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Aquest treball final de màster és sobre Printing Template Engine (PTE), un motor de renderització de PDF destinat a millorar els procediments de generació i gestió de documents. L'estudi examina les dificultats amb els processos de documents convencionals i el requisit d'un sistema complet que combini sincronització de dades, funcionalitat offline i renderització dinàmica. El treball se centra en l'arquitectura i el disseny de PTE, fent ús de la tecnologia JavaScript i processos Agile per garantir-ne usabilitat, escalabilitat i adaptabilitat. PTE demostra la seva eficàcia en la producció de documents PDF personalitzats mitjançant procediments rigorosos de prova i control de qualitat. El projecte també aborda la seguretat, el rendiment i els avenços futurs alhora que integra PTE amb els sistemes actuals. Els resultats emfatitzen la importància de la PTE per a l'optimització del procés documental, la millora de la productivitat i la satisfacció de les demandes de les regions sense alfabetització digital. En definitiva, aquesta iniciativa avança en el camp de la gestió de documents i proporciona informació valuosa a les empreses que busquen solucions fiables i eficaces per a les activitats relacionades amb els documents.

Digital technologies and the practices that follow, from reviews and recommendations on websites to content on social media platforms characterised by real-time connectivity are now inseparable from tourist experiences. Further, the technological, and infrastructural configurations that underpin digital practices in tourism are increasingly impinged upon by non-human actors (such as algorithms and data governance and regulatory measures). This special issue considers the ways in which data in the form of content, digital infrastructures and algorithmic governance shape and transform knowledge generated within and about tourism destinations and the populations who inhabit them. We focus on digital technologies as part of emerging media technologies to emphasise the material and regulatory assemblages that are increasingly inseparable from automated processes that facilitate the collection and appropriation of data on behalf of digital platform corporations. Emerging media technologies in the tourist encounter consider such engagements across different sensory exchanges, where tourists experience other places, landscapes, weather, people, sights and knowledge. Significant issues related to the role of digital technologies such as the inequalities they may perpetuate through the platformization of tourist destinations, the impacts of ‘smartness’ and the ways in which digital infrastructures are embedded in wider geopolitical relations of territorialization and contestation have been increasingly recognised in tourism geographies, yet comparative regional studies are still limited. We establish a research agenda to call for further, comparative research into the unfolding consequences of the role of digital infrastructures and algorithmic governance in the shaping of tourism destinations and the practices that follow.

Digital technologies and the practices that follow, from reviews and recommendations on websites to content on social media platforms characterised by real-time connectivity are now inseparable from tourist experiences. Further, the technological, and infrastructural configurations that underpin digital practices in tourism are increasingly impinged upon by non-human actors (such as algorithms and data governance and regulatory measures). This special issue considers the ways in which data in the form of content, digital infrastructures and algorithmic governance shape and transform knowledge generated within and about tourism destinations and the populations who inhabit them. We focus on digital technologies as part of emerging media technologies to emphasise the material and regulatory assemblages that are increasingly inseparable from automated processes that facilitate the collection and appropriation of data on behalf of digital platform corporations. Emerging media technologies in the tourist encounter consider such engagements across different sensory exchanges, where tourists experience other places, landscapes, weather, people, sights and knowledge. Significant issues related to the role of digital technologies such as the inequalities they may perpetuate through the platformization of tourist destinations, the impacts of ‘smartness’ and the ways in which digital infrastructures are embedded in wider geopolitical relations of territorialization and contestation have been increasingly recognised in tourism geographies, yet comparative regional studies are still limited. We establish a research agenda to call for further, comparative research into the unfolding consequences of the role of digital infrastructures and algorithmic governance in the shaping of tourism destinations and the practices that follow.

Digital technologies and the practices that follow, from reviews and recommendations on websites to content on social media platforms characterised by real-time connectivity are now inseparable from tourist experiences. Further, the technological, and infrastructural configurations that underpin digital practices in tourism are increasingly impinged upon by non-human actors (such as algorithms and data governance and regulatory measures). This special issue considers the ways in which data in the form of content, digital infrastructures and algorithmic governance shape and transform knowledge generated within and about tourism destinations and the populations who inhabit them. We focus on digital technologies as part of emerging media technologies to emphasise the material and regulatory assemblages that are increasingly inseparable from automated processes that facilitate the collection and appropriation of data on behalf of digital platform corporations. Emerging media technologies in the tourist encounter consider such engagements across different sensory exchanges, where tourists experience other places, landscapes, weather, people, sights and knowledge. Significant issues related to the role of digital technologies such as the inequalities they may perpetuate through the platformization of tourist destinations, the impacts of ‘smartness’ and the ways in which digital infrastructures are embedded in wider geopolitical relations of territorialization and contestation have been increasingly recognised in tourism geographies, yet comparative regional studies are still limited. We establish a research agenda to call for further, comparative research into the unfolding consequences of the role of digital infrastructures and algorithmic governance in the shaping of tourism destinations and the practices that follow.

Digital technologies and the practices that follow, from reviews and recommendations on websites to content on social media platforms characterised by real-time connectivity are now inseparable from tourist experiences. Further, the technological, and infrastructural configurations that underpin digital practices in tourism are increasingly impinged upon by non-human actors (such as algorithms and data governance and regulatory measures). This special issue considers the ways in which data in the form of content, digital infrastructures and algorithmic governance shape and transform knowledge generated within and about tourism destinations and the populations who inhabit them. We focus on digital technologies as part of emerging media technologies to emphasise the material and regulatory assemblages that are increasingly inseparable from automated processes that facilitate the collection and appropriation of data on behalf of digital platform corporations. Emerging media technologies in the tourist encounter consider such engagements across different sensory exchanges, where tourists experience other places, landscapes, weather, people, sights and knowledge. Significant issues related to the role of digital technologies such as the inequalities they may perpetuate through the platformization of tourist destinations, the impacts of ‘smartness’ and the ways in which digital infrastructures are embedded in wider geopolitical relations of territorialization and contestation have been increasingly recognised in tourism geographies, yet comparative regional studies are still limited. We establish a research agenda to call for further, comparative research into the unfolding consequences of the role of digital infrastructures and algorithmic governance in the shaping of tourism destinations and the practices that follow.

Digital technologies and the practices that follow, from reviews and recommendations on websites to content on social media platforms characterised by real-time connectivity are now inseparable from tourist experiences. Further, the technological, and infrastructural configurations that underpin digital practices in tourism are increasingly impinged upon by non-human actors (such as algorithms and data governance and regulatory measures). This special issue considers the ways in which data in the form of content, digital infrastructures and algorithmic governance shape and transform knowledge generated within and about tourism destinations and the populations who inhabit them. We focus on digital technologies as part of emerging media technologies to emphasise the material and regulatory assemblages that are increasingly inseparable from automated processes that facilitate the collection and appropriation of data on behalf of digital platform corporations. Emerging media technologies in the tourist encounter consider such engagements across different sensory exchanges, where tourists experience other places, landscapes, weather, people, sights and knowledge. Significant issues related to the role of digital technologies such as the inequalities they may perpetuate through the platformization of tourist destinations, the impacts of ‘smartness’ and the ways in which digital infrastructures are embedded in wider geopolitical relations of territorialization and contestation have been increasingly recognised in tourism geographies, yet comparative regional studies are still limited. We establish a research agenda to call for further, comparative research into the unfolding consequences of the role of digital infrastructures and algorithmic governance in the shaping of tourism destinations and the practices that follow.

Background: Unemployment increases the risk of income loss, lower wages upon reemployment, and adverse effects on mental and physical health, particularly for individuals of lower socioeconomic status. Long-term unemployment doubles the risk of mental illness and physical conditions such as heart attacks and strokes. Job loss can also lead to social isolation, as work is crucial to social engagement and status. Entrepreneurship is a solution to unemployment, fostering economic growth, innovation, and industry diversification. Purpose: This study examines how external enablers, specifically the Ease of Doing Business and digital infrastructure, influence the relationship between unemployment and the creation of new businesses. The research aims to understand how the external environment shapes entrepreneurial decisions among the unemployed by focusing on these factors. Insights from this study can inform policymakers of the importance of creating supportive conditions for entrepreneurship to address unemployment and promote economic growth. Method: This quantitative study employs mediation analysis based on Baron and Kenny's (1986) method to investigate the potential mediating effects of Ease of Doing Business and digital infrastructure on the relationship between unemployment and new business creation. The analysis involves multiple regression to test if there is a relationship between various indirect variables and a dependent variable. Conclusion: The results indicate a negative correlation between unemployment and new business registered. The study also highlights the significant mediating effect of the Ease of Doing Business on this relationship, emphasizing the importance of strengthening a supportive business environment to encourage entrepreneurial initiatives among the unemployed. However, the study finds limited evidence supporting digital infrastructure as a mediator, suggesting a need for continued investment in this area for broader economic develop

This thesis investigates hybrid learning in higher education institutions in India, focusing on postgraduate courses, to understand its impact and effectiveness. The study identifies key challenges, including network connectivity, student engagement, and technological barriers. It proposes innovative strategies such as affordable internet solutions through partnerships with telecom companies, improved public Wi-Fi infrastructure, and the provision of necessary devices to address these issues. The study also suggests adopting Udemy, a leading destination for online courses that empowers professional growth, to enhance the academic experience.To promote digital equity and improve education quality and accessibility, the thesis emphasizes enhancing student support systems, developing robust digital infrastructure, and creating inclusive learning environments, considering scalability and feasibility. Applying the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework, the research highlights the importance of performance expectancy and facilitating conditions in technology acceptance among students and teachers. The study underscores the need for collaboration between educational institutions, governments, and private companies to develop scalable and sustainable solutions for hybrid learning. However, the study's focus on postgraduate courses in Indian higher education potentially limits its generalizability. Future research should expand to different educational levels and regions, both within and outside India, and employ long-term studies to assess the sustainability of the proposed strategies. Incorporating mixed-methods approaches and exploring emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and virtual reality can provide a more comprehensive understanding and foster innovative improvements in the current digital education landscape.

This study examines the implementation of the EU's new sustainability directive, the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), within Swedish organizations. The CSRD aims to enhance transparency in sustainability reporting by requiring organizations to disclose their environmental and social impacts. The study employs a qualitative methodology with semi-structured interviews with key personnel from various large companies, as well as consultants, to gain insights into how organizations adapt to the requirements set by the CSRD. The empirical material has been analyzed using a theoretical framework based on institutional theory. The findings show that organizations primarily focus on complying with the CSRD by improving their reporting processes and adapting their digital infrastructure to manage data collection and analysis. CSRD is seen as a driving force for integrating sustainability within organizations. Key challenges include decentralized data sources, difficulties in measuring Scope three emissions, and the increased administrative burden. The study concludes that the companies are in the early stages of CSRD implementation and must continue to develop their reporting routines to fully meet the directive's requirements. Future research should investigate the long-term effects of CSRD compliance on organizations' sustainability practices and performance., Denna studie undersöker implementeringen av EU:s nya hållbarhetsdirektiv, Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), inom svenska organisationer. CSRD syftar till att öka transparensen i hållbarhetsrapporteringen genom att kräva att organisationer redovisar sin miljömässiga och sociala påverkan på samhället. Studien använder en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer med nyckelpersoner från olika stora företag samt konsulter för att få insikter kring organisationers anpassning till kraven som CSRD ställer på organisationerna. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats med hjälp av det teoretiska ramverket som består av teorier från den institutionella teorin. Resultaten visar att organisationer främst fokuserar på att följa CSRD genom att förbättra sina rapporteringsprocesser och anpassa sin digitala infrastruktur för att hantera datainsamling och att CSRD är en pådrivande faktor för att integrera hållbarhet inom organisationerna. Centrala utmaningar inkluderar decentraliserade datakällor, svårigheter att mäta Scope tre utsläpp och den ökade administrativa bördan. Studien drar slutsatsen att organisationer befinner sig i ett tidigt skede av CSRD-implementeringen och måste fortsätta att utveckla sina rapporteringsrutiner för att fullt ut uppfylla direktivets krav. Framtida forskning bör undersöka de långsiktiga effekterna av CSRD-efterlevnad på organisationernas hållbarhetspraxis och prestationer.

Digital institutionalization processes are fundamentally changing society. They occur when rules and norms are encoded into a digital infrastructure and change practices. For institutionalization to occur, numerous actors must alter their behavior similarly, which accompanies a shift in infrastructural technology. Digital infrastructures and their design play a crucial role in institutionalization processes, as they enable and restrict social interaction in the exchange of digital institutional entities across contexts. Such entities are constitutive of digital institutional systems-medical prescriptions, money, insurance, and taxes are all institutional entities that have been digitalized. Although several studies have described the challenges of digital infrastructure design, there has been little consideration of the institutional context that legitimizes the design. To fill this research gap, we applied the critical perspective of designers, who intentionally perform and are responsible for the design and legitimacy of digital institutional systems. To address the challenge of institutional design, we developed an exchange contract within an institutional context featuring a change in digital infrastructure and practices. Through this, we illuminate several design principles for digital institutionalization. This contribution captures critical design decisions and the knowledge acquired through insights gained from the design of a highly impactful scalable digital infrastructure, which ultimately transformed an institutional system. We also provide theoretical reflections informed by speech act theory and institutional theory and thereby emphasize the need to rethink institutionalization processes in an era of digitalization.

Background: Unemployment increases the risk of income loss, lower wages upon reemployment, and adverse effects on mental and physical health, particularly for individuals of lower socioeconomic status. Long-term unemployment doubles the risk of mental illness and physical conditions such as heart attacks and strokes. Job loss can also lead to social isolation, as work is crucial to social engagement and status. Entrepreneurship is a solution to unemployment, fostering economic growth, innovation, and industry diversification. Purpose: This study examines how external enablers, specifically the Ease of Doing Business and digital infrastructure, influence the relationship between unemployment and the creation of new businesses. The research aims to understand how the external environment shapes entrepreneurial decisions among the unemployed by focusing on these factors. Insights from this study can inform policymakers of the importance of creating supportive conditions for entrepreneurship to address unemployment and promote economic growth. Method: This quantitative study employs mediation analysis based on Baron and Kenny's (1986) method to investigate the potential mediating effects of Ease of Doing Business and digital infrastructure on the relationship between unemployment and new business creation. The analysis involves multiple regression to test if there is a relationship between various indirect variables and a dependent variable. Conclusion: The results indicate a negative correlation between unemployment and new business registered. The study also highlights the significant mediating effect of the Ease of Doing Business on this relationship, emphasizing the importance of strengthening a supportive business environment to encourage entrepreneurial initiatives among the unemployed. However, the study finds limited evidence supporting digital infrastructure as a mediator, suggesting a need for continued investment in this area for broader economic develop

This study examines the implementation of the EU's new sustainability directive, the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), within Swedish organizations. The CSRD aims to enhance transparency in sustainability reporting by requiring organizations to disclose their environmental and social impacts. The study employs a qualitative methodology with semi-structured interviews with key personnel from various large companies, as well as consultants, to gain insights into how organizations adapt to the requirements set by the CSRD. The empirical material has been analyzed using a theoretical framework based on institutional theory. The findings show that organizations primarily focus on complying with the CSRD by improving their reporting processes and adapting their digital infrastructure to manage data collection and analysis. CSRD is seen as a driving force for integrating sustainability within organizations. Key challenges include decentralized data sources, difficulties in measuring Scope three emissions, and the increased administrative burden. The study concludes that the companies are in the early stages of CSRD implementation and must continue to develop their reporting routines to fully meet the directive's requirements. Future research should investigate the long-term effects of CSRD compliance on organizations' sustainability practices and performance., Denna studie undersöker implementeringen av EU:s nya hållbarhetsdirektiv, Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), inom svenska organisationer. CSRD syftar till att öka transparensen i hållbarhetsrapporteringen genom att kräva att organisationer redovisar sin miljömässiga och sociala påverkan på samhället. Studien använder en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer med nyckelpersoner från olika stora företag samt konsulter för att få insikter kring organisationers anpassning till kraven som CSRD ställer på organisationerna. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats med hjälp av det teoretiska ramverket som består av teorier från den institutionella teorin. Resultaten visar att organisationer främst fokuserar på att följa CSRD genom att förbättra sina rapporteringsprocesser och anpassa sin digitala infrastruktur för att hantera datainsamling och att CSRD är en pådrivande faktor för att integrera hållbarhet inom organisationerna. Centrala utmaningar inkluderar decentraliserade datakällor, svårigheter att mäta Scope tre utsläpp och den ökade administrativa bördan. Studien drar slutsatsen att organisationer befinner sig i ett tidigt skede av CSRD-implementeringen och måste fortsätta att utveckla sina rapporteringsrutiner för att fullt ut uppfylla direktivets krav. Framtida forskning bör undersöka de långsiktiga effekterna av CSRD-efterlevnad på organisationernas hållbarhetspraxis och prestationer.

The article brings together reflections related to processes of social platformization and their consequences in public universities in Argentina. We find ourselves in a post-pandemic scenario, where a "new normal" allows us a certain distance from the period of pedagogical exceptionality. At the same time, emerging challenges are evident when experimenting with pedagogical modalities that surpass the traditional divisions between in-person and distance learning. We understand that the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated a series of pre-existing trends in the educational field. For that reason, we are interested in reconstructing macro processes that have been developing over a long period. To do this, we focus on certain informational dynamics, particularly those related to the advancements of platformization in the last decade, along with experiences and impressions regarding its implementation in higher education institutions in the province of Córdoba. Our investigations reveal, with some notable exceptions, a lack of problematization and planning of the new digital infrastructures required to address structural processes of transformation in social and educational practices. Methodologically, the study is based on conceptual contributions from various sources, as well as the systematization of teaching and educational management experiences., O artigo reúne reflexões relacionadas aos processos de plataformação social e suas consequências nas universidades públicas da Argentina. Encontramo-nos em um cenário pós-pandemia, onde uma "nova normalidade" nos permite uma certa distância do período de excepcionalidade pedagógica. Ao mesmo tempo, desafios emergentes são evidentes ao experimentar modalidades pedagógicas que superam as divisões tradicionais entre ensino presencial e a distância. Compreendemos que a pandemia de COVID-19 precipitou uma série de tendências pré-existentes no âmbito educacional. Por esse motivo, nos interessa reconstruir processos macro que vêm se estabelecendo há bastante tempo. Para isso, nos concentramos em certas dinâmicas informacionais, particularmente aquelas relacionadas aos avanços da plataformização na última década, juntamente com experiências e impressões sobre a implementação em instituições de educação superior na província de Córdoba. Nossas investigações revelam, exceto por importantes exceções, uma falta de problematização e planejamento das novas infraestruturas digitais necessárias, diante de processos estruturais de transformação das práticas sociais e educacionais. Metodologicamente, o trabalho se baseia em contribuições conceituais de diversas fontes, bem como na sistematização de experiências docentes e de gestão educacional., El artículo reúne reflexiones relacionadas con procesos de plataformización social y sus consecuencias en universidades públicas de Argentina. Nos ubicamos en un escenario post pandemia, donde una “nueva normalidad” nos permite una cierta distancia sobre el período de excepcionalidad pedagógica. Al mismo tiempo, se evidencian desafíos emergentes a la hora de experimentar con modalidades pedagógicas que superan las divisiones clásicas entre lo presencial y a distancia. Comprendemos que la pandemia de COVID-19 precipitó una serie de tendencias preexistentes en el ámbito educativo. Por ese motivo, nos interesa reconstruir procesos macro que vienen instalándose desde larga data. Para ello, hacemos foco en ciertas dinámicas informacionales, en particular aquellas relacionadas a los avances de la plataformización en la última década, junto a experiencias e impresiones sobre la implementación en instituciones de educación superior en la provincia de Córdoba. Nuestras indagaciones dan cuenta, salvo importantes excepciones, de una falta de problematización y planificación de las nuevas infraestructuras digitales necesarias, frente a procesos estructurales de transformación de las prácticas sociales y educativas. Metodológicamente el trabajo se sustenta en aportes conceptuales de diversas fuentes, así como la sistematización de experiencias docentes y de gestión educativa.

Cybersecurity threats have grown to become a global threat to private actors and states. While work processes are becoming more efficient, rapid technological developments are exposing network and information systems to vulnerabilities. The private sector plays a significant role in keeping the EU and Sweden safe in cyberspace since technological development is essentially controlled by private actors. When it comes to socially important activities, private actors both own and operate large parts of the market, which in turn means that attacks on private actors affecting trade secrets can pose a threat to market competition and economic prosperity. This thesis maps out how the EU has chosen to combat this with the NIS and NIS2 Directives. Specifically, this thesis maps out changes in cybersecurity requirements for private actors providing digital solutions in the light of NIS2. The previous NIS has shown to be inherently flawed with regards to the EU goal of achieving a high common level of security for network and information systems. The need for renewed legislation is therefore great and, as the investigation shows, NIS2 entails a change in the content, structure, and scope of important and essential entities. In short, the NIS2 Directive requires entities to perform their due diligence and document appropriate and proportionate measures based on an all-risk analysis. The increased and broadened requirements in NIS2, which are certainly justified by the increased cybersecurity threats, must also be weighed against an overly burdensome bureaucracy for authorities and private actors. In addition, this thesis analyzes the format of NIS2 and its potential impact on the internal market of the EU. Given the fact that it is a market regulation, a proportionality assessment is required in relation to the competitive disadvantages that an overly burdensome legislation may result in for private actors. At the same time, sanctions and enforcement measures must be sufficient

The datafication and platformization of social processes further the overall shift from an open, public, and decentralized internet towards a private and siloed realm that establishes power asymmetries between those who provide data and those who own, trade, and control data. The ongoing process of datafying societies embraces the logics of aggregation and automation that increasingly negotiate transactions between markets and social entities, informing governance systems, institutions, and public discourse. This thematic issue presents a collection of articles that tackle the political economy of datafication from three main perspectives: (a) digital media infrastructures and its actors, data structures, and markets; (b) the articulation of data power, public access to information, data privacy, and the risks of citizens in a datafied society; and (c) the policies and regulations for effective, independent media institutions and data sovereignty. It concludes with a reflection on the role of media and communication scholarship when studying sociotechnical processes controlled by giant technological companies.

Purpose: The purpose of the academic paper is to highlight the principal directions and trends of the world experience in developing the economic sphere’s digital component. Theoretical framework: The processes related to digitalizing all branches of the world economy are irreversible components of the evolutionary development of the modern global economy. In current realities, the overriding priority in the economic sphere is the development of innovations and digital technologies using all their advantages regarding expanding the information component of enterprises’ activities, creating information assets, minimizing risks, the possibility of remote cooperation and the reduction of transaction costs, the ability to quickly respond to existing security, competitive, and other types of challenges. Design/methodology/approach: System-structural, comparative, logical-linguistic methods, analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction in the processing scientific information, abstraction, and idealization for studying and processing of statistical and analytical data were used during the research. Findings: Based on the research results, the concepts and components of the digitalization of the economic sphere, the main prerequisites, patterns and directions of developing digital economy in recent years were studied from the perspective of evaluating the global experience of this process. Research, Practical & Social implications: The theoretical part of the research substantiates the relevance, concepts, components and main stages of developing the digital economy in the global context. The practical part of the research includes the features of distributing countries that are best prepared for the new digital economy according to the NRI rating based on the results of 2020, as well as by groups that are separate components of this index, namely, by the level of technology development, human capital, management level and degree impact on the world economic

Cybersecurity threats have grown to become a global threat to private actors and states. While work processes are becoming more efficient, rapid technological developments are exposing network and information systems to vulnerabilities. The private sector plays a significant role in keeping the EU and Sweden safe in cyberspace since technological development is essentially controlled by private actors. When it comes to socially important activities, private actors both own and operate large parts of the market, which in turn means that attacks on private actors affecting trade secrets can pose a threat to market competition and economic prosperity. This thesis maps out how the EU has chosen to combat this with the NIS and NIS2 Directives. Specifically, this thesis maps out changes in cybersecurity requirements for private actors providing digital solutions in the light of NIS2. The previous NIS has shown to be inherently flawed with regards to the EU goal of achieving a high common level of security for network and information systems. The need for renewed legislation is therefore great and, as the investigation shows, NIS2 entails a change in the content, structure, and scope of important and essential entities. In short, the NIS2 Directive requires entities to perform their due diligence and document appropriate and proportionate measures based on an all-risk analysis. The increased and broadened requirements in NIS2, which are certainly justified by the increased cybersecurity threats, must also be weighed against an overly burdensome bureaucracy for authorities and private actors. In addition, this thesis analyzes the format of NIS2 and its potential impact on the internal market of the EU. Given the fact that it is a market regulation, a proportionality assessment is required in relation to the competitive disadvantages that an overly burdensome legislation may result in for private actors. At the same time, sanctions and enforcement measures must be sufficient

The datafication and platformization of social processes further the overall shift from an open, public, and decentralized internet towards a private and siloed realm that establishes power asymmetries between those who provide data and those who own, trade, and control data. The ongoing process of datafying societies embraces the logics of aggregation and automation that increasingly negotiate transactions between markets and social entities, informing governance systems, institutions, and public discourse. This thematic issue presents a collection of articles that tackle the political economy of datafication from three main perspectives: (a) digital media infrastructures and its actors, data structures, and markets; (b) the articulation of data power, public access to information, data privacy, and the risks of citizens in a datafied society; and (c) the policies and regulations for effective, independent media institutions and data sovereignty. It concludes with a reflection on the role of media and communication scholarship when studying sociotechnical processes controlled by giant technological companies.

The datafication and platformization of social processes further the overall shift from an open, public, and decentralized internet towards a private and siloed realm that establishes power asymmetries between those who provide data and those who own, trade, and control data. The ongoing process of datafying societies embraces the logics of aggregation and automation that increasingly negotiate transactions between markets and social entities, informing governance systems, institutions, and public discourse. This thematic issue presents a collection of articles that tackle the political economy of datafication from three main perspectives: (a) digital media infrastructures and its actors, data structures, and markets; (b) the articulation of data power, public access to information, data privacy, and the risks of citizens in a datafied society; and (c) the policies and regulations for effective, independent media institutions and data sovereignty. It concludes with a reflection on the role of media and communication scholarship when studying sociotechnical processes controlled by giant technological companies.

The construction industry is responsible for 30% of energy consumption, 40% of CO2 emissions, and 50% of raw material extraction. Introducing actions to improve the sustainability of induced impacts is urgently necessary, and it is essential to bring about this change by using innovative materials with a natural matrix and construction processes that optimise the raw materials and allow their recyclability. The article introduces the first outcomes of an interdisciplinary research project focused on applying geopolymers for building components. The research highlights the strategic role of sustainability combined with digitisation in order to improve ecological-environmental performance. Article info Received: 17/03/2023; Revised: 27/04/2023; Accepted: 09/05/2023, Il settore delle costruzioni è responsabile a livello globale del 30% dei consumi energetici, del 40% delle emissioni di CO2, del 50% delle estrazioni di materie prime, pertanto, si comprende l’urgenza di introdurre azioni per migliorarne la sostenibilità attraverso il controllo degli impatti indotti. Al fine di apportare tale cambiamento è importante sia l’introduzione di materiali innovativi, quanto più possibile a matrice naturale sia l’utilizzo di processi costruttivi che ottimizzino il quantitativo di materie prime impiegate e ne agevolino la riciclabilità. Il lavoro presentato illustra i primi esiti di una ricerca interdisciplinare focalizzata sullo studio dell’applicazione dei geopolimeri per la produzione di componenti edilizi che evidenzia il ruolo strategico del connubio sostenibilità e digitalizzazione dalle infrastrutture digitali nel miglioramento delle performance ecologico-ambientali. Info sull'articolo Ricevuto: 17/03/2023; Revisionato: 27/04/2023; Accettato: 09/05/2023

The datafication and platformization of social processes further the overall shift from an open, public, and decentralized internet towards a private and siloed realm that establishes power asymmetries between those who provide data and those who own, trade, and control data. The ongoing process of datafying societies embraces the logics of aggregation and automation that increasingly negotiate transactions between markets and social entities, informing governance systems, institutions, and public discourse. This thematic issue presents a collection of articles that tackle the political economy of datafication from three main perspectives: (a) digital media infrastructures and its actors, data structures, and markets; (b) the articulation of data power, public access to information, data privacy, and the risks of citizens in a datafied society; and (c) the policies and regulations for effective, independent media institutions and data sovereignty. It concludes with a reflection on the role of media and communication scholarship when studying sociotechnical processes controlled by giant technological companies.

The study examines the current state of digitization in tax administration in Ukraine and aims to identify the challenges and opportunities it presents. The research provides recommendations for further improvements of the tax administration as a part of interoperable digital public services infrastructure. The study uses a mixed-methods approach, including data analysis from official and public sources, as well as legal framework and regulations analysis. The findings reveal that the main efforts of digitization of tax administration in Ukraine have been focused on digital workplaces and the digital platforms of state services. The future evolution of tax administration may include legal design involving AI techniques and the exploitation of open and linked data. The importance of soft digital infrastructure for human rights protection is emphasized, which includes not just technical solutions but also elements such as policy frameworks, institutional frameworks, digital literacy, data governance, and stakeholder participation.

The construction industry is responsible for 30% of energy consumption, 40% of CO2 emissions, and 50% of raw material extraction. Introducing actions to improve the sustainability of induced impacts is urgently necessary, and it is essential to bring about this change by using innovative materials with a natural matrix and construction processes that optimise the raw materials and allow their recyclability. The article introduces the first outcomes of an interdisciplinary research project focused on applying geopolymers for building components. The research highlights the strategic role of sustainability combined with digitisation in order to improve ecological-environmental performance. Article info Received: 17/03/2023; Revised: 27/04/2023; Accepted: 09/05/2023, Il settore delle costruzioni è responsabile a livello globale del 30% dei consumi energetici, del 40% delle emissioni di CO2, del 50% delle estrazioni di materie prime, pertanto, si comprende l’urgenza di introdurre azioni per migliorarne la sostenibilità attraverso il controllo degli impatti indotti. Al fine di apportare tale cambiamento è importante sia l’introduzione di materiali innovativi, quanto più possibile a matrice naturale sia l’utilizzo di processi costruttivi che ottimizzino il quantitativo di materie prime impiegate e ne agevolino la riciclabilità. Il lavoro presentato illustra i primi esiti di una ricerca interdisciplinare focalizzata sullo studio dell’applicazione dei geopolimeri per la produzione di componenti edilizi che evidenzia il ruolo strategico del connubio sostenibilità e digitalizzazione dalle infrastrutture digitali nel miglioramento delle performance ecologico-ambientali. Info sull'articolo Ricevuto: 17/03/2023; Revisionato: 27/04/2023; Accettato: 09/05/2023

The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) holds the PPP Americas every two years in partnership with a national or subnational government. The regional forum brings together top professionals and public and private-sector representatives from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) to discuss groundbreaking topics and exchange ideas on planning, structuring, and managing public-private partnerships (PPPs). For the 2023 conference, the IDB is holding three preparatory events - the PPP Talks before the main event. During the PPP Talks, invited experts will lay the groundwork for the discussions to be held during the conference. The first PPP Talk will consist of two panels on December 1st, 2022: Climate Investment and Digital Transformation both topics are part of the thematic agenda of PPP Americas 2023. This Concept Note provides the conceptual framework of the two themes discussed during these panels. In addition, this note offers descriptions of key concepts, as well as the main opportunities and challenges that countries in Latin America and the Caribbean face in each area.

This document presents an analysis of the state of digital connectivity in Trinidad and Tobago and an action plan to close the existing gap between the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean and those of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. There is also a large gap within the country between urban, densely populated regions and rural, remote, or difficult-to-access regions. Among the impediments to closing the gap are: lack of investment in infrastructure in the most remote areas; limited bandwidth of citizens, institutions and companies that are far from this infrastructure; and lack of competition among internet companies. The government is making efforts in the areas of a universal service fund, spectrum management, and the formulation of the national ICT plan to improve access conditions in the country. Finally, the document estimates the investment gap in the region and in Trinidad and Tobago specifically.

This edition reviews the long-term performance of economic growth and productivity in the region. It then draws on research from the Inter-American Development Banks Connectivity, Markets, and Finance Division that estimates how much investment in digital infrastructure is needed for countries across Latin America and the Caribbean to reach the levels of advanced economies. This research also estimates both the potential economic benefits associated with that investment and its costs, highlighting the potentially large multipliers associated with closing digital infrastructure gaps. The highlights of the analysis are as follows. It is estimated that closing the digital access gap between Caribbean economies and members countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) could potentially increase the regions GDP by about 6 to 12 percent over the medium term, depending on the country. These gains are multiples of the estimated costs, ranging from about 2 times to nearly 50 times those estimated costs. Productivity gains represent about 80 percent of the estimated improvements in GDP. As is typical with the Caribbean Quarterly Bulletin, the Regional Overview is followed by country sections that provide more detailed analysis for each of the countries covered.

This thesis examines whether the use of mobile money among formal firms can accentuate the effect of traditional financial services on labour productivity. Further, it investigates the effect of mobile money on access to credit in the informal sector and subsequently explores local digital lending development and its effect on welfare. Finally, the thesis examines whether digital infrastructure is a contributing factor to services sector employment in Sub-Saharan Africa. The findings suggest that mobile money can complement traditional financial services leading to firm performance. Also, mobile money can facilitate access to external finance in the informal sector. The thesis reveals that local digital lending development is crucial for decreasing deprivation, especially in rural communities. Digital infrastructure is also found to drive employment creation in the services sector.

From “disguised and concealed” (Parks and Starosielski 2015) in nature to more recent, select attempts at “visible, accessible, environmentally friendly” (Holt and Vonderau 2015), data centers are the backbone of the digital infrastructure. Studies of data centers continuously help develop media and communications studies in understanding the role of media infrastructure, representations of imaginaries of the cloud; social, political and economic realities embedded in data, and issues of power, agency and resistance against the backdrop of increased global concerns for the environment and greening practices, built into the discourse of tech companies. This research provides an insight into data centers in S.pmi, in the Arctic and near-Arctic regions in Sweden, from the perspective of Indigenous S.mi communities. Data centers are examined here through their materialities and representations and as industrial sites of politics, power and promise through lived realities of the S.mi people in Sweden. As a result, data centers emerge not only as entities with built-in, inherent dependence on materialities and representations of land, water and air but also as contrapuntal nodes – assemblages perpetually at odds with their built-in power through time: their narratives –neutral connectedness and natural sustainability – at odds with their material infrastructure: detaching and uprooting from land.

This thesis aimed to describe what (planning for) data centers reveal about the power relations between big tech companies and Sweden’s municipalities and national government. Data centers owned by large IT companies serve global interests but are dependent on and have an impact on local infrastructures, as demonstrated by for instance the large amount of energy they require. A Microsoft data center in Staffanstorp, located in Skåne, served as a case study. Based on various types of documents, the study analyzed what this hyperscale data center uncovers about the influence of big tech on urban planning in Sweden. For this, theoretical concepts such as cloud infrastructures, the hidden materiality of the cloud, and clouding have been used. The thesis explored the motivations behind choosing Staffanstorp to establish a hyperscale data center. Sweden is an attractive data center location for big tech companies. The image corporations have of Sweden is an important contributing factor here, as it is not just factual characteristics of a location that determine its attractiveness, but first and foremost how that location is perceived. The analysis therefore also highlights the promotional strategies that the government and the municipality of Staffanstorp have employed to attract data centers, in which Business Sweden appeared to have played a key role. Among other significant factors that contribute to big tech’s interest in Sweden are cheap renewable energy, a 98% electricity tax reduction, and a business-friendly environment. Processes behind the planning of Microsoft’s data center in Staffanstorp have also been studied by looking at the developments in the implementation of the data center. Reflecting on the outcomes of Microsoft’s data center by comparing these developments to plans and visions for Sweden and Staffanstorp shows that the promise of jobs for a data center location is paradoxical and that hyperscale data centers potentially endanger the energy supply.

From “disguised and concealed” (Parks and Starosielski 2015) in nature to more recent, select attempts at “visible, accessible, environmentally friendly” (Holt and Vonderau 2015), data centers are the backbone of the digital infrastructure. Studies of data centers continuously help develop media and communications studies in understanding the role of media infrastructure, representations of imaginaries of the cloud; social, political and economic realities embedded in data, and issues of power, agency and resistance against the backdrop of increased global concerns for the environment and greening practices, built into the discourse of tech companies. This research provides an insight into data centers in S.pmi, in the Arctic and near-Arctic regions in Sweden, from the perspective of Indigenous S.mi communities. Data centers are examined here through their materialities and representations and as industrial sites of politics, power and promise through lived realities of the S.mi people in Sweden. As a result, data centers emerge not only as entities with built-in, inherent dependence on materialities and representations of land, water and air but also as contrapuntal nodes – assemblages perpetually at odds with their built-in power through time: their narratives –neutral connectedness and natural sustainability – at odds with their material infrastructure: detaching and uprooting from land.

In this work we aim to implement a software package to detect and categorize dark data, data not accessible or not known by the user, generated in the simulations of the Light Dark Matter eXperiment (LDMX). This will involve studying current existing solutions for such problems, attempting to implement them for the Lightweight Distributed Computing System (LDCS), and developing our own Dark Data Search (DDS) toolkit to perform the detection and categorization of the dark data. The result provided by these tools will be examined further for clues as to why and how dark data was created. Physics simulations of the LDMX detector were executed to create dark data, allowing us to study the conditions for their creation, and to get a deeper understanding of the physics for a missing momentum dark matter experiment. Based on the research done in this paper a multitude of systematic problems was found that would require addressing for the LDCS., Dark data from dark matter Piotr Yartsev. One of the great unsolved mysteries of how our world works is dark matter. Everything we see, everything we touch, real matter, only account for one-sixth of the matter in the universe. The rest we call dark matter. Although some theories exist, so far we don't have any idea what dark matter is. Studying it could give us a deeper fundamental understanding of how our universe works. An experiment designed to study dark matter is LDMX, which is planned to be constructed in San Francisco. Before the experiment is actually turned on, digital infrastructure has to be designed to be able to handle an estimated 10 Petabytes, that is 10 000 Terabytes, of data generated by the experiment. To put that number in perspective, that is enough storage to hold 5 000 000 hours of HD video, enough to keep you occupied 24 hours a day for almost 600 years. Everyone knows how tedious it is to spend time looking for that one document you can't remember where you saved, so you can imagine how difficult it is to keep track of thatmuch data that is stored at multiple locations all over the world. To solve this problem, the LDMX experiment chose to use Rucio as a data catalog, a software that was developed at the particle physics research center CERN in Switzerland, to keep track of what file is located where. Currently, the software does not work perfectly at the LDMX because sometimes the location of datafiles registered in Ruico does not match the file's actual location. This type of data is called dark data and is taking up valuable storage space. My bachelor’s project aims to solve this issue by creating a program that would be able to compare the data files in storage with the Rucio catalog and find all the inconsistencies. These data files not registered correctly in Rucio would be reported to the data storage center, which would then have to make a decision: do we update the Ruico catalog with the actual location of the data file or do we sim

This thesis aimed to describe what (planning for) data centers reveal about the power relations between big tech companies and Sweden’s municipalities and national government. Data centers owned by large IT companies serve global interests but are dependent on and have an impact on local infrastructures, as demonstrated by for instance the large amount of energy they require. A Microsoft data center in Staffanstorp, located in Skåne, served as a case study. Based on various types of documents, the study analyzed what this hyperscale data center uncovers about the influence of big tech on urban planning in Sweden. For this, theoretical concepts such as cloud infrastructures, the hidden materiality of the cloud, and clouding have been used. The thesis explored the motivations behind choosing Staffanstorp to establish a hyperscale data center. Sweden is an attractive data center location for big tech companies. The image corporations have of Sweden is an important contributing factor here, as it is not just factual characteristics of a location that determine its attractiveness, but first and foremost how that location is perceived. The analysis therefore also highlights the promotional strategies that the government and the municipality of Staffanstorp have employed to attract data centers, in which Business Sweden appeared to have played a key role. Among other significant factors that contribute to big tech’s interest in Sweden are cheap renewable energy, a 98% electricity tax reduction, and a business-friendly environment. Processes behind the planning of Microsoft’s data center in Staffanstorp have also been studied by looking at the developments in the implementation of the data center. Reflecting on the outcomes of Microsoft’s data center by comparing these developments to plans and visions for Sweden and Staffanstorp shows that the promise of jobs for a data center location is paradoxical and that hyperscale data centers potentially endanger the energy supply.

This thesis examines whether the use of mobile money among formal firms can accentuate the effect of traditional financial services on labour productivity. Further, it investigates the effect of mobile money on access to credit in the informal sector and subsequently explores local digital lending development and its effect on welfare. Finally, the thesis examines whether digital infrastructure is a contributing factor to services sector employment in Sub-Saharan Africa. The findings suggest that mobile money can complement traditional financial services leading to firm performance. Also, mobile money can facilitate access to external finance in the informal sector. The thesis reveals that local digital lending development is crucial for decreasing deprivation, especially in rural communities. Digital infrastructure is also found to drive employment creation in the services sector.

This article proposes a conceptual model to address the structural holes in data sharing between (and beyond) actors in the circular built environment supply chain and monitoring circular economy progress. Current digital innovations such as material passports and Building Information Modelling applications aim at increasing quality and availability of information about materials and their application in buildings to facilitate future reuse or recycling, based on the idea of buildings-as-material-banks. Although these approaches offer great potential to recover value from building materials, they mainly focus on a single building and have a limited capacity to exchange data with other supply chain actors in a timely manner. In this article, we argue that there is a need for an integrated digital infrastructure that expands beyond the industries and countries for enabling a connected global circular economy. Therefore, this article proposes an initial conceptualization of a digital infrastructure towards achieving a circular built environment. The proposed model puts forward three interoperable components: The Data Pipeline, Passport Generator, and Passport Pool, based on emerging technologies such as blockchain technology, the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Real Estate Management, Information and Communication Technology

THe health crisis caused by COVID-19 caused new challenges in education at a general level. In particular, it also forced us to rethink the type of training given in rural areas, which, in the case of Colombia, has historically lagged behind. In this sense, this research aims to show, in a documented way, the pre-pandemic conditions of educational institutions in the Colombian countryside and of some fundamental components for the teaching-learning processes. e methodology used in this study was documented research. For this, four analysis variables were created from which the information collected was searched, organized and systematized. ese variables were: digital infrastructure, teacher training, technological skills of the students and skills of the guardians. e main result of the investigation was the poor preparation in which rural education in the country was to face the model of home education decreed by the national government due to the COVID-19 pandemic, A crise de saúde provocada pelo COVID-19 trouxe novos desafios à educação em geral. Em particular, também nos obrigou a repensar o tipo de formação ministrada nas áreas rurais, que, no caso da Colômbia, historicamente ficou para trás. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa visa mostrar, de forma documentada, as condições pré-pandêmicas das instituições educacionais do campo colombiano e alguns componentes fundamentais para os processos de ensino-aprendizagem. A metodologia utilizada neste estudo foi a pesquisa documentada. Para isso, foram criadas quatro variáveis de análise a partir das quais as informações coletadas foram buscadas, organizadas e sistematizadas. Essas variáveis foram: infraestrutura digital, formação de professores, competências tecnológicas dos alunos e competências dos responsáveis. O principal resultado da investigação foi a precária preparação da educação rural no país para enfrentar o modelo de educação domiciliar decretado pelo governo nacional em decorrência da pandemia COVID-19., La crisis sanitaria causada por el COVID-19 provocó nuevos retos en la educación a nivel general. En lo particular, también obligó a repensar el tipo de formación que se impartía en las zonas rurales que, en el caso de Colombia, históricamente ha estado rezagada. En tal sentido, esta investigación pretende mostrar, de forma documentada, las condiciones pre-pandemia de las instituciones educativas del campo colombiano y de algunos componentes fundamentales para los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje. La metodología usada en este estudio fue la investigación documentada. Para ello se crearon cuatro variables de análisis desde las cuales se buscó, organizó y sistematizó la información recolectada. Estas variables fueron: infraestructura digital, formación docente, habilidades tecnológicas de los estudiantes y competencias de los acudientes. La indagación dejó como principal resultado la poca preparación en la que se encontraba la educación rural del país para enfrentar el modelo de educación en casa decretado por el gobierno nacional a causa de la pandemia por el COVID-19

In this document we will explain how, over the years, the Inter-American Development Bank has been implementing strategies to encourage Bank audiences to engage in and take advantage of its Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC). MOOC are very powerful learning tools because they are open courses that, in most cases, can be taken at a students own pace, thus making them ideal for people with busy lives. They also have a broad scope, since they can provide training to thousands of people at the same time at a low cost per participant. However, MOOC also have certain limitations, such as the need for suitable devices; access to high-quality internet; or limited access to certificates, which usually have to be paid for. Another big challenge that we encounter regarding MOOC is that, as they are open and free of charge, a high percentage of registrants who enroll in a course do not take it. This document analyzes the evolution of engagement indicators, i.e., students commitment to a course. It also measures the success of the IDBs MOOC in maintaining students in courses. Moreover, the document describes the different strategies that we have implemented over time to ensure that people who register for these courses actually take advantage of them. Even though engagement has been a concern throughout the history of the IDBx Program and actions have been taken to maintain participation at stable levels, since 2019, a greater effort has been made to understand the reasons why registrants did not ultimately participate in the courses, so as to devise strategies to mitigate that behavior in our audience.

This technical note seeks to contribute to the implementation of hybrid education models in LAC from a practical standpoint anchored in the regional context. To this end, it presents a flexible modular implementation framework that can be adapted to the different realities and contexts that coexist in the region. The closure of schools in response to the pandemic, emergency remote education and the process of gradual reopening, with the incorporation of emergency hybrid models, have had a disruptive effect on education systems around the region. To capitalize on the lessons learned during the pandemic, and take advantage of the accelerated digitization to transform education in line with the needs of the twenty-first century, it is also necessary to look to the medium and long term and begin to lay the foundations of a transformation of education in LAC. Hybrid education models present great opportunities to improve the quality and equity of learning, accelerate the processes of educational digital transformation, and promote an education 4.0, with an innovative approach, focused on skills, and adapted to the needs and contexts of each education system. The modular implementation framework, structured on the basis of 10 modules, invites each country education system will be able to select and combine those modules that best suit its context, enabling it to develop its own roadmap for hybrid education.

