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Large amounts of meat by- and co-products are generated during slaughtering and meat processing, and require rational management of these products for an ecological disposal. Efficient solutions are very important for sustainability and innovative developments create high added-value from meat by-products with the least environmental impact, handling and disposal costs, in its transition to bioeconomy. Some proteins have relevant technological uses for gelation, foaming and emulsification while protein hydrolyzates may contribute to a better digestibility and palatability. Protein hydrolysis generate added-value products such as bioactive peptides with relevant physiological effects of interest for applications in the food, pet food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry. Inedible fats are increasingly used as raw material for the generation of biodiesel. Other applications are focused on the development of new biodegradable plastics that can constitute an alternative to petroleum-based plastics. This manuscript presents the latest developments for adding value to meat by- and co-products and discusses opportunities for making meat production and processing more sustainable.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the link between nutritional intake, fat taste sensitivity, papillae density, and body mass index (BMI) in the Algerian women population.Methodology: This work is a cross-sectional study; 140 women were recruited. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured. Detection thresholds for oleic acid (OA) were determined according to three alternative forced choice method. Based on the cumulative distribution of minimum detection thresholds, participants were classified into hyposensitive ≥3 mM and hypersensitive <3 mM. Food intakes were recorded using 24-hour diaries on three different days. Fatty food consumption frequencies were studied using a frequency consumption survey. Papillae density was determined by tongue photography. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software version 25.Results: Our results indicated that 50% of our population was overweight including 27% of obesity. Average OA detection thresholds were greater in overweight and obese subjects compared to normal-weight subjects (p<0.001). A positive correlation was found between OA detection thresholds and BMI and waist circumference (p<0.001). Hyposensitive subjects consumed more energy and fat intake compared to hypersensitive subjects. Papillae density was inversely associated with BMI and OA detection thresholds. Conclusions: The study confirms the association between fat taste sensitivity and weight status in Algerian women. Overweight and/or obese participants were the least sensitive to OA compared to normal-weight participants. Hyposensitive subjects had higher intakes of energy and lipids compared to hypersensitive subjects. They also expressed a lower number of fungiform papillae. Overweight participants also had a lower number of fungiform papillae compared to normal-weight participants. A better understanding of the links between the detection of dietary lipids and energy/fat intakes in obese subjects may lead to new nutritional strat, Introducción: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el vínculo entre la ingesta nutricional, la sensibilidad a las grasas, la densidad de las papilas y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en la población de mujeres argelinas. Metodología: Estudio transversal; con la participación de 140 mujeres. Se midió el peso, talla y circunfe-rencia de cintura. Los umbrales de detección de ácido oleico (AO) se determinaron según tres métodos alternativos de elección forzada. Según la distribución acumulada de los umbrales mínimos de detección, los participantes se clasificaron en hiposensibles ≥3 mM e hipersensibles <3 mM. La ingesta de alimentos se registró utilizando diarios de 24 horas en tres días diferentes. Las frecuencias de consumo de alimentos grasos se estudiaron mediante una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo. La densidad de las papilas se de-terminó mediante fotografía de la lengua. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software SPSS versión 25.Resultados: El 50% de la población tenía sobrepeso, incluido el 27% de la obesidad. Los umbrales de detección de AO fueron mayores en sujetos con sobrepeso en comparación con sujetos con peso normal (p<0,001). Se encontró una correlación positiva entre los umbrales de detección de AO y el IMC (p<0,001). Los sujetos hiposensibles consumieron más energía y grasas en comparación con los sujetos hipersensibles. La densidad de las papilas se asoció inversamente con los umbrales de detección del IMC y la AO. Conclusiones: Los participantes obesos fueron los menos sensibles al AO. Los sujetos hiposensibles tuvieron mayores ingestas de energía y lípidos en comparación con los sujetos hipersensibles. También expresaron un menor número de papilas fungiformes. Una mejor comprensión de los vínculos entre la detección de grasa y la ingesta de nutrientes en sujetos obesos puede conducir a nuevas estrategias nutricionales para limitar el riesgo de obesidad.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is the most common chronic liver disease with a current global prevalence of 25% to 40%. MASLD is associated with the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular morbidity, and can progress to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Chronic liver diseases such as viral hepatitis and MASLD can also lead to hepatic iron overload. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides non-invasive evaluation of hepatic steatosis and iron overload by quantifying proton-density fat fraction (PDFF) and R2*. Conventional MRI techniques for liver PDFF and R2* quantification require breath-holding, which can be challenging for children and elderly patients. 3D stack-of-radial MRI techniques have been proposed for self-gated free-breathing liver PDFF and R2* quantification. However, several challenges remain, including residual streaking artifacts from system imperfections, long scan acquisition times, computationally expensive reconstructions, and insufficient modelling of non-rigid liver motion during free-breathing. Techniques to overcome these challenges are important for a wide clinical adoption of free-breathing MRI techniques for liver PDFF and R2* quantification. Additionally, in recent years, there has been an increased interest in lower-field MRI systems. A less expensive lower-field MRI system with a larger bore diameter may improve accessibility and comfort for populations with obesity and at risk for fatty liver diseases. However, the low signal-to-noise ratio problem can impact image quality and quantification accuracy. Therefore, noise reduction techniques are important to improve liver PDFF and R2* quantification in lower-field MRI systems. This work focuses on developing MRI reconstruction techniques to improve liver PDFF and R2* quantification. First, this work developed a phase-preserving beamforming-based technique to effectively reduce radial streaking artifacts fr

Buffalo farming in Indonesia is still managed traditionally due to low milk production and quality. Like in other developing countries, buffalo farming has becomea side business. Murrah Buffalo milk has better fat and protein content compared to dairy milk. Production and quality of buffalo milk affect farming management, such as keeping systems and feed management. The study aimed to reveal the effect of turmeric powder supplement and cassava leaf as forage on Murrah Buffalo in terms of milk production and quality (protein, fat, and lactose content). The study was conducted experimentally for four female Murrah Buffalo fed several formula feeds. The formula feed treatments are A (basal feed 100%), B = A + cassava leaf (1kg) + Turmeric Powder (0.015% Body weight), C = A + Cassava Leaf (1.5kg) + Turmeric Powder (0.030% Body Weight), D = A + Cassava Leaf (2kg) + Turmeric Powder (0.045% Body Weight). The result shows Milk production, protein, fat, and lactose is 5.40-7.91kg, 2.93-3.41%, 4.81-10.69%, and 4.39-5.11%, respectively. In summary, the best turmeric powder supplementation and Cassava leaf supply belong to treatment D, which significantly increases Murrah Buffalo milk production and quality.

Due to the high demand for low-fat, healthier meat products, alternative strategies are pursued to reduce fat content while maintaining the fundamental properties of traditional products. The research strives to obtain products with reduced fat content and caloric value with the addition of inulin. Four groups of cooked chicken sausages were tested: the control group without fat replacement, the second with 50%, the third with 75%, and the fourth with 100% fat replacement with inulin suspension. Sausages with a higher inulin content had a significantly (p<0.05) higher process loss and cooking loss than the sausages from the control group. The first and second groups had significantly (p<0.05) better emulsion stability. Reducing the fat content in sausages significantly affected (p<0.05) some sausages characteristics, such as moisture, L*(lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness). As a result, the caloric value of sausages with inulin was significantly (p<0.01) impacted throughout all groups. In summary, the study demonstrates that incorporating inulin as a prebiotic dietary fiber enables the production of cooked sausages with reduced fat content and optimal physico-chemical properties. This innovative meat product not only offers lowered energy value but also holds exceptional nutritional value, representing a significant source of calories derived from reduced fat content supplemented with prebiotic fibers (inulin).

Obesity is a common disease that can cause and increase cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and more. This may indicate that obesity may affect genome stability. Obesity is a global problem, especially in high-income countries. The aim of this research is to identify diseases and cases associated with obesity. Methodology: The method used is a case study where the author analyzes an existing problem and arranges it systematically. Conclusion: Obesity is a disease that has a risk of causing the development of other diseases. Obesity has a major impact on physical and mental health. The factors that can cause obesity are genetics, environment, socio-economics and drugs.

Obesity is a common disease that can cause and increase cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and more. This may indicate that obesity may affect genome stability. Obesity is a global problem, especially in high-income countries. The aim of this research is to identify diseases and cases associated with obesity. Methodology: The method used is a case study where the author analyzes an existing problem and arranges it systematically. Conclusion: Obesity is a disease that has a risk of causing the development of other diseases. Obesity has a major impact on physical and mental health. The factors that can cause obesity are genetics, environment, socio-economics and drugs.

