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Green tea contains polyphenol and flavonoid compounds which have many benefits such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. Even though it is known that tea has various benefits, the level of public knowledge regarding this is still low. So this training aims to increase public awareness about the benefits of green tea. The training and evaluation methods used were post-test and pre-test by providing training on making and using green tea herbal drinks. Based on the results of the training, there was an increase in public knowledge of 15% after the training, which shows the effectiveness of training as an effective tool in increasing public understanding and knowledge regarding the benefits of green tea herbal drinks.

Green tea contains polyphenol and flavonoid compounds which have many benefits such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. Even though it is known that tea has various benefits, the level of public knowledge regarding this is still low. So this training aims to increase public awareness about the benefits of green tea. The training and evaluation methods used were post-test and pre-test by providing training on making and using green tea herbal drinks. Based on the results of the training, there was an increase in public knowledge of 15% after the training, which shows the effectiveness of training as an effective tool in increasing public understanding and knowledge regarding the benefits of green tea herbal drinks.

One of the medically important opportunistic fungal pathogen for humans is Candida glabrata that causes various types of candidiasis. Its environmental adaptations and antimicrobial resistance is now a great concern for public health. In the present study, the green tea phytocompounds; EGCg, Chlorogenic acid, Coumaroyl quinic acid and Rutin trihydrate along with a known antimycotic Fluconazole were studied for their antimycotic activity against Candida glabrata. The MIC90 for C. glabrata was observed at 125µg/ml for EGC g, 250 µg/mlf or Chlorogenic acid, 500µg/ml for Coumaroyl quinic acid and Rutin trihydrate while 12.5µg/ml for Fluconazole in macro dilution assay while the MFC values were 1000 µg/ml for EGC g, 500 µg/ml for Chlorogenic acid, Coumaroyl quinic acid, Rutin trihydrate and 50 µg/ml for Fluconazole. In microdilution assay, the MIC90 for C. glabrata was observed 125µg/ml for EGC g and chlorogenic acid, 500µg/ml for Coumaroyl quinic acid, Rutin trihydrate and 12.5µg/ml for Fluconazole while the MFC values were 31.25 µg/ml for Fluconazole, 250 µg/ml for chlorogenic acid and 500 µg/ml for EGC g, Coumaroyl quinic acid and Rutin trihydrate. EGCg and Chlorogenic acid was found to be more effective against C. glabrata and therefore these two were used for synergistic study along with Fluconazole. The viability of HeLa cells (in per cent) was observed ≥100% green tea phyto compounds. The viability of treated cells (in per cent) with a combination of Green tea, phytocompounds and fluconazole was observed between ≥98± 0.79 to ≥ 98± 0.87. Green tea phytocompounds mainly EGC g and chlorogenic acid can be used as synergistic molecules having antimycotic activity against C. glabrata.

The most consumed beverage in the world is tea after water. Till today the consumption of black tea is 70% while that of green tea is only 20%. One reason for this percentage is lack of awareness about green tea and invested research. Green tea along with caffeine which imparts characteristic taste, bitterness and stimulating effect, is also rich in a group of chemicals, called catechin polyphenols (commonly known as tannins, which contribute to bitter taste and astringency) and deliver antioxidant properties. Furthermore, green tea also comprises of amino acids such as Theanine along with alkaloids such as adenine, dimethylxanthine, theobromine, theophylline, and xanthine. Some vitamins, like vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin C and vitamin E are also found in green tea. The present review gives the study of various constituents of green tea and their impact on human health. Studies provide strong evidence that owing to antioxidant properties daily intake of green tea may be used as a preventive measure for different types of cancer and other diseases. This review gives a detailed analysis of constituents of green tea and highlighting it's potential as a natural nutraceutical. However, although much of the documented literature mentions positive effect yet much had to be explored on correlation between concentration of green tea and toxicity.

The most consumed beverage in the world is tea after water. Till today the consumption of black tea is 70% while that of green tea is only 20%. One reason for this percentage is lack of awareness about green tea and invested research. Green tea along with caffeine which imparts characteristic taste, bitterness and stimulating effect, is also rich in a group of chemicals, called catechin polyphenols (commonly known as tannins, which contribute to bitter taste and astringency) and deliver antioxidant properties. Furthermore, green tea also comprises of amino acids such as Theanine along with alkaloids such as adenine, dimethylxanthine, theobromine, theophylline, and xanthine. Some vitamins, like vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin C and vitamin E are also found in green tea. The present review gives the study of various constituents of green tea and their impact on human health. Studies provide strong evidence that owing to antioxidant properties daily intake of green tea may be used as a preventive measure for different types of cancer and other diseases. This review gives a detailed analysis of constituents of green tea and highlighting it's potential as a natural nutraceutical. However, although much of the documented literature mentions positive effect yet much had to be explored on correlation between concentration of green tea and toxicity.

The study of brands and brand management has always piqued the interest of practitioners and academics alike. Gardner and Levy (1955), Levy (1959), Martineau (1959), and Allison and Uhl (1959) conducted early, seminal study on brands (1964). This book is about brands: why they are essential, what they represent to consumers, and what businesses should do to properly manage them. Many corporate executives today acknowledge that a company's brands, which it has invested in and cultivated over time, are one of its most important assets. Although brands can be extremely valuable intangible assets, building and maintaining a good brand can be difficult. The goal of this book is to provide a thorough and up-to-date coverage of the topics of brands, brand equity, and strategic brand management—the development and implementation of marketing programmes and activities to establish, measure, and manage brand equity. One of the book's main objectives is to educate managers with ideas and procedures for increasing the long-term profitability of their brand initiatives. We combine a solid theoretical foundation with adequate practical insights to aid managers in their day-to-day and long-term brand decisions. We incorporate current thinking and advancements on these themes from both academics and industry participants.

The study of brands and brand management has always piqued the interest of practitioners and academics alike. Gardner and Levy (1955), Levy (1959), Martineau (1959), and Allison and Uhl (1959) conducted early, seminal study on brands (1964). This book is about brands: why they are essential, what they represent to consumers, and what businesses should do to properly manage them. Many corporate executives today acknowledge that a company's brands, which it has invested in and cultivated over time, are one of its most important assets. Although brands can be extremely valuable intangible assets, building and maintaining a good brand can be difficult. The goal of this book is to provide a thorough and up-to-date coverage of the topics of brands, brand equity, and strategic brand management—the development and implementation of marketing programmes and activities to establish, measure, and manage brand equity. One of the book's main objectives is to educate managers with ideas and procedures for increasing the long-term profitability of their brand initiatives. We combine a solid theoretical foundation with adequate practical insights to aid managers in their day-to-day and long-term brand decisions. We incorporate current thinking and advancements on these themes from both academics and industry participants.

The size and shape of the nanoparticles can be controlled by varying the ratio of metal salts to apiin compound in the reaction medium. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis-NIR, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The interaction between nanoparticles with carbonyl group of apiin compound was confirmed by using FT-IR analysis. Can drinking several cups of green tea a day keep the doctor away? This certainly seems so, given the popularity of this practice in East Asian culture and the increased interest in green tea in the Western world. Several epidemiological studies have shown beneficial effects of green tea in cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases. The health benefits associated with green tea consumption have also been corroborated in animal studies of cancer chemoprevention, hypercholesterolemia, artherosclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and other aging- relateddisorders. Tea catechins extracted from green tea and tea extract have potential as defense against aging and neurodegenerative diseases caused by age-associated functional deterioration and neurodegeneration from an increase in free radical generation and oxidative stress such as cancer, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.

The size and shape of the nanoparticles can be controlled by varying the ratio of metal salts to apiin compound in the reaction medium. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis-NIR, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The interaction between nanoparticles with carbonyl group of apiin compound was confirmed by using FT-IR analysis. Can drinking several cups of green tea a day keep the doctor away? This certainly seems so, given the popularity of this practice in East Asian culture and the increased interest in green tea in the Western world. Several epidemiological studies have shown beneficial effects of green tea in cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases. The health benefits associated with green tea consumption have also been corroborated in animal studies of cancer chemoprevention, hypercholesterolemia, artherosclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and other aging- relateddisorders. Tea catechins extracted from green tea and tea extract have potential as defense against aging and neurodegenerative diseases caused by age-associated functional deterioration and neurodegeneration from an increase in free radical generation and oxidative stress such as cancer, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.

The size and shape of the nanoparticles can be controlled by varying the ratio of metal salts to apiin compound in the reaction medium. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis-NIR, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The interaction between nanoparticles with carbonyl group of apiin compound was confirmed by using FT-IR analysis. Can drinking several cups of green tea a day keep the doctor away? This certainly seems so, given the popularity of this practice in East Asian culture and the increased interest in green tea in the Western world. Several epidemiological studies have shown beneficial effects of green tea in cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases. The health benefits associated with green tea consumption have also been corroborated in animal studies of cancer chemoprevention, hypercholesterolemia, artherosclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and other aging- relateddisorders. Tea catechins extracted from green tea and tea extract have potential as defense against aging and neurodegenerative diseases caused by age-associated functional deterioration and neurodegeneration from an increase in free radical generation and oxidative stress such as cancer, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.

The most consumed beverage in the world is tea after water. Till today the consumption of black tea is 70% while that of green tea is only 20%. One reason for this percentage is lack of awareness about green tea and invested research. Green tea along with caffeine which imparts characteristic taste, bitterness and stimulating effect, is also rich in a group of chemicals, called catechin polyphenols (commonly known as tannins, which contribute to bitter taste and astringency) and deliver antioxidant properties. Furthermore, green tea also comprises of amino acids such as Theanine along with alkaloids such as adenine, dimethylxanthine, theobromine, theophylline, and xanthine. Some vitamins, like vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin C and vitamin E are also found in green tea. The present review gives the study of various constituents of green tea and their impact on human health. Studies provide strong evidence that owing to antioxidant properties daily intake of green tea may be used as a preventive measure for different types of cancer and other diseases. This review gives a detailed analysis of constituents of green tea and highlighting it's potential as a natural nutraceutical. However, although much of the documented literature mentions positive effect yet much had to be explored on correlation between concentration of green tea and toxicity.

BACKGROUND People brew tea to drink an infusion that only contains 25% water-soluble constituents, leading to most of the insoluble materials being wasted. Tea powder could be drunk directly by mixing with water without producing any waste. Tea powder can also be used as a natural additive to improve the flavour and taste in beverages and foods. Much detailed information on the particle properties of tea powder is required with its increasing consumption. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of particle size ranging from median diameter D-50 = 4.32 to 26.59 mu m on the composition, physical, rheological, and bioactive properties of black tea powder. RESULTS The results indicate that large powder sizes had high bulk density and flowability, whereas small powder sizes possessed good swelling ability and wettability. The contents of water extract, total polyphenols, crude fibre, catechins, and thearubigins reduced with a decrease in particle size. To change the particle size and concentration could adjust the elastic modulus and the viscous modulus of the black tea powder suspension. Moreover, black tea powder with small particle size could regulate blood lipids in a hyperlipidaemic rat model by lowering triacylglycerols and elevating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, whereas large particles presented an advantage in reducing body weight. CONCLUSION Our investigation extended the knowledge of commercial black tea powder in composition, physical, rheological, and bioactive properties. These results lay the foundation for future exploration of the use of tea powder in the food industry. (c) 2022 Society of Chemical Industry

The most consumed beverage in the world is tea after water. Till today the consumption of black tea is 70% while that of green tea is only 20%. One reason for this percentage is lack of awareness about green tea and invested research. Green tea along with caffeine which imparts characteristic taste, bitterness and stimulating effect, is also rich in a group of chemicals, called catechin polyphenols (commonly known as tannins, which contribute to bitter taste and astringency) and deliver antioxidant properties. Furthermore, green tea also comprises of amino acids such as Theanine along with alkaloids such as adenine, dimethylxanthine, theobromine, theophylline, and xanthine. Some vitamins, like vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin C and vitamin E are also found in green tea. The present review gives the study of various constituents of green tea and their impact on human health. Studies provide strong evidence that owing to antioxidant properties daily intake of green tea may be used as a preventive measure for different types of cancer and other diseases. This review gives a detailed analysis of constituents of green tea and highlighting it's potential as a natural nutraceutical. However, although much of the documented literature mentions positive effect yet much had to be explored on correlation between concentration of green tea and toxicity.

The study of brands and brand management has always piqued the interest of practitioners and academics alike. Gardner and Levy (1955), Levy (1959), Martineau (1959), and Allison and Uhl (1959) conducted early, seminal study on brands (1964). This book is about brands: why they are essential, what they represent to consumers, and what businesses should do to properly manage them. Many corporate executives today acknowledge that a company's brands, which it has invested in and cultivated over time, are one of its most important assets. Although brands can be extremely valuable intangible assets, building and maintaining a good brand can be difficult. The goal of this book is to provide a thorough and up-to-date coverage of the topics of brands, brand equity, and strategic brand management—the development and implementation of marketing programmes and activities to establish, measure, and manage brand equity. One of the book's main objectives is to educate managers with ideas and procedures for increasing the long-term profitability of their brand initiatives. We combine a solid theoretical foundation with adequate practical insights to aid managers in their day-to-day and long-term brand decisions. We incorporate current thinking and advancements on these themes from both academics and industry participants.

Green teas are nonfermented teas, the quality of which is measured by the green color. However, this category encompasses a high number of tea varieties that differ in cultivation and processing. For example, leaf or stem/bubble tea, plants cultivated under a light or shadow regime, powdered or unpowdered tea, etc. These variables determine the different qualities among green teas (Matcha, Sencha, Gyokuro, etc.) and consequently their different values on the market. Our purpose is to determine if these variables can exert an influence on the chlorophyll profile and to establish a characteristic profile for specific green teas. With such an aim, we analyzed the chlorophyll profiles of 6 different green tea varieties via HPLC-hr ESI/APCI-MS2 and identified up to 17 different chlorophyll compounds. For the first time, 132-hydroxy-chlorophylls, 132-hydroxy-pheophytins, and 151-hydroxy-lactone-pheophytins have been identified in green teas. Shadow teas (Matcha and Sencha) and light-regimen green teas can be statistically differentiated by the total chlorophyll content and the a/b ratio. However, only Matcha tea contains a higher proportion of chlorophylls a and b among the green tea varieties analyzed, justifying the higher quality and price of this variety. Other chlorophyll metabolites (pheophytins, pyropheophytins, and oxidized chlorophylls) are indicative of the various processing and storage conditions.

The formation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is associated with adverse inflammatory effects. However, long-term treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) comes with risk of severe side effects. Therefore, alternative ways to inhibit PGE2 are warranted. We have investigated the effects of tea extracts and the polyphenols epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and quercetin on PGE2 formation, determined by immunoassay, and protein expression, determined by immunoblotting, of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) in human monocytes. Green and black tea extracts, and with a lower potency, Rooibos tea extract, inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and calcium ionophore-induced PGE2 formation. In addition, all tea extracts inhibited the LPS-induced expression of mPGES-1, and the green and black tea extracts also inhibited, to a lesser extent, COX-2 expression. The tea extracts only marginally reduced cPLA2 expression and had no effect on COX-1 expression. EGCG, present in green and black tea, and quercetin, present in all three teas, also inhibited PGE2 formation and expression of mPGES-1, COX-2 and cPLA2. Cell-based and cell-free assays were also performed to evaluate direct effects on the enzymatic activity of COX and PGE synthases. Mainly, the cell-free assay demonstrated partial inhibition by the tea extracts and polyphenols. However, the inhibition required higher doses compared to the effects demonstrated on protein expression. In conclusion, green and black tea, and to a lesser extent Rooibos tea, are potent inhibitors of PGE2 formation in human monocytes, and mediate their effects by inhibiting the expression of the enzymes responsible for PGE2 formation, especially mPGES-1.

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the most frequent treatment for patients suffering from malignant progression of cancer. Even though new treatments are now being implemented, administration of these chemotherapeutic agents remains as the first line option in many tumor types. However, the secondary effects of these compounds represent one of the main reasons cancer patients lose life quality during disease progression. Recent data suggests that Ocoxin, a plant extract and natural compound based nutritional complement rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory mediators exerts a positive effect in patients receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This mixture attenuates the chemotherapy and radiotherapy-related side effects such as radiation-induced skin burns and mucositis, chemotherapy-related diarrhea, hepatic toxicity and blood-infection. Moreover, it has been proven to be effective as anticancer agent in different tumor models both in vitro and in vivo, potentiating the cytotoxic effect of several chemotherapy compounds such as Lapatinib, Gemcitabine, Paclitaxel, Sorafenib and Irinotecan. The aim of this review is to put some light on the potential of this nutritional mixture as an anticancer agent and complement for the standard chemotherapy routine.

Background/aimsTea, produced from the evergreen Camellia sinensis, has reported therapeutic properties against multiple pathologies, including hypertension. Although some studies validate the health benefits of tea, few have investigated the molecular mechanisms of action. The KCNQ5 voltage-gated potassium channel contributes to vascular smooth muscle tone and neuronal M-current regulation.MethodsWe applied electrophysiology, myography, mass spectrometry and in silico docking to determine effects and their underlying molecular mechanisms of tea and its components on KCNQ channels and arterial tone.ResultsA 1% green tea extract (GTE) hyperpolarized cells by augmenting KCNQ5 activity >20-fold at resting potential; similar effects of black tea were inhibited by milk. In contrast, GTE had lesser effects on KCNQ2/Q3 and inhibited KCNQ1/E1. Tea polyphenols epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), but not epicatechin or epigallocatechin, isoform-selectively hyperpolarized KCNQ5 activation voltage dependence. In silico docking and mutagenesis revealed that activation by ECG requires KCNQ5-R212, at the voltage sensor foot. Strikingly, ECG and EGCG but not epicatechin KCNQ-dependently relaxed rat mesenteric arteries.ConclusionKCNQ5 activation contributes to vasodilation by tea; ECG and EGCG are candidates for future anti-hypertensive drug development.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited retinal disorders that lead to photoreceptor loss. RP has been reported to be related to oxidative stress, autophagy, and inflammation. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the most abundant catechin-based flavonoid in green tea leaves, has significant antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective properties. EGCG, given its low molecular weight and hydrophilic properties, can cross the blood-retinal barrier and is able to reach different ocular tissues such as the lens, cornea, and retina. EGCG has been shown to provide retinal protection against ischemia; sodium nitroprusside-, N-methyl-D-aspartate-, lipopolysaccharide-, light-, sodium iodate-, or H2O2-induced damage and diabetic retinopathy. This suggests that systemic EGCG administration has the potential to protect against retinal degenerative or neurodegenerative diseases such as RP. The aim of this work was to investigate whether EGCG can protect against RP progression in the animal P23H line 1, the model of RP. Albino P23H rats were crossed with pigmented Long Evans rats to produce offspring exhibiting the clinical features of RP. Pigmented P23H rats were treated via intraperitoneal injection with saline or EGCG at a dose of 25 mg/kg every week from P100 to P160 and then compared to wild-type Long Evans rats. Rats treated with EGCG showed better visual and retinal electrical function with increased contrast sensitivity and b-wave values compared with those observed in P23H rats treated with vehicle. EGCG reduced lipid peroxidation and increased total antioxidant capacity and catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. No differences were observed in visual acuity, nitrate levels, nitrite levels or glutathione S-transferase activity. In conclusion, EGCG not only reduced the loss of visual function in P23H rats but also improved the levels of antioxidant enzymes and reduced oxidative damage. This study was approved by the Institutional An

Besides skeletal muscle wasting, sarcopenia entails morphological and molecular changes in distinct components of the neuromuscular system, including spinal cord motoneurons (MNs) and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs); moreover, noticeable microgliosis has also been observed around aged MNs. Here we examined the impact of two flavonoid-enriched diets containing either green tea extract (GTE) catechins or cocoa flavanols on age-associated regressive changes in the neuromuscular system of C57BL/6J mice. Compared to control mice, GTE- and cocoa-supplementation significantly improved the survival rate of mice, reduced the proportion of fibers with lipofuscin aggregates and central nuclei, and increased the density of satellite cells in skeletal muscles. Additionally, both supplements significantly augmented the number of innervated NMJs and their degree of maturity compared to controls. GTE, but not cocoa, prominently increased the density of VAChT and VGluT2 afferent synapses on MNs, which were lost in control aged spinal cords; conversely, cocoa, but not GTE, significantly augmented the proportion of VGluT1 afferent synapses on aged MNs. Moreover, GTE, but not cocoa, reduced aging-associated microgliosis and increased the proportion of neuroprotective microglial phenotypes. Our data indicate that certain plant flavonoids may be beneficial in the nutritional management of age-related deterioration of the neuromuscular system.

Functional beverages can be a valuable component of the human diet with the ability to not only provide essential hydration but to deliver important bioactive compounds that can contribute to chronic disease treatment and prevention. One area of the functional beverage market that has seen an increase in demand in recent years are beverages that promote relaxation and sleep. Sleep is an essential biological process, with optimal sleep being defined as one of adequate duration, quality and timing. It is regulated by a number of neurotransmitters which are, in turn, regulated by dietary intake of essential bioactive compounds. This narrative review aimed to evaluate the latest evidence of the sleep promoting properties of a selection of bioactive compounds (such as L-theanine and L-tryptophan) for the development of a functional beverage to improve sleep quality; and the effectiveness of traditional sleep promoting beverages (such as milk and chamomile). Overall, the bioactive compounds identified in this review, play essential roles in the synthesis and regulation of important neurotransmitters involved in the sleep-wake cycle. There is also significant potential for their inclusion in a number of functional beverages as the main ingredient on their own or in combination. Future studies should consider dosage; interactions with the beverage matrix, medications and other nutraceuticals; bioavailability during storage and following ingestion; as well as the sensory profile of the developed beverages, among others, when determining their effectiveness in a functional beverage to improve sleep quality.

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the most frequent treatment for patients suffering from malignant progression of cancer. Even though new treatments are now being implemented, administration of these chemotherapeutic agents remains as the first line option in many tumor types. However, the secondary effects of these compounds represent one of the main reasons cancer patients lose life quality during disease progression. Recent data suggests that Ocoxin, a plant extract and natural compound based nutritional complement rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory mediators exerts a positive effect in patients receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This mixture attenuates the chemotherapy and radiotherapy-related side effects such as radiation-induced skin burns and mucositis, chemotherapy-related diarrhea, hepatic toxicity and blood-infection. Moreover, it has been proven to be effective as anticancer agent in different tumor models both in vitro and in vivo, potentiating the cytotoxic effect of several chemotherapy compounds such as Lapatinib, Gemcitabine, Paclitaxel, Sorafenib and Irinotecan. The aim of this review is to put some light on the potential of this nutritional mixture as an anticancer agent and complement for the standard chemotherapy routine.

Litter decomposition is a key process for carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and is mainly controlled by environmental conditions, substrate quantity and quality as well as microbial community abundance and composition. In particular, the effects of climate and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on litter decomposition and its temporal dynamics are of significant importance, since their effects might change over the course of the decomposition process. Within the TeaComposition initiative, we incubated Green and Rooibos teas at 524 sites across nine biomes. We assessed how macroclimate and atmospheric inorganic N deposition under current and predicted scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 8.5) might affect litter mass loss measured after 3 and 12 months. Our study shows that the early to mid-term mass loss at the global scale was affected predominantly by litter quality (explaining 73% and 62% of the total variance after 3 and 12 months, respectively) followed by climate and N deposition. The effects of climate were not litter-specific and became increasingly significant as decomposition progressed, with MAP explaining 2% and MAT 4% of the variation after 12 months of incubation. The effect of N deposition was litter-specific, and significant only for 12-month decomposition of Rooibos tea at the global scale. However, in the temperate biome where atmospheric N deposition rates are relatively high, the 12-month mass loss of Green and Rooibos teas decreased significantly with increasing N deposition, explaining 9.5% and 1.1% of the variance, respectively. The expected changes in macroclimate and N deposition at the global scale by the end of this century are estimated to increase the 12-month mass loss of easily decomposable litter by 1.1-3.5% and of the more stable substrates by 3.8-10.6%, relative to current mass loss. In contrast, expected changes in atmospheric N deposition will decrease the mid-term mass loss of high-quality litter by 1.4-2.2% and that of l

Background/aimsTea, produced from the evergreen Camellia sinensis, has reported therapeutic properties against multiple pathologies, including hypertension. Although some studies validate the health benefits of tea, few have investigated the molecular mechanisms of action. The KCNQ5 voltage-gated potassium channel contributes to vascular smooth muscle tone and neuronal M-current regulation.MethodsWe applied electrophysiology, myography, mass spectrometry and in silico docking to determine effects and their underlying molecular mechanisms of tea and its components on KCNQ channels and arterial tone.ResultsA 1% green tea extract (GTE) hyperpolarized cells by augmenting KCNQ5 activity >20-fold at resting potential; similar effects of black tea were inhibited by milk. In contrast, GTE had lesser effects on KCNQ2/Q3 and inhibited KCNQ1/E1. Tea polyphenols epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), but not epicatechin or epigallocatechin, isoform-selectively hyperpolarized KCNQ5 activation voltage dependence. In silico docking and mutagenesis revealed that activation by ECG requires KCNQ5-R212, at the voltage sensor foot. Strikingly, ECG and EGCG but not epicatechin KCNQ-dependently relaxed rat mesenteric arteries.ConclusionKCNQ5 activation contributes to vasodilation by tea; ECG and EGCG are candidates for future anti-hypertensive drug development.

Litter decomposition is a key process for carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and is mainly controlled by environmental conditions, substrate quantity and quality as well as microbial community abundance and composition. In particular, the effects of climate and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on litter decomposition and its temporal dynamics are of significant importance, since their effects might change over the course of the decomposition process. Within the TeaComposition initiative, we incubated Green and Rooibos teas at 524 sites across nine biomes. We assessed how macroclimate and atmospheric inorganic N deposition under current and predicted scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 8.5) might affect litter mass loss measured after 3 and 12 months. Our study shows that the early to mid-term mass loss at the global scale was affected predominantly by litter quality (explaining 73% and 62% of the total variance after 3 and 12 months, respectively) followed by climate and N deposition. The effects of climate were not litter-specific and became increasingly significant as decomposition progressed, with MAP explaining 2% and MAT 4% of the variation after 12 months of incubation. The effect of N deposition was litter-specific, and significant only for 12-month decomposition of Rooibos tea at the global scale. However, in the temperate biome where atmospheric N deposition rates are relatively high, the 12-month mass loss of Green and Rooibos teas decreased significantly with increasing N deposition, explaining 9.5% and 1.1% of the variance, respectively. The expected changes in macroclimate and N deposition at the global scale by the end of this century are estimated to increase the 12-month mass loss of easily decomposable litter by 1.1-3.5% and of the more stable substrates by 3.8-10.6%, relative to current mass loss. In contrast, expected changes in atmospheric N deposition will decrease the mid-term mass loss of high-quality litter by 1.4-2.2% and that of l

Introduction: Green tea, obtained from the Camellia sinensis plant, is consumed in different cultures around the world. Green tea can promote an increase in fat oxidation during aerobic exercise, which can have a glycogen-sparing effect and, consequently, improves the resistance capacity. Objective: To evaluate the effect of green tea on the sports performance of athletes and practitioners of physical activity. Materials and methods: This study is a narrative review. For the construction of this review, a bibliographic review was carried out on a database from 2011 on, which addresses green tea and physical activity. Based on the exclusion and inclusion criteria, nine articles were selected to compose this review. Results: Acute studies did not show improvement in performance and reduction of oxidative stress. After four weeks, the intake of 980mg of green tea polyphenols prevented oxidative stress but did not show any performance improvement. When it comes to the effects of green tea on body composition, the number of studies is limited, especially in athletes. Discussion: The acute intake of green tea does not seem to impact sports performance. On the other hand, tapered consumption seems to improve the performance of physical activity practitioners. The effect of green tea on the immune system of athletes is unclear. Conclusion: Studies are needed to assess the effects of acute and chronic green tea intake on athletes and physical activity practitioners., Introdução: O chá verde, obtido da planta Camellia sinensis, é consumido em diferentes culturas ao redor do mundo. O chá verde é capaz de promover o aumento da oxidação de gordura durante o exercício aeróbico, o que pode ter um efeito poupador de glicogênio e, consequentemente, melhora a capacidade de resistência. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito do chá verde sobre o rendimento esportivo de atletas e praticantes de atividade física. Materiais e métodos: Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão narrativa. Para a construção desta revisão foi realizada uma revisão em base de dados a partir de 2011 que abordam o chá verde e a atividade física. Com base nos critérios de exclusão e inclusão foram selecionados nove artigos para compor esta revisão. Resultados: Os estudos agudos não evidenciaram melhora do desempenho e redução do estresse oxidativo. Após quatros semanas a ingestão de 980mg de polifenóis do chá verde preveniu o estresse oxidativo, porém não apresentou melhora do desempenho. Quando se trata dos efeitos do chá verde na composição corporal, o número de estudos é limitado, sobretudo em atletas. Discussão: A ingestão aguda do chá verde parece não impactar no desempenho esportivo. Em contrapartida, o consumo cônico parece melhorar o rendimento em praticante de atividade física. O efeito do chá verde no sistema imunológico de esportistas é pouco esclarecido. Conclusão: São necessários estudos para avaliar os efeitos da ingestão aguda e crônica do chá verde em atletas e praticantes de atividade física.

Litter decomposition is a key process for carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and is mainly controlled by environmental conditions, substrate quantity and quality as well as microbial community abundance and composition. In particular, the effects of climate and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on litter decomposition and its temporal dynamics are of significant importance, since their effects might change over the course of the decomposition process. Within the TeaComposition initiative, we incubated Green and Rooibos teas at 524 sites across nine biomes. We assessed how macroclimate and atmospheric inorganic N deposition under current and predicted scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 8.5) might affect litter mass loss measured after 3 and 12 months. Our study shows that the early to mid-term mass loss at the global scale was affected predominantly by litter quality (explaining 73% and 62% of the total variance after 3 and 12 months, respectively) followed by climate and N deposition. The effects of climate were not litter-specific and became increasingly significant as decomposition progressed, with MAP explaining 2% and MAT 4% of the variation after 12 months of incubation. The effect of N deposition was litter-specific, and significant only for 12-month decomposition of Rooibos tea at the global scale. However, in the temperate biome where atmospheric N deposition rates are relatively high, the 12-month mass loss of Green and Rooibos teas decreased significantly with increasing N deposition, explaining 9.5% and 1.1% of the variance, respectively. The expected changes in macroclimate and N deposition at the global scale by the end of this century are estimated to increase the 12-month mass loss of easily decomposable litter by 1.1–3.5% and of the more stable substrates by 3.8–10.6%, relative to current mass loss. In contrast, expected changes in atmospheric N deposition will decrease the mid-term mass loss of high-quality litter by 1.4–2.2% and that of l

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited retinal disorders that lead to photoreceptor loss. RP has been reported to be related to oxidative stress, autophagy, and inflammation. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the most abundant catechin-based flavonoid in green tea leaves, has significant antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective properties. EGCG, given its low molecular weight and hydrophilic properties, can cross the blood-retinal barrier and is able to reach different ocular tissues such as the lens, cornea, and retina. EGCG has been shown to provide retinal protection against ischemia; sodium nitroprusside-, N-methyl-D-aspartate-, lipopolysaccharide-, light-, sodium iodate-, or H2O2-induced damage and diabetic retinopathy. This suggests that systemic EGCG administration has the potential to protect against retinal degenerative or neurodegenerative diseases such as RP. The aim of this work was to investigate whether EGCG can protect against RP progression in the animal P23H line 1, the model of RP. Albino P23H rats were crossed with pigmented Long Evans rats to produce offspring exhibiting the clinical features of RP. Pigmented P23H rats were treated via intraperitoneal injection with saline or EGCG at a dose of 25 mg/kg every week from P100 to P160 and then compared to wild-type Long Evans rats. Rats treated with EGCG showed better visual and retinal electrical function with increased contrast sensitivity and b-wave values compared with those observed in P23H rats treated with vehicle. EGCG reduced lipid peroxidation and increased total antioxidant capacity and catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. No differences were observed in visual acuity, nitrate levels, nitrite levels or glutathione S-transferase activity. In conclusion, EGCG not only reduced the loss of visual function in P23H rats but also improved the levels of antioxidant enzymes and reduced oxidative damage. This study was approved by the Institutional An

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the most frequent treatment for patients suffering from malignant progression of cancer. Even though new treatments are now being implemented, administration of these chemotherapeutic agents remains as the first line option in many tumor types. However, the secondary effects of these compounds represent one of the main reasons cancer patients lose life quality during disease progression. Recent data suggests that Ocoxin, a plant extract and natural compound based nutritional complement rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory mediators exerts a positive effect in patients receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This mixture attenuates the chemotherapy and radiotherapy-related side effects such as radiation-induced skin burns and mucositis, chemotherapy-related diarrhea, hepatic toxicity and blood-infection. Moreover, it has been proven to be effective as anticancer agent in different tumor models both in vitro and in vivo, potentiating the cytotoxic effect of several chemotherapy compounds such as Lapatinib, Gemcitabine, Paclitaxel, Sorafenib and Irinotecan. The aim of this review is to put some light on the potential of this nutritional mixture as an anticancer agent and complement for the standard chemotherapy routine.

Litter decomposition is a key process for carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and is mainly controlled by environmental conditions, substrate quantity and quality as well as microbial community abundance and composition. In particular, the effects of climate and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on litter decomposition and its temporal dynamics are of significant importance, since their effects might change over the course of the decomposition process. Within the TeaComposition initiative, we incubated Green and Rooibos teas at 524 sites across nine biomes. We assessed how macroclimate and atmospheric inorganic N deposition under current and predicted scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 8.5) might affect litter mass loss measured after 3 and 12 months. Our study shows that the early to mid-term mass loss at the global scale was affected predominantly by litter quality (explaining 73% and 62% of the total variance after 3 and 12 months, respectively) followed by climate and N deposition. The effects of climate were not litter-specific and became increasingly significant as decomposition progressed, with MAP explaining 2% and MAT 4% of the variation after 12 months of incubation. The effect of N deposition was litter-specific, and significant only for 12-month decomposition of Rooibos tea at the global scale. However, in the temperate biome where atmospheric N deposition rates are relatively high, the 12- month mass loss of Green and Rooibos teas decreased significantly with increasing N deposition, explaining 9.5% and 1.1% of the variance, respectively. The expected changes in macroclimate and N deposition at the global scale by the end of this century are estimated to increase the 12-month mass loss of easily decomposable litter by 1.1– 3.5% and of the more stable substrates by 3.8–10.6%, relative to current mass loss.In contrast, expected changes in atmospheric N deposition will decrease the mid-term mass loss of high-quality litter by 1.4–2.2% and that of

Background: Due to the limitation of conventional cancer treatment using chemotherapy, the nanoparticle therapeutics have shown enhanced efficacy with alleviating side effects. Objective: The aim of this study was to prepare the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (T-C-SPION) for doxorubicin (DