-old males regarding restorative treatment need seems to have slowed down according to cross-sectional conscript studies between 1976 and 2011. At the individual level, the mean number of decayed teeth (DT > 0) has also steadily continued to decline. In Finland, military service is mandatory, and around 85% of males complete it. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the oral health status of young men at the beginning of the 2020s. Methods: The data were collected in July 2021 in the eight biggest Finnish Defence force garrisons by ten calibrated dentists serving in the ranks. The inclusion criteria for this study were a year of birth between 2000 and 2002 and male gender (n = 508). Third molars were included. Restorative treatment need was evaluated using ICDAS scoring. The study was designed according to the STROBE guidelines. Results: Mean DT value was 1.13 when third molars were included and 1.03 when they were excluded. Mean DMFT value was 3.23 and 2.98, respectively. The proportion of conscripts with DT > 0 was 36.4% and 34.8%, respectively. The prevalence of caries was concentrated among a small number of conscripts. Most (76.6%) had BEWE (basic erosive wear examination) of 0–2. Conscripts in the moderate and severe ETW (erosive tooth wear) groups (BEWE 3–13) comprised 23.5% of the cohort. None of the conscripts fell into the most severe group (BEWE 14–18). Conclusions: The oral health of conscripts has improved over the last ten years, and restorative treatment need has decreased significantly. Compared to previous studies, restorative treatment need was concentrated on an even smaller proportion of conscripts.

Compulsory basic military training is characterized not only by being challenging but also by being stressful. Assuming a high frequency of perceived stress events as a negative outcome of training, this article provides evidence on how the perceived frequency of stressful situations is affected by three types of factors: (i) biological stress response variables measured by hair steroid hormone levels, (ii) personality traits measured using the Big Five personality test, and (iii) group cohesion measures in military squads. A total of 112 conscripts in 11 squads participated in the research at the beginning (T1), in the middle (T2), and at the end (T3) of compulsory basic military training. Hair steroid hormone levels (cortisol, cortisone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)) levels were measured by liquid mass spectrometry; other data were collected using self-report questionnaires. The results of the Poisson regression analysis indicated that hair steroid hormone cortisol had a statistically significantly impact and could increase the perceived frequency of stressful situations by up to 1.317 (e(0.275), T2) times. The concentrations of other hormones (cortisone = 1.157, e(0.146), T3 and DHEA = 1.020, e(0.020), T3) also had a statistically significant effect. Other factors had a decreasing effect on the frequency. Extraversion was significant with an effect of 0.907 (e(-0.098), T2) and 0.847 (e(-0.166), T3), while task cohesion had an effect of 0.946 (e(-0.056)) and norm cohesion of 0.954 (e(-0.047)). The research indicates that the three groups of factors affect the perceived frequency of stressful situations during compulsory basic military training, but their impacts are considerably different.

The aim was to examine hair cortisol levels and self-reported stress amongst conscripts during their basic military training, and how they are related to four types of theory-derived determinants. The following prediction was made: lower levels of perceived stress and hair cortisol will be associated with: (1) higher levels of emotional stability (the individual nonmilitary aspect); (2) a lower degree of private life problems (the contextual nonmilitary aspect); (3) more positive attitudes toward the military, higher engagement in military service, and higher adaptability to military conditions (the individual-military aspect); and (4) stronger group cohesion and better leadership (the contextual-military aspect). The sample consisted of a total of 107 male Lithuanian conscripts. Assessments were made at the beginning of their basic military training, in the middle, and at the end. Established instruments were used on all self-reported scales. Hair cortisol levels were established through analyses of hair samples. Low to moderate levels of stress were found throughout the basic training period regarding perceived stress levels. Hair cortisol levels were mainly unrelated to the self-rating scales. Regarding perceived stress, the prediction was fully confirmed. The future value of the theoretical model is discussed.

Introduction: Body mass index (BMI) is a composite variable of weight and height, often used as a predictor of health outcomes, including mortality. The main purpose of combining weight and height in one variable is to obtain a measure of obesity independent of height. It is however unclear how accurate BMI is as a predictor of mortality compared with models including both weight and height or a weight x height interaction as predictors. Methods: The current study used conscription data on weight, height, and BMI of Swedish men (N = 48,904) in 1969/70 as well as linked data on mortality (3442 deaths) between 1969 and 2008. Cox proportional hazard models including combinations of weight, height, and BMI at conscription as predictors of subsequent all-cause and cause-specific mortality were fitted to data. Results: An increase by one standard deviation on weight and BMI were associated with an increase in hazard for all-cause mortality by 5.4% and 11.5%, respectively, while an increase by one standard deviation on height was associated with a decrease in hazard for all-cause mortality by 9.4%. The best-fitting model indicated lowest predicted all-cause mortality for those who weighed 60.5 kg at conscription, regardless of height. Further analyses of cause-specific mortality suggest that this weight seems to be a compromise between lower optimal weights to avoid cancer and CVD mortality and a higher optimal weight to not die by suicide. Conclusions: According to the present findings, there are several ways to make better use of measured weight and height than to calculate BMI when predicting mortality.

Sedan början av 2000-talet har Försvarsmakten genomfört en mängd förändringar med sin organisation och personal. Nedskärningarna av förband tillsammans med ett ökat fokus på internationella insatser i början av 00-talet har under slutet av 10-talet förändrats till en tillväxt av förband samt en återgång till ett nationellt fokus. Yrkesofficerarnas profession har förändrats genom införandet av ett tvåbefälssystem under slutet av 00-talet från ett enbefälssystem, likväl som att värnplikten lades vilande 2010 och anställda soldater introducerades i organisationen. Sedan 2018 är värnplikten återinförd med utbildning av soldater och gruppbefäl, 9 respektive 11 månader. Från och med sommaren 2021 återinförs 15 månaders värnpliktiga, som övertar befattningar i krigsorganisationen som tidigare bemannats av yrkesofficerare. Studien utforskar vad detta införande innebär för yrkesofficersprofessionen, vilka konsekvenser som uppstår likväl som hur införandet bör implementeras. Genom intervjuer av åtta respondenter från Trängregementet i Skövde utforskas införandet ur yrkesofficerarnas perspektiv. Studien tar hjälp av Bolman och Deal’s fyra perspektiv på organisation och ledarskap samt Runsten och Werr’s modell för kunskapsintegration för att förstå och tolka organisationsförändringen. Införandet av 15 månaders värnpliktiga omfattar yrkesofficerarnas förväntningar på förändringen, som baseras från tidigare erfarenheter men innehåller även farhågor och positiva förväntningar. Erfarenheten att utbilda dessa värnpliktiga saknas idag på grundutbildningskompanierna, denna kunskap återfinns hos äldre yrkesofficerare i högre nivåer - varvid ett utbyte av gamla erfarenheter i dagens kontext är en framgångsfaktor. Införandet påverkar även utbildning och övningar för förbanden, då värnplikten sker under en längre tid samt att de värnpliktiga ställer ett ökat ansvarstagande hos plutonchefer. Professionen för främst specialistofficerare förändras, genom att värnpliktiga innehar samma grad s, Since the early 2000’s the Swedish Armed Forces has conducted several changes concerning its organization and personnel. The downsizings of units as well as an increased focus on international operations in the early 2000’s have changed to a growth of units and a return to a national focus. The professions of professional officers have changed with the transformation from a single-command system to a two-officer system in the late 00s, as well as the pause of national conscript service in 2010 and introduction of professional soldiers within the organization. The national conscript service was reintroduced in 2018, for soldiers and squad leaders between 9 and 11 months. During the summer of 2021, 15 months conscript service will be reintroduced. These new conscripts will take over the positions previously manned by professional officers in the wartime organization. The study explores the reintroduction’s affects for professional officers, what consequences that occur as well as how the reintroduction should be implemented. Through interviews with eight respondents from the Logistics regiment in Skövde the reintroduction is explored through the professional officers’ view. The study seeks guidance from Bolman and Deal’s four perspectives on organization and leadership and also Runsten and Werr’s model for integration of knowledge, to be able to understand and interpret the organizational change. The reintroduction of 15 months conscripts includes professional officers’ expectations of the change, which is based from earlier experiences but also includes concerns and hopes. There is a lack of experience to train this new category of conscripts today at company level, the ability to do so is found in older officers in higher echelons – therefore an exchange of old experiences in the context of today is a criterion for success. The reintroduction also affects the training and the field exercises, because the conscript service is prolonged and the conscripts require an i

Sedan början av 2000-talet har Försvarsmakten genomfört en mängd förändringar med sin organisation och personal. Nedskärningarna av förband tillsammans med ett ökat fokus på internationella insatser i början av 00-talet har under slutet av 10-talet förändrats till en tillväxt av förband samt en återgång till ett nationellt fokus. Yrkesofficerarnas profession har förändrats genom införandet av ett tvåbefälssystem under slutet av 00-talet från ett enbefälssystem, likväl som att värnplikten lades vilande 2010 och anställda soldater introducerades i organisationen. Sedan 2018 är värnplikten återinförd med utbildning av soldater och gruppbefäl, 9 respektive 11 månader. Från och med sommaren 2021 återinförs 15 månaders värnpliktiga, som övertar befattningar i krigsorganisationen som tidigare bemannats av yrkesofficerare. Studien utforskar vad detta införande innebär för yrkesofficersprofessionen, vilka konsekvenser som uppstår likväl som hur införandet bör implementeras. Genom intervjuer av åtta respondenter från Trängregementet i Skövde utforskas införandet ur yrkesofficerarnas perspektiv. Studien tar hjälp av Bolman och Deal’s fyra perspektiv på organisation och ledarskap samt Runsten och Werr’s modell för kunskapsintegration för att förstå och tolka organisationsförändringen. Införandet av 15 månaders värnpliktiga omfattar yrkesofficerarnas förväntningar på förändringen, som baseras från tidigare erfarenheter men innehåller även farhågor och positiva förväntningar. Erfarenheten att utbilda dessa värnpliktiga saknas idag på grundutbildningskompanierna, denna kunskap återfinns hos äldre yrkesofficerare i högre nivåer - varvid ett utbyte av gamla erfarenheter i dagens kontext är en framgångsfaktor. Införandet påverkar även utbildning och övningar för förbanden, då värnplikten sker under en längre tid samt att de värnpliktiga ställer ett ökat ansvarstagande hos plutonchefer. Professionen för främst specialistofficerare förändras, genom att värnpliktiga innehar samma grad s, Since the early 2000’s the Swedish Armed Forces has conducted several changes concerning its organization and personnel. The downsizings of units as well as an increased focus on international operations in the early 2000’s have changed to a growth of units and a return to a national focus. The professions of professional officers have changed with the transformation from a single-command system to a two-officer system in the late 00s, as well as the pause of national conscript service in 2010 and introduction of professional soldiers within the organization. The national conscript service was reintroduced in 2018, for soldiers and squad leaders between 9 and 11 months. During the summer of 2021, 15 months conscript service will be reintroduced. These new conscripts will take over the positions previously manned by professional officers in the wartime organization. The study explores the reintroduction’s affects for professional officers, what consequences that occur as well as how the reintroduction should be implemented. Through interviews with eight respondents from the Logistics regiment in Skövde the reintroduction is explored through the professional officers’ view. The study seeks guidance from Bolman and Deal’s four perspectives on organization and leadership and also Runsten and Werr’s model for integration of knowledge, to be able to understand and interpret the organizational change. The reintroduction of 15 months conscripts includes professional officers’ expectations of the change, which is based from earlier experiences but also includes concerns and hopes. There is a lack of experience to train this new category of conscripts today at company level, the ability to do so is found in older officers in higher echelons – therefore an exchange of old experiences in the context of today is a criterion for success. The reintroduction also affects the training and the field exercises, because the conscript service is prolonged and the conscripts require an i

В статье приведен анализ заболеваемости болезнями органов дыхания граждан призывного возраста в 2014-2018 гг. Свердловской и Челябинской областей по результатам медицинского освидетельствования., The results of a medical examination of citizens of military age 2014-2018 with respiratory diseases in the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions are dicsussed in the article.

Research on leadership emergence has mainly focused on adulthood and relied on retrospective accounts of childhood factors. Based on a prospective cohort study of 7719 boys born in 1953, of which 5928 were later drafted, we explored individual differences in leadership emergence in childhood and early adulthood. The data set consisted of register data from different time points and a survey of the cohort in the 6th grade. As expected, cognitive ability, tallness and muscular power were decisive for assessment of military officer suitability. However, we also found a moderate to strong impact on this assessment score from social class, leadership aspirations in childhood, birth order, self-regulatory skills in school, parental support, and previous participation in extracurricular activities. Similarly, social class, cognitive ability, developmental experiences, and birth order were important for nominations as class party organizer in the 6th grade. Delay of gratification was not associated with these nominations at all and was neutralized by cognitive ability in relation to officer suitability. The results strongly support a life-cycle approach to leadership emergence.

Research on leadership emergence has mainly focused on adulthood and relied on retrospective accounts of childhood factors. Based on a prospective cohort study of 7719 boys born in 1953, of which 5928 were later drafted, we explored individual differences in leadership emergence in childhood and early adulthood. The data set consisted of register data from different time points and a survey of the cohort in the 6th grade. As expected, cognitive ability, tallness and muscular power were decisive for assessment of military officer suitability. However, we also found a moderate to strong impact on this assessment score from social class, leadership aspirations in childhood, birth order, self-regulatory skills in school, parental support, and previous participation in extracurricular activities. Similarly, social class, cognitive ability, developmental experiences, and birth order were important for nominations as class party organizer in the 6th grade. Delay of gratification was not associated with these nominations at all and was neutralized by cognitive ability in relation to officer suitability. The results strongly support a life-cycle approach to leadership emergence.

Research on leadership emergence has mainly focused on adulthood and relied on retrospective accounts of childhood factors. Based on a prospective cohort study of 7719 boys born in 1953, of which 5928 were later drafted, we explored individual differences in leadership emergence in childhood and early adulthood. The data set consisted of register data from different time points and a survey of the cohort in the 6th grade. As expected, cognitive ability, tallness and muscular power were decisive for assessment of military officer suitability. However, we also found a moderate to strong impact on this assessment score from social class, leadership aspirations in childhood, birth order, self-regulatory skills in school, parental support, and previous participation in extracurricular activities. Similarly, social class, cognitive ability, developmental experiences, and birth order were important for nominations as class party organizer in the 6th grade. Delay of gratification was not associated with these nominations at all and was neutralized by cognitive ability in relation to officer suitability. The results strongly support a life-cycle approach to leadership emergence., Reproduction of inequality though linked lives (RELINK)

Research on leadership emergence has mainly focused on adulthood and relied on retrospective accounts of childhood factors. Based on a prospective cohort study of 7719 boys born in 1953, of which 5928 were later drafted, we explored individual differences in leadership emergence in childhood and early adulthood. The data set consisted of register data from different time points and a survey of the cohort in the 6th grade. As expected, cognitive ability, tallness and muscular power were decisive for assessment of military officer suitability. However, we also found a moderate to strong impact on this assessment score from social class, leadership aspirations in childhood, birth order, self-regulatory skills in school, parental support, and previous participation in extracurricular activities. Similarly, social class, cognitive ability, developmental experiences, and birth order were important for nominations as class party organizer in the 6th grade. Delay of gratification was not associated with these nominations at all and was neutralized by cognitive ability in relation to officer suitability. The results strongly support a life-cycle approach to leadership emergence., Reproduction of inequality through linked lives (RELINK)

Research on leadership emergence has mainly focused on adulthood and relied on retrospective accounts of childhood factors. Based on a prospective cohort study of 7719 boys born in 1953, of which 5928 were later drafted, we explored individual differences in leadership emergence in childhood and early adulthood. The data set consisted of register data from different time points and a survey of the cohort in the 6th grade. As expected, cognitive ability, tallness and muscular power were decisive for assessment of military officer suitability. However, we also found a moderate to strong impact on this assessment score from social class, leadership aspirations in childhood, birth order, self-regulatory skills in school, parental support, and previous participation in extracurricular activities. Similarly, social class, cognitive ability, developmental experiences, and birth order were important for nominations as class party organizer in the 6th grade. Delay of gratification was not associated with these nominations at all and was neutralized by cognitive ability in relation to officer suitability. The results strongly support a life-cycle approach to leadership emergence., Reproduction of inequality through linked lives (RELINK)