Background: To perform fast, reproducible, and absolute quantitative measurements in an automated manner has become of paramount importance when monitoring industrial processes, including fermentations. Due to its numerous advantages – including its inherent quantitative nature – Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy provides an ideal tool for the time-resolved monitoring of fermentations. However, analytical conditions, including non-automated sample preparation and long relaxation times (T1) of some metabolites, can significantly lengthen the experimental time and make implementation in an industrial set up unfeasible. Results: We present a high throughput method based on Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and 1H NMR, which lays the foundation for what we call Fermentation Analytical Technology (FAT). Our method was developed for the accurate absolute quantification of metabolites produced during Escherichia coli industrial fermentations. The method includes: (1) a stopped flow system for non-invasive sample collection followed by sample quenching, (2) automatic robot-assisted sample preparation, (3) fast 1H NMR measurements, (4) metabolites quantification using multivariate curve resolution (MCR), and (5) metabolites absolute quantitation using a novel correction factor (k) to compensate for the short recycle delay (D1) employed in the 1H NMR measurements. The quantification performance was tested using two sample types: buffer solutions of chemical standards and real fermentation samples. Five metabolites – glucose, acetate, alanine, phenylalanine and betaine – were quantified. Absolute quantitation ranged between 0.64 and 3.40 mM in pure buffer, and 0.71–7.76 mM in real samples. Significance: The proposed method is generic and can be straight forward implemented to other types of fermentations, such as lactic acid, ethanol and acetic acid fermentations. It provides a high throughput a

Among exclusively breastfed infants, human milk (HM) provides complete nutrition in the first mo of life and remains an important energy source as long as breastfeeding continues. Consisting of digestible carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids, as well as fats and fatty acids, macronutrients in human milk have been well studied; however, many aspects related to their relationship to growth in early life are still not well understood. We systematically searched Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science to synthesize evidence published between 1980 and 2022 on HM components and anthropometry through 2 y of age among term-born healthy infants. From 9992 abstracts screened, 57 articles reporting observations from 5979 dyads were included and categorized based on their reporting of HM macronutrients and infant growth. There was substantial heterogeneity in anthropometric outcome measurement, milk collection timelines, and HM sampling strategies; thus, meta-analysis was not possible. In general, digestible carbohydrates were positively associated with infant weight outcomes. Protein was positively associated with infant length, but no associations were reported for infant weight. Finally, HM fat was not consistently associated with any infant growth metrics, though various associations were reported in single studies. Fatty acid intakes were generally positively associated with head circumference, except for docosahexaenoic acid. Our synthesis of the literature was limited by differences in milk collection strategies, heterogeneity in anthropometric outcomes and analytical methodologies, and by insufficient reporting of results. Moving forward, HM researchers should accurately record and account for breastfeeding exclusivity, use consistent sampling protocols that account for the temporal variation in HM macronutrients, and use reliable, sensitive, and accurate techniques for HM macronutrient analysis.

Background: To perform fast, reproducible, and absolute quantitative measurements in an automated manner has become of paramount importance when monitoring industrial processes, including fermentations. Due to its numerous advantages – including its inherent quantitative nature – Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy provides an ideal tool for the time-resolved monitoring of fermentations. However, analytical conditions, including non-automated sample preparation and long relaxation times (T1) of some metabolites, can significantly lengthen the experimental time and make implementation in an industrial set up unfeasible. Results: We present a high throughput method based on Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and 1H NMR, which lays the foundation for what we call Fermentation Analytical Technology (FAT). Our method was developed for the accurate absolute quantification of metabolites produced during Escherichia coli industrial fermentations. The method includes: (1) a stopped flow system for non-invasive sample collection followed by sample quenching, (2) automatic robot-assisted sample preparation, (3) fast 1H NMR measurements, (4) metabolites quantification using multivariate curve resolution (MCR), and (5) metabolites absolute quantitation using a novel correction factor (k) to compensate for the short recycle delay (D1) employed in the 1H NMR measurements. The quantification performance was tested using two sample types: buffer solutions of chemical standards and real fermentation samples. Five metabolites – glucose, acetate, alanine, phenylalanine and betaine – were quantified. Absolute quantitation ranged between 0.64 and 3.40 mM in pure buffer, and 0.71–7.76 mM in real samples. Significance: The proposed method is generic and can be straight forward implemented to other types of fermentations, such as lactic acid, ethanol and acetic acid fermentations. It provides a high throughput a

Among exclusively breastfed infants, human milk (HM) provides complete nutrition in the first mo of life and remains an important energy source as long as breastfeeding continues. Consisting of digestible carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids, as well as fats and fatty acids, macronutrients in human milk have been well studied; however, many aspects related to their relationship to growth in early life are still not well understood. We systematically searched Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science to synthesize evidence published between 1980 and 2022 on HM components and anthropometry through 2 y of age among term-born healthy infants. From 9992 abstracts screened, 57 articles reporting observations from 5979 dyads were included and categorized based on their reporting of HM macronutrients and infant growth. There was substantial heterogeneity in anthropometric outcome measurement, milk collection timelines, and HM sampling strategies; thus, meta-analysis was not possible. In general, digestible carbohydrates were positively associated with infant weight outcomes. Protein was positively associated with infant length, but no associations were reported for infant weight. Finally, HM fat was not consistently associated with any infant growth metrics, though various associations were reported in single studies. Fatty acid intakes were generally positively associated with head circumference, except for docosahexaenoic acid. Our synthesis of the literature was limited by differences in milk collection strategies, heterogeneity in anthropometric outcomes and analytical methodologies, and by insufficient reporting of results. Moving forward, HM researchers should accurately record and account for breastfeeding exclusivity, use consistent sampling protocols that account for the temporal variation in HM macronutrients, and use reliable, sensitive, and accurate techniques for HM macronutrient analysis.

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a combination of risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes. Different diagnostic criteria were proposed, but a consensus was reached in 2009 based on values of waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glycemia, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels. The main underlying etiologic factor is insulin resistance. The quality and quantity of individual macronutrients have an influence on the development and resolution of this syndrome. However, the main treatment goal is weight loss and a decrease in insulin resistance. A controlled energy dietary recommendation, together with moderate levels of physical activity, may positively change the parameters of MetS. However, there is no single dietary or exercise prescription that works for all patients. Dietary patterns such as Mediterranean-style, dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH), low-carbohydrate, and low-fat diets can ameliorate insulin resistance and MetS. Long-term adherence to a healthy lifestyle is key in assuring that individuals significantly reduce the risk of CVD and diabetes mellitus., Depto. de Medicina, Fac. de Medicina, TRUE, pub

There is increasing academic and clinical interest in understanding the nature of the relation between diet and response to stress exposure as a risk factor for mental illness. Cross-species evidence shows that conditions of chronic and acute stress increase the intake of, and preference for, caloric-dense palatable foods, a phenomenon thought to be explained by the mitigating effects of comfort foods on the activity of the stress-response network. It is largely unknown whether and how real-world dietary intake of saturated fat and sugars impacts stress responsivity in humans. Therefore, here we examined whether real-world dietary intake of saturated fat and sugars predicted salivary cortisol reactivity following an acute physiological stressor. Multilevel modelling of four salivary cortisol measures collected up to 65 min after the stressor on 54 participants (18–49 years old) were analyzed using a quadratic growth curve model. Sugar intake significantly predicted a weaker cortisol response following the Cold Pressor Test (CPT) controlling for BMI and gender, revealing an inhibitory effect of caloric-dense diets on cortisol reactivity to stress. As the consumption of sugar rose individuals had lower post-stressor cortisol levels, a smaller rate of increase in cortisol 20 and 35 min after the CPT, a lower cortisol peak, and an overall weaker quadratic effect. These observations add to a growing body of evidence reporting suppressive effects of high-energy foods on stress-associated glucocorticoids reactivity and are consistent with the comfort food hypothesis, where people are seen as motivated to eat palatable foods to alleviate the detrimental repercussions of stressor exposure.

It was noted the modern tendencies of the cultivated mushrooms using as a fat substitutes in the technology of low-fat meat products. It was states that variety of low-calorie, low-fat foods have come to the fore, and quickly become the mainstream of the future development of food. The mushrooms are worldwide cultivated and rich in protein, vitamins, dietary fiber, amino acids, polysaccharides, minerals, but low in fat and calories In order to develop low-fat meat products, the compound of Agaricus bisporus and Flammulina velutipes mushrooms were used as fat substitute to replace the pork-back fat in chicken batters. The amino acids content of these mushrooms allows receiving a nice flavor and can be use in the minced meat. It was use a chicken meat as a well-liked raw material for emulsified products. For preparation of meat batters was used chicken breast, salt and sodium tripolyphosphate. The chicken meatballs were prepared with the cultivated mushrooms as fat-substitutes.The mushrooms were compounded to replace fat in chicken batters, and the effect of compounding these mushrooms on the quality of chicken mince was investigated to find the optimal ratio of fat replacement. The cooking loss, water holding capacity, color, texture and rheological properties of chicken batters were studied. The results showed that the compound of Agaricus bisporus and Flammulina velutipes improved the texture, increased the water holding capacity, redness and yellowness, and reduced the cooking loss and brightness of chicken batters. When the ratio of Agaricus bisporus and Flammulina velutipes was 2:1 to replace 30% pork-back fat, chicken batters showed the best quality. In conclusion, the combination of Agaricus bisporus and Flammulina velutipes is a promising fat substitute in the development of low-fat meat products.

