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In a world where innovation knows no boundaries, research becomes the key to unlocking groundbreaking discoveries. “Money Management and Indian Economy: First edition” delves into the power of interdisciplinary research, which gives the glimpse of our Indian economy. This book is a celebration of the pioneers who have dared to think beyond the confines of their own disciplines, igniting a spark that resonates across fields and propels us towards a future of limitless possibilities. This book endeavor embodies the essence of progressive economic growth. Rooted in scientific rigor, this book offers logical insights that hold the potential to shape policies and decisions for the betterment of our Indian Economy. It serves as a beacon of knowledge, guiding us toward solutions that transcend borders and address the most prevailing issues.This initiative aligns perfectly with our collective responsibility to harmonize economic growth with money management, which will lead the way in responsible, ethical and sustainable way. “Money Management and Indian Economy: First edition” not only aims to inspire but also serves as a guide for those who wish to embark on their own interdisciplinary journeys. With each chapter and through the pages of “Money Management and Indian economy” it explores how diverse perspectives, when brought together can create a symphony of ideas/researches which is a symbol of India’s economy growth.Together, let us embark on this transformative journey toward a more sustainable, economically vibrant world where innovation and research becomes a driving force for the growth of India and benefit of all.

Corporate sustainability has become a crucial aspect of business strategy, particularly for multinational corporations (MNCs) aligning their operations with global sustainability goals. The successful implementation of sustainability strategies is often influenced by organizational factors, with organizational culture playing a significant role. This thesis investigates the influence of organizational culture on the implementation of corporate sustainability strategies within an MNC subsidiary. It seeks to understand how different aspects of organizational culture facilitate or hinder the adoption and execution of sustainability initiatives. As a result, an exploratory research approach is employed, utilizing qualitative methods such as interviews. Through in-depth analysis of data collected from a selected MNC subsidiary, the study identifies key drivers and barriers within the organizational culture influencing sustainability strategy adoption and execution. Findings highlight the significance of leadership support, employee engagement, communication channels, and individual beliefs in fostering a conducive environment for sustainability initiatives. This research provides empirical insights into how organizational culture affects the implementation of corporate sustainability strategies, offering practical guidance for organizations to facilitate the effective implementation of sustainability initiatives.

I dagens skolmiljö är det alltmer erkänt att skolor kan variera avsevärt i sin struktur, elevsammansättning och personaluppsättning, vilket kan få betydelse för såväl elever som lärares uppfattningar om miljön i skolan. En yrkeskategori som blivit allt vanligare i skolans värld är paraprofessionella. Avsikten med införandet av denna yrkesgrupp och deras arbetsuppgifter kan variera från skola till skola, däremot kan arbetet i många fall innebära att främja sociala aspekter i skolmiljön samt ett elevsocialt arbete. Eftersom vissa skolor har infört paraprofessionella med dessa uppgifter, medan andra skolor inte har gjort det, har denna studie som syfte att med hjälp av data från TIMSS 2019 analysera och beskriva en ögonblicksbild av två olika skolkontexter. Mer specifikt är syftet att undersöka skillnader mellan skolkontexter med och utan paraprofessionella avseende elevernas och lärarnas uppfattningar om sociala aspekter i skolmiljön. För att utforska och beskriva dessa skillnader har en tvärsnitts- och explorativ design med kvantitativ ansats använts. Resultaten indikerar att det kan finnas skillnader i elevernas uppfattningar om klassrumsklimatet, samt i lärarnas arbetstillfredsställelse gällande tidsmässiga villkor. Dessa fynd betonar vikten av att förstå hur olika skolkontexter påverkar skolmiljön och kan bidra till att informera framtida skolutvecklingsinitiativ., In today's educational environment, it is increasingly recognized that schools can vary significantly in their structure, student composition, and staffing, which can impact both students' and teachers' perceptions of the school environment. One professional category that has become more common in the school setting is paraprofessionals. The purpose and tasks assigned to this group can vary from school to school, but their work often involves promoting social aspects within the school environment and providing social support to students. Since some schools have implemented paraprofessionals with these roles while others have not, this study aims to analyze and describe a snapshot of two different school contexts using data from TIMSS 2019. Specifically, the aim is to examine differences between school contexts with and without paraprofessionals regarding students' and teachers' perceptions of social aspects in the school environment. To explore and describe these differences, a cross-sectional and exploratory design with a quantitative approach has been used. The results indicate that there may be differences in students' perceptions of classroom climate and in teachers' job satisfaction regarding time-related conditions. These findings underscore the importance of understanding how different school contexts affect the school environment and can contribute to informing future school development initiatives.

In this thesis an exploratory approach has been used to study settlement and mobility among hunter-gatherer societies in Northern Sweden during the 2 000 – 0 BC period. The focus has been on developing the topics of bifacial point use and raw material management of quartzand quartzite materials. The study combines the information generated at multiple analytical scales in order to address knowledge gaps and facilitate new research. The thesis consists of an introductory text and four research papers. The first paper discusses modelling approaches in archaeology. It stresses the interlinked nature of models that are created at different spatial scales, and that weaknesses in lower-lying models may impact higher-level models in a study. The paper also discusses the question of whether an analysis is better suited for modelling in the “variable space”, rather than geographical space, as the data my need to undergo unnecessary simplification that hides certain features. The second paper is an evaluation of the current dating evidence for bifacial points made of quartz or quartzite in Norrland. The study includes 124 radiocarbon datesfrom 30 excavated sites with finds of bifacial points or preforms in the County of Västerbotten. Bayesian modelling is used to evaluate the potential for building a chronological model for bifacial point use in the region. The results indicate that few artefacts can be related to a dated feature, with only 3 dates that may be argued to stem from a secure dating context that dates the points. These dates all fall within the 1 900 – 1 700 BC period. The third paper is a spectroscopic study of quartz and quartzite material. The study is based on a dataset of 126 quartz/quartzite points and preforms from 47 sites along the upper Ångerman River. Non-destructive analysis was performed using three different spectroscopic instrumentations (Near Infrared, Raman, X-Ray Fluorescence). The data were evaluated using Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA). Each

In this thesis an exploratory approach has been used to study settlement and mobility among hunter-gatherer societies in Northern Sweden during the 2 000 – 0 BC period. The focus has been on developing the topics of bifacial point use and raw material management of quartzand quartzite materials. The study combines the information generated at multiple analytical scales in order to address knowledge gaps and facilitate new research. The thesis consists of an introductory text and four research papers. The first paper discusses modelling approaches in archaeology. It stresses the interlinked nature of models that are created at different spatial scales, and that weaknesses in lower-lying models may impact higher-level models in a study. The paper also discusses the question of whether an analysis is better suited for modelling in the “variable space”, rather than geographical space, as the data my need to undergo unnecessary simplification that hides certain features. The second paper is an evaluation of the current dating evidence for bifacial points made of quartz or quartzite in Norrland. The study includes 124 radiocarbon datesfrom 30 excavated sites with finds of bifacial points or preforms in the County of Västerbotten. Bayesian modelling is used to evaluate the potential for building a chronological model for bifacial point use in the region. The results indicate that few artefacts can be related to a dated feature, with only 3 dates that may be argued to stem from a secure dating context that dates the points. These dates all fall within the 1 900 – 1 700 BC period. The third paper is a spectroscopic study of quartz and quartzite material. The study is based on a dataset of 126 quartz/quartzite points and preforms from 47 sites along the upper Ångerman River. Non-destructive analysis was performed using three different spectroscopic instrumentations (Near Infrared, Raman, X-Ray Fluorescence). The data were evaluated using Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA). Each

Corporate sustainability has become a crucial aspect of business strategy, particularly for multinational corporations (MNCs) aligning their operations with global sustainability goals. The successful implementation of sustainability strategies is often influenced by organizational factors, with organizational culture playing a significant role. This thesis investigates the influence of organizational culture on the implementation of corporate sustainability strategies within an MNC subsidiary. It seeks to understand how different aspects of organizational culture facilitate or hinder the adoption and execution of sustainability initiatives. As a result, an exploratory research approach is employed, utilizing qualitative methods such as interviews. Through in-depth analysis of data collected from a selected MNC subsidiary, the study identifies key drivers and barriers within the organizational culture influencing sustainability strategy adoption and execution. Findings highlight the significance of leadership support, employee engagement, communication channels, and individual beliefs in fostering a conducive environment for sustainability initiatives. This research provides empirical insights into how organizational culture affects the implementation of corporate sustainability strategies, offering practical guidance for organizations to facilitate the effective implementation of sustainability initiatives.

I dagens skolmiljö är det alltmer erkänt att skolor kan variera avsevärt i sin struktur, elevsammansättning och personaluppsättning, vilket kan få betydelse för såväl elever som lärares uppfattningar om miljön i skolan. En yrkeskategori som blivit allt vanligare i skolans värld är paraprofessionella. Avsikten med införandet av denna yrkesgrupp och deras arbetsuppgifter kan variera från skola till skola, däremot kan arbetet i många fall innebära att främja sociala aspekter i skolmiljön samt ett elevsocialt arbete. Eftersom vissa skolor har infört paraprofessionella med dessa uppgifter, medan andra skolor inte har gjort det, har denna studie som syfte att med hjälp av data från TIMSS 2019 analysera och beskriva en ögonblicksbild av två olika skolkontexter. Mer specifikt är syftet att undersöka skillnader mellan skolkontexter med och utan paraprofessionella avseende elevernas och lärarnas uppfattningar om sociala aspekter i skolmiljön. För att utforska och beskriva dessa skillnader har en tvärsnitts- och explorativ design med kvantitativ ansats använts. Resultaten indikerar att det kan finnas skillnader i elevernas uppfattningar om klassrumsklimatet, samt i lärarnas arbetstillfredsställelse gällande tidsmässiga villkor. Dessa fynd betonar vikten av att förstå hur olika skolkontexter påverkar skolmiljön och kan bidra till att informera framtida skolutvecklingsinitiativ., In today's educational environment, it is increasingly recognized that schools can vary significantly in their structure, student composition, and staffing, which can impact both students' and teachers' perceptions of the school environment. One professional category that has become more common in the school setting is paraprofessionals. The purpose and tasks assigned to this group can vary from school to school, but their work often involves promoting social aspects within the school environment and providing social support to students. Since some schools have implemented paraprofessionals with these roles while others have not, this study aims to analyze and describe a snapshot of two different school contexts using data from TIMSS 2019. Specifically, the aim is to examine differences between school contexts with and without paraprofessionals regarding students' and teachers' perceptions of social aspects in the school environment. To explore and describe these differences, a cross-sectional and exploratory design with a quantitative approach has been used. The results indicate that there may be differences in students' perceptions of classroom climate and in teachers' job satisfaction regarding time-related conditions. These findings underscore the importance of understanding how different school contexts affect the school environment and can contribute to informing future school development initiatives.

