Search

In the 21st century, the oppression of groups that have been considered vulnerable throughout history is still manifest. Women are among them, as they have seen their power of decision regarding their physique and psyche especially violated, when they are subjected to a practice that even from within the UnitedNations has tried to combat on a recurring basis: genital mutilation against females. The purpose of this article is to analyze the educational act as a catalyst for female empowerment in the face of female ablation, and for this reason a documentary research with a qualitative approach was established, built following the hermeneutical method. It was found that genital mutilation in women can even cause death and depends on cultural factors that can be redirected by providing information to the community through the educational act, since with it the potential victims can be promoted to assume the power generated by the rights that correspond to them for being human. It is concluded that the procedure studied constitutes a form of gender violence whose blocking is pursued as a goal with the practical application of educational factors., En el siglo XXI todavía se manifiesta la opresión de grupos que se han considerado como vulnerables a lo largo de la historia. Las mujeres se encuentran dentro de ellos, pues han visto especialmente violentada su potestad de decisión con respecto a su físico y psique, cuando son sometidas a una práctica que incluso desde el seno de la Naciones Unidas se ha tratado de combatir de forma recurrente: La mutilación genital en contra de las féminas. El propósito de este artículo, es analizar al acto educativo como instrumento catalizador del empoderamiento femenino ante la ablación femenina, y por ello se constituyó una investigación documental con enfoque cualitativo, construida siguiendo el método hermenéutico. Se encontró que la mutilación genital en mujeres puede provocar incluso la muerte y depende de factores culturales que caben ser reconducidos al proveer información a la colectividad por medio del acto educativo, puesto que con él se puede promover que las potenciales víctimas asuman el poder generado por los derechos que les corresponden por ser humanas. Se concluye que el procedimiento estudiado constituye una forma de violencia de género cuyo bloqueo se persigue como meta con la aplicación práctica de los factores educacionales.

In the 21st century, the oppression of groups that have been considered vulnerable throughout history is still manifest. Women are among them, as they have seen their power of decision regarding their physique and psyche especially violated, when they are subjected to a practice that even from within the UnitedNations has tried to combat on a recurring basis: genital mutilation against females. The purpose of this article is to analyze the educational act as a catalyst for female empowerment in the face of female ablation, and for this reason a documentary research with a qualitative approach was established, built following the hermeneutical method. It was found that genital mutilation in women can even cause death and depends on cultural factors that can be redirected by providing information to the community through the educational act, since with it the potential victims can be promoted to assume the power generated by the rights that correspond to them for being human. It is concluded that the procedure studied constitutes a form of gender violence whose blocking is pursued as a goal with the practical application of educational factors., En el siglo XXI todavía se manifiesta la opresión de grupos que se han considerado como vulnerables a lo largo de la historia. Las mujeres se encuentran dentro de ellos, pues han visto especialmente violentada su potestad de decisión con respecto a su físico y psique, cuando son sometidas a una práctica que incluso desde el seno de la Naciones Unidas se ha tratado de combatir de forma recurrente: La mutilación genital en contra de las féminas. El propósito de este artículo, es analizar al acto educativo como instrumento catalizador del empoderamiento femenino ante la ablación femenina, y por ello se constituyó una investigación documental con enfoque cualitativo, construida siguiendo el método hermenéutico. Se encontró que la mutilación genital en mujeres puede provocar incluso la muerte y depende de factores culturales que caben ser reconducidos al proveer información a la colectividad por medio del acto educativo, puesto que con él se puede promover que las potenciales víctimas asuman el poder generado por los derechos que les corresponden por ser humanas. Se concluye que el procedimiento estudiado constituye una forma de violencia de género cuyo bloqueo se persigue como meta con la aplicación práctica de los factores educacionales.

In the 21st century, the oppression of groups that have been considered vulnerable throughout history is still manifest. Women are among them, as they have seen their power of decision regarding their physique and psyche especially violated, when they are subjected to a practice that even from within the UnitedNations has tried to combat on a recurring basis: genital mutilation against females. The purpose of this article is to analyze the educational act as a catalyst for female empowerment in the face of female ablation, and for this reason a documentary research with a qualitative approach was established, built following the hermeneutical method. It was found that genital mutilation in women can even cause death and depends on cultural factors that can be redirected by providing information to the community through the educational act, since with it the potential victims can be promoted to assume the power generated by the rights that correspond to them for being human. It is concluded that the procedure studied constitutes a form of gender violence whose blocking is pursued as a goal with the practical application of educational factors., En el siglo XXI todavía se manifiesta la opresión de grupos que se han considerado como vulnerables a lo largo de la historia. Las mujeres se encuentran dentro de ellos, pues han visto especialmente violentada su potestad de decisión con respecto a su físico y psique, cuando son sometidas a una práctica que incluso desde el seno de la Naciones Unidas se ha tratado de combatir de forma recurrente: La mutilación genital en contra de las féminas. El propósito de este artículo, es analizar al acto educativo como instrumento catalizador del empoderamiento femenino ante la ablación femenina, y por ello se constituyó una investigación documental con enfoque cualitativo, construida siguiendo el método hermenéutico. Se encontró que la mutilación genital en mujeres puede provocar incluso la muerte y depende de factores culturales que caben ser reconducidos al proveer información a la colectividad por medio del acto educativo, puesto que con él se puede promover que las potenciales víctimas asuman el poder generado por los derechos que les corresponden por ser humanas. Se concluye que el procedimiento estudiado constituye una forma de violencia de género cuyo bloqueo se persigue como meta con la aplicación práctica de los factores educacionales.