All governments in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region should have a national broadband plan (NBP) as a key pillar for any digital agenda. Most countries have adopted them; however, most plans are outdated and, in general, lack clear, ambitious, and achievable policy-related commitments and quantifiable targets. Many also lack effective monitoring and evaluation programs. This publication details the benefits of and proposes a framework for NBPs in the region. As the Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development has pointed out, a well-formed national broadband plan is a countrys blueprint for addressing and reducing digital inequality. In addition, in its latest Affordability Report, the Alliance for Affordable Internet details the linkage between high-quality national broadband plans and progress toward affordability.

Over the past decade, different blockchain technologies have contributed to the creation of thousands of blockchain networks which have hosted thousands of proofs of concepts and pilots, with generally satisfactory results for stakeholders. However, scalability has been a big roadblock for most of these projects. We believe that the reasons why most blockchain-based solutions do not scale well are that they are built on ledgers that are not properly designed as the instrumental piece of architecture needed by these projects and that it is not clear who is liable for what. There is rarely an upfront discussion about governance, data management and privacy, technical support, operational fees (e.g., tx fees), maintenance, regulatory risks, or sustainability in these decentralized networks. This framework is a set of recommendations that enables the creation of multipurpose network of networks that are robust, reliable, sustainable, compliant, scalable, and have clear definition of accountabilities. The framework can also be applied to both permissionless public and permissioned private blockchain networks, but can only be fully realized in a permissioned public infrastructure. The framework builds on the idea that in order to develop scalable blockchain projects and solutions, it is necessary to switch the conversation from blockchain technologies to blockchain networks.

Achieving universal and affordable digital connectivity is an essential goal for all countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Although significant progress has been made to advance the state of connectivity for the countries in this region, there are still significant challenges ahead (both from the private and public sector perspectives): high financial and operating risks; energy supply issues; poor coordination among regulatory and policy making bodies; lack of public sector capacity and resources, and the absence of a conducive investment and regulatory climate that promotes investment and competitive principles. The objective of this report is to: first, make a compilation and analysis of global business and financial models, best practices, innovations and progresses around the topic of digital infrastructure, including middle and last mile connectivity; and second, serve as a guidance tool for policy makers, regulators, government officials as well as private sector and community leaders in LAC, to better assess alternatives for improving broadband connectivity, and tailor best practices and approaches to their own country's needs.

Education Management and Information Systems (SIGEDs) can be defined as the set of key educational management processes required for the design, registration, generation, exploitation and dissemination of strategic online information in an integral manner in the framework of specific legal, institutional and technological infrastructure. A SIGED should allow a complete and efficient management of the relevant processes at all the levels of the education system, incorporating new technologies (Arias Ortiz et al., 2019). Having comprehensive information and management systems is essential to advance in the transformations required to optimize efficiency and equity in the allocation of resources. What is the state of progress of SIGEDs in LAC countries? To what extent do the regions management systems take advantage of technology? The Digital Education project of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) seeks to improve the efficiency of education management by examining how the daily processes it involves are carried out, their level of automation and the use they make of digital technologies (Arias Ortiz, et al. 2019). In this context, a diagnostic study of 16 of the regions public education systems was conducted. This document presents a summary of the studys main findings, drawing attention to good practices and the lessons learned in the digital transformation of the SIGEDs. In addition, it puts forward policy recommendations for the development of efficient education management systems.

Over the past two decades, the European Commission has mobilised cultural heritage to bolster a European identity. One of the main flagship initiatives promoted to this end has been Europeana, the most extensive digital cultural project financed by the EU. At the core of the project stands europeana.eu, a digital cultural portal aggregating metadata provided by national and local heritage institutions. Central in our analysis is the Europeana Data Model (EDM). Using standardised thesauri and vocabularies, EDM offers the possibility to create a semantic contextualisation for objects, allowing semantic operations on the metadata and their enrichment with Linked Open Data on the web. Due to its overarching nature, EDM cannot deliver the granularity that cultural heritage institutions need when documenting their resources. Nonetheless, heritage institutions accept to sacrifice accuracy to have their information represented in a Europewide collection. We study how this digital heritage infrastructure was designed to enact a sense of Europeanness amongst national and local institutions. Policy documents, ethnographic research and a systematic survey amongst the European heritage institutions enabled us to trace how a standardised European metadata structure plays a role in governing local and national heritage institutions. The EDM might enable heritage stakeholders to benefit from Europeana’s online exposure while enacting a European mindset. Ultimately, this study of the metadata model enriches the debate on the EU’s cultural heritage politics, which has not fully explored the role of the digital. At the same time, it also taps into debates about infrastructure and digital governmentality.

The restoration of La battaglia dall’Astico al Piave (Italy, 1918) has been funded by MiC (the Italian Ministry of Culture) and carried out by the University of Udine in collaboration with several film archives. Starting from a historical-philological and restoration framework, the case study offers some reflections and considerations between the fields of the digital humanities, film preservation, and cinema history. Furthermore, it provides a concrete opportunity to achieve the two goals of raising awareness about the status of digitized film artefacts, framing them as the result of modelling practices, and documenting the film preservation process as well as the surrounding historical and cultural network in a digital historical-critical infrastructure.

Software and IT usage are continuously growing to keep our society active and manage our individual lives. But as they grow, their energy demand is exploding. By 2030, data centers alone will already consume some 10% of the global electricity.1 Including the Internet, telecommunications, and embedded devices, the energy consumption will be one-third of the global demand. Understanding that end users only consume what we offer, it is the community of software developers who must become active in ecologic behaviors. Green IT is the call of today. Each single line of code that we develop today may still be running years from now on zillions of processors, eating energy and contributing to global climate change.

This article analyzes the role and place of human capital in the formation and development of the digital economy, the characteristics of human capital development, the definitions of human capital by well-known economists. There are also proposals for the creation of new professions through the digitization of industries and sectors, the training of qualified personnel in these professions and the formation of a corresponding labor market.

This article analyzes the role and place of human capital in the formation and development of the digital economy, the characteristics of human capital development, the definitions of human capital by well-known economists. There are also proposals for the creation of new professions through the digitization of industries and sectors, the training of qualified personnel in these professions and the formation of a corresponding labor market.

This article analyzes the role and place of human capital in the formation and development of the digital economy, the characteristics of human capital development, the definitions of human capital by well-known economists. There are also proposals for the creation of new professions through the digitization of industries and sectors, the training of qualified personnel in these professions and the formation of a corresponding labor market.

This article analyzes the role and place of human capital in the formation and development of the digital economy, the characteristics of human capital development, the definitions of human capital by well-known economists. There are also proposals for the creation of new professions through the digitization of industries and sectors, the training of qualified personnel in these professions and the formation of a corresponding labor market.