Ultrasound imaging (US) is a biosensing technique that is widely used in several healthcare disciplines (including physiotherapy) for assessing multiple muscle metrics, such as muscle morphology and quality. Since all biosensors need to be tested in order to demonstrate their reliability, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, identifying factors that affect their diagnostic accuracy is essential. Since previous studies analyzed the impact of sociodemographic but not body composition characteristics in US errors, this study aimed to assess whether body composition metrics are associated with ultrasound measurement errors. B-mode images of the lumbar multifidus muscle at the L5 level were acquired and analyzed in 47 healthy volunteers by two examiners (one experienced and one novice). The cross-sectional area, muscle perimeter, and mean echo intensity were calculated bilaterally. A correlation analysis and a multivariate linear regression model were used for assessing the inter-examiner differences with respect to body composition metrics. The results demonstrated good-to excellent reliability estimates for the cross-sectional area, muscle perimeter, aspect ratio, roundness, circularity, and mean brightness metrics (all ICC > 0.85). However, solidity showed unacceptable reliability (ICC < 0.7). Age, height, total lean mass, trunk lean mass, and water volume were associated with inter-examiner disagreement on mean echo intensity. Cross-sectional area, perimeter, and roundness measurement errors were associated with lean mass and water volume., Sección Deptal. de Radiología, Rehabilitación y Fisioterapia (Enfermería), Fac. de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, TRUE, pub

Background: The production of biofuels has caused an increase in the prices of agricultural commodities. Thus, the ecological footprint, social inclusion and profitability of production systems have encouraged the use of agroindustrial products as an alternative in ruminant feeds. Objective: To evaluate carcass yields, non-carcass components, and the economic viability of including licuri oil in diet of Santa Ines ewes. Methods: A total of 32 Santa Ines ewes (multiparous, non-lactating, 2–4 years old, and 36.7±0.87 kg of body weight—BW) were allotted to a randomized block design with four treatments (diets containing 0, 2, 4 or 5% licuri oil) with eight replicates per treatment, and confined for 77 days. Results: The incremental inclusion of licuri oil promoted a quadratic response on slaughter BW, carcass and true yields, chest widths, heart fat, pancreas, omental fat, and ribeye area (p<0.05). Carcass, heart and loin weight, shank yield, fat thickness and loin fat were reduced (p<0.05); while cooling losses, left half-carcass weight, saw blade yield, and proportion of meat in the loin increased (p<0.05) with increasing dietary levels of licuri oil. The control diet resulted in the best gross revenue (USD$609.39); however, there was a loss (USD$50.96) regarding economic performance indicators. Conclusion: The use of up to 2% licuri oil in the diet increased carcass yield of discard ewes., Antecedentes: A produção de biocombustíveis tem causado um aumento nos preços das commodities agrícolas. Assim, a pegada ecológica, a inclusão social e a rentabilidade do sistema de produção têm incentivado o uso de produtos agroindustriais como alternativa alimentar para ruminantes. Objetivo: Avaliar os rendimentos de carcaça, componentes não carcaça e a viabilidade econômica da inclusão do óleo de licuri em dietas para ovelhas Santa Inês. Métodos: Um total de 32 ovelhas Santa Inês (multíparas, não lactantes, 2-4 anos e 36,7±0,87 kg de peso corporal—PC) foram distribuídas em delineamento em blocos casualizados com 4 tratamentos (dietas contendo óleo de licuri a 0, 2, 4 e 5% de matéria seca) com 8 repetições por tratamento e confinadas por 77 dias. Resultados: A inclusão de óleo de licuri promoveu efeito quadrático no PC de abate, rendimentos de carcaça e verdadeiros, largura de peito, gordura do coração, pâncreas, gordura omental e área de olho de lombo (p<0,05). Os pesos de carcaça, coração e lombo, rendimento de pernil, espessura de gordura e gordura do lombo foram reduzidos (p<0,05), e as perdas por resfriamento, peso de meia carcaça esquerda, rendimento de lâmina de serra e proporção de carne no lombo aumentaram (p<0,05) com um aumento nos níveis de óleo de licuri. A dieta controle resultou na melhor receita bruta (USD$609,39); no entanto, houve uma perda (USD$50,96) em relação aos indicadores de desempenho econômico. Conclusão: O uso de até 2% de óleo de licuri na dieta proporcionou aumento nos rendimentos de carcaça de ovelhas de descarte., Antecedentes: La producción de biocombustibles ha provocado un aumento en los precios de los productos agrícolas básicos. Por lo tanto, la huella ecológica, la inclusión social y la rentabilidad de los sistemas productivos han incentivado la busqueda de productos agroindustriales como alternativa para la alimentación de rumiantes. Objetivo: Evaluar el rendimiento en canal, los componentes ajenos a la canal, y la viabilidad económica de incluir aceite de licuri en dietas para ovejas de raza Santa Ines. Métodos: Un total de 32 ovejas Santa Ines (multíparas, no lactantes, de 2 a 4 años y de 36,7±0,87 kg de peso corporal—PC) fueron asignadas a un diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro tratamientos (dieta basal adicionada con 0, 2, 4 o 5% de aceite de licuri) con ocho repeticiones por tratamiento, y confinadas por 77 días. Resultados: Los niveles incrementales de aceite de licuri tuvieron un efecto cuadrático sobre el PC al sacrificio, el rendimiento real y de la canal, el ancho del pecho, la grasa del corazón, el páncreas, la grasa del epiplón y el área del ojo del lomo (p<0,05). Se redujo (p<0,05) el peso de la canal, el corazón y el lomo, el rendimiento del jarrete, el grosor de la grasa y la grasa del lomo; y aumentaron las pérdidas por enfriamiento, el peso de media canal restante, el rendimiento de la hoja de sierra y la proporción de carne en el lomo (p<0,05) con niveles incrementales de aceite de licuri. La dieta control resultó en el mejor ingreso bruto (USD$609,39); sin embargo, hubo una pérdida (USD$50,96) en los indicadores de desempeño económico. Conclusión: El uso de hasta un 2% de aceite de licuri en la dieta incrementa el rendimiento en canal de las ovejas de descarte.

In this study, we investigate the interplay between taste perception and macronutrients. While sugar's and protein's self-regulation of taste perception is known, the role of fat remains unclear. We reveal that in Drosophila, fat overconsumption reduces fatty acid taste in favor of sweet perception. Conversely, sugar intake increases fatty acid perception and suppresses sweet taste. Genetic investigations show that the sugar signal, gut-secreted Hedgehog, suppresses sugar taste and enhances fatty acid perception. Fat overconsumption induces unpaired 2 (Upd2) secretion from adipose tissue to the hemolymph. We reveal taste neurons take up Upd2, which triggers Domeless suppression of fatty acid perception. We further show that the downstream JAK/STAT signaling enhances sweet perception and, via Socs36E, fine-tunes Domeless activity and the fatty acid taste perception. Together, our results show that sugar regulates Hedgehog signaling and fat induces Upd2 signaling to balance nutrient intake and to regulate sweet and fat taste perception.

The introduction of plus-size models in high fashion has been a highly discussed topic in recent years. Plus-size female models are slowly breaking their way through the boundaries of fashion’s standard for thinness and this can be observed through their visibility within major runway shows. However, this change does not seem as prevalent within high fashion menswear shows since plus-size men are barely being included. Nevertheless, plus-size men exist and fashion can no longer choose to ignore them as they deserve to be acknowledged and represented. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to include the plus-size male body within the scope of fashion. A multimethodological approach, combining critical visual analysis, semi-structured interviews and critical theory by Susan Bordo, Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu are used as a way to examine to what extent plus-size men are being included in high fashion, and how this influences the field of fashion. The outcome of the visual analysis reveals that there is still a large lack of inclusion of plus-size men. Furthermore, the field analysis reveals that there is an imbalance within the current field of fashion, and this is one of the main reasons why there is a lack of inclusion of plus-size men within (high) fashion.

In this study, we investigate the interplay between taste perception and macronutrients. While sugar's and protein's self-regulation of taste perception is known, the role of fat remains unclear. We reveal that in Drosophila, fat overconsumption reduces fatty acid taste in favor of sweet perception. Conversely, sugar intake increases fatty acid perception and suppresses sweet taste. Genetic investigations show that the sugar signal, gut-secreted Hedgehog, suppresses sugar taste and enhances fatty acid perception. Fat overconsumption induces unpaired 2 (Upd2) secretion from adipose tissue to the hemolymph. We reveal taste neurons take up Upd2, which triggers Domeless suppression of fatty acid perception. We further show that the downstream JAK/STAT signaling enhances sweet perception and, via Socs36E, fine-tunes Domeless activity and the fatty acid taste perception. Together, our results show that sugar regulates Hedgehog signaling and fat induces Upd2 signaling to balance nutrient intake and to regulate sweet and fat taste perception.

The introduction of plus-size models in high fashion has been a highly discussed topic in recent years. Plus-size female models are slowly breaking their way through the boundaries of fashion’s standard for thinness and this can be observed through their visibility within major runway shows. However, this change does not seem as prevalent within high fashion menswear shows since plus-size men are barely being included. Nevertheless, plus-size men exist and fashion can no longer choose to ignore them as they deserve to be acknowledged and represented. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to include the plus-size male body within the scope of fashion. A multimethodological approach, combining critical visual analysis, semi-structured interviews and critical theory by Susan Bordo, Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu are used as a way to examine to what extent plus-size men are being included in high fashion, and how this influences the field of fashion. The outcome of the visual analysis reveals that there is still a large lack of inclusion of plus-size men. Furthermore, the field analysis reveals that there is an imbalance within the current field of fashion, and this is one of the main reasons why there is a lack of inclusion of plus-size men within (high) fashion.

Ultrasound imaging (US) is a biosensing technique that is widely used in several healthcare disciplines (including physiotherapy) for assessing multiple muscle metrics, such as muscle morphology and quality. Since all biosensors need to be tested in order to demonstrate their reliability, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, identifying factors that affect their diagnostic accuracy is essential. Since previous studies analyzed the impact of sociodemographic but not body composition characteristics in US errors, this study aimed to assess whether body composition metrics are associated with ultrasound measurement errors. B-mode images of the lumbar multifidus muscle at the L5 level were acquired and analyzed in 47 healthy volunteers by two examiners (one experienced and one novice). The cross-sectional area, muscle perimeter, and mean echo intensity were calculated bilaterally. A correlation analysis and a multivariate linear regression model were used for assessing the inter-examiner differences with respect to body composition metrics. The results demonstrated good-to excellent reliability estimates for the cross-sectional area, muscle perimeter, aspect ratio, roundness, circularity, and mean brightness metrics (all ICC > 0.85). However, solidity showed unacceptable reliability (ICC < 0.7). Age, height, total lean mass, trunk lean mass, and water volume were associated with inter-examiner disagreement on mean echo intensity. Cross-sectional area, perimeter, and roundness measurement errors were associated with lean mass and water volume., Sección Deptal. de Radiología, Rehabilitación y Fisioterapia (Enfermería), Fac. de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, TRUE, pub

Tallow is produced in leather manufacturing, particularly in the fleshing stage. It contains large amounts of fat, which, in most industrial plants, pollutes water and soil due to poor disposal. In order to take advantage of this solid waste, chemical processes have been applied to transform the fats extracted from tallow into biodiesel. In this work, an extraction technique involving non-polar solvents pressurized at 15 psi. With gasoline, a 51,0% fat recovery was obtained. The quality of the extracted fat was determined by analyzing density, viscosity, melting point, moisture, acidity, and acidity, peroxides, saponification, and iodine indices. Biodiesel was obtained via transesterification reactions with methanol and sodium hydroxide. The content of methyl esters produced in the reaction was characterized by means of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, where the methyl esters of palmitic and oleic fatty acids were identified as major components., El sebo se produce en la fabricación de cuero, particularmente en la etapa de descarnado, y contiene grandes cantidades de grasa que, en la mayoría de las plantas industriales, contaminan el agua y el suelo debido a la mala eliminación. Para aprovechar este recurso se han aplicado procesos químicos para transformar las grasas extraídas del sebo en biodiesel. En este trabajo se aplicó una técnica de extracción con disolventes apolares presurizados a 15 psi. Con gasolina se obtuvo una recuperación de grasa del 51,0 %. La calidad de la grasa extraída se determinó analizando densidad, viscosidad, punto de fusión, humedad, acidez e índices de acidez, peróxidos, saponificación y yodo. El biodiesel se obtuvo mediante reacciones de transesterificación con metanol e hidróxido de sodio. El contenido de los ésteres metílicos producidos en la reacción se caracterizó mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas, donde se identificaron los ésteres metílicos de los ácidos grasos palmítico y oleico como componentes principales.

Although recent evidence has suggested that a high-fat diet (HFD) plays an important role in prostate carcinogenesis, the underlying mechanisms have largely remained unknown. This review thus summarizes previous preclinical studies that have used prostate cancer cells and animal models to assess the impact of dietary fat on prostate cancer development and progression. Large variations in the previous studies were found during the selection of preclinical models and types of dietary intervention. Subcutaneous human prostate cancer cell xenografts, such as LNCaP, LAPC-4, and PC-3 and genetic engineered mouse models, such as TRAMP and Pten knockout, were frequently used. The dietary interventions had not been standardized, and distinct variations in the phenotype were observed in different studies using distinct HFD components. The use of different dietary components in the research models is reported to influence the effect of diet-induced metabolic disorders. The proposed underlying mechanisms for HFD-induced prostate cancer were divided into (1) growth factor signaling, (2) lipid metabolism, (3) inflammation, (4) hormonal modulation, and others. A number of preclinical studies proposed that dietary fat and/or obesity enhanced prostate cancer development and progression. However, the relationship still remains controversial, and care should be taken when interpreting the results in a human context. Future studies using more sophisticated preclinical models are imperative in order to explore deeper understanding regarding the impact of dietary fat on the development and progression of prostate cancer.

Over the last decade, the zebrafish has emerged as an important model organism for behavioural studies and neurological disorders, as well as for the study of metabolic diseases. This makes zebrafish an alternative model for studying the effects of energy disruption and nutritional quality on a wide range of behavioural aspects. Here, we used the zebrafish model to study how obesity induced by overfeeding regulates emotional and cognitive processes. Two groups of fish (n = 24 per group) were fed at 2% (CTRL) and 8% (overfeeding-induced obesity, OIO) for 8 weeks and tested for anxiety-like behaviour using the novel tank diving test (NTDT). Fish were first tested using a short-term memory test (STM) and then trained for four days for a long-term memory test (LTM). At the end of the experiment, fish were euthanised for biometric sampling, total lipid content, and triglyceride analysis. In addition, brains (eight per treatment) were dissected for HPLC determination of monoamines. Overfeeding induced faster growth and obesity, as indicated by increased total lipid content. OIO had no effect on anxiety-like behaviour. Animals were then tested for cognitive function (learning and memory) using the aversive learning test in Zantiks AD units. Results show that both OIO and CTRL animals were able to associate the aversive stimulus with the conditioned stimulus (conditioned learning), but OIO impaired STM regardless of fish sex, revealing the effects of obesity on cognitive processes in zebrafish. Obese fish did not show a deficiency in monoaminergic transmission, as revealed by quantification of total brain levels of dopamine and serotonin and their metabolites. This provides a reliable protocol for assessing the effect of metabolic disease on cognitive and behavioural function, supporting zebrafish as a model for behavioural and cognitive neuroscience., De två sista författarna delar sistaförfattarskapet.

Over the last decade, the zebrafish has emerged as an important model organism for behavioural studies and neurological disorders, as well as for the study of metabolic diseases. This makes zebrafish an alternative model for studying the effects of energy disruption and nutritional quality on a wide range of behavioural aspects. Here, we used the zebrafish model to study how obesity induced by overfeeding regulates emotional and cognitive processes. Two groups of fish (n = 24 per group) were fed at 2% (CTRL) and 8% (overfeeding-induced obesity, OIO) for 8 weeks and tested for anxiety-like behaviour using the novel tank diving test (NTDT). Fish were first tested using a short-term memory test (STM) and then trained for four days for a long-term memory test (LTM). At the end of the experiment, fish were euthanised for biometric sampling, total lipid content, and triglyceride analysis. In addition, brains (eight per treatment) were dissected for HPLC determination of monoamines. Overfeeding induced faster growth and obesity, as indicated by increased total lipid content. OIO had no effect on anxiety-like behaviour. Animals were then tested for cognitive function (learning and memory) using the aversive learning test in Zantiks AD units. Results show that both OIO and CTRL animals were able to associate the aversive stimulus with the conditioned stimulus (conditioned learning), but OIO impaired STM regardless of fish sex, revealing the effects of obesity on cognitive processes in zebrafish. Obese fish did not show a deficiency in monoaminergic transmission, as revealed by quantification of total brain levels of dopamine and serotonin and their metabolites. This provides a reliable protocol for assessing the effect of metabolic disease on cognitive and behavioural function, supporting zebrafish as a model for behavioural and cognitive neuroscience., De två sista författarna delar sistaförfattarskapet.

Over the last decade, the zebrafish has emerged as an important model organism for behavioural studies and neurological disorders, as well as for the study of metabolic diseases. This makes zebrafish an alternative model for studying the effects of energy disruption and nutritional quality on a wide range of behavioural aspects. Here, we used the zebrafish model to study how obesity induced by overfeeding regulates emotional and cognitive processes. Two groups of fish (n = 24 per group) were fed at 2% (CTRL) and 8% (overfeeding-induced obesity, OIO) for 8 weeks and tested for anxiety-like behaviour using the novel tank diving test (NTDT). Fish were first tested using a short-term memory test (STM) and then trained for four days for a long-term memory test (LTM). At the end of the experiment, fish were euthanised for biometric sampling, total lipid content, and triglyceride analysis. In addition, brains (eight per treatment) were dissected for HPLC determination of monoamines. Overfeeding induced faster growth and obesity, as indicated by increased total lipid content. OIO had no effect on anxiety-like behaviour. Animals were then tested for cognitive function (learning and memory) using the aversive learning test in Zantiks AD units. Results show that both OIO and CTRL animals were able to associate the aversive stimulus with the conditioned stimulus (conditioned learning), but OIO impaired STM regardless of fish sex, revealing the effects of obesity on cognitive processes in zebrafish. Obese fish did not show a deficiency in monoaminergic transmission, as revealed by quantification of total brain levels of dopamine and serotonin and their metabolites. This provides a reliable protocol for assessing the effect of metabolic disease on cognitive and behavioural function, supporting zebrafish as a model for behavioural and cognitive neuroscience., De två sista författarna delar sistaförfattarskapet.

Aims/hypothesisSouth Asians have a two- to fivefold higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes than those of white European descent. Greater central adiposity and storage of fat in deeper or ectopic depots are potential contributing mechanisms. We collated existing and new data on the amount of subcutaneous (SAT), visceral (VAT) and liver fat in adults of South Asian and white European descent to provide a robust assessment of potential ethnic differences in these factors.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of the Embase and PubMed databases from inception to August 2021. Unpublished imaging data were also included. The weighted standardised mean difference (SMD) for each adiposity measure was estimated using random-effects models. The quality of the studies was assessed using the ROBINS-E tool for risk of bias and overall certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. The study was pre-registered with the OSF Registries ( https://osf.io/w5bf9 ).ResultsWe summarised imaging data on SAT, VAT and liver fat from eight published and three previously unpublished datasets, including a total of 1156 South Asian and 2891 white European men, and 697 South Asian and 2271 white European women. Despite South Asian men having a mean BMI approximately 0.5-0.7 kg/m2 lower than white European men (depending on the comparison), nine studies showed 0.34 SMD (95% CI 0.12, 0.55; I2=83%) more SAT and seven studies showed 0.56 SMD (95% CI 0.14, 0.98; I2=93%) more liver fat, but nine studies had similar VAT (-0.03 SMD; 95% CI -0.24, 0.19; I2=85%) compared with their white European counterparts. South Asian women had an approximately 0.9 kg/m2 lower BMI but 0.31 SMD (95% CI 0.14, 0.48; I2=53%) more liver fat than their white European counterparts in five studies. Subcutaneous fat levels (0.03 SMD; 95% CI -0.17, 0.23; I2=72%) and VAT levels (0.04 SMD; 95% CI -0.16, 0.24; I2=71%) did not differ significantly between ethnic groups in eight studies of women.Conclusions/int

What happens when "child bearing hips" become 'too' wide and layered with fat? The medicalization of weight and body size pathologizes difference as deviance, framing fat women as a danger not only to themselves but to society at large when daring to reproduce. This dissertation seeks to uncover the long term impacts of weight stigma at different intersections in order to expand sociological understandings of fatness, health, gender, and inequality in motherhood. It highlights parallel mechanisms of surveillance (for example, between fat and poor mothers) to show how society constructs who "should" and "should not" be parents. Based on a series of 36 in-depth interviews with 18 mothers conducted in the first half of 2022, findings illustrate that the negative social and medical perception of fat motherhood has a significant detrimental impact on the lived experiences of fat mothers. Findings also pull from material culture in the form of representational artifacts from motherhood brought by participants in order to understand how medical and social anti-fatness impacts identity and experiences, and contributes to inequality in fat motherhood.

Over the last decade, the zebrafish has emerged as an important model organism for behavioural studies and neurological disorders, as well as for the study of metabolic diseases. This makes zebrafish an alternative model for studying the effects of energy disruption and nutritional quality on a wide range of behavioural aspects. Here, we used the zebrafish model to study how obesity induced by overfeeding regulates emotional and cognitive processes. Two groups of fish (n = 24 per group) were fed at 2% (CTRL) and 8% (overfeeding-induced obesity, OIO) for 8 weeks and tested for anxiety-like behaviour using the novel tank diving test (NTDT). Fish were first tested using a short-term memory test (STM) and then trained for four days for a long-term memory test (LTM). At the end of the experiment, fish were euthanised for biometric sampling, total lipid content, and triglyceride analysis. In addition, brains (eight per treatment) were dissected for HPLC determination of monoamines. Overfeeding induced faster growth and obesity, as indicated by increased total lipid content. OIO had no effect on anxiety-like behaviour. Animals were then tested for cognitive function (learning and memory) using the aversive learning test in Zantiks AD units. Results show that both OIO and CTRL animals were able to associate the aversive stimulus with the conditioned stimulus (conditioned learning), but OIO impaired STM regardless of fish sex, revealing the effects of obesity on cognitive processes in zebrafish. Obese fish did not show a deficiency in monoaminergic transmission, as revealed by quantification of total brain levels of dopamine and serotonin and their metabolites. This provides a reliable protocol for assessing the effect of metabolic disease on cognitive and behavioural function, supporting zebrafish as a model for behavioural and cognitive neuroscience., De två sista författarna delar sistaförfattarskapet.

Background: Reference values of body fat for competitive volleyball players are lacking, making it difficult to interpret measurement results. This review systematically summarized published data on the relative body fat of volleyball players and calculated potential differences between sex, measurement method, and competitive level. Methods: The protocol followed the Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. The literature search was conducted using five electronic databases to retrieve all relevant publications from January 1, 2010, to July 1, 2021. The 63 studies including 2607 players that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed using random-effects models. Data were reported as pooled mean body fat with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Body fat for males and females was 12.8% (11.9–13.8%) and 22.8% (21.9–23.7%), respectively. Body fat was 18.3% (16.3–20.4%) measured via skinfolds, 18.4% (15.6–21.2%) via bioelectrical impedance analysis, 24.2% (20.4–28.0%) via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and 21.6% (17.4–25.8%) via densitometry. Regional, national, and international-level players had body fat values of 19.5% (17.8–21.2%), 20.3% (18.6–22.0%), and 17.9% (15.7–20.4%), respectively. When the meta-regression was adjusted for the variables sex, measurement method, and competitive level, a significant difference between sex (p < 0.001), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and skinfolds (p = 0.02), and national and international-level players (p = 0.02) was found. However, sensitivity analysis revealed that findings regarding measurement method and competitive level were not robust and should, therefore, be interpreted with caution. Conclusions: Despite the limitations of published data, this meta-analysis provided pooled values for body fat of male and female volleyball players for different competitive levels and measurement methods.

Background Opening the neck through a submental incision allows accurate management of deep neck structures and results in exceptional neck contours. Objectives The authors aimed to evaluate the distribution of deep neck structures and investigate the detailed vascular anatomy of the submandibular gland. Methods A total of 26 fresh frozen cadaver heads (15 female, 11 male) were utilized. The authors evaluated the weights of the excised tissues simulating cosmetic resections, including subcutaneous fat, subplatysmal fat, the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, and submandibular glands. The vascular supply of the submandibular gland and intracapsular vessel diameters were also investigated. Results Whereas female cadavers had greater mean tissue weight removed from the supraplatysmal plane (mean 20.9 g, 56.6%) than the subplatysmal plane (16 g, 43.4%), male cadavers had higher mean tissue weight removed from the subplatysmal plane (10.5 g, 60.7%) than the supraplatysmal plane (mean 6.8 g, 39.3%). The mean subcutaneous (6.8 g) and subplatysmal (6.4 g) fat weights were almost equal in male cadavers; mean subcutaneous fat weight (20.9 g) was 3 times higher than subplatysmal fat weight (6.8 g) in female cadavers. There was a statistically significant relationship between body mass index and fat removed. The intraglandular vessel diameters increased as resections approached the main feeding vessels located posterosuperior (facial artery) and anterosuperior (submental artery) to the submandibular gland. Conclusions The results suggest that to achieve exceptional neck contour the structures deep to the platysma often need to be addressed. The submandibular gland reduction can be safely performed with comprehensive understanding of its vascular anatomy.

Background Opening the neck through a submental incision allows accurate management of deep neck structures and results in exceptional neck contours. Objectives The authors aimed to evaluate the distribution of deep neck structures and investigate the detailed vascular anatomy of the submandibular gland. Methods A total of 26 fresh frozen cadaver heads (15 female, 11 male) were utilized. The authors evaluated the weights of the excised tissues simulating cosmetic resections, including subcutaneous fat, subplatysmal fat, the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, and submandibular glands. The vascular supply of the submandibular gland and intracapsular vessel diameters were also investigated. Results Whereas female cadavers had greater mean tissue weight removed from the supraplatysmal plane (mean 20.9 g, 56.6%) than the subplatysmal plane (16 g, 43.4%), male cadavers had higher mean tissue weight removed from the subplatysmal plane (10.5 g, 60.7%) than the supraplatysmal plane (mean 6.8 g, 39.3%). The mean subcutaneous (6.8 g) and subplatysmal (6.4 g) fat weights were almost equal in male cadavers; mean subcutaneous fat weight (20.9 g) was 3 times higher than subplatysmal fat weight (6.8 g) in female cadavers. There was a statistically significant relationship between body mass index and fat removed. The intraglandular vessel diameters increased as resections approached the main feeding vessels located posterosuperior (facial artery) and anterosuperior (submental artery) to the submandibular gland. Conclusions The results suggest that to achieve exceptional neck contour the structures deep to the platysma often need to be addressed. The submandibular gland reduction can be safely performed with comprehensive understanding of its vascular anatomy.

Background: Female Athletes Triad (FAT) is a syndrome characterized by impaired energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone density. FAT might interfere with the health and performance of young female athletes in training and competition, which causes a decrease in achievement. Research on FAT is still limited in Indonesia, especially on indigenous Papuans. Objectives: To obtain a description of young Papuan female athletes' knowledge of FAT, including the three main components of FAT: danger, impacts, and risk factors for FAT. Methods: The total sample was 61 young female athletes with a convenience sampling technique. The survey method used a questionnaire consisting of questions related to athlete characteristics (age, ethnicity, training duration, and sports) and eight questions about FAT knowledge; it includes the three main components of FAT (osteoporosis, menstrual disorders, eating disorders), dangers and impacts, and the risk factors (age and physical activity). Results: Young Papua female athletes (80.33%) lacked knowledge about FAT. Most athletes (80.33%) had never heard of FAT. Most of the sample failed to identify FAT's three main components and risk factors correctly. Only five athletes (8.20%) correctly answered questions about fracture occurrence. Only six athletes (9.84%) could identify FAT components entirely and correctly, and about 11 (18.30%) answered correctly regarding the risk of excessive physical activity in athletes. Finally, only 23 athletes (37.70%) correctly answered questions about age. Conclusions: Young female Papuan athletes lack knowledge about the FAT components and risk factors., Latar Belakang: Female Athletes Triad (FAT) adalah suatu sindrom yang ditandai dengan gangguan ketersediaan energi, gangguan menstruasi, dan kepadatan tulang yang rendah yang banyak ditemukan pada atlet remaja putri. FAT dapat mengganggu kesehatan dan performa atlet remaja putri baik dalam latihan maupun pertandingan yang menyebabkan penurunan prestasi. Penelitian tentang FAT masih terbatas di Indonesia, khususnya di Papua dengan karakteristik sampel OAP (ras Melanesia). FAT dapat menghambat tercapainya target program pembinaan olahraga yang menghabiskan tidak sedikit biaya. Tujuan: memperoleh gambaran pengetahuan atlet remaja putri Papua tentang FAT Metode: Teknik pengambilan sample convenience sampling digunakan untuk menentukan sampel penelitian dengan total sampel sebanyak 61 atlet remaja putri. Metode yang digunakan adalah survey dengan menggunakan kuesioner yang terdiri dari 8 pertanyaan. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah karakteristik atlet (umur, suku, lama latihan dan cabang olahraga) dan pengetahuan tentang FAT. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa atlet remaja putri Papua (88,33%) memiliki pengetahuan yang kurang tentang FAT. Sebagian besar atlet (80,33%) belum pernah mendengar tentang FAT. Mayoritas sampel gagal mengidentifikasi komponen utama FAT dan faktor risikonya. Kesimpulan: Atlit remaja putri Papua memiliki pengetahuan yang kurang tentang FAT. Kata kunci: FAT, pengetahuan, Papua, asli Papua, atlet remaja putri.

This chapter is about the design, quality and application of equipment for the preparation of medicines in a pharmacy or for preparation in small scale pharmaceutical industry. The type of pharmaceutical equipment needed depends on the type of products to be produced, on the required productive capacity and the batch size. A list of essential and critical equipment for production and quality control must be included as attachment in the URS (User Requirements Specification) of any facility. The equipment, requirements, qualification methods, main applications, maintenance and cleaning procedures are described for: • Powder exhaust units, Laminar airflow units, Safety cabinets and Isolators • Pharmaceutical water production • Storage and distribution of pharmaceutical water • Heating and Ultrasonic water baths • Grinding, mixing and dispersing • Filling, dosing and closing for liquids, suppositories, capsules and tubes • Fridges and freezers • Automatic filling and robotics • 3D printing.

Consumer demand for healthier foods has led the industry to look for alternatives to reduce high-fat levels. Dietary fibers such as inulin have emerged as promising substitutes for fat, increasing nutritional value and reducing fat absorption. The aim of this research was to formulate chicken cooked sausages in which the fat was replaced by inulin suspension at different levels. Four groups of sausages participated in the experiment: group K without fat replacement and groups 50%IN, 75%IN, and 100%IN with 50%, 75%, and 100% fat replacement, respectively. The results show a significantly higher process and cooking loss in the experimental groups compared to group K (p<0.05). Groups K and 50%IN had significantly better emulsion stability (p<0.05). Increasing inulin content significantly affected color characteristics, including L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) (p<0.05). The experimental groups of sausages had a lighter color. By reducing fat, the caloric value of sausages decreased significantly and differed between groups (p<0.01). Inulin can be used to produce cooked sausages with reduced fat content and optimal physical and chemical properties. In addition to the reduced energy value, this meat product also has good nutritional characteristics.

Dietary oils play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy diet. However, with the increasing number of oils available, it became a challenging task for food producers and consumers to select the best oil for their needs. In this work, an easy-to-understand nutrition quality score was created, using a model that included beneficial lipid compounds criteria according to the dietary recommendations published by international food and health organizations. The algorithm assigned points for each component of the model considering their content in each particular oil. The points were added up and the fats and oils were classified by the corresponding percentile. As a result, among the 32 edible oils that were evaluated, virgin olive oil ranked first with a score of 100. All plant oils, except for margarine and coconut oil, ranked above the 50th percentile. Receiver–operator curves and regression models showed that saturated fatty acids may be able to predict the score, and thus, the nutritional quality of the oils. In conclusion, the proposed nutritional quality score would promote healthy and nutritious food options for consumers and would provide food producers with a valuable tool to select high-quality oils for their products, ensuring that they meet the nutritional requirements

In this study, we investigate the interplay between taste perception and macronutrients. While sugar's and protein's self-regulation of taste perception is known, the role of fat remains unclear. We reveal that in Drosophila, fat overconsumption reduces fatty acid taste in favor of sweet perception. Conversely, sugar intake increases fatty acid perception and suppresses sweet taste. Genetic investigations show that the sugar signal, gut-secreted Hedgehog, suppresses sugar taste and enhances fatty acid perception. Fat overconsumption induces unpaired 2 (Upd2) secretion from adipose tissue to the hemolymph. We reveal taste neurons take up Upd2, which triggers Domeless suppression of fatty acid perception. We further show that the downstream JAK/STAT signaling enhances sweet perception and, via Socs36E, fine-tunes Domeless activity and the fatty acid taste perception. Together, our results show that sugar regulates Hedgehog signaling and fat induces Upd2 signaling to balance nutrient intake and to regulate sweet and fat taste perception.

In this study, we investigate the interplay between taste perception and macronutrients. While sugar's and protein's self-regulation of taste perception is known, the role of fat remains unclear. We reveal that in Drosophila, fat overconsumption reduces fatty acid taste in favor of sweet perception. Conversely, sugar intake increases fatty acid perception and suppresses sweet taste. Genetic investigations show that the sugar signal, gut-secreted Hedgehog, suppresses sugar taste and enhances fatty acid perception. Fat overconsumption induces unpaired 2 (Upd2) secretion from adipose tissue to the hemolymph. We reveal taste neurons take up Upd2, which triggers Domeless suppression of fatty acid perception. We further show that the downstream JAK/STAT signaling enhances sweet perception and, via Socs36E, fine-tunes Domeless activity and the fatty acid taste perception. Together, our results show that sugar regulates Hedgehog signaling and fat induces Upd2 signaling to balance nutrient intake and to regulate sweet and fat taste perception.

Over the last decade, the zebrafish has emerged as an important model organism for behavioural studies and neurological disorders, as well as for the study of metabolic diseases. This makes zebrafish an alternative model for studying the effects of energy disruption and nutritional quality on a wide range of behavioural aspects. Here, we used the zebrafish model to study how obesity induced by overfeeding regulates emotional and cognitive processes. Two groups of fish (n = 24 per group) were fed at 2% (CTRL) and 8% (overfeeding-induced obesity, OIO) for 8 weeks and tested for anxiety-like behaviour using the novel tank diving test (NTDT). Fish were first tested using a short-term memory test (STM) and then trained for four days for a long-term memory test (LTM). At the end of the experiment, fish were euthanised for biometric sampling, total lipid content, and triglyceride analysis. In addition, brains (eight per treatment) were dissected for HPLC determination of monoamines. Overfeeding induced faster growth and obesity, as indicated by increased total lipid content. OIO had no effect on anxiety-like behaviour. Animals were then tested for cognitive function (learning and memory) using the aversive learning test in Zantiks AD units. Results show that both OIO and CTRL animals were able to associate the aversive stimulus with the conditioned stimulus (conditioned learning), but OIO impaired STM regardless of fish sex, revealing the effects of obesity on cognitive processes in zebrafish. Obese fish did not show a deficiency in monoaminergic transmission, as revealed by quantification of total brain levels of dopamine and serotonin and their metabolites. This provides a reliable protocol for assessing the effect of metabolic disease on cognitive and behavioural function, supporting zebrafish as a model for behavioural and cognitive neuroscience., De två sista författarna delar sistaförfattarskapet.