Manufacturing enterprises continue to grapple with transforming from their existing business model, which revolves around designing and selling tangible products, to business models centered on providing a blend of products and services. Product-as-a-Service (PaaS) emerges as a business strategy capable of catalyzing the shift toward higher levels of circularity. However, effecting changes in operational methodologies and value delivery mechanisms is imperative, consequently prompting modifications in the core business strategies of these companies. The objective of this study is to discern and categorize prevailing PaaS business models for electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). The Business Model Canvas (BMC) is introduced as a foundational tool to facilitate this transition, emphasizing the central role of the value proposition within the business model. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of robust take-back systems and repairability in PaaS implementation, particularly within the EEE sector. It highlights the need for novel partnerships, redesigned reverse logistics networks, and efficient product assessment methods to facilitate environmentally responsible decisions. Furthermore, the research evaluates the financial implications of PaaS adoption through Life Cycle Costing (LCC), emphasizing its value in predicting and addressing temporary financial complications, thereby ensuring a smoother transition to service-oriented business models., SCANDERE (ERA-MIN3 program grant number 101003575)

In this thesis an exploratory approach has been used to study settlement and mobility among hunter-gatherer societies in Northern Sweden during the 2 000 – 0 BC period. The focus has been on developing the topics of bifacial point use and raw material management of quartzand quartzite materials. The study combines the information generated at multiple analytical scales in order to address knowledge gaps and facilitate new research. The thesis consists of an introductory text and four research papers. The first paper discusses modelling approaches in archaeology. It stresses the interlinked nature of models that are created at different spatial scales, and that weaknesses in lower-lying models may impact higher-level models in a study. The paper also discusses the question of whether an analysis is better suited for modelling in the “variable space”, rather than geographical space, as the data my need to undergo unnecessary simplification that hides certain features. The second paper is an evaluation of the current dating evidence for bifacial points made of quartz or quartzite in Norrland. The study includes 124 radiocarbon datesfrom 30 excavated sites with finds of bifacial points or preforms in the County of Västerbotten. Bayesian modelling is used to evaluate the potential for building a chronological model for bifacial point use in the region. The results indicate that few artefacts can be related to a dated feature, with only 3 dates that may be argued to stem from a secure dating context that dates the points. These dates all fall within the 1 900 – 1 700 BC period. The third paper is a spectroscopic study of quartz and quartzite material. The study is based on a dataset of 126 quartz/quartzite points and preforms from 47 sites along the upper Ångerman River. Non-destructive analysis was performed using three different spectroscopic instrumentations (Near Infrared, Raman, X-Ray Fluorescence). The data were evaluated using Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA). Each

Emotional salary is relevant in meeting personal, family, and professional needs, improving quality of life, and promoting work-life balance. Job satisfaction encompasses aspects such as the job itself, remuneration, promotion opportunities, supervision, and colleague relationships. This study aims to validate the existence of literature on the impact of emotional salary on job satisfaction. Scientific information was gathered from the SCOPUS database, and the ToS software was used to process and visualize the data. The results showed that emotional salary and job satisfaction are essential topics in various disciplines. The bibliometric analysis revealed a theoretical connection between both concepts. It is recommended to conduct a qualitative analysis of the definitions of emotional salary and job satisfaction and to delve deeper into future research., En la actualidad, el salario emocional es relevante al satisfacer necesidades personales, familiares y profesionales, mejorando la calidad de vida y promoviendo la conciliación laboral. La satisfacción laboral abarca diferentes aspectos como el trabajo, la remuneración, las oportunidades de promoción, la supervisión y las relaciones con los compañeros. Este artículo tiene por objeto validar la existencia de literatura sobre el impacto del salario emocional en la satisfacción laboral. Se recopiló información científica de la base de datos SCOPUS y se utilizó el software ToS para procesar y visualizar los datos. Los resultados mostraron que el salario emocional y la satisfacción laboral son temas importantes en diversas disciplinas. El análisis bibliométrico reveló una conexión teórica entre ambos conceptos. Se sugiere realizar un análisis cualitativo de las definiciones de salario emocional y satisfacción laboral, y profundizar en investigaciones futuras.

Purpose: This paper aims to extend the conceptualization of well-being as a staged social responsibility process by undertaking further conceptual development of these ideas as well as exploratory, small-scale international testing. Design/methodology/approach: The sample comprised 117 leaders from Alaska, India and Norway. Cluster analysis was used to determine systematic differences in the way leaders think about societal well-being (well-being action logics), and regression analysis was used to test positive and significant relationships between well-being action logics and stages of consciousness. Findings: Cluster analysis confirmed the three theoretically derived well-being action logics of top managers: compensatory, integral and hybrid. The authors found preliminary empirical support for a systematic relationship between well-being action logics and stages of consciousness as per constructive-developmental theory. Practical implications: Better adoption of societal well-being as a normative ethic hinges on building the capacity of top managers to process more complex understandings of the range of components of societal well-being and how these components interact, conflict and synergize. Social implications: Being asked to embrace more complex views about societal well-being can be overwhelming, leading top managers to retreat into defensiveness. The result is resistance to change, preferring instead to stay with familiar yet outmoded conceptions. Societal well-being can thus suffer. Originality/value: This paper opens the black box to find systematic differences in the way managers think about societal well-being. Further, the research has uncovered that these differences follow a staged developmental process of greater complexity.

Large software projects often overrun costs, development time and do not deliver what has been envisioned by the customer. An important factor contributing to these cost overruns is the mismatch in the approaches of IT-architects and agile software development roles. In literature there are hints that complementary added value could be achieved from interaction of these roles. For practitioners there is need for governance strategies that improve the added value of combining these roles and their approaches in a complementary way. To identify how governance strategies help to obtain complementary added value from IT-architecture and agile software developer interactions this research used a multi-case study approach with exploratory and theory building focus. Interviews with IT-architecture and agile developer roles were used to collect data and compose case studies. This approach allowed to identify governance strategies with governance strategies that were used in practice. Multiple cases were chosen to analyse governance strategies across cases, which improved generalisability. The results include a topology of interaction models, a set of added value and problems found in the cases, related to their interaction model and a set of descriptions of governance strategies that could be used to achieve complementary added value from the interaction of software architects and agile development teams.The case studies and results provide practitioners with the opportunity to update their knowledge and change their perspective on interaction of IT-architecture and agile development roles. Future research could expand the results in terms of breadth and depth of organisations., Complex Systems Engineering and Management (CoSEM)

Sustainability is well-publicized in society, and in order to achieve sustainability, there are arguments for switching to or introducing circular economy and circular business models. Previous studies have shown that SMEs have difficulty switching to a circular economy due to barriers that complicates that process. In this qualitative, exploratory study, nine SMEs are interviewed to examine the obstacles SMEs face in their work and transition to a circular organization, with the aim of contributing to in-depth understanding. The interviews are analyzed thematically, resulting in five themes: human reactions, business restructuring, financial assets and distribution, knowledge and ability, and legislation, which are the practical and theoretical contributions of this study. The conclusions of the work are that the majority of companies experience obstacles of a financial and cultural nature, and in order to overcome these obstacles, the majority believe that the key to success is to prioritize, educate and act., Hållbarhet är väl omtalat i samhället, och för att uppnå hållbarhet finns det argument för att övergå till eller införa cirkulär ekonomi och cirkulära affärsmodeller. Tidigare studier har visat på att SME har svårt att övergå till en cirkulär ekonomi p.g.a. hinder som försvårar den processen. I den här kvalitativa, explorativa studien intervjuas nio SME för att undersöka vilka hinder SME möter i arbetet och omställningen mot en cirkulär verksamhet, med syftet att bidra till fördjupad förståelse. Intervjuerna analyseras tematiskt vilket resulterar i fem teman: mänskliga reaktioner, omstrukturering av verksamheten, ekonomiska tillgångar och fördelning, kunskap och förmåga samt lagstiftning, vilka är det praktiska och teoretiska bidraget med den här studien. Slutsatserna med arbetet är att majoriteten av företagen upplever hinder av finansiell och kulturell karaktär, och för att överkomma dessa hinder tror majoriteten att faktorer för framgång är att prioritera, utbilda och agera.

Sustainability is well-publicized in society, and in order to achieve sustainability, there are arguments for switching to or introducing circular economy and circular business models. Previous studies have shown that SMEs have difficulty switching to a circular economy due to barriers that complicates that process. In this qualitative, exploratory study, nine SMEs are interviewed to examine the obstacles SMEs face in their work and transition to a circular organization, with the aim of contributing to in-depth understanding. The interviews are analyzed thematically, resulting in five themes: human reactions, business restructuring, financial assets and distribution, knowledge and ability, and legislation, which are the practical and theoretical contributions of this study. The conclusions of the work are that the majority of companies experience obstacles of a financial and cultural nature, and in order to overcome these obstacles, the majority believe that the key to success is to prioritize, educate and act., Hållbarhet är väl omtalat i samhället, och för att uppnå hållbarhet finns det argument för att övergå till eller införa cirkulär ekonomi och cirkulära affärsmodeller. Tidigare studier har visat på att SME har svårt att övergå till en cirkulär ekonomi p.g.a. hinder som försvårar den processen. I den här kvalitativa, explorativa studien intervjuas nio SME för att undersöka vilka hinder SME möter i arbetet och omställningen mot en cirkulär verksamhet, med syftet att bidra till fördjupad förståelse. Intervjuerna analyseras tematiskt vilket resulterar i fem teman: mänskliga reaktioner, omstrukturering av verksamheten, ekonomiska tillgångar och fördelning, kunskap och förmåga samt lagstiftning, vilka är det praktiska och teoretiska bidraget med den här studien. Slutsatserna med arbetet är att majoriteten av företagen upplever hinder av finansiell och kulturell karaktär, och för att överkomma dessa hinder tror majoriteten att faktorer för framgång är att prioritera, utbilda och agera.

PURPOSE: In several studies, exploratory dietary patterns (DP), derived by principal component analysis, were inversely or positively associated with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, findings remained study-specific, inconsistent and rarely replicated. This study aimed to investigate the associations between DPs and T2D in multiple cohorts across the world. METHODS: This federated meta-analysis of individual participant data was based on 25 prospective cohort studies from 5 continents including a total of 390,664 participants with a follow-up for T2D (3.8-25.0 years). After data harmonization across cohorts we evaluated 15 previously identified T2D-related DPs for association with incident T2D estimating pooled incidence rate ratios (IRR) and confidence intervals (CI) by Piecewise Poisson regression and random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: 29,386 participants developed T2D during follow-up. Five DPs, characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, French fries and refined grains, were associated with higher incidence of T2D. The strongest association was observed for a DP comprising these food groups besides others (IRRpooled per 1 SD = 1.104, 95% CI 1.059-1.151). Although heterogeneity was present (I2 = 85%), IRR exceeded 1 in 18 of the 20 meta-analyzed studies. Original DPs associated with lower T2D risk were not confirmed. Instead, a healthy DP (HDP1) was associated with higher T2D risk (IRRpooled per 1 SD = 1.057, 95% CI 1.027-1.088). CONCLUSION: Our findings from various cohorts revealed positive associations for several DPs, characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, French fries and refined grains, adding to the evidence-base that links DPs to higher T2D risk. However, no inverse DP-T2D associations were confirmed.

In this instrumental exploratory case study, students on the second largest programme in upper secondary school in Sweden, the Business Management and Economics Programme, were interviewed about what obstacles they believe they encountered when studying the second mathematics course. A first level of analysis, using a constant comparison method, resulted in 19 different obstacles. The seven obstacles that were uttered by the highest proportion of students were: new content, more difficult, more work needed, new tests, faster pace, online school and problems prioritising. In a second level of analysis, an axial coding, the codes were grouped into five larger categories: advanced mathematics, managing workload, novel teaching, emotion and assessment. The category that were uttered by the highest proportion of students was advanced mathematics which contained the obstacles new content, more difficult and faster pace. This study offers a base of knowledge about what obstacles students themselves express that they experience and the character of these obstacles.

Pair programming is an agile software development practice that can be used in university student's education when learning programming. Previous research on students at universities has shown that there exist different perceived benefits and drawbacks on the practice’s contribution to learning. However, these research are few and no similar studies have been conducted at KTH. A research gap has therefore emerged, which this thesis intends to fill and potentially lead to the subject being more relevant to, for example, Swedish universities. This creates the problem question: “How do students at KTH perceive the benefits and drawbacks of pair programming from a learning perspective, and how do these compare to previous studies?”. The purpose of the thesis is to explore the students' perceived benefits and drawbacks of pair programming at KTH from a learning perspective. The thesis goal is to expand the study on students' perceived benefits and drawbacks of pair programming from a learning perspective, as well as contribute to the knowledge of pair programming. The research methods chosen for the thesis are previous literature studies and qualitative in-depth interviews with eight students at KTH. The results are presented as summerazitations and tables of collected data on KTH students' perceptions on the benefits and drawbacks of pair programming from a learning perspective. The main benefits and their circumstances identified were better perspective, qualitative code and faster progress. Drawbacks and their circumstances on the other hand, were identified as various levels of experience, difference in personal preference, different time schedules and difficulties in alternating roles and changing partners. These results indicate that pair programming contributes much when learning programming, but that there also exist perceived drawbacks by KTH students., Parprogrammering är en agil praxis inom mjukvaruutveckling som kan användas i universitetsstudenters utbildning när de lär sig programmering. Tidigare forskning på universitetsstudenter har visat att det finns olika upplevda fördelar och nackdelar med praktikens bidrag till lärande. Dessa undersökningar är dock få och inga liknande studier har gjorts på KTH. Ett forskningsgap har därmed uppstått, som denna avhandling avser att fylla och potentiellt leda till att ämnet blir mer relevant vid, exempelvis, svenska universitet. Detta leder till problemfrågan: ”Hur uppfattar studenter på KTH fördelarna och nackdelarna med parprogrammering ur ett lärandeperspektiv, och hur är dem i jämförelse med tidigare studier?”. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utforska studenters upplevda fördelar och nackdelar med parprogrammering på KTH ur ett lärandeperspektiv. Forskningens mål är att utöka studien om studenters upplevda fördelar och nackdelar med parprogrammering ur ett lärandeperspektiv, samt bidra till kunskapen om parprogrammering. De forskningsmetoder som valts ut är tidigare litteraturstudier och kvalitativa djupintervjuer med åtta studenter på KTH. Resultaten presenteras som sammanfattningar och tabeller över insamlad data om KTH-studenters uppfattningar om fördelar och nackdelar med parprogrammering ur ett lärandeperspektiv. De främsta fördelarna och deras omständigheter som identifierades var bättre perspektiv, kvalitativ kod och snabbare framsteg. Nackdelar och deras omständigheter identifierades däremot som olika nivåer av erfarenhet, olika personliga preferenser, olika tidsscheman, svårigheter med alternerande roller och byte av partner. Dessa resultat tyder på att parprogrammering bidrar mycket till lärandet av parprogrammering, men att det också finns nackdelar uppfattade av KTH-studenter.

PURPOSE: In several studies, exploratory dietary patterns (DP), derived by principal component analysis, were inversely or positively associated with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, findings remained study-specific, inconsistent and rarely replicated. This study aimed to investigate the associations between DPs and T2D in multiple cohorts across the world. METHODS: This federated meta-analysis of individual participant data was based on 25 prospective cohort studies from 5 continents including a total of 390,664 participants with a follow-up for T2D (3.8-25.0 years). After data harmonization across cohorts we evaluated 15 previously identified T2D-related DPs for association with incident T2D estimating pooled incidence rate ratios (IRR) and confidence intervals (CI) by Piecewise Poisson regression and random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: 29,386 participants developed T2D during follow-up. Five DPs, characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, French fries and refined grains, were associated with higher incidence of T2D. The strongest association was observed for a DP comprising these food groups besides others (IRRpooled per 1 SD = 1.104, 95% CI 1.059-1.151). Although heterogeneity was present (I2 = 85%), IRR exceeded 1 in 18 of the 20 meta-analyzed studies. Original DPs associated with lower T2D risk were not confirmed. Instead, a healthy DP (HDP1) was associated with higher T2D risk (IRRpooled per 1 SD = 1.057, 95% CI 1.027-1.088). CONCLUSION: Our findings from various cohorts revealed positive associations for several DPs, characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, French fries and refined grains, adding to the evidence-base that links DPs to higher T2D risk. However, no inverse DP-T2D associations were confirmed.

PURPOSE: In several studies, exploratory dietary patterns (DP), derived by principal component analysis, were inversely or positively associated with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, findings remained study-specific, inconsistent and rarely replicated. This study aimed to investigate the associations between DPs and T2D in multiple cohorts across the world. METHODS: This federated meta-analysis of individual participant data was based on 25 prospective cohort studies from 5 continents including a total of 390,664 participants with a follow-up for T2D (3.8-25.0 years). After data harmonization across cohorts we evaluated 15 previously identified T2D-related DPs for association with incident T2D estimating pooled incidence rate ratios (IRR) and confidence intervals (CI) by Piecewise Poisson regression and random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: 29,386 participants developed T2D during follow-up. Five DPs, characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, French fries and refined grains, were associated with higher incidence of T2D. The strongest association was observed for a DP comprising these food groups besides others (IRRpooled per 1 SD = 1.104, 95% CI 1.059-1.151). Although heterogeneity was present (I2 = 85%), IRR exceeded 1 in 18 of the 20 meta-analyzed studies. Original DPs associated with lower T2D risk were not confirmed. Instead, a healthy DP (HDP1) was associated with higher T2D risk (IRRpooled per 1 SD = 1.057, 95% CI 1.027-1.088). CONCLUSION: Our findings from various cohorts revealed positive associations for several DPs, characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, French fries and refined grains, adding to the evidence-base that links DPs to higher T2D risk. However, no inverse DP-T2D associations were confirmed.

PURPOSE: In several studies, exploratory dietary patterns (DP), derived by principal component analysis, were inversely or positively associated with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, findings remained study-specific, inconsistent and rarely replicated. This study aimed to investigate the associations between DPs and T2D in multiple cohorts across the world. METHODS: This federated meta-analysis of individual participant data was based on 25 prospective cohort studies from 5 continents including a total of 390,664 participants with a follow-up for T2D (3.8-25.0 years). After data harmonization across cohorts we evaluated 15 previously identified T2D-related DPs for association with incident T2D estimating pooled incidence rate ratios (IRR) and confidence intervals (CI) by Piecewise Poisson regression and random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: 29,386 participants developed T2D during follow-up. Five DPs, characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, French fries and refined grains, were associated with higher incidence of T2D. The strongest association was observed for a DP comprising these food groups besides others (IRRpooled per 1 SD = 1.104, 95% CI 1.059-1.151). Although heterogeneity was present (I2 = 85%), IRR exceeded 1 in 18 of the 20 meta-analyzed studies. Original DPs associated with lower T2D risk were not confirmed. Instead, a healthy DP (HDP1) was associated with higher T2D risk (IRRpooled per 1 SD = 1.057, 95% CI 1.027-1.088). CONCLUSION: Our findings from various cohorts revealed positive associations for several DPs, characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, French fries and refined grains, adding to the evidence-base that links DPs to higher T2D risk. However, no inverse DP-T2D associations were confirmed.

Exploratory laparotomy is open surgery of the abdomen to view the organs and tissues inside. Surgical explo-ration of the abdomen or exploratory laparotomy is recommended to detect abdominal disease not possible by other methods or when there is injury to the abdomen caused by a gunshot wound, stab wound, or blunt force trauma. Nursing care in the postoperative period involves intensive care in order to promote recovery and prevent complications, improving the prognosis. Consequently, the fundamental purpose of this review is to summarize the general post-surgical care of patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy, with emphasis on pain control, respiratory pattern and risk of bleeding. The research was developed through a bibliographical documentary type methodology under the review modality. Based on the review carried out, the importance of establishing and following a nursing care plan in the postoperative period of patients undergoing an ex-ploratory laparotomy is clear, which should be aimed at obtaining the expected results of the intervention, as quickly as possible. recovery and avoid complications. In this intervention, in general terms, the patient's condition must be assessed. One of the most important and frequent aspects is the assessment, management and monitoring of pain, respiratory pattern and bleeding control, from which the most important complications associated with this type of intervention can be derived., A laparotomia exploratória é uma cirurgia aberta do abdómen para visualizar os órgãos e tecidos no seu inte-rior. A exploração cirúrgica do abdómen ou laparotomia exploratória é recomendada para detectar doenças abdominais não possíveis por outros métodos ou quando há lesão no abdómen causada por um ferimento de bala, facada, ou trauma por força bruta. Os cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório envolvem cuidados intensivos a fim de promover a recuperação e prevenir complicações, melhorando o prognóstico. Consequentemente, o objectivo fundamental desta revisão é resumir os cuidados gerais pós-cirúrgicos de pacientes submetidos a laparotomia exploratória, com ênfase no controlo da dor, padrão respiratório e risco de hemorragia. A investigação foi desenvolvida através de uma metodologia de tipo documentário biblio-gráfico sob a modalidade de revisão. Com base na revisão realizada, é clara a importância de estabelecer e seguir um plano de cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos a uma laparotomia exploratória, o qual deve ter como objectivo obter os resultados esperados da intervenção, o mais rapidamente possível. recuperação e evitar complicações. Nesta intervenção, em termos gerais, o es-tado do paciente deve ser avaliado. Um dos aspectos mais importantes e frequentes é a avaliação, gestão e monitorização da dor, padrão respiratório e controlo de hemorragias, dos quais se podem derivar as compli-cações mais importantes associadas a este tipo de intervenção., La laparotomía exploratoria se trata de una cirugía abierta del abdomen para ver los órganos y los tejidos que se encuentran en el interior. La exploración quirúrgica del abdomen o laparotomía exploratoria se recomienda para diagnosticar una enfermedad abdominal que no es posible por otros métodos o cuando hay una lesión en el abdomen causada por una herida con arma de fuego o cortante, o un trauma contundente. La asistencia de enfermería en el post operatorio entraña el cuidado intensivo con la finalidad de fomentar la recuperación y prevenir complicaciones, mejorando el pronóstico. En consecuencia, el propósito fundamental de la presente revisión es compendiar los cuidados generales post quirúrgicos de los pacientes sometidos a laparotomía exploratoria, con énfasis en el control del dolor, patrón respiratorio y riesgo de sangrado. La investigación se desarrolló mediante una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica bajo la modalidad de revisión. Con base en la revisión efectuada queda clara la importancia de establecer y seguir un plan de cuidados de enfermería en el post operatorio de los pacientes sometidos a una laparotomía exploratorio, el cual debe estar orientado a obtener los resultados esperados de la intervención, la más rápida recuperación y evitar las complicaciones. En esta intervención, en líneas generales, se debe apreciar el estado del paciente. Una de las aspectos más importantes y frecuentes es la valoración, manejo y monitorización del dolor, del patrón respiratorio y el control del sangrado, de las cuales se puede derivar las más importantes complicaciones asociadas con este tipo de intervención.

Exploratory laparotomy is open surgery of the abdomen to view the organs and tissues inside. Surgical explo-ration of the abdomen or exploratory laparotomy is recommended to detect abdominal disease not possible by other methods or when there is injury to the abdomen caused by a gunshot wound, stab wound, or blunt force trauma. Nursing care in the postoperative period involves intensive care in order to promote recovery and prevent complications, improving the prognosis. Consequently, the fundamental purpose of this review is to summarize the general post-surgical care of patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy, with emphasis on pain control, respiratory pattern and risk of bleeding. The research was developed through a bibliographical documentary type methodology under the review modality. Based on the review carried out, the importance of establishing and following a nursing care plan in the postoperative period of patients undergoing an ex-ploratory laparotomy is clear, which should be aimed at obtaining the expected results of the intervention, as quickly as possible. recovery and avoid complications. In this intervention, in general terms, the patient's condition must be assessed. One of the most important and frequent aspects is the assessment, management and monitoring of pain, respiratory pattern and bleeding control, from which the most important complications associated with this type of intervention can be derived., A laparotomia exploratória é uma cirurgia aberta do abdómen para visualizar os órgãos e tecidos no seu inte-rior. A exploração cirúrgica do abdómen ou laparotomia exploratória é recomendada para detectar doenças abdominais não possíveis por outros métodos ou quando há lesão no abdómen causada por um ferimento de bala, facada, ou trauma por força bruta. Os cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório envolvem cuidados intensivos a fim de promover a recuperação e prevenir complicações, melhorando o prognóstico. Consequentemente, o objectivo fundamental desta revisão é resumir os cuidados gerais pós-cirúrgicos de pacientes submetidos a laparotomia exploratória, com ênfase no controlo da dor, padrão respiratório e risco de hemorragia. A investigação foi desenvolvida através de uma metodologia de tipo documentário biblio-gráfico sob a modalidade de revisão. Com base na revisão realizada, é clara a importância de estabelecer e seguir um plano de cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos a uma laparotomia exploratória, o qual deve ter como objectivo obter os resultados esperados da intervenção, o mais rapidamente possível. recuperação e evitar complicações. Nesta intervenção, em termos gerais, o es-tado do paciente deve ser avaliado. Um dos aspectos mais importantes e frequentes é a avaliação, gestão e monitorização da dor, padrão respiratório e controlo de hemorragias, dos quais se podem derivar as compli-cações mais importantes associadas a este tipo de intervenção., La laparotomía exploratoria se trata de una cirugía abierta del abdomen para ver los órganos y los tejidos que se encuentran en el interior. La exploración quirúrgica del abdomen o laparotomía exploratoria se recomienda para diagnosticar una enfermedad abdominal que no es posible por otros métodos o cuando hay una lesión en el abdomen causada por una herida con arma de fuego o cortante, o un trauma contundente. La asistencia de enfermería en el post operatorio entraña el cuidado intensivo con la finalidad de fomentar la recuperación y prevenir complicaciones, mejorando el pronóstico. En consecuencia, el propósito fundamental de la presente revisión es compendiar los cuidados generales post quirúrgicos de los pacientes sometidos a laparotomía exploratoria, con énfasis en el control del dolor, patrón respiratorio y riesgo de sangrado. La investigación se desarrolló mediante una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica bajo la modalidad de revisión. Con base en la revisión efectuada queda clara la importancia de establecer y seguir un plan de cuidados de enfermería en el post operatorio de los pacientes sometidos a una laparotomía exploratorio, el cual debe estar orientado a obtener los resultados esperados de la intervención, la más rápida recuperación y evitar las complicaciones. En esta intervención, en líneas generales, se debe apreciar el estado del paciente. Una de las aspectos más importantes y frecuentes es la valoración, manejo y monitorización del dolor, del patrón respiratorio y el control del sangrado, de las cuales se puede derivar las más importantes complicaciones asociadas con este tipo de intervención.

This course is a workshop for students with some experience in writing essays, nonfiction prose. Our focus will be negotiating and representing identities grounded in gender, race, class, nationality, sexuality, and other categories of identity, either our own or others', in prose that is expository, exploratory, investigative, persuasive, lyrical, or incantatory. We will read nonfiction prose works by a wide array of writers who have used language to negotiate and represent aspects of identity and the ways the different determinants of identity intersect, compete, and cooperate.

Exploratory laparotomy is open surgery of the abdomen to view the organs and tissues inside. Surgical explo-ration of the abdomen or exploratory laparotomy is recommended to detect abdominal disease not possible by other methods or when there is injury to the abdomen caused by a gunshot wound, stab wound, or blunt force trauma. Nursing care in the postoperative period involves intensive care in order to promote recovery and prevent complications, improving the prognosis. Consequently, the fundamental purpose of this review is to summarize the general post-surgical care of patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy, with emphasis on pain control, respiratory pattern and risk of bleeding. The research was developed through a bibliographical documentary type methodology under the review modality. Based on the review carried out, the importance of establishing and following a nursing care plan in the postoperative period of patients undergoing an ex-ploratory laparotomy is clear, which should be aimed at obtaining the expected results of the intervention, as quickly as possible. recovery and avoid complications. In this intervention, in general terms, the patient's condition must be assessed. One of the most important and frequent aspects is the assessment, management and monitoring of pain, respiratory pattern and bleeding control, from which the most important complications associated with this type of intervention can be derived., A laparotomia exploratória é uma cirurgia aberta do abdómen para visualizar os órgãos e tecidos no seu inte-rior. A exploração cirúrgica do abdómen ou laparotomia exploratória é recomendada para detectar doenças abdominais não possíveis por outros métodos ou quando há lesão no abdómen causada por um ferimento de bala, facada, ou trauma por força bruta. Os cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório envolvem cuidados intensivos a fim de promover a recuperação e prevenir complicações, melhorando o prognóstico. Consequentemente, o objectivo fundamental desta revisão é resumir os cuidados gerais pós-cirúrgicos de pacientes submetidos a laparotomia exploratória, com ênfase no controlo da dor, padrão respiratório e risco de hemorragia. A investigação foi desenvolvida através de uma metodologia de tipo documentário biblio-gráfico sob a modalidade de revisão. Com base na revisão realizada, é clara a importância de estabelecer e seguir um plano de cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos a uma laparotomia exploratória, o qual deve ter como objectivo obter os resultados esperados da intervenção, o mais rapidamente possível. recuperação e evitar complicações. Nesta intervenção, em termos gerais, o es-tado do paciente deve ser avaliado. Um dos aspectos mais importantes e frequentes é a avaliação, gestão e monitorização da dor, padrão respiratório e controlo de hemorragias, dos quais se podem derivar as compli-cações mais importantes associadas a este tipo de intervenção., La laparotomía exploratoria se trata de una cirugía abierta del abdomen para ver los órganos y los tejidos que se encuentran en el interior. La exploración quirúrgica del abdomen o laparotomía exploratoria se recomienda para diagnosticar una enfermedad abdominal que no es posible por otros métodos o cuando hay una lesión en el abdomen causada por una herida con arma de fuego o cortante, o un trauma contundente. La asistencia de enfermería en el post operatorio entraña el cuidado intensivo con la finalidad de fomentar la recuperación y prevenir complicaciones, mejorando el pronóstico. En consecuencia, el propósito fundamental de la presente revisión es compendiar los cuidados generales post quirúrgicos de los pacientes sometidos a laparotomía exploratoria, con énfasis en el control del dolor, patrón respiratorio y riesgo de sangrado. La investigación se desarrolló mediante una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica bajo la modalidad de revisión. Con base en la revisión efectuada queda clara la importancia de establecer y seguir un plan de cuidados de enfermería en el post operatorio de los pacientes sometidos a una laparotomía exploratorio, el cual debe estar orientado a obtener los resultados esperados de la intervención, la más rápida recuperación y evitar las complicaciones. En esta intervención, en líneas generales, se debe apreciar el estado del paciente. Una de las aspectos más importantes y frecuentes es la valoración, manejo y monitorización del dolor, del patrón respiratorio y el control del sangrado, de las cuales se puede derivar las más importantes complicaciones asociadas con este tipo de intervención.

Exploratory laparotomy is open surgery of the abdomen to view the organs and tissues inside. Surgical explo-ration of the abdomen or exploratory laparotomy is recommended to detect abdominal disease not possible by other methods or when there is injury to the abdomen caused by a gunshot wound, stab wound, or blunt force trauma. Nursing care in the postoperative period involves intensive care in order to promote recovery and prevent complications, improving the prognosis. Consequently, the fundamental purpose of this review is to summarize the general post-surgical care of patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy, with emphasis on pain control, respiratory pattern and risk of bleeding. The research was developed through a bibliographical documentary type methodology under the review modality. Based on the review carried out, the importance of establishing and following a nursing care plan in the postoperative period of patients undergoing an ex-ploratory laparotomy is clear, which should be aimed at obtaining the expected results of the intervention, as quickly as possible. recovery and avoid complications. In this intervention, in general terms, the patient's condition must be assessed. One of the most important and frequent aspects is the assessment, management and monitoring of pain, respiratory pattern and bleeding control, from which the most important complications associated with this type of intervention can be derived., A laparotomia exploratória é uma cirurgia aberta do abdómen para visualizar os órgãos e tecidos no seu inte-rior. A exploração cirúrgica do abdómen ou laparotomia exploratória é recomendada para detectar doenças abdominais não possíveis por outros métodos ou quando há lesão no abdómen causada por um ferimento de bala, facada, ou trauma por força bruta. Os cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório envolvem cuidados intensivos a fim de promover a recuperação e prevenir complicações, melhorando o prognóstico. Consequentemente, o objectivo fundamental desta revisão é resumir os cuidados gerais pós-cirúrgicos de pacientes submetidos a laparotomia exploratória, com ênfase no controlo da dor, padrão respiratório e risco de hemorragia. A investigação foi desenvolvida através de uma metodologia de tipo documentário biblio-gráfico sob a modalidade de revisão. Com base na revisão realizada, é clara a importância de estabelecer e seguir um plano de cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos a uma laparotomia exploratória, o qual deve ter como objectivo obter os resultados esperados da intervenção, o mais rapidamente possível. recuperação e evitar complicações. Nesta intervenção, em termos gerais, o es-tado do paciente deve ser avaliado. Um dos aspectos mais importantes e frequentes é a avaliação, gestão e monitorização da dor, padrão respiratório e controlo de hemorragias, dos quais se podem derivar as compli-cações mais importantes associadas a este tipo de intervenção., La laparotomía exploratoria se trata de una cirugía abierta del abdomen para ver los órganos y los tejidos que se encuentran en el interior. La exploración quirúrgica del abdomen o laparotomía exploratoria se recomienda para diagnosticar una enfermedad abdominal que no es posible por otros métodos o cuando hay una lesión en el abdomen causada por una herida con arma de fuego o cortante, o un trauma contundente. La asistencia de enfermería en el post operatorio entraña el cuidado intensivo con la finalidad de fomentar la recuperación y prevenir complicaciones, mejorando el pronóstico. En consecuencia, el propósito fundamental de la presente revisión es compendiar los cuidados generales post quirúrgicos de los pacientes sometidos a laparotomía exploratoria, con énfasis en el control del dolor, patrón respiratorio y riesgo de sangrado. La investigación se desarrolló mediante una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica bajo la modalidad de revisión. Con base en la revisión efectuada queda clara la importancia de establecer y seguir un plan de cuidados de enfermería en el post operatorio de los pacientes sometidos a una laparotomía exploratorio, el cual debe estar orientado a obtener los resultados esperados de la intervención, la más rápida recuperación y evitar las complicaciones. En esta intervención, en líneas generales, se debe apreciar el estado del paciente. Una de las aspectos más importantes y frecuentes es la valoración, manejo y monitorización del dolor, del patrón respiratorio y el control del sangrado, de las cuales se puede derivar las más importantes complicaciones asociadas con este tipo de intervención.