Research on leadership emergence has mainly focused on adulthood and relied on retrospective accounts of childhood factors. Based on a prospective cohort study of 7719 boys born in 1953, of which 5928 were later drafted, we explored individual differences in leadership emergence in childhood and early adulthood. The data set consisted of register data from different time points and a survey of the cohort in the 6th grade. As expected, cognitive ability, tallness and muscular power were decisive for assessment of military officer suitability. However, we also found a moderate to strong impact on this assessment score from social class, leadership aspirations in childhood, birth order, self-regulatory skills in school, parental support, and previous participation in extracurricular activities. Similarly, social class, cognitive ability, developmental experiences, and birth order were important for nominations as class party organizer in the 6th grade. Delay of gratification was not associated with these nominations at all and was neutralized by cognitive ability in relation to officer suitability. The results strongly support a life-cycle approach to leadership emergence., Reproduction of inequality through linked lives (RELINK)

Research on leadership emergence has mainly focused on adulthood and relied on retrospective accounts of childhood factors. Based on a prospective cohort study of 7719 boys born in 1953, of which 5928 were later drafted, we explored individual differences in leadership emergence in childhood and early adulthood. The data set consisted of register data from different time points and a survey of the cohort in the 6th grade. As expected, cognitive ability, tallness and muscular power were decisive for assessment of military officer suitability. However, we also found a moderate to strong impact on this assessment score from social class, leadership aspirations in childhood, birth order, self-regulatory skills in school, parental support, and previous participation in extracurricular activities. Similarly, social class, cognitive ability, developmental experiences, and birth order were important for nominations as class party organizer in the 6th grade. Delay of gratification was not associated with these nominations at all and was neutralized by cognitive ability in relation to officer suitability. The results strongly support a life-cycle approach to leadership emergence., Reproduction of inequality through linked lives (RELINK)

Research on leadership emergence has mainly focused on adulthood and relied on retrospective accounts of childhood factors. Based on a prospective cohort study of 7719 boys born in 1953, of which 5928 were later drafted, we explored individual differences in leadership emergence in childhood and early adulthood. The data set consisted of register data from different time points and a survey of the cohort in the 6th grade. As expected, cognitive ability, tallness and muscular power were decisive for assessment of military officer suitability. However, we also found a moderate to strong impact on this assessment score from social class, leadership aspirations in childhood, birth order, self-regulatory skills in school, parental support, and previous participation in extracurricular activities. Similarly, social class, cognitive ability, developmental experiences, and birth order were important for nominations as class party organizer in the 6th grade. Delay of gratification was not associated with these nominations at all and was neutralized by cognitive ability in relation to officer suitability. The results strongly support a life-cycle approach to leadership emergence.

Research on leadership emergence has mainly focused on adulthood and relied on retrospective accounts of childhood factors. Based on a prospective cohort study of 7719 boys born in 1953, of which 5928 were later drafted, we explored individual differences in leadership emergence in childhood and early adulthood. The data set consisted of register data from different time points and a survey of the cohort in the 6th grade. As expected, cognitive ability, tallness and muscular power were decisive for assessment of military officer suitability. However, we also found a moderate to strong impact on this assessment score from social class, leadership aspirations in childhood, birth order, self-regulatory skills in school, parental support, and previous participation in extracurricular activities. Similarly, social class, cognitive ability, developmental experiences, and birth order were important for nominations as class party organizer in the 6th grade. Delay of gratification was not associated with these nominations at all and was neutralized by cognitive ability in relation to officer suitability. The results strongly support a life-cycle approach to leadership emergence.

Research on leadership emergence has mainly focused on adulthood and relied on retrospective accounts of childhood factors. Based on a prospective cohort study of 7719 boys born in 1953, of which 5928 were later drafted, we explored individual differences in leadership emergence in childhood and early adulthood. The data set consisted of register data from different time points and a survey of the cohort in the 6th grade. As expected, cognitive ability, tallness and muscular power were decisive for assessment of military officer suitability. However, we also found a moderate to strong impact on this assessment score from social class, leadership aspirations in childhood, birth order, self-regulatory skills in school, parental support, and previous participation in extracurricular activities. Similarly, social class, cognitive ability, developmental experiences, and birth order were important for nominations as class party organizer in the 6th grade. Delay of gratification was not associated with these nominations at all and was neutralized by cognitive ability in relation to officer suitability. The results strongly support a life-cycle approach to leadership emergence.