Over the last decade, the zebrafish has emerged as an important model organism for behavioural studies and neurological disorders, as well as for the study of metabolic diseases. This makes zebrafish an alternative model for studying the effects of energy disruption and nutritional quality on a wide range of behavioural aspects. Here, we used the zebrafish model to study how obesity induced by overfeeding regulates emotional and cognitive processes. Two groups of fish (n = 24 per group) were fed at 2% (CTRL) and 8% (overfeeding-induced obesity, OIO) for 8 weeks and tested for anxiety-like behaviour using the novel tank diving test (NTDT). Fish were first tested using a short-term memory test (STM) and then trained for four days for a long-term memory test (LTM). At the end of the experiment, fish were euthanised for biometric sampling, total lipid content, and triglyceride analysis. In addition, brains (eight per treatment) were dissected for HPLC determination of monoamines. Overfeeding induced faster growth and obesity, as indicated by increased total lipid content. OIO had no effect on anxiety-like behaviour. Animals were then tested for cognitive function (learning and memory) using the aversive learning test in Zantiks AD units. Results show that both OIO and CTRL animals were able to associate the aversive stimulus with the conditioned stimulus (conditioned learning), but OIO impaired STM regardless of fish sex, revealing the effects of obesity on cognitive processes in zebrafish. Obese fish did not show a deficiency in monoaminergic transmission, as revealed by quantification of total brain levels of dopamine and serotonin and their metabolites. This provides a reliable protocol for assessing the effect of metabolic disease on cognitive and behavioural function, supporting zebrafish as a model for behavioural and cognitive neuroscience.

Research has shown that a high fat diet, consisting of both unsaturated and saturated fats, has increased the risk of cognitive dysfunctions in humans. High fat diet plays a role in cognitive dysfunction by increasing oxidative stress and damaging neural connectivity. Studies have shown that caffeine reverses these effects of high fat diet induced cognitive decline. Caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant of the methylxanthine class, reduces the oxidative stress in both human and rat models, which has shown improvement in cognition. However, the relationship between a high fat diet under the effects of caffeine in the context of cognitive dysfunction is not clearly understood. Thus, my study aims to investigate the potential effects of caffeine on a high fat diet induced cognitive impairment using an adult zebrafish model. To test these, we will monitor the weight gain of the zebrafish (N=15) over a period of 8 weeks as well as perform a behavioral Y-maze test to assess spatial learning and memory and novelty recognition. I predict that the high fat diet group would have a greater average weight than the control groups. My second prediction is that the zebrafish group treated with caffeine will have a better performance in spatial learning and memory behavioral tasks than the zebrafish group treated with a high fat diet. We have found that the chronic high-fat diet increased the body weight gain of zebrafish. We also found that the chronic high-fat diet disrupts the retrieval of novelty recognition and spatial learning and memory. We found no statistical significance on caffeine's effects on weight gain and cognition. Together, these results show that a high fat diet does lead to an increased weight gain and impairs cognition. This study can help gain further understanding on the causes and effects of cognitive impairment by a high fat diet and relate it to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia.

In the Colombian tropic, it is necessary to establish feeding strategies that increase productivity and reduce costs. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of totumo, mango, and wild guava silage on in vitro digestibility, degradability, and productive parameters in dual-purpose cows. This study was carried out on a farm located in the municipality of Puerto Boyacá. Thirty-two Gyr x Holstein cows (Body weight = 460 ± 35 kg) in early lactation were enrolled and distributed in four groups of eight individuals: T1: control group: no silage; T2: Wild guava silage; T3: Totumo silage and T4: Mango silage. All the cows remained in a rotational grazing system with Brachiaria decumbens, water, and a salt-based mineral supplement ad libitum. There were no differences (p>0,05) in the daily milk production. However, protein levels in milk were higher (p<0,05) in the T2 and T4 treatments. NUL was more elevated in T2 and lower in T4. Silage consumption was higher (p<0,05) in T4, and the body condition score was higher for T2 and T4. For the degradability and digestibility parameters in vitro, treatments T2, T3, and T4 obtained the highest values. Fruits silage supplementation on dual-purpose cows with silage fruits can increase milk protein levels and body condition score. Those silages have a high rate of degradation and in vitro digestibility, representing a feeding alternative for ruminants., En condiciones del trópico colombiano es necesario establecer estrategias de alimentación que permitan aumentar la productividad a bajo costo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la suplementación con ensilados de totumo, mango, guayabo de monte sobre la digestibilidad in vitro, degradabilidad y parámetros productivos en vacas doble propósito. El estudio fue realizado en la finca La Florida, ubicada, en el municipio de Puerto Boyacá, se usaron 32 vacas (Gyr x Holstein) con peso promedio de 460 ±35 kg en primer tercio de lactación, distribuidas en cuatro (4) grupos de ocho (8) cada uno, conformados de la siguiente manera: T1: grupo control: sin ensilajes; T2: ensilaje de Guayabo de monte; T3: ensilaje de Totumo y T4: ensilaje de Mango común. Todas las vacas permanecieron en pastoreo rotacional con Brachiaria decumbens, agua a voluntad y sal mineralizada. Se analizó el efecto del tratamiento, el tiempo y su interacción, para ello se usó el comando PROC MIXED del software SAS 9.2 (2002), la diferencias entre promedios se realizó mediante prueba de Tukey-Kramer, con nivel de significancia del 5 %. No hubo diferencias (p<0,05) en la producción diaria de leche entre los tratamientos evaluados, sin embargo, el porcentaje de proteína en leche fue mayor (p<0,05) en los tratamientos T2 y T4. EL NUL fue mayor en el T2 y menor en el T4. El consumo de ensilajes fue mayor (p<0,05) en el T4 y la condición corporal mostró ser mejor para los tratamientos T2 y T4, finalmente para los parámetros de degradabilidad y digestibilidad in vitro, los tratamientos T2, T3 y T4 obtuvieron los mayores valores respectivamente. La suplementación de vacas doble propósito con ensilajes de frutos del bosque húmedo tropical mejora la proteína de la leche y la condición corporal de las vacas. Los ensilados estudiados, poseen alta tasa de degradación y digestibilidad In vitro, representando una alternativa de alimentación en los rumiantes.

Tallow is produced in leather manufacturing, particularly in the fleshing stage. It contains large amounts of fat, which, in most industrial plants, pollutes water and soil due to poor disposal. In order to take advantage of this solid waste, chemical processes have been applied to transform the fats extracted from tallow into biodiesel. In this work, an extraction technique involving non-polar solvents pressurized at 15 psi. With gasoline, a 51,0% fat recovery was obtained. The quality of the extracted fat was determined by analyzing density, viscosity, melting point, moisture, acidity, and acidity, peroxides, saponification, and iodine indices. Biodiesel was obtained via transesterification reactions with methanol and sodium hydroxide. The content of methyl esters produced in the reaction was characterized by means of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, where the methyl esters of palmitic and oleic fatty acids were identified as major components., El sebo se produce en la fabricación de cuero, particularmente en la etapa de descarnado, y contiene grandes cantidades de grasa que, en la mayoría de las plantas industriales, contaminan el agua y el suelo debido a la mala eliminación. Para aprovechar este recurso se han aplicado procesos químicos para transformar las grasas extraídas del sebo en biodiesel. En este trabajo se aplicó una técnica de extracción con disolventes apolares presurizados a 15 psi. Con gasolina se obtuvo una recuperación de grasa del 51,0 %. La calidad de la grasa extraída se determinó analizando densidad, viscosidad, punto de fusión, humedad, acidez e índices de acidez, peróxidos, saponificación y yodo. El biodiesel se obtuvo mediante reacciones de transesterificación con metanol e hidróxido de sodio. El contenido de los ésteres metílicos producidos en la reacción se caracterizó mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas, donde se identificaron los ésteres metílicos de los ácidos grasos palmítico y oleico como componentes principales.

Total fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid compositions, and triacylglycerol (TAG) species in 130 sow colostrum, 100 sow milk, and 22 piglet formula samples were analyzed in the present study. Significant differences were found in concentrations of medium chain-saturated fatty acids (MC-SFAs) and distributions of palmitic acid (P) and oleic (O)/linoleic (L) acid. The levels of MC-SFAs in sow colostrum and sow milk fats (2.4–3.1%) were significantly lower than those in piglet formulas (7.9–27.2%). Approximately 63% of palmitic acid was located at the sn-2 position in both sow colostrum and milk fats, which was significantly higher than in piglet formula fats (21.1–39.1%). Correspondingly, only 17.8–28.3% of oleic and linoleic acids were at the sn-2 position in sow milk fats, contributing to their typical triacylglycerol structure in sow colostrum and milk, whose palmitic acid connected to the sn-2 position and unsaturated fatty acids located at the sn-1,3 positions. Sow colostrum, milk, and piglet formulas were notably distinguished into three groups based on their fatty acids and TAGs, among which triacylglycerols were the most differentiated index. A total of 51 TAG species (including their isomers) differed significantly between sow colostrum and milk and piglet formulas. OPL and OPO were the most important differentiating TAGs. The large amount of sn-2 esterified palmitic acid plays a key role in improving the absorption of fat and calcium. The results provide suggestions for design of sow milk fat equivalents.