Exploratory laparotomy is open surgery of the abdomen to view the organs and tissues inside. Surgical explo-ration of the abdomen or exploratory laparotomy is recommended to detect abdominal disease not possible by other methods or when there is injury to the abdomen caused by a gunshot wound, stab wound, or blunt force trauma. Nursing care in the postoperative period involves intensive care in order to promote recovery and prevent complications, improving the prognosis. Consequently, the fundamental purpose of this review is to summarize the general post-surgical care of patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy, with emphasis on pain control, respiratory pattern and risk of bleeding. The research was developed through a bibliographical documentary type methodology under the review modality. Based on the review carried out, the importance of establishing and following a nursing care plan in the postoperative period of patients undergoing an ex-ploratory laparotomy is clear, which should be aimed at obtaining the expected results of the intervention, as quickly as possible. recovery and avoid complications. In this intervention, in general terms, the patient's condition must be assessed. One of the most important and frequent aspects is the assessment, management and monitoring of pain, respiratory pattern and bleeding control, from which the most important complications associated with this type of intervention can be derived., A laparotomia exploratória é uma cirurgia aberta do abdómen para visualizar os órgãos e tecidos no seu inte-rior. A exploração cirúrgica do abdómen ou laparotomia exploratória é recomendada para detectar doenças abdominais não possíveis por outros métodos ou quando há lesão no abdómen causada por um ferimento de bala, facada, ou trauma por força bruta. Os cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório envolvem cuidados intensivos a fim de promover a recuperação e prevenir complicações, melhorando o prognóstico. Consequentemente, o objectivo fundamental desta revisão é resumir os cuidados gerais pós-cirúrgicos de pacientes submetidos a laparotomia exploratória, com ênfase no controlo da dor, padrão respiratório e risco de hemorragia. A investigação foi desenvolvida através de uma metodologia de tipo documentário biblio-gráfico sob a modalidade de revisão. Com base na revisão realizada, é clara a importância de estabelecer e seguir um plano de cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos a uma laparotomia exploratória, o qual deve ter como objectivo obter os resultados esperados da intervenção, o mais rapidamente possível. recuperação e evitar complicações. Nesta intervenção, em termos gerais, o es-tado do paciente deve ser avaliado. Um dos aspectos mais importantes e frequentes é a avaliação, gestão e monitorização da dor, padrão respiratório e controlo de hemorragias, dos quais se podem derivar as compli-cações mais importantes associadas a este tipo de intervenção., La laparotomía exploratoria se trata de una cirugía abierta del abdomen para ver los órganos y los tejidos que se encuentran en el interior. La exploración quirúrgica del abdomen o laparotomía exploratoria se recomienda para diagnosticar una enfermedad abdominal que no es posible por otros métodos o cuando hay una lesión en el abdomen causada por una herida con arma de fuego o cortante, o un trauma contundente. La asistencia de enfermería en el post operatorio entraña el cuidado intensivo con la finalidad de fomentar la recuperación y prevenir complicaciones, mejorando el pronóstico. En consecuencia, el propósito fundamental de la presente revisión es compendiar los cuidados generales post quirúrgicos de los pacientes sometidos a laparotomía exploratoria, con énfasis en el control del dolor, patrón respiratorio y riesgo de sangrado. La investigación se desarrolló mediante una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica bajo la modalidad de revisión. Con base en la revisión efectuada queda clara la importancia de establecer y seguir un plan de cuidados de enfermería en el post operatorio de los pacientes sometidos a una laparotomía exploratorio, el cual debe estar orientado a obtener los resultados esperados de la intervención, la más rápida recuperación y evitar las complicaciones. En esta intervención, en líneas generales, se debe apreciar el estado del paciente. Una de las aspectos más importantes y frecuentes es la valoración, manejo y monitorización del dolor, del patrón respiratorio y el control del sangrado, de las cuales se puede derivar las más importantes complicaciones asociadas con este tipo de intervención.

Exploratory laparotomy is open surgery of the abdomen to view the organs and tissues inside. Surgical explo-ration of the abdomen or exploratory laparotomy is recommended to detect abdominal disease not possible by other methods or when there is injury to the abdomen caused by a gunshot wound, stab wound, or blunt force trauma. Nursing care in the postoperative period involves intensive care in order to promote recovery and prevent complications, improving the prognosis. Consequently, the fundamental purpose of this review is to summarize the general post-surgical care of patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy, with emphasis on pain control, respiratory pattern and risk of bleeding. The research was developed through a bibliographical documentary type methodology under the review modality. Based on the review carried out, the importance of establishing and following a nursing care plan in the postoperative period of patients undergoing an ex-ploratory laparotomy is clear, which should be aimed at obtaining the expected results of the intervention, as quickly as possible. recovery and avoid complications. In this intervention, in general terms, the patient's condition must be assessed. One of the most important and frequent aspects is the assessment, management and monitoring of pain, respiratory pattern and bleeding control, from which the most important complications associated with this type of intervention can be derived., A laparotomia exploratória é uma cirurgia aberta do abdómen para visualizar os órgãos e tecidos no seu inte-rior. A exploração cirúrgica do abdómen ou laparotomia exploratória é recomendada para detectar doenças abdominais não possíveis por outros métodos ou quando há lesão no abdómen causada por um ferimento de bala, facada, ou trauma por força bruta. Os cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório envolvem cuidados intensivos a fim de promover a recuperação e prevenir complicações, melhorando o prognóstico. Consequentemente, o objectivo fundamental desta revisão é resumir os cuidados gerais pós-cirúrgicos de pacientes submetidos a laparotomia exploratória, com ênfase no controlo da dor, padrão respiratório e risco de hemorragia. A investigação foi desenvolvida através de uma metodologia de tipo documentário biblio-gráfico sob a modalidade de revisão. Com base na revisão realizada, é clara a importância de estabelecer e seguir um plano de cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos a uma laparotomia exploratória, o qual deve ter como objectivo obter os resultados esperados da intervenção, o mais rapidamente possível. recuperação e evitar complicações. Nesta intervenção, em termos gerais, o es-tado do paciente deve ser avaliado. Um dos aspectos mais importantes e frequentes é a avaliação, gestão e monitorização da dor, padrão respiratório e controlo de hemorragias, dos quais se podem derivar as compli-cações mais importantes associadas a este tipo de intervenção., La laparotomía exploratoria se trata de una cirugía abierta del abdomen para ver los órganos y los tejidos que se encuentran en el interior. La exploración quirúrgica del abdomen o laparotomía exploratoria se recomienda para diagnosticar una enfermedad abdominal que no es posible por otros métodos o cuando hay una lesión en el abdomen causada por una herida con arma de fuego o cortante, o un trauma contundente. La asistencia de enfermería en el post operatorio entraña el cuidado intensivo con la finalidad de fomentar la recuperación y prevenir complicaciones, mejorando el pronóstico. En consecuencia, el propósito fundamental de la presente revisión es compendiar los cuidados generales post quirúrgicos de los pacientes sometidos a laparotomía exploratoria, con énfasis en el control del dolor, patrón respiratorio y riesgo de sangrado. La investigación se desarrolló mediante una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica bajo la modalidad de revisión. Con base en la revisión efectuada queda clara la importancia de establecer y seguir un plan de cuidados de enfermería en el post operatorio de los pacientes sometidos a una laparotomía exploratorio, el cual debe estar orientado a obtener los resultados esperados de la intervención, la más rápida recuperación y evitar las complicaciones. En esta intervención, en líneas generales, se debe apreciar el estado del paciente. Una de las aspectos más importantes y frecuentes es la valoración, manejo y monitorización del dolor, del patrón respiratorio y el control del sangrado, de las cuales se puede derivar las más importantes complicaciones asociadas con este tipo de intervención.

This course is a workshop for students with some experience in writing essays, nonfiction prose. Our focus will be negotiating and representing identities grounded in gender, race, class, nationality, sexuality, and other categories of identity, either our own or others', in prose that is expository, exploratory, investigative, persuasive, lyrical, or incantatory. We will read nonfiction prose works by a wide array of writers who have used language to negotiate and represent aspects of identity and the ways the different determinants of identity intersect, compete, and cooperate.

Exploratory laparotomy is open surgery of the abdomen to view the organs and tissues inside. Surgical explo-ration of the abdomen or exploratory laparotomy is recommended to detect abdominal disease not possible by other methods or when there is injury to the abdomen caused by a gunshot wound, stab wound, or blunt force trauma. Nursing care in the postoperative period involves intensive care in order to promote recovery and prevent complications, improving the prognosis. Consequently, the fundamental purpose of this review is to summarize the general post-surgical care of patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy, with emphasis on pain control, respiratory pattern and risk of bleeding. The research was developed through a bibliographical documentary type methodology under the review modality. Based on the review carried out, the importance of establishing and following a nursing care plan in the postoperative period of patients undergoing an ex-ploratory laparotomy is clear, which should be aimed at obtaining the expected results of the intervention, as quickly as possible. recovery and avoid complications. In this intervention, in general terms, the patient's condition must be assessed. One of the most important and frequent aspects is the assessment, management and monitoring of pain, respiratory pattern and bleeding control, from which the most important complications associated with this type of intervention can be derived., A laparotomia exploratória é uma cirurgia aberta do abdómen para visualizar os órgãos e tecidos no seu inte-rior. A exploração cirúrgica do abdómen ou laparotomia exploratória é recomendada para detectar doenças abdominais não possíveis por outros métodos ou quando há lesão no abdómen causada por um ferimento de bala, facada, ou trauma por força bruta. Os cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório envolvem cuidados intensivos a fim de promover a recuperação e prevenir complicações, melhorando o prognóstico. Consequentemente, o objectivo fundamental desta revisão é resumir os cuidados gerais pós-cirúrgicos de pacientes submetidos a laparotomia exploratória, com ênfase no controlo da dor, padrão respiratório e risco de hemorragia. A investigação foi desenvolvida através de uma metodologia de tipo documentário biblio-gráfico sob a modalidade de revisão. Com base na revisão realizada, é clara a importância de estabelecer e seguir um plano de cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos a uma laparotomia exploratória, o qual deve ter como objectivo obter os resultados esperados da intervenção, o mais rapidamente possível. recuperação e evitar complicações. Nesta intervenção, em termos gerais, o es-tado do paciente deve ser avaliado. Um dos aspectos mais importantes e frequentes é a avaliação, gestão e monitorização da dor, padrão respiratório e controlo de hemorragias, dos quais se podem derivar as compli-cações mais importantes associadas a este tipo de intervenção., La laparotomía exploratoria se trata de una cirugía abierta del abdomen para ver los órganos y los tejidos que se encuentran en el interior. La exploración quirúrgica del abdomen o laparotomía exploratoria se recomienda para diagnosticar una enfermedad abdominal que no es posible por otros métodos o cuando hay una lesión en el abdomen causada por una herida con arma de fuego o cortante, o un trauma contundente. La asistencia de enfermería en el post operatorio entraña el cuidado intensivo con la finalidad de fomentar la recuperación y prevenir complicaciones, mejorando el pronóstico. En consecuencia, el propósito fundamental de la presente revisión es compendiar los cuidados generales post quirúrgicos de los pacientes sometidos a laparotomía exploratoria, con énfasis en el control del dolor, patrón respiratorio y riesgo de sangrado. La investigación se desarrolló mediante una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica bajo la modalidad de revisión. Con base en la revisión efectuada queda clara la importancia de establecer y seguir un plan de cuidados de enfermería en el post operatorio de los pacientes sometidos a una laparotomía exploratorio, el cual debe estar orientado a obtener los resultados esperados de la intervención, la más rápida recuperación y evitar las complicaciones. En esta intervención, en líneas generales, se debe apreciar el estado del paciente. Una de las aspectos más importantes y frecuentes es la valoración, manejo y monitorización del dolor, del patrón respiratorio y el control del sangrado, de las cuales se puede derivar las más importantes complicaciones asociadas con este tipo de intervención.

Exploratory laparotomy is open surgery of the abdomen to view the organs and tissues inside. Surgical explo-ration of the abdomen or exploratory laparotomy is recommended to detect abdominal disease not possible by other methods or when there is injury to the abdomen caused by a gunshot wound, stab wound, or blunt force trauma. Nursing care in the postoperative period involves intensive care in order to promote recovery and prevent complications, improving the prognosis. Consequently, the fundamental purpose of this review is to summarize the general post-surgical care of patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy, with emphasis on pain control, respiratory pattern and risk of bleeding. The research was developed through a bibliographical documentary type methodology under the review modality. Based on the review carried out, the importance of establishing and following a nursing care plan in the postoperative period of patients undergoing an ex-ploratory laparotomy is clear, which should be aimed at obtaining the expected results of the intervention, as quickly as possible. recovery and avoid complications. In this intervention, in general terms, the patient's condition must be assessed. One of the most important and frequent aspects is the assessment, management and monitoring of pain, respiratory pattern and bleeding control, from which the most important complications associated with this type of intervention can be derived., A laparotomia exploratória é uma cirurgia aberta do abdómen para visualizar os órgãos e tecidos no seu inte-rior. A exploração cirúrgica do abdómen ou laparotomia exploratória é recomendada para detectar doenças abdominais não possíveis por outros métodos ou quando há lesão no abdómen causada por um ferimento de bala, facada, ou trauma por força bruta. Os cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório envolvem cuidados intensivos a fim de promover a recuperação e prevenir complicações, melhorando o prognóstico. Consequentemente, o objectivo fundamental desta revisão é resumir os cuidados gerais pós-cirúrgicos de pacientes submetidos a laparotomia exploratória, com ênfase no controlo da dor, padrão respiratório e risco de hemorragia. A investigação foi desenvolvida através de uma metodologia de tipo documentário biblio-gráfico sob a modalidade de revisão. Com base na revisão realizada, é clara a importância de estabelecer e seguir um plano de cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos a uma laparotomia exploratória, o qual deve ter como objectivo obter os resultados esperados da intervenção, o mais rapidamente possível. recuperação e evitar complicações. Nesta intervenção, em termos gerais, o es-tado do paciente deve ser avaliado. Um dos aspectos mais importantes e frequentes é a avaliação, gestão e monitorização da dor, padrão respiratório e controlo de hemorragias, dos quais se podem derivar as compli-cações mais importantes associadas a este tipo de intervenção., La laparotomía exploratoria se trata de una cirugía abierta del abdomen para ver los órganos y los tejidos que se encuentran en el interior. La exploración quirúrgica del abdomen o laparotomía exploratoria se recomienda para diagnosticar una enfermedad abdominal que no es posible por otros métodos o cuando hay una lesión en el abdomen causada por una herida con arma de fuego o cortante, o un trauma contundente. La asistencia de enfermería en el post operatorio entraña el cuidado intensivo con la finalidad de fomentar la recuperación y prevenir complicaciones, mejorando el pronóstico. En consecuencia, el propósito fundamental de la presente revisión es compendiar los cuidados generales post quirúrgicos de los pacientes sometidos a laparotomía exploratoria, con énfasis en el control del dolor, patrón respiratorio y riesgo de sangrado. La investigación se desarrolló mediante una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica bajo la modalidad de revisión. Con base en la revisión efectuada queda clara la importancia de establecer y seguir un plan de cuidados de enfermería en el post operatorio de los pacientes sometidos a una laparotomía exploratorio, el cual debe estar orientado a obtener los resultados esperados de la intervención, la más rápida recuperación y evitar las complicaciones. En esta intervención, en líneas generales, se debe apreciar el estado del paciente. Una de las aspectos más importantes y frecuentes es la valoración, manejo y monitorización del dolor, del patrón respiratorio y el control del sangrado, de las cuales se puede derivar las más importantes complicaciones asociadas con este tipo de intervención.

Exploratory laparotomy is open surgery of the abdomen to view the organs and tissues inside. Surgical explo-ration of the abdomen or exploratory laparotomy is recommended to detect abdominal disease not possible by other methods or when there is injury to the abdomen caused by a gunshot wound, stab wound, or blunt force trauma. Nursing care in the postoperative period involves intensive care in order to promote recovery and prevent complications, improving the prognosis. Consequently, the fundamental purpose of this review is to summarize the general post-surgical care of patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy, with emphasis on pain control, respiratory pattern and risk of bleeding. The research was developed through a bibliographical documentary type methodology under the review modality. Based on the review carried out, the importance of establishing and following a nursing care plan in the postoperative period of patients undergoing an ex-ploratory laparotomy is clear, which should be aimed at obtaining the expected results of the intervention, as quickly as possible. recovery and avoid complications. In this intervention, in general terms, the patient's condition must be assessed. One of the most important and frequent aspects is the assessment, management and monitoring of pain, respiratory pattern and bleeding control, from which the most important complications associated with this type of intervention can be derived., A laparotomia exploratória é uma cirurgia aberta do abdómen para visualizar os órgãos e tecidos no seu inte-rior. A exploração cirúrgica do abdómen ou laparotomia exploratória é recomendada para detectar doenças abdominais não possíveis por outros métodos ou quando há lesão no abdómen causada por um ferimento de bala, facada, ou trauma por força bruta. Os cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório envolvem cuidados intensivos a fim de promover a recuperação e prevenir complicações, melhorando o prognóstico. Consequentemente, o objectivo fundamental desta revisão é resumir os cuidados gerais pós-cirúrgicos de pacientes submetidos a laparotomia exploratória, com ênfase no controlo da dor, padrão respiratório e risco de hemorragia. A investigação foi desenvolvida através de uma metodologia de tipo documentário biblio-gráfico sob a modalidade de revisão. Com base na revisão realizada, é clara a importância de estabelecer e seguir um plano de cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos a uma laparotomia exploratória, o qual deve ter como objectivo obter os resultados esperados da intervenção, o mais rapidamente possível. recuperação e evitar complicações. Nesta intervenção, em termos gerais, o es-tado do paciente deve ser avaliado. Um dos aspectos mais importantes e frequentes é a avaliação, gestão e monitorização da dor, padrão respiratório e controlo de hemorragias, dos quais se podem derivar as compli-cações mais importantes associadas a este tipo de intervenção., La laparotomía exploratoria se trata de una cirugía abierta del abdomen para ver los órganos y los tejidos que se encuentran en el interior. La exploración quirúrgica del abdomen o laparotomía exploratoria se recomienda para diagnosticar una enfermedad abdominal que no es posible por otros métodos o cuando hay una lesión en el abdomen causada por una herida con arma de fuego o cortante, o un trauma contundente. La asistencia de enfermería en el post operatorio entraña el cuidado intensivo con la finalidad de fomentar la recuperación y prevenir complicaciones, mejorando el pronóstico. En consecuencia, el propósito fundamental de la presente revisión es compendiar los cuidados generales post quirúrgicos de los pacientes sometidos a laparotomía exploratoria, con énfasis en el control del dolor, patrón respiratorio y riesgo de sangrado. La investigación se desarrolló mediante una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica bajo la modalidad de revisión. Con base en la revisión efectuada queda clara la importancia de establecer y seguir un plan de cuidados de enfermería en el post operatorio de los pacientes sometidos a una laparotomía exploratorio, el cual debe estar orientado a obtener los resultados esperados de la intervención, la más rápida recuperación y evitar las complicaciones. En esta intervención, en líneas generales, se debe apreciar el estado del paciente. Una de las aspectos más importantes y frecuentes es la valoración, manejo y monitorización del dolor, del patrón respiratorio y el control del sangrado, de las cuales se puede derivar las más importantes complicaciones asociadas con este tipo de intervención.

Exploratory laparotomy is open surgery of the abdomen to view the organs and tissues inside. Surgical explo-ration of the abdomen or exploratory laparotomy is recommended to detect abdominal disease not possible by other methods or when there is injury to the abdomen caused by a gunshot wound, stab wound, or blunt force trauma. Nursing care in the postoperative period involves intensive care in order to promote recovery and prevent complications, improving the prognosis. Consequently, the fundamental purpose of this review is to summarize the general post-surgical care of patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy, with emphasis on pain control, respiratory pattern and risk of bleeding. The research was developed through a bibliographical documentary type methodology under the review modality. Based on the review carried out, the importance of establishing and following a nursing care plan in the postoperative period of patients undergoing an ex-ploratory laparotomy is clear, which should be aimed at obtaining the expected results of the intervention, as quickly as possible. recovery and avoid complications. In this intervention, in general terms, the patient's condition must be assessed. One of the most important and frequent aspects is the assessment, management and monitoring of pain, respiratory pattern and bleeding control, from which the most important complications associated with this type of intervention can be derived., A laparotomia exploratória é uma cirurgia aberta do abdómen para visualizar os órgãos e tecidos no seu inte-rior. A exploração cirúrgica do abdómen ou laparotomia exploratória é recomendada para detectar doenças abdominais não possíveis por outros métodos ou quando há lesão no abdómen causada por um ferimento de bala, facada, ou trauma por força bruta. Os cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório envolvem cuidados intensivos a fim de promover a recuperação e prevenir complicações, melhorando o prognóstico. Consequentemente, o objectivo fundamental desta revisão é resumir os cuidados gerais pós-cirúrgicos de pacientes submetidos a laparotomia exploratória, com ênfase no controlo da dor, padrão respiratório e risco de hemorragia. A investigação foi desenvolvida através de uma metodologia de tipo documentário biblio-gráfico sob a modalidade de revisão. Com base na revisão realizada, é clara a importância de estabelecer e seguir um plano de cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos a uma laparotomia exploratória, o qual deve ter como objectivo obter os resultados esperados da intervenção, o mais rapidamente possível. recuperação e evitar complicações. Nesta intervenção, em termos gerais, o es-tado do paciente deve ser avaliado. Um dos aspectos mais importantes e frequentes é a avaliação, gestão e monitorização da dor, padrão respiratório e controlo de hemorragias, dos quais se podem derivar as compli-cações mais importantes associadas a este tipo de intervenção., La laparotomía exploratoria se trata de una cirugía abierta del abdomen para ver los órganos y los tejidos que se encuentran en el interior. La exploración quirúrgica del abdomen o laparotomía exploratoria se recomienda para diagnosticar una enfermedad abdominal que no es posible por otros métodos o cuando hay una lesión en el abdomen causada por una herida con arma de fuego o cortante, o un trauma contundente. La asistencia de enfermería en el post operatorio entraña el cuidado intensivo con la finalidad de fomentar la recuperación y prevenir complicaciones, mejorando el pronóstico. En consecuencia, el propósito fundamental de la presente revisión es compendiar los cuidados generales post quirúrgicos de los pacientes sometidos a laparotomía exploratoria, con énfasis en el control del dolor, patrón respiratorio y riesgo de sangrado. La investigación se desarrolló mediante una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica bajo la modalidad de revisión. Con base en la revisión efectuada queda clara la importancia de establecer y seguir un plan de cuidados de enfermería en el post operatorio de los pacientes sometidos a una laparotomía exploratorio, el cual debe estar orientado a obtener los resultados esperados de la intervención, la más rápida recuperación y evitar las complicaciones. En esta intervención, en líneas generales, se debe apreciar el estado del paciente. Una de las aspectos más importantes y frecuentes es la valoración, manejo y monitorización del dolor, del patrón respiratorio y el control del sangrado, de las cuales se puede derivar las más importantes complicaciones asociadas con este tipo de intervención.

Exploratory laparotomy is open surgery of the abdomen to view the organs and tissues inside. Surgical explo-ration of the abdomen or exploratory laparotomy is recommended to detect abdominal disease not possible by other methods or when there is injury to the abdomen caused by a gunshot wound, stab wound, or blunt force trauma. Nursing care in the postoperative period involves intensive care in order to promote recovery and prevent complications, improving the prognosis. Consequently, the fundamental purpose of this review is to summarize the general post-surgical care of patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy, with emphasis on pain control, respiratory pattern and risk of bleeding. The research was developed through a bibliographical documentary type methodology under the review modality. Based on the review carried out, the importance of establishing and following a nursing care plan in the postoperative period of patients undergoing an ex-ploratory laparotomy is clear, which should be aimed at obtaining the expected results of the intervention, as quickly as possible. recovery and avoid complications. In this intervention, in general terms, the patient's condition must be assessed. One of the most important and frequent aspects is the assessment, management and monitoring of pain, respiratory pattern and bleeding control, from which the most important complications associated with this type of intervention can be derived., A laparotomia exploratória é uma cirurgia aberta do abdómen para visualizar os órgãos e tecidos no seu inte-rior. A exploração cirúrgica do abdómen ou laparotomia exploratória é recomendada para detectar doenças abdominais não possíveis por outros métodos ou quando há lesão no abdómen causada por um ferimento de bala, facada, ou trauma por força bruta. Os cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório envolvem cuidados intensivos a fim de promover a recuperação e prevenir complicações, melhorando o prognóstico. Consequentemente, o objectivo fundamental desta revisão é resumir os cuidados gerais pós-cirúrgicos de pacientes submetidos a laparotomia exploratória, com ênfase no controlo da dor, padrão respiratório e risco de hemorragia. A investigação foi desenvolvida através de uma metodologia de tipo documentário biblio-gráfico sob a modalidade de revisão. Com base na revisão realizada, é clara a importância de estabelecer e seguir um plano de cuidados de enfermagem no período pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos a uma laparotomia exploratória, o qual deve ter como objectivo obter os resultados esperados da intervenção, o mais rapidamente possível. recuperação e evitar complicações. Nesta intervenção, em termos gerais, o es-tado do paciente deve ser avaliado. Um dos aspectos mais importantes e frequentes é a avaliação, gestão e monitorização da dor, padrão respiratório e controlo de hemorragias, dos quais se podem derivar as compli-cações mais importantes associadas a este tipo de intervenção., La laparotomía exploratoria se trata de una cirugía abierta del abdomen para ver los órganos y los tejidos que se encuentran en el interior. La exploración quirúrgica del abdomen o laparotomía exploratoria se recomienda para diagnosticar una enfermedad abdominal que no es posible por otros métodos o cuando hay una lesión en el abdomen causada por una herida con arma de fuego o cortante, o un trauma contundente. La asistencia de enfermería en el post operatorio entraña el cuidado intensivo con la finalidad de fomentar la recuperación y prevenir complicaciones, mejorando el pronóstico. En consecuencia, el propósito fundamental de la presente revisión es compendiar los cuidados generales post quirúrgicos de los pacientes sometidos a laparotomía exploratoria, con énfasis en el control del dolor, patrón respiratorio y riesgo de sangrado. La investigación se desarrolló mediante una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica bajo la modalidad de revisión. Con base en la revisión efectuada queda clara la importancia de establecer y seguir un plan de cuidados de enfermería en el post operatorio de los pacientes sometidos a una laparotomía exploratorio, el cual debe estar orientado a obtener los resultados esperados de la intervención, la más rápida recuperación y evitar las complicaciones. En esta intervención, en líneas generales, se debe apreciar el estado del paciente. Una de las aspectos más importantes y frecuentes es la valoración, manejo y monitorización del dolor, del patrón respiratorio y el control del sangrado, de las cuales se puede derivar las más importantes complicaciones asociadas con este tipo de intervención.

In this instrumental exploratory case study, students on the second largest programme in upper secondary school in Sweden, the Business Management and Economics Programme, were interviewed about what obstacles they believe they encountered when studying the second mathematics course. A first level of analysis, using a constant comparison method, resulted in 19 different obstacles. The seven obstacles that were uttered by the highest proportion of students were: new content, more difficult, more work needed, new tests, faster pace, online school and problems prioritising. In a second level of analysis, an axial coding, the codes were grouped into five larger categories: advanced mathematics, managing workload, novel teaching, emotion and assessment. The category that were uttered by the highest proportion of students was advanced mathematics which contained the obstacles new content, more difficult and faster pace. This study offers a base of knowledge about what obstacles students themselves express that they experience and the character of these obstacles.

PURPOSE: In several studies, exploratory dietary patterns (DP), derived by principal component analysis, were inversely or positively associated with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, findings remained study-specific, inconsistent and rarely replicated. This study aimed to investigate the associations between DPs and T2D in multiple cohorts across the world. METHODS: This federated meta-analysis of individual participant data was based on 25 prospective cohort studies from 5 continents including a total of 390,664 participants with a follow-up for T2D (3.8-25.0 years). After data harmonization across cohorts we evaluated 15 previously identified T2D-related DPs for association with incident T2D estimating pooled incidence rate ratios (IRR) and confidence intervals (CI) by Piecewise Poisson regression and random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: 29,386 participants developed T2D during follow-up. Five DPs, characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, French fries and refined grains, were associated with higher incidence of T2D. The strongest association was observed for a DP comprising these food groups besides others (IRRpooled per 1 SD = 1.104, 95% CI 1.059-1.151). Although heterogeneity was present (I2 = 85%), IRR exceeded 1 in 18 of the 20 meta-analyzed studies. Original DPs associated with lower T2D risk were not confirmed. Instead, a healthy DP (HDP1) was associated with higher T2D risk (IRRpooled per 1 SD = 1.057, 95% CI 1.027-1.088). CONCLUSION: Our findings from various cohorts revealed positive associations for several DPs, characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, French fries and refined grains, adding to the evidence-base that links DPs to higher T2D risk. However, no inverse DP-T2D associations were confirmed.

Pair programming is an agile software development practice that can be used in university student's education when learning programming. Previous research on students at universities has shown that there exist different perceived benefits and drawbacks on the practice’s contribution to learning. However, these research are few and no similar studies have been conducted at KTH. A research gap has therefore emerged, which this thesis intends to fill and potentially lead to the subject being more relevant to, for example, Swedish universities. This creates the problem question: “How do students at KTH perceive the benefits and drawbacks of pair programming from a learning perspective, and how do these compare to previous studies?”. The purpose of the thesis is to explore the students' perceived benefits and drawbacks of pair programming at KTH from a learning perspective. The thesis goal is to expand the study on students' perceived benefits and drawbacks of pair programming from a learning perspective, as well as contribute to the knowledge of pair programming. The research methods chosen for the thesis are previous literature studies and qualitative in-depth interviews with eight students at KTH. The results are presented as summerazitations and tables of collected data on KTH students' perceptions on the benefits and drawbacks of pair programming from a learning perspective. The main benefits and their circumstances identified were better perspective, qualitative code and faster progress. Drawbacks and their circumstances on the other hand, were identified as various levels of experience, difference in personal preference, different time schedules and difficulties in alternating roles and changing partners. These results indicate that pair programming contributes much when learning programming, but that there also exist perceived drawbacks by KTH students., Parprogrammering är en agil praxis inom mjukvaruutveckling som kan användas i universitetsstudenters utbildning när de lär sig programmering. Tidigare forskning på universitetsstudenter har visat att det finns olika upplevda fördelar och nackdelar med praktikens bidrag till lärande. Dessa undersökningar är dock få och inga liknande studier har gjorts på KTH. Ett forskningsgap har därmed uppstått, som denna avhandling avser att fylla och potentiellt leda till att ämnet blir mer relevant vid, exempelvis, svenska universitet. Detta leder till problemfrågan: ”Hur uppfattar studenter på KTH fördelarna och nackdelarna med parprogrammering ur ett lärandeperspektiv, och hur är dem i jämförelse med tidigare studier?”. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utforska studenters upplevda fördelar och nackdelar med parprogrammering på KTH ur ett lärandeperspektiv. Forskningens mål är att utöka studien om studenters upplevda fördelar och nackdelar med parprogrammering ur ett lärandeperspektiv, samt bidra till kunskapen om parprogrammering. De forskningsmetoder som valts ut är tidigare litteraturstudier och kvalitativa djupintervjuer med åtta studenter på KTH. Resultaten presenteras som sammanfattningar och tabeller över insamlad data om KTH-studenters uppfattningar om fördelar och nackdelar med parprogrammering ur ett lärandeperspektiv. De främsta fördelarna och deras omständigheter som identifierades var bättre perspektiv, kvalitativ kod och snabbare framsteg. Nackdelar och deras omständigheter identifierades däremot som olika nivåer av erfarenhet, olika personliga preferenser, olika tidsscheman, svårigheter med alternerande roller och byte av partner. Dessa resultat tyder på att parprogrammering bidrar mycket till lärandet av parprogrammering, men att det också finns nackdelar uppfattade av KTH-studenter.

The main goal of the paper was to identify the need for primary-level teacher training in Punjab. The study was descriptive in nature, with information gathered using a qualitative approach. The study's population included all the school teachers in the three districts of southern Punjab Bahawalpur, Rajanpur, and Chakwal, Because the study was a survey based on probability sampling methods, 245 teachers took part. Three districts in southern Punjab were chosen. This observation aided the researcher in gathering empirical evidence of their classroom teaching practices. The collected data was analyzed using the Thematic evaluation. According to the data, most teachers are at an average level, only a few have good classroom arrangement skills, some of them are satisfied with their performance, and even no teacher knows how to arrange a classroom completely. Information reveals that many teachers were found to be at an average level, with only teachers possessing good classroom arrangement skills. it is recommended training should be arranged by periodic and proper evaluation should be done by higher authorities to maintain the quality of education through teachers.

Purpose In several studies, exploratory dietary patterns (DP), derived by principal component analysis, were inversely or positively associated with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, findings remained study-specific, inconsistent and rarely replicated. This study aimed to investigate the associations between DPs and T2D in multiple cohorts across the world. Methods This federated meta-analysis of individual participant data was based on 25 prospective cohort studies from 5 continents including a total of 390,664 participants with a follow-up for T2D (3.8–25.0 years). After data harmonization across cohorts we evaluated 15 previously identified T2D-related DPs for association with incident T2D estimating pooled incidence rate ratios (IRR) and confidence intervals (CI) by Piecewise Poisson regression and random-effects meta-analysis. Results 29,386 participants developed T2D during follow-up. Five DPs, characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, French fries and refined grains, were associated with higher incidence of T2D. The strongest association was observed for a DP comprising these food groups besides others (IRRpooled per 1 SD = 1.104, 95% CI 1.059–1.151). Although heterogeneity was present (I2 = 85%), IRR exceeded 1 in 18 of the 20 meta-analyzed studies. Original DPs associated with lower T2D risk were not confirmed. Instead, a healthy DP (HDP1) was associated with higher T2D risk (IRRpooled per 1 SD = 1.057, 95% CI 1.027–1.088). Conclusion Our findings from various cohorts revealed positive associations for several DPs, characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, French fries and refined grains, adding to the evidence-base that links DPs to higher T2D risk. However, no inverse DP–T2D associations were confirmed.

Den här uppsatsen undersöker fanundertextning (fansubs) och består av två delundersökningar: en litteraturstudie som undersöker den befintliga akademiska kunskapen om fanundertextning och en bibliometrisk studie som undersöker fanundertextningsforskningens publicerings-verksamhet. Litteraturstudiens granskning utgår från artiklar som ger en omfattande överblick över fanundertextningens historia, arbetsprocesser och kännetecken. Den bibliometriska studien utgår från totalt 563 vetenskapliga artiklar som omnämner fanundertextning, för att mäta den akademiska medvetenheten om fanundertextning, och de 171 vetenskapliga artiklar därav som behandlar fanundertextning, för att mäta fanundertextningsforskningens publiceringsverksamhet, publiceringsverksamhetens geografiska fördelning, vilken typ av studier som bedrivits om fanundertextning och vilka ämnen som tagits upp i deskriptiva studier om fanundertextning. Litteraturstudiens resultat visar på ett stort akademiskt kunskapsunderlag om fanundertextning: Idag vet vi att fanundertextning uppstod för att tillgängliggöra utländska filmer och serier som saknade översättningar samt för att erbjuda ett alternativ till domesticerande eller censurerande översättningar, att fanundertextare arbetar i grupp utefter tydligt strukturerade produktionskedjor och motiveras av en kärlek till och en vilja av att dela med sig av utländsk media, och att fanundertexter skiljer sig kraftigt från professionella undertexter vad gäller grafisk utformning och översättningsstrategier. Den bibliometriska studiens resultat visar att fanundertextnings-forskningens publiceringsverksamhet vuxit avsevärt under perioden 2005-2020, under vilken den diversifierats geografiskt till att år 2020 involvera 44 olika länder. Den bibliometriska studien visar även att majoriteten av fanundertextningsforskningen fokuserat på kontrastiva, deskriptiva och översättningssociologiska studier och att de mest studerade ämnena är notförklaringar och foreignisering. Det finns, Who Cares about Fansubs?: An Exploratory Study on the State of Fansub Studies This thesis examines fansubs and consists of two sub studies: a literature review examining the extant academic knowledge of fansub studies, and a bibliometric study examining the historical development of the publishing activity for fansub studies. The literature review is based upon articles providing exhaustive overviews of the history, workflow and features of fansubs. The bibliometric study is based upon a total of 563 scholarly papers referencing fansubs to measure the academic awareness of fansubs, and the 171 scholarly papers thereof that examine fansubs to measure the geographic distribution of the publishing activity of fansubs, types of studies performed on fansubs, and topics treated in descriptive articles on fansubs. The results of the literature review reveal a large academic knowledge base about fansubs: Today we know that fansubbing emerged to provide access to untranslated foreign films and series as well as alternatives to domesticating or censored translations, that fansubbers work in groups along clearly defined production lines and are motivated by their love towards and a desire to share foreign media, and that fansubs differ markedly from professional subtitles in terms of aesthetics and translation strategies used. The results of the bibliometric study show that the publishing activity of fansub studies has grown substantially during 2005-2020, during which it has diversified geographically to involve 44 different countries by 2020. The bibliometric study also shows that the majority of fansub research has focused on contrastive, descriptive and sociological studies of fansubbing, and that the most studied topics are translator's notes and foreignization. However, there exists a lack of reception studies, making it difficult to evaluate fansubs from a target audience perspective.

With the introduction of large commercial industrial laboratories at the end of the nineteenth century, many types of experiments were institutionalized that do not aim at testing hypotheses. This paper builds a typology of experiments in techno-science, by analysing more than two hundred and fifty real-life technical projects. This resulted in four testing types (tests of hypotheses, of designs, of means-end knowledge, and of models or software), three determining types (developing working principles, preferred actions, and determining values of variables or relationships between variables) and one trial-and-error type of pure exploration. The typology is developed by working back and forth between thick descriptions of the experiments including their goals, and the development of six criteria of differentiation, to wit: determining versus testing; measurement scales of (in)dependent variables; intrinsic versus instrumental value of the outcomes; proximate function of the outcome; distant role of the outcome in the embedded project; the descriptive or normative character of the proximate or distant outcomes. The typology opens up inspiring methodological and philosophical research questions., Ethics & Philosophy of Technology

Large software projects often overrun costs, development time and do not deliver what has been envisioned by the customer. An important factor contributing to these cost overruns is the mismatch in the approaches of IT-architects and agile software development roles. In literature there are hints that complementary added value could be achieved from interaction of these roles. For practitioners there is need for governance strategies that improve the added value of combining these roles and their approaches in a complementary way. To identify how governance strategies help to obtain complementary added value from IT-architecture and agile software developer interactions this research used a multi-case study approach with exploratory and theory building focus. Interviews with IT-architecture and agile developer roles were used to collect data and compose case studies. This approach allowed to identify governance strategies with governance strategies that were used in practice. Multiple cases were chosen to analyse governance strategies across cases, which improved generalisability. The results include a topology of interaction models, a set of added value and problems found in the cases, related to their interaction model and a set of descriptions of governance strategies that could be used to achieve complementary added value from the interaction of software architects and agile development teams.The case studies and results provide practitioners with the opportunity to update their knowledge and change their perspective on interaction of IT-architecture and agile development roles. Future research could expand the results in terms of breadth and depth of organisations., Complex Systems Engineering and Management (CoSEM)

The focus of this exploratory and qualitative research was the need of the non-banking and state-owned industries, to the employees’ English competence. There was a general research question: How important is the employees’ English competence for the state-owned non-banking and financial industries? Survey research method was implemented to collect data as many as possible. It was found that almost all positions in aviation industries need the employees’ English competence, followed by shipping, electricity, and plantation industries. Speaking skill can be concluded as the most needed English competence by the employees. The result of this research is in long term hopefully to be used as a reference in designing the English teaching materials, especially for the Medan State Polytechnic.

The focus of this exploratory and qualitative research was the need of the non-banking and state-owned industries, to the employees’ English competence. There was a general research question: How important is the employees’ English competence for the state-owned non-banking and financial industries? Survey research method was implemented to collect data as many as possible. It was found that almost all positions in aviation industries need the employees’ English competence, followed by shipping, electricity, and plantation industries. Speaking skill can be concluded as the most needed English competence by the employees. The result of this research is in long term hopefully to be used as a reference in designing the English teaching materials, especially for the Medan State Polytechnic.

The focus of this exploratory and qualitative research was the need of the non-banking and state-owned industries, to the employees’ English competence. There was a general research question: How important is the employees’ English competence for the state-owned non-banking and financial industries? Survey research method was implemented to collect data as many as possible. It was found that almost all positions in aviation industries need the employees’ English competence, followed by shipping, electricity, and plantation industries. Speaking skill can be concluded as the most needed English competence by the employees. The result of this research is in long term hopefully to be used as a reference in designing the English teaching materials, especially for the Medan State Polytechnic.

This study answers the research questions: Does 3D printing have the potential to positively affect medical logistics operations for operational and distributed maritime operations (DMO) environments, and if so, which Class VIII(a) consumable medical supplies show high potential? A qualitative case analysis investigates the challenges of medical logistics in austere, deployed environments, particularly in mass-casualty scenarios, and the implications of additive manufacturing to medical logistics operations for selected Class VIII(a) consumable items in one simulated DMO environment. The analysis and findings suggest that some Class VIII(a) medical supplies are not good candidates for 3D printing. However, interviews with subject-matter experts revealed other potential Class VIII(a) consumable medical supplies that meet characteristic requirements to be 3D printed in operational environments. The study results in initial insights, propositions, and recommendations on how to proceed with 3D printing to support medical logistics operations for operational and DMO environments., http://archive.org/details/exploringtheimpa1094566744, Outstanding Thesis, Lieutenant, United States Navy, Approved for public release. distribution is unlimited

Academic advisors are essential to the college experience (Filson & Whittington, 2013). They serve as students’ higher education guides and translators in addition to being their direct link to the institution. Given the pivotal role they serve in helping students navigate the myriad transitions encountered throughout their college career, tapping into their vast experience with students, parents, and administration provided a unique point of view that would not otherwise be possible. The purpose of this study was to explore academic advisors' understanding of the exploratory FTIC student experience at a Hispanic Serving Institution, which was chosen because of potential unique impacts on its non-white populations (Pascarella, 2006). In this qualitative study, 11 current and former academic advisors who worked with exploratory students at Florida International University were interviewed using a semi-structured format. Student interviews were used for triangulation purposes. Once interviews were transcribed, thematic analysis was used to analyze the data for common themes. The study found that participants saw a need to destigmatize the exploration process because it negatively impacts how students feel about being labeled exploratory. According to the advisors, many students are ashamed of identifying as exploratory. Advisors were vocal about their frustration with external pressures (e.g., excess credit, metrics, and department policies) affecting students’ progress and by students’ expression of the unfairness of being limited to 30 credits when that is not enough time to go through the exploration process. Moreover, this study revealed a lack of structured opportunities for exploratory students to meet other exploratory students. The advisors acknowledged that student-to-student connections are important to the undergraduate experience and can contribute to feeling a sense of belonging. The findings of this study can also be used to develop training and professi

The player explores a castle in space.

Gaming consoles’ relevance to the field of digital forensics has steadily been growing sincetheir presence in society has increased. Given how gaming platforms, such as the Xbox One,are produced for commercial interest, they are likely to be secured by use of proprietaryknowledge to safeguard personal data. The means by which information is secured isunknown, thus displaying the need for investigations to determine what information can beextracted from hard drive disk images and whether any of it is personally identifiable data.Furthermore, predecessors to the Xbox One were successfully modified by users, allowingunsigned code to be run; however, this is currently not possible on the Xbox One. In addition,due to the generational aspect of game consoles, proper digital forensic methodology needs tobe developed specifically adapted to the Xbox One. An exploratory approach was pursued toallow for the scope to remain dynamic, letting information found to point to additionalavenues of investigation and research. No personally identifiable information was found, yetthe analysis of selected files allowed for hypotheses concerning their intended purpose.Through file analysis, encryption was found to be in use on the console. Moreover, theMaster File Table was demonstrated as a significant extension to the foundation of consoleforensics methodology. Lastly, it was established that the Xbox One successfully prevents therunning of unsigned code, showing a significant improvement compared to its predecessors.

Colombian paramos are strategic ecosystems in terms of the provision of different environmental services, including those associated with hydric resource. Despite the actions in favor of paramos conservation, many of these are intervened by different anthropic activities. The Gachaneca I river basin of paramo Rabanal is not the exception of this dynamics and, although one part of the basin is in state of paramo conservation, the other is characterized by being occupied by transitional crops, which violates the provision of water regulation and its benefit. In this study, a methodology was designed through which the effect of agriculture activities development in the provision and regulation services of hydric resource is assessed. The main findings suggest that the average water supply decreases in 8.8% under a panorama of agricultural pressure, being the equivalent of the water supply in the dry months of dry hydrological years. The hydric resource interannual variability increases in 9.9% suggesting higher rates of irregularity in the temporary supply of surface runoff and as a consequence, higher rates of irregularity in water supply service. The development of irrigation activities decreases in 27.8% the basin regulation capacity that, due to its soil conditions and plant covering, does not have a proper natural condition to regulate the surface runoff. In this way, it is necessary to go deeper into the exploration and research of this panorama in order to mitigate the negative effects on this type of ecosystems., Los páramos colombianos son ecosistemas estratégicos en cuanto al suministro de diferentes servicios ambientales, incluyendo servicios asociados al recurso hídrico. A pesar de las acciones encaminadas hacia la conservación de páramos, muchos de estos se encuentran intervenidos por diferentes actividades antrópicas. La cuenca del río Gachaneca I del páramo Rabanal no es la excepción a estas dinámicas y, aunque una parte de la cuenca está en buen estado de conservación, otra se caracteriza por la ocupación de cultivos transitorios que vulnera la prestación de servicios de provisión y de regulación hídrica. En este estudio se diseñó una metodología en donde se evaluó el efecto que genera el desarrollo de actividades agrícolas sobre los servicios hídricos. Entre los principales hallazgos se encontró que la oferta hídrica media disminuyó en un 8,8% bajo el escenario de presión por agricultura, llegando a ser equivalente a la oferta hídrica en los meses de estiaje de años hidrológicos secos. La variabilidad interanual del recurso hídrico incrementa en un 9,9% indicando una mayor irregularidad en la oferta temporal de escorrentía superficial y, como consecuencia, mayor irregularidad del servicio de provisión del agua. El desarrollo de actividades de riego disminuye en un 27,8% la capacidad de regulación de la cuenca que, por sus condiciones de suelo y coberturas vegetales, no dispone de una condición natural apropiada para regular la escorrentía superficial. De esta manera, es necesario profundizar en la investigación de este panorama para mitigar los efectos negativos sobre este tipo de ecosistemas.