Анализируются ограничения и возможности срочной службы для профессионального самоопределения военнослужащих. Эмпирически проверена гипотеза о наличии возможностей и ограничений в развитии ценностной регуляции процесса профессионального самоопределения в условиях срочной службы. Выявлено, что 90 % военнослужащих срочной службы связывают свою будущую профессиональную деятельность с гражданской сферой, но практически третья часть их не имеет конкретной профессиональной ориентации. Большая часть военнослужащих (80 %) ориентирована на типы организационной культуры, основывающиеся на ценностях отношений и иерархии, что не соответствует инновационно-рыночному вектору развития современных предприятий. Предложены рекомендации по оптимизации процесса профориентации., The paper analyses limitations and opportunities for the future professional career that emerge from conscription to military service. The paper empirically tests the hypothesis which claims that there are contradictions between military service values and the values required for employment in modern enterprises characterized by innovation and flexibility. The paper presents the results of empirical survey of conscripts’ job orientation and professional values. It was discovered that 90 % of conscripts see their future employment in civil organizations; however, almost a third do not have any specific career plans. Most conscripts (80 %) have values similar to those of low-level organizational culture, which is based on personal relationships and hierarchies; these value orientations conflict with the civil labor requirements to prospective employees. Recommendations to optimize work counseling are provided in the final part.

Soldater som avbryter sin grundutbildning i förtid innebär onödiga kostnader och åtgärder för såväl organisationen som för de enskilda berörda. Försvarsmaktens mål är att avgångarna inte ska vara högre än 7 % av inryckande värnpliktiga. Målet har dock varit svårt att nå och för åren 2000-2005 ligger de genomsnittliga soldatavgångarna på cirka 13 %. Skillnaderna i avgångstal mellan olika förband är dock stora och den här undersökningen studerar om det kan bero på det ledarskap som praktiseras vid förbanden. Genom att mäta nivån avseende utvecklande ledarskap, vilken är Försvarsmaktens ledarskapsmodell, vid sex arméförband och sen koppla ihop den med storleken på deras soldatavgångar identifieras olika samband. Därigenom framgår också faktorer som är viktiga för att nå låga avgångar. Resultaten pekar mot att det finns samband mellan storleken på soldatavgångarna och nivån på det utvecklande ledarskap som tillämpas. Särskilt betydelsefullt för låga avgångar förefaller personlig omtanke vara., Early attrition among conscripts is a problem both for the organization and for the individuals due to the costs and efforts that arise. The goal of the Swedish Armed Forces is that early attrition rates should not be higher than 7 % of personnel reporting for duty. Nevertheless the goal has been difficult to achieve and between the years of 2000 and 2005 the average early attrition rate has been approximately 13 %. The disparity between different units is significant and this study will examine whether this can be due to the leadership that is executed at the units. By measuring the level of transformational leadership, which is the model of leadership in the Swedish Armed Forces, at six different army units and then connect that level to their level of early attrition rates, different relations will be identified. By doing this, important factors to prevent early attrition will also occur. The results indicate that there are relations between early attrition rates and the level of the transformational leadership that is executed. Especially individualised consideration seems to be of outmost importance for low attrition rates.

Soldater som avbryter sin grundutbildning i förtid innebär onödiga kostnader och åtgärder för såväl organisationen som för de enskilda berörda. Försvarsmaktens mål är att avgångarna inte ska vara högre än 7 % av inryckande värnpliktiga. Målet har dock varit svårt att nå och för åren 2000-2005 ligger de genomsnittliga soldatavgångarna på cirka 13 %. Skillnaderna i avgångstal mellan olika förband är dock stora och den här undersökningen studerar om det kan bero på det ledarskap som praktiseras vid förbanden. Genom att mäta nivån avseende utvecklande ledarskap, vilken är Försvarsmaktens ledarskapsmodell, vid sex arméförband och sen koppla ihop den med storleken på deras soldatavgångar identifieras olika samband. Därigenom framgår också faktorer som är viktiga för att nå låga avgångar. Resultaten pekar mot att det finns samband mellan storleken på soldatavgångarna och nivån på det utvecklande ledarskap som tillämpas. Särskilt betydelsefullt för låga avgångar förefaller personlig omtanke vara., Early attrition among conscripts is a problem both for the organization and for the individuals due to the costs and efforts that arise. The goal of the Swedish Armed Forces is that early attrition rates should not be higher than 7 % of personnel reporting for duty. Nevertheless the goal has been difficult to achieve and between the years of 2000 and 2005 the average early attrition rate has been approximately 13 %. The disparity between different units is significant and this study will examine whether this can be due to the leadership that is executed at the units. By measuring the level of transformational leadership, which is the model of leadership in the Swedish Armed Forces, at six different army units and then connect that level to their level of early attrition rates, different relations will be identified. By doing this, important factors to prevent early attrition will also occur. The results indicate that there are relations between early attrition rates and the level of the transformational leadership that is executed. Especially individualised consideration seems to be of outmost importance for low attrition rates.