Objective Ectopic accumulation of cardiac adipose tissue volume (CAT) has been associated with cardiac remodelling and cardiac dysfunction in type 2 diabetes and may be a future therapeutic target. In this substudy from the SIMPLE-trial, we investigated short-term empagliflozin therapy's effects on CAT in patients with type 2 diabetes. Research design and Methods Between 4 April 2017 and 11 May 2020, we randomized 90 patients with type 2 diabetes and established or high risk of cardiovascular disease to 25 mg empagliflozin or placebo for 13 weeks. The substudy focused on change in CAT evaluated by images acquired during 82Rubidium-positron emissions tomography/computed tomography. The analysis included 78 patients who had at least one scan. Furthermore, we report on the relation to the concurrent effects on left ventricular mass, end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume, body composition and glucometabolic status. Results Mean ± SD baseline CAT was 258.5 ± 117.9 ml. Empagliflozin reduced CAT after 13 weeks by 12.41 ml [95% CI (−23.83 to −0.99), p = .034] as compared with placebo. Similarly, left ventricular mass [−5.16 g, 95% CI (−8.80 to −1.52), p = .006], end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume decreased with empagliflozin. In addition, significant improvements were observed in body composition, with reduced total fat mass, and in measures of glucose and lipid metabolism. However, no correlation was observed between changes in CAT and changes in cardiac parameters and change in CAT appeared mediated primarily by concurrent change in weight. Conclusions Empagliflozin provides an early reduction of CAT; however, no association was observed with concurrent changes in cardiac volumetrics, Objective: Ectopic accumulation of cardiac adipose tissue volume (CAT) has been associated with cardiac remodelling and cardiac dysfunction in type 2 diabetes and may be a future therapeutic target. In this substudy from the SIMPLE-trial, we investigated short-term empagliflozin therapy's effects on CAT in patients with type 2 diabetes.Research design and Methods: Between 4 April 2017 and 11 May 2020, we randomized 90 patients with type 2 diabetes and established or high risk of cardiovascular disease to 25 mg empagliflozin or placebo for 13 weeks. The substudy focused on change in CAT evaluated by images acquired during (82)Rubidium-positron emissions tomography/computed tomography. The analysis included 78 patients who had at least one scan. Furthermore, we report on the relation to the concurrent effects on left ventricular mass, end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume, body composition and glucometabolic status.Results: Mean +/- SD baseline CAT was 258.5 +/- 117.9 ml. Empagliflozin reduced CAT after 13 weeks by 12.41 ml [95% CI (-23.83 to -0.99), p = .034] as compared with placebo. Similarly, left ventricular mass [-5.16 g, 95% CI (-8.80 to -1.52), p = .006], end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume decreased with empagliflozin. In addition, significant improvements were observed in body composition, with reduced total fat mass, and in measures of glucose and lipid metabolism. However, no correlation was observed between changes in CAT and changes in cardiac parameters and change in CAT appeared mediated primarily by concurrent change in weight.Conclusions: Empagliflozin provides an early reduction of CAT; however, no association was observed with concurrent changes in cardiac volumetrics.

Maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) and the intensity that elicits MFO (Fatmax) seems to show a diurnal variation in men, which favours an increased performance in the afternoon than the morning. At present, it remains unknown whether the observed MFO and Fatmax diurnal variation in men is also present in women. Therefore, the current study examined the diurnal variations of MFO and Fatmax in women. Nineteen healthy women (age: 26.9 ± 8.7 years, maximum oxygen uptake: 39.8 ± 6.5 ml/kg/min) participated in the study. MFO and Fatmax were determined by a graded exercise test in cycloergometer using a cross-over design performed on two separate daytime schedules, one conducted in the morning (8am–11am) and one in the afternoon (5pm–8pm). Stoichiometric equations were used to calculate fat oxidation rates. There were no significant differences between MFO-morning and MFO-afternoon (0.24 ± 0.10 vs. 0.23 ± 0.07 g/min, respectively; P = 0.681). Similarly, there was no significant differences between Fatmax-morning and Fatmax-afternoon (41.1 ± 4.7 vs. 42.6 ± 5.5% of maximal oxygen uptake, respectively; P = 0.305). These results persisted after controlling for fat mass percentage (all P > 0.5). In summary, the main finding of the present study was that MFO and Fatmax were similar independent of the time-of-day when the exercise test is performed in healthy women. These results have important clinical implications since they suggest that, in contrast to what was found in men, MFO and Fatmax show similar rates during the course of the day in women. Highlights MFO and Fatmax were similar during the afternoon and morning in young healthy women. Our results suggest that, in women, it does not matter when endurance exercise is performed in term of fat metabolism during exercise.

Dietary oils play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy diet. However, with the increasing number of oils available, it became a challenging task for food producers and consumers to select the best oil for their needs. In this work, an easy-to-understand nutrition quality score was created, using a model that included beneficial lipid compounds criteria according to the dietary recommendations published by international food and health organizations. The algorithm assigned points for each component of the model considering their content in each particular oil. The points were added up and the fats and oils were classified by the corresponding percentile. As a result, among the 32 edible oils that were evaluated, virgin olive oil ranked first with a score of 100. All plant oils, except for margarine and coconut oil, ranked above the 50th percentile. Receiver–operator curves and regression models showed that saturated fatty acids may be able to predict the score, and thus, the nutritional quality of the oils. In conclusion, the proposed nutritional quality score would promote healthy and nutritious food options for consumers and would provide food producers with a valuable tool to select high-quality oils for their products, ensuring that they meet the nutritional requirements.

Objective Ectopic accumulation of cardiac adipose tissue volume (CAT) has been associated with cardiac remodelling and cardiac dysfunction in type 2 diabetes and may be a future therapeutic target. In this substudy from the SIMPLE-trial, we investigated short-term empagliflozin therapy's effects on CAT in patients with type 2 diabetes. Research design and Methods Between 4 April 2017 and 11 May 2020, we randomized 90 patients with type 2 diabetes and established or high risk of cardiovascular disease to 25 mg empagliflozin or placebo for 13 weeks. The substudy focused on change in CAT evaluated by images acquired during 82Rubidium-positron emissions tomography/computed tomography. The analysis included 78 patients who had at least one scan. Furthermore, we report on the relation to the concurrent effects on left ventricular mass, end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume, body composition and glucometabolic status. Results Mean ± SD baseline CAT was 258.5 ± 117.9 ml. Empagliflozin reduced CAT after 13 weeks by 12.41 ml [95% CI (−23.83 to −0.99), p = .034] as compared with placebo. Similarly, left ventricular mass [−5.16 g, 95% CI (−8.80 to −1.52), p = .006], end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume decreased with empagliflozin. In addition, significant improvements were observed in body composition, with reduced total fat mass, and in measures of glucose and lipid metabolism. However, no correlation was observed between changes in CAT and changes in cardiac parameters and change in CAT appeared mediated primarily by concurrent change in weight. Conclusions Empagliflozin provides an early reduction of CAT; however, no association was observed with concurrent changes in cardiac volumetrics, Objective: Ectopic accumulation of cardiac adipose tissue volume (CAT) has been associated with cardiac remodelling and cardiac dysfunction in type 2 diabetes and may be a future therapeutic target. In this substudy from the SIMPLE-trial, we investigated short-term empagliflozin therapy's effects on CAT in patients with type 2 diabetes.Research design and Methods: Between 4 April 2017 and 11 May 2020, we randomized 90 patients with type 2 diabetes and established or high risk of cardiovascular disease to 25 mg empagliflozin or placebo for 13 weeks. The substudy focused on change in CAT evaluated by images acquired during (82)Rubidium-positron emissions tomography/computed tomography. The analysis included 78 patients who had at least one scan. Furthermore, we report on the relation to the concurrent effects on left ventricular mass, end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume, body composition and glucometabolic status.Results: Mean +/- SD baseline CAT was 258.5 +/- 117.9 ml. Empagliflozin reduced CAT after 13 weeks by 12.41 ml [95% CI (-23.83 to -0.99), p = .034] as compared with placebo. Similarly, left ventricular mass [-5.16 g, 95% CI (-8.80 to -1.52), p = .006], end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume decreased with empagliflozin. In addition, significant improvements were observed in body composition, with reduced total fat mass, and in measures of glucose and lipid metabolism. However, no correlation was observed between changes in CAT and changes in cardiac parameters and change in CAT appeared mediated primarily by concurrent change in weight.Conclusions: Empagliflozin provides an early reduction of CAT; however, no association was observed with concurrent changes in cardiac volumetrics.