Denna uppsats är ämnad att undersöka vilka ord som används som benämningar för manliga och kvinnliga könsorgan samt att identifiera eventuella likheter och skillnader mellan hur män och kvinnor benämner dessa. Avsikten är även att kartlägga vad metaforerna bland orden säger i relation till samhället i stort. Studiens forskningsfrågor är: Vilka är de mest förekommande orden för manliga och kvinnliga könsorgan? Vilka ord använder män respektive kvinnor och finns det några likheter eller skillnader mellan könen? Vilka metaforer går att kategorisera och vad säger de? Materialet som analyserats består av en digital enkät som besvarats av 81 vänner och bekanta från sociala medier samt 85 gymnasieelever från tre skolor i olika delar av Sverige. Den inhämtade datan analyserades sedan genom att grupperas i semantiska kategorier. De vanligaste orden för könsorganen identifieras och sätts i relation till tidigare forskning och uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkter. Resultatet visade på ett fortsatt språkligt tabu kring föreliggande ämne. Både de manliga och kvinnliga informanterna var överens om att de mest förekommande benämningarna för könsorganen var de stigmatiserade orden kuk och fitta. Det skilde sig heller inte mellan män och kvinnor vilka fem ord de angav som vanligast för kvinnliga och manliga könsorgan. Ordet snippa verkar även fått fäste i det svenska folkets ordförråd sen lanseringen 2006. Metaforerna bland könsorganens benämningar har inte bildats slumpmässigt utan metaforiska samband identifieras. Dessa bidrar till en upprätthållning av en könsskillnad mellan män och kvinnor där mannen är överordnad kvinnan genom de aktiva och hotfulla metaforerna medan kvinnan framställs passiv och hjälplös. Vårt tänkande är i grunden metaforiskt och används för att förstå den verklighet vi lever i.

Schaltkreise der Großhirnrinde von Säugetieren bestehen aus unterschiedlichen Zellarten, deren charakteristische Physiologie, Morphologie und Konnektivität die Verarbeitung eintreffender neuronaler Signale bestimmen. Im Rahmen dieser Doktorarbeit wurde die zelluläre Spezialisierung zweier kortikaler Schaltkreise untersucht: einerseits die der Eingangsschicht oder Schicht 4 (Kapitel 2 bis 4) und andererseits die der Ausgangsschicht oder Schicht 5 (Kapitel 5). Der erste Teil der Dissertation umfasst drei Publikationen, welche die Verarbeitung von genitalen Berührungen in der kortikalen Schicht 4 von Nagern als Forschungsgegenstand haben. Die Arbeiten konzentrieren sich auf strukturelle Veränderungen während der Pubertät, da sich die Bedeutung genitaler Berührungen in dieser Zeit stark verändert. Die Erforschung des „Barrel Cortex“ führte zu der Erkenntnis, dass der somatosensorische Kortex eine topographische Repräsentation der Körperoberfläche enthält. Diese wird kurz nach der Geburt gebildet und weist danach kaum Veränderungen auf. Erstaunlicherweise vergrößert sich während der Pubertät der Bereich dieser Körperkarte, der genitale Berührungen verarbeitet. Dieser Prozess kann durch frühe sexuelle Berührungen beschleunigt werden. Im zweiten Teil dieser Dissertation wurde die kortikale Ausgangsstruktur untersucht. Diese ist von verschiedenen Projektionsneuronen besiedelt. Angesichts der drastischen Größenunterschiede dieser Projektionsneurone haben wir deren Genomgröße untersucht. Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass einige außerordentlich große Projektionsneurone zusätzliche Kopien ihres gesamten Chromosomensatzes enthalten. Insgesamt wurden in dieser Dissertation zwei neue Formen zellulärer Spezialisierung in der Hirnrinde aufgezeigt: (i) Schicht 4 weist zelltypspezifische entwicklungs- und erfahrungsabhängige Veränderungen im Genitalfeld auf. (ii) Schicht 5 enthält Projektionsneurone, deren erstaunliche Zellgröße auf ein polyploides Genom zurückzuführen ist., Functionally specialized circuits in the mammalian neocortex contain different neuronal cell-types, which process information depending on their physiology, morphology and synaptic connectivity. This doctoral thesis explores two functionally distinct cortical circuits, namely its input (Chapters 2 to 4) and output (Chapter 5) structures, layer 4 and layer 5 respectively. The first part of the thesis comprises three studies that examine the processing of genital touch in the cortical input layer, layer 4. We investigated how layer 4 and its inputs are structurally refined during puberty, a time when genital touch gains biological relevance. Earlier work from layer 4 of barrel cortex suggested that somatosensory cortex contains a topographic representation of the body surface. We find that the part of this body map that processes genital touch expands significantly during puberty and that this expansion could be advanced by the early experience of sexual touch. Our data further suggests that this expansion is not due to differences in the peripheral innervation of genitals. Finally, chronic imaging of excitatory neurons within layer 4 revealed cell-type specific functional and structural changes within genital cortex during puberty. The second part of this thesis focuses on the cellular specialization of the cortical output layer, layer 5, which contains different types of excitatory projection neurons. We investigated genomic differences as novel mechanism underlying projection neuron diversity. Our data suggests that some exceptionally large projection neurons may contain an increased DNA content, a phenomenon also referred to as polyploidy. Overall, this thesis highlights two novel instances of cellular specialization in the cortex: (i) Within the cortical input layer, we observed development and experience driven changes in the area which processes genital touch. (ii) Within the cortical output layer, we identified putatively polyploid projection neurons.

Denna uppsats är ämnad att undersöka vilka ord som används som benämningar för manliga och kvinnliga könsorgan samt att identifiera eventuella likheter och skillnader mellan hur män och kvinnor benämner dessa. Avsikten är även att kartlägga vad metaforerna bland orden säger i relation till samhället i stort. Studiens forskningsfrågor är: Vilka är de mest förekommande orden för manliga och kvinnliga könsorgan? Vilka ord använder män respektive kvinnor och finns det några likheter eller skillnader mellan könen? Vilka metaforer går att kategorisera och vad säger de? Materialet som analyserats består av en digital enkät som besvarats av 81 vänner och bekanta från sociala medier samt 85 gymnasieelever från tre skolor i olika delar av Sverige. Den inhämtade datan analyserades sedan genom att grupperas i semantiska kategorier. De vanligaste orden för könsorganen identifieras och sätts i relation till tidigare forskning och uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkter. Resultatet visade på ett fortsatt språkligt tabu kring föreliggande ämne. Både de manliga och kvinnliga informanterna var överens om att de mest förekommande benämningarna för könsorganen var de stigmatiserade orden kuk och fitta. Det skilde sig heller inte mellan män och kvinnor vilka fem ord de angav som vanligast för kvinnliga och manliga könsorgan. Ordet snippa verkar även fått fäste i det svenska folkets ordförråd sen lanseringen 2006. Metaforerna bland könsorganens benämningar har inte bildats slumpmässigt utan metaforiska samband identifieras. Dessa bidrar till en upprätthållning av en könsskillnad mellan män och kvinnor där mannen är överordnad kvinnan genom de aktiva och hotfulla metaforerna medan kvinnan framställs passiv och hjälplös. Vårt tänkande är i grunden metaforiskt och används för att förstå den verklighet vi lever i.

Schaltkreise der Großhirnrinde von Säugetieren bestehen aus unterschiedlichen Zellarten, deren charakteristische Physiologie, Morphologie und Konnektivität die Verarbeitung eintreffender neuronaler Signale bestimmen. Im Rahmen dieser Doktorarbeit wurde die zelluläre Spezialisierung zweier kortikaler Schaltkreise untersucht: einerseits die der Eingangsschicht oder Schicht 4 (Kapitel 2 bis 4) und andererseits die der Ausgangsschicht oder Schicht 5 (Kapitel 5). Der erste Teil der Dissertation umfasst drei Publikationen, welche die Verarbeitung von genitalen Berührungen in der kortikalen Schicht 4 von Nagern als Forschungsgegenstand haben. Die Arbeiten konzentrieren sich auf strukturelle Veränderungen während der Pubertät, da sich die Bedeutung genitaler Berührungen in dieser Zeit stark verändert. Die Erforschung des „Barrel Cortex“ führte zu der Erkenntnis, dass der somatosensorische Kortex eine topographische Repräsentation der Körperoberfläche enthält. Diese wird kurz nach der Geburt gebildet und weist danach kaum Veränderungen auf. Erstaunlicherweise vergrößert sich während der Pubertät der Bereich dieser Körperkarte, der genitale Berührungen verarbeitet. Dieser Prozess kann durch frühe sexuelle Berührungen beschleunigt werden. Im zweiten Teil dieser Dissertation wurde die kortikale Ausgangsstruktur untersucht. Diese ist von verschiedenen Projektionsneuronen besiedelt. Angesichts der drastischen Größenunterschiede dieser Projektionsneurone haben wir deren Genomgröße untersucht. Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass einige außerordentlich große Projektionsneurone zusätzliche Kopien ihres gesamten Chromosomensatzes enthalten. Insgesamt wurden in dieser Dissertation zwei neue Formen zellulärer Spezialisierung in der Hirnrinde aufgezeigt: (i) Schicht 4 weist zelltypspezifische entwicklungs- und erfahrungsabhängige Veränderungen im Genitalfeld auf. (ii) Schicht 5 enthält Projektionsneurone, deren erstaunliche Zellgröße auf ein polyploides Genom zurückzuführen ist., Functionally specialized circuits in the mammalian neocortex contain different neuronal cell-types, which process information depending on their physiology, morphology and synaptic connectivity. This doctoral thesis explores two functionally distinct cortical circuits, namely its input (Chapters 2 to 4) and output (Chapter 5) structures, layer 4 and layer 5 respectively. The first part of the thesis comprises three studies that examine the processing of genital touch in the cortical input layer, layer 4. We investigated how layer 4 and its inputs are structurally refined during puberty, a time when genital touch gains biological relevance. Earlier work from layer 4 of barrel cortex suggested that somatosensory cortex contains a topographic representation of the body surface. We find that the part of this body map that processes genital touch expands significantly during puberty and that this expansion could be advanced by the early experience of sexual touch. Our data further suggests that this expansion is not due to differences in the peripheral innervation of genitals. Finally, chronic imaging of excitatory neurons within layer 4 revealed cell-type specific functional and structural changes within genital cortex during puberty. The second part of this thesis focuses on the cellular specialization of the cortical output layer, layer 5, which contains different types of excitatory projection neurons. We investigated genomic differences as novel mechanism underlying projection neuron diversity. Our data suggests that some exceptionally large projection neurons may contain an increased DNA content, a phenomenon also referred to as polyploidy. Overall, this thesis highlights two novel instances of cellular specialization in the cortex: (i) Within the cortical input layer, we observed development and experience driven changes in the area which processes genital touch. (ii) Within the cortical output layer, we identified putatively polyploid projection neurons.

BackgroundFemale genital self-image is an important aspect of psychosocial and sexual health. The Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS) is a validated instrument that has been used to characterize women's level of genital dissatisfaction.AimIn this report, we assess genital dissatisfaction using the FGSIS in a nationally representative sample of U.S. women.MethodsWe conducted a nationally representative survey of non-institutionalized adults aged 18-65 years residing in the United States. The survey included questions about demographics, sexual behavior, and the FGSIS.OutcomesDemographic characteristics were found to significantly correlate to women's perceived genital dissatisfaction.ResultsIn total, 3,372 women completed the survey and 3,143 (93.2%) completed the FGSIS. The mean age was 46 years, and there was broad representation across the United States in terms of age, education, and location. On bivariate analysis, women's genital dissatisfaction was significantly correlated to their age, race, location, and education. Women who were sexually active were less likely to report genital dissatisfaction than women who were not sexually active (76% vs 62%, respectively, P < .001). The frequency of sexual activity was negatively correlated with genital dissatisfaction (P = .002). Women who reported genital dissatisfaction were less likely than those who reported satisfaction to engage in receptive vaginal sex (83% vs 88%, respectively, P = .03). There were no other significant associations between genital dissatisfaction and types of sexual activity. On multivariate analysis, women were less likely to report genital dissatisfaction if they were older, of black race, had an education level of high school or above, and/or lived in the Northeastern or Midwestern United States. There was no association between genital dissatisfaction and relationship status or gender of sexual partner.Clinical translationFemale genital dissatisfaction may be related to age, race, e

BackgroundFemale genital self-image is an important aspect of psychosocial and sexual health. The Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS) is a validated instrument that has been used to characterize women's level of genital dissatisfaction.AimIn this report, we assess genital dissatisfaction using the FGSIS in a nationally representative sample of U.S. women.MethodsWe conducted a nationally representative survey of non-institutionalized adults aged 18-65 years residing in the United States. The survey included questions about demographics, sexual behavior, and the FGSIS.OutcomesDemographic characteristics were found to significantly correlate to women's perceived genital dissatisfaction.ResultsIn total, 3,372 women completed the survey and 3,143 (93.2%) completed the FGSIS. The mean age was 46 years, and there was broad representation across the United States in terms of age, education, and location. On bivariate analysis, women's genital dissatisfaction was significantly correlated to their age, race, location, and education. Women who were sexually active were less likely to report genital dissatisfaction than women who were not sexually active (76% vs 62%, respectively, P < .001). The frequency of sexual activity was negatively correlated with genital dissatisfaction (P = .002). Women who reported genital dissatisfaction were less likely than those who reported satisfaction to engage in receptive vaginal sex (83% vs 88%, respectively, P = .03). There were no other significant associations between genital dissatisfaction and types of sexual activity. On multivariate analysis, women were less likely to report genital dissatisfaction if they were older, of black race, had an education level of high school or above, and/or lived in the Northeastern or Midwestern United States. There was no association between genital dissatisfaction and relationship status or gender of sexual partner.Clinical translationFemale genital dissatisfaction may be related to ag

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá tématem hormonální antikoncepce. Teoretická část zobrazuje informace o anatomii a základní fyziologii pohlavních orgánů. Popisuje hormonální antikoncepci, její druhy, pozitivní účinky i negativní dopady na organismus a psychiku ženy. Praktická část je věnovaná výzkumu o užívání hormonální antikoncepce v kolektivu studentů, kteří studují nelékařský zdravotnický obor na vysoké škole, porovnání a vyobrazení získaných výsledků., This bachelor´s work is dealing with the topic of hormonal anticonception. The teoretical part shows the information about the anatomy and basic physiology of genitals. It describes the hormonal anticonception, its types, positive effects and also negative impacts on woman´s organism and psychics. The practical part is dedicated to the research of using hormonal anticonception in the group of students, who study non-medical sanitary field at the university, comparsion and the illustration of recieved results., Fakulta zdravotnických studií, Hodnocení vedoucího: výborně Hodnocení oponenta: velmi dobře minus Doplňující otázky k obhajobě: 1. Jak by šlo Vaše téma pojmout/zpracovat jinak, aby se zvýšil přínos Vaší bakalářské práce? 2. V bakalářské práci na s. 48 uvádíte, že je překvapivé, že pouze necelých 30 % respondentek získává informace o HAK na internetu. Domníváte se, že je internet relevantním zdrojem informací? Obhajoba bakalářské práce s prezentací velmi dobrá, Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2015. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Current Biology 26 (2016): 106-113, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.041., Mammalian external genitals show sexual dimorphism [1,2] and can change size and shape upon sexual arousal. Genitals feature prominently in the oldest pieces of figural art [3] and phallic depictions of penises informed psychoanalytic thought about sexuality [4, 5]. Despite this longstanding interest, the neural representations of genitals are still poorly understood [6]. In somatosensory cortex specifically, many studies did not detect any cortical representation of genitals [7-9]. Studies in humans debate, if genitals are represented displaced below the foot of the cortical body map [10-12], or if they are represented somatotopically [13-15]. We wondered, what a high-resolution mapping of genital representations might tell us about the sexual differentiation of the mammalian brain. We identified genital responses in rat somatosensory cortex in a region previously assigned as arm/leg cortex. Genital responses were more common in males than in females. Despite such response dimorphism, we observed a stunning anatomical monomorphism of cortical penis and clitoris input maps revealed by cytochrome-oxidasestaining of cortical layer-4. Genital representations were somatotopic, bilaterally symmetric and their relative size increased markedly during puberty. Size, shape and erect posture give the cortical penis representation a phallic appearance pointing to a role in sexually aroused states. Cortical genital neurons showed unusual multi-body-part responses and sexually dimorphic receptive fields. Specifically, genital neurons were coactivated by distant body regions, which are touched during mounting in the respective sex. Genital maps indicate a deep homology of penis and clitoris representations in line with a fundamentally bi-sexual layout [16] of the vertebrate brain., This work was supported by Marine Biological Laboratory, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin and Neurocure. M.B. was a recipient of a Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize.

The entire skin is covered in microscopic life. The composition of this life—which species are present—has great importance for many aspects of dermatology. Little about this composition makes sense, except in light of evolution.

Penile squamous cell carcinoma is a rare malignancy seen more frequently in developing nations. Metastasis occurs in a predictable manner, with superficial lymph node involvement occurring first, followed by deep lymph node involvement, and then distant spread. Brain, lung, liver, and bone are the typical sites of distant metastasis. We present the unusual case of an 81-year-old man with penile squamous cell carcinoma requiring total penectomy who developed a confluent red to violaceous, indurated suprapubic plaque with satellite papules and bulky inguinal lymphadenopathy. The shield-like clinical presentation and infiltrating strands and cords on histology resembled carcinoma en cuirasse, a rare form of cutaneous metastasis frequently associated with breast cancer but not reported with penile squamous cell carcinoma.

Mammalian external genitals show sexual dimorphism [1,2] and can change size and shape upon sexual arousal. Genitals feature prominently in the oldest pieces of figural art [3] and phallic depictions of penises informed psychoanalytic thought about sexuality [4, 5]. Despite this longstanding interest, the neural representations of genitals are still poorly understood [6]. In somatosensory cortex specifically, many studies did not detect any cortical representation of genitals [7-9]. Studies in humans debate, if genitals are represented displaced below the foot of the cortical body map [10-12], or if they are represented somatotopically [13-15]. We wondered, what a high-resolution mapping of genital representations might tell us about the sexual differentiation of the mammalian brain. We identified genital responses in rat somatosensory cortex in a region previously assigned as arm/leg cortex. Genital responses were more common in males than in females. Despite such response dimorphism, we observed a stunning anatomical monomorphism of cortical penis and clitoris input maps revealed by cytochrome-oxidasestaining of cortical layer-4. Genital representations were somatotopic, bilaterally symmetric and their relative size increased markedly during puberty. Size, shape and erect posture give the cortical penis representation a phallic appearance pointing to a role in sexually aroused states. Cortical genital neurons showed unusual multi-body-part responses and sexually dimorphic receptive fields. Specifically, genital neurons were coactivated by distant body regions, which are touched during mounting in the respective sex. Genital maps indicate a deep homology of penis and clitoris representations in line with a fundamentally bi-sexual layout [16] of the vertebrate brain.

Mammalian external genitals show sexual dimorphism [1,2] and can change size and shape upon sexual arousal. Genitals feature prominently in the oldest pieces of figural art [3] and phallic depictions of penises informed psychoanalytic thought about sexuality [4, 5]. Despite this longstanding interest, the neural representations of genitals are still poorly understood [6]. In somatosensory cortex specifically, many studies did not detect any cortical representation of genitals [7-9]. Studies in humans debate, if genitals are represented displaced below the foot of the cortical body map [10-12], or if they are represented somatotopically [13-15]. We wondered, what a high-resolution mapping of genital representations might tell us about the sexual differentiation of the mammalian brain. We identified genital responses in rat somatosensory cortex in a region previously assigned as arm/leg cortex. Genital responses were more common in males than in females. Despite such response dimorphism, we observed a stunning anatomical monomorphism of cortical penis and clitoris input maps revealed by cytochrome-oxidasestaining of cortical layer-4. Genital representations were somatotopic, bilaterally symmetric and their relative size increased markedly during puberty. Size, shape and erect posture give the cortical penis representation a phallic appearance pointing to a role in sexually aroused states. Cortical genital neurons showed unusual multi-body-part responses and sexually dimorphic receptive fields. Specifically, genital neurons were coactivated by distant body regions, which are touched during mounting in the respective sex. Genital maps indicate a deep homology of penis and clitoris representations in line with a fundamentally bi-sexual layout [16] of the vertebrate brain.

Penile squamous cell carcinoma is a rare malignancy seen more frequently in developing nations. Metastasis occurs in a predictable manner, with superficial lymph node involvement occurring first, followed by deep lymph node involvement, and then distant spread. Brain, lung, liver, and bone are the typical sites of distant metastasis. We present the unusual case of an 81-year-old man with penile squamous cell carcinoma requiring total penectomy who developed a confluent red to violaceous, indurated suprapubic plaque with satellite papules and bulky inguinal lymphadenopathy. The shield-like clinical presentation and infiltrating strands and cords on histology resembled carcinoma en cuirasse, a rare form of cutaneous metastasis frequently associated with breast cancer but not reported with penile squamous cell carcinoma.

Watch Ruparanganda’s book, Genitals are Assets: Sexual and Reproductive Behaviours of Street Children of Harare, Zimbabwe, in the era of the HIV and Aids Pandemic, is extremely thought provoking and will make you want to laugh and cry at the same time. It explores the sexual and economic relations amongst the street children of Harare, Zimbabwe, in a language that is effortless and compelling. This is a book for both the deep academics and ordinary readers. Underneath everything else, this book goes into important theoretical and methodological debates about power differentials between men and women in society.

Environmental chemicals are transported to the Arctic through the air and oceans, once within the Arctic they spread through rivers, lakes and other watercourses. Polar bears and sledge dogs in-gest high concentrations of environmental chemicals since many of the chemicals are fat-soluble and their diet mainly consists of marine mammals. The aim of this study is to describe how environmental chemicals spread in nature, how they reach the polar bears, and finally how they affect the animals reproduction, with reproductive hormones and genitals in focus. The animals are exposed to a cocktail effect which complicates the assessment of the chemicals impact on the reproduction. Studies show that the genitals can decrease in size or become malformed, sexual maturation can be affected and the reproductive hormones can be disturbed. This can complicate or delay courtship, mating and gestation. More research is needed in this area to get a better picture of how the polar bears reproduction is affected and to understand how environmental chemicals may affect the survival of the species in the future. It is also important to extend the research so more environmental chemicals are included, because of the complexity of the cocktail effect., Miljökemikalier transporteras till Arktis med hjälp av luft och hav, väl inne i Arktis sprider de sig sedan med hjälp av floder, sjöar och andra vattendrag. Isbjörnar och slädhundar får i sig höga koncentrationer miljökemikalier eftersom många kemikalier är fettlösliga och deras föda består till största del av marina däggdjur. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att beskriva hur miljökemikalier sprids i naturen, hur de når isbjörnar och slutligen hur de påverkar djurens reproduktion, med reproduktionshormoner och könsorgan i fokus. Djuren utsätts för en cocktaileffekt vilket försvårar bedömningen av miljökemikaliers effekt på reproduktionen. Studier visar att könsorganen kan minska i storlek eller missbildas, könsmognaden kan påverkas och reproduktionshormonerna kan störas. Detta kan försvåra eller försena själva parningsleken, parningen och dräktigheten. Det behövs mer forskning på området för att få en bättre bild av hur isbjörnars reproduktion påverkas och för att förstå hur miljökemikalier i framtiden kan påverka artens överlevnad. Det är även viktigt att utöka forskningen så att fler miljökemikalier inkluderas på grund av cocktaileffektens komplexitet.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common nonmelanoma skin cancer. Most BCCs are found on areas of UV-damaged skin, The study of BCCs of sun-protected regions, however, suggests a more complex pathogenesis. We present a case of BCC of the perineum in a man with no previous history of skin cancer. This is the first report of BCC in this region and one of a small body of cases arising on or near the genital and perianal regions.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common nonmelanoma skin cancer. Most BCCs are found on areas of UV-damaged skin, The study of BCCs of sun-protected regions, however, suggests a more complex pathogenesis. We present a case of BCC of the perineum in a man with no previous history of skin cancer. This is the first report of BCC in this region and one of a small body of cases arising on or near the genital and perianal regions.

Watch Ruparanganda’s book, Genitals are Assets: Sexual and Reproductive Behaviours of Street Children of Harare, Zimbabwe, in the era of the HIV and Aids Pandemic, is extremely thought provoking and will make you want to laugh and cry at the same time. It explores the sexual and economic relations amongst the street children of Harare, Zimbabwe, in a language that is effortless and compelling. This is a book for both the deep academics and ordinary readers. Underneath everything else, this book goes into important theoretical and methodological debates about power differentials between men and women in society.

Watch Ruparanganda’s book, Genitals are Assets: Sexual and Reproductive Behaviours of Street Children of Harare, Zimbabwe, in the era of the HIV and Aids Pandemic, is extremely thought provoking and will make you want to laugh and cry at the same time. It explores the sexual and economic relations amongst the street children of Harare, Zimbabwe, in a language that is effortless and compelling. This is a book for both the deep academics and ordinary readers. Underneath everything else, this book goes into important theoretical and methodological debates about power differentials between men and women in society.

Watch Ruparanganda’s book, Genitals are Assets: Sexual and Reproductive Behaviours of Street Children of Harare, Zimbabwe, in the era of the HIV and Aids Pandemic, is extremely thought provoking and will make you want to laugh and cry at the same time. It explores the sexual and economic relations amongst the street children of Harare, Zimbabwe, in a language that is effortless and compelling. This is a book for both the deep academics and ordinary readers. Underneath everything else, this book goes into important theoretical and methodological debates about power differentials between men and women in society.

Watch Ruparanganda’s book, Genitals are Assets: Sexual and Reproductive Behaviours of Street Children of Harare, Zimbabwe, in the era of the HIV and Aids Pandemic, is extremely thought provoking and will make you want to laugh and cry at the same time. It explores the sexual and economic relations amongst the street children of Harare, Zimbabwe, in a language that is effortless and compelling. This is a book for both the deep academics and ordinary readers. Underneath everything else, this book goes into important theoretical and methodological debates about power differentials between men and women in society.

Den här studien handlar om olika diskurser kring genitala ingrepp på personer som upplever att de har en annan könsidentitet än den juridiska könstillhörigheten, och vill genomföra en juridisk könsändring. Syftet med uppsatsen var att genom analyser av dessa diskurser försöka förstå hur genitalierna är kopplade till den sociala konstruktionen av kön och genus. Intervjuer har gjorts med personer som finns med i utrednings- och beslutsprocess eller har verkställighetsfunktion som berör de genitala ingreppen. Det har inneburit psykiatriker, kirurger och jurister. Intervjuer har även gjorts med föreningsrepresentanter för transsexuella, före detta transsexuella och transpersoner. Flertalet inom professionen uttrycker att genitalierna har en avgörande betydelse för bestämmande av kön och genus. Även om de har en uppfattning om att könet ”sitter i huvudet” måste detta överensstämma med känslan för genitalierna. Det finns en skillnad i resonemanget för KtM (Kvinna-till-man-transsexuella) och MtK (Man-till-Kvinna-transsexuella). Penis ses som den mest avgörande könsmarkören och flertalet av de intervjuade inom professionen hade svårt att förstå att en person som vill behålla sin penis kan ha en könsidentitet som kvinna. Vaginan uttrycktes inte ha samma status som könsmarkör men livmoder och äggstockar och dess reproduktiva funktion uttrycktes nästan ha samma betydelse som könsmarkör som penis. De inom professionen hade därmed svårt att förstå hur en gravid person skulle kunna ha en könsidentitet som man.De som representerade transsexuella, före detta transsexuella och transpersoner uttryckte olika syn på kön och definition av kön. Det gavs både uttryck för att hela kroppen inklusive genitalierna skulle ha stor betydelse för kön men det gavs även uttryck för att kroppen och genitalierna inte i sig skulle ha betydelse för kön utan att ”könet i huvudet” var det viktigaste för bestämmande av kön., The aim of this thesis was to, through the analyses of different discourses surrounding sex reassignment try to understand how the genitals are linked to the social construction of sex and gender. I have interviewed psychiatrists, surgeons and people dealing with the laws surrounding sex reassignment surgery. I also interviewed people from organizations who represent transgender persons, transsexuals and former transsexuals. Most of the professionals indicate in the interviews that the genitals have an essential meaning in the decision-making regarding sex and gender. Even if they have an idea that the gender is “in the head”, it has to match the feelings for the genitals. There is a difference between the reasoning for FtM (Female-to-male-transsexual) and MtF (Male-to-female-transsexual). The penis is seen as the most essential sex marker and most of the professionals that were interviewed had difficulties in understanding how a person who wanted to keep the penis could have a gender identity as a woman. The vagina did not have the same status as a sex marker but instead the reproductive function from the ovaries and the uterus had almost the same status as a sex marker as the penis. For this reason the professionals that where interviewed had difficulties in understanding that a pregnant person could have a gender identity as a man. People from organizations who represented transgender persons, transsexuals and former transsexuals had some differing views. One considered that the whole body including the genitals was important for the feeling about ones gender while the other person expressed that the gender “in the head” was more vital for the decision and feelings of sex and gender.

Den här studien handlar om olika diskurser kring genitala ingrepp på personer som upplever att de har en annan könsidentitet än den juridiska könstillhörigheten, och vill genomföra en juridisk könsändring. Syftet med uppsatsen var att genom analyser av dessa diskurser försöka förstå hur genitalierna är kopplade till den sociala konstruktionen av kön och genus. Intervjuer har gjorts med personer som finns med i utrednings- och beslutsprocess eller har verkställighetsfunktion som berör de genitala ingreppen. Det har inneburit psykiatriker, kirurger och jurister. Intervjuer har även gjorts med föreningsrepresentanter för transsexuella, före detta transsexuella och transpersoner. Flertalet inom professionen uttrycker att genitalierna har en avgörande betydelse för bestämmande av kön och genus. Även om de har en uppfattning om att könet ”sitter i huvudet” måste detta överensstämma med känslan för genitalierna. Det finns en skillnad i resonemanget för KtM (Kvinna-till-man-transsexuella) och MtK (Man-till-Kvinna-transsexuella). Penis ses som den mest avgörande könsmarkören och flertalet av de intervjuade inom professionen hade svårt att förstå att en person som vill behålla sin penis kan ha en könsidentitet som kvinna. Vaginan uttrycktes inte ha samma status som könsmarkör men livmoder och äggstockar och dess reproduktiva funktion uttrycktes nästan ha samma betydelse som könsmarkör som penis. De inom professionen hade därmed svårt att förstå hur en gravid person skulle kunna ha en könsidentitet som man.De som representerade transsexuella, före detta transsexuella och transpersoner uttryckte olika syn på kön och definition av kön. Det gavs både uttryck för att hela kroppen inklusive genitalierna skulle ha stor betydelse för kön men det gavs även uttryck för att kroppen och genitalierna inte i sig skulle ha betydelse för kön utan att ”könet i huvudet” var det viktigaste för bestämmande av kön., The aim of this thesis was to, through the analyses of different discourses surrounding sex reassignment try to understand how the genitals are linked to the social construction of sex and gender. I have interviewed psychiatrists, surgeons and people dealing with the laws surrounding sex reassignment surgery. I also interviewed people from organizations who represent transgender persons, transsexuals and former transsexuals. Most of the professionals indicate in the interviews that the genitals have an essential meaning in the decision-making regarding sex and gender. Even if they have an idea that the gender is “in the head”, it has to match the feelings for the genitals. There is a difference between the reasoning for FtM (Female-to-male-transsexual) and MtF (Male-to-female-transsexual). The penis is seen as the most essential sex marker and most of the professionals that were interviewed had difficulties in understanding how a person who wanted to keep the penis could have a gender identity as a woman. The vagina did not have the same status as a sex marker but instead the reproductive function from the ovaries and the uterus had almost the same status as a sex marker as the penis. For this reason the professionals that where interviewed had difficulties in understanding that a pregnant person could have a gender identity as a man. People from organizations who represented transgender persons, transsexuals and former transsexuals had some differing views. One considered that the whole body including the genitals was important for the feeling about ones gender while the other person expressed that the gender “in the head” was more vital for the decision and feelings of sex and gender.

Πτυχιακή εργασία -- Σχολή Επαγγελμάτων Υγείας και Πρόνοιας -- Τμήμα Νοσηλευτικής, 2010 -- αα858, Σκοπός της παρούσας πτυχιακής εργασίας είναι, να παρουσιαστεί ότι ισχύει σήμερα για τον καρκίνο του προστάτη και να καταστήσει κοινωνούς του αντικειμένου τους απλούς πολίτες. Ταυτόχρονα η παράθεση πολλών εικόνων και σχημάτων καθώς και η χρησιμοποίηση απλού λεξιλογίου κάνουν την εργασία εύληπτη και κατανοητή και από τον ασθενή που θα αναζητήσει τη λύση των ερωτημάτων του.

This study, which covers a single species that has a nationwide geographical distribution, was begun in order to determine if varieties could be found on the basis of linear measurements of the internal morphological characters that are presently deemed valid. In addition, external characters were used.