In the post-Cold War world, Russia's new military in transition will be compelled by a number of factors to develop into a smaller, more professional, mostly volunteer force in which Russian nationalism will be an over-arching and unifying principle. This process will occur almost in spite of changes in the Russian leadership, the economy and shifting threat perceptions. U.S. influence, while limited, can impact the future character of the force by accelerating the development of those positive factors identified in the study.

Since the Supreme Court ruling on Goldman V. Secretary of Defense in 1984, much attention has been given to the accommodation of religious practices within the military. This study considers various ways which the Army both does, and does not accommodate the religious practices of its soldiers. It looks at the requirements which will be found in a mobilization supported by conscription environment in light of religious accommodation. It also portrays the legal basis for granting conscientious objector status as historically an accommodation of religious practices. One of the resources used for this study is a survey of senior Army Chaplains and former battalion commanders. The latter were all students in the U.S. Army War College Class of 1989. The areas of accommodation this study examines are: ritual/worship; dress and appearance; diet; medical; and conscientious objection. This volume includes an examination of the law and its application in accommodating religious practices of soldiers. Conclusions are drawn and several recommendations are made. Volume II contains two appendices.

This article addresses the following issues: Why is an all-volunteer armed force needed? Is such a force achievable? Is it desirable? What are some of the objections to an all-volunteer force? What must be done to make the all-volunteer force workable?, Published in Parameters, v2 n1 p17-29, 1972.

We have studied functional capabilities of cardiovascular system in young men of service age in terms of indicators of сardiointervalography. It was stated that people who are 18-21 years old demonstrate increase of values of systolic, diastolic pressure and heart rate after physical activity in comparison with the values obtained in the rest state, while range values of Р, Q, R, S and Т deflections, interval sizes of P-Q, QRS and Q-T, reference and actual reference systole and systolic indicator decrease. Vagosympathetic index of the test persons after the functional test increased as compared with the rest state, which provides evidence of increase in tonus of sympathetic nervous system after physical activity

© 2019 Tomsk State University. All rights reserved. The article solves two goals, an applied and a scientific. The first goal is to identify common points and differences in the social beliefs of two groups of Russian military service men: conscripts and contract soldiers. It is important, because they are in constant interaction with each other. The second goal is to test the assumption that there is a connection between the social beliefs of the individual and his personality traits measured within the "Big Five" model. During our research we used the following methods: the scale of social beliefs (J. Duckitt), the scale of belief in a just world BJWS (K. Dalbert), the questionnaire of basic beliefs WAS (R. Janoff-Bulman), the questionnaire "social axioms" SAS (M. Bond and K. Leung), the personal questionnaire NEO PI (R. McCrae and P. Costa), life orientation test LOT (M. Scheier and Ch. Carver) and the life satisfaction scale SWLS (E. Diener). The sample of the study was 207 conscripts and 219 contract soldiers. All subjects were men between from 18 to 43, on average contract soldiers are 7 years older. The main results of the study can be combined into three groups. Firstly, we have found a clear predominance of positive beliefs (belief in the just organization of the world, its security, the benevolence of people, belief in its ability to control life, the positive image of the "I", etc.) in both groups of serviceman. At the same time, they are particularly positive for contract service men with a higher life satisfaction index. Secondly, we defined a two-factor structure of the social beliefs (convictions) of military service men, explaining more than half of the total aggregate variance of traits (exploratory factorial analysis was used). The first and most powerful factor combines the majority of parameters in the continuum from positive to negative perception of the world. The second factor includes only a few variables, and its essence, from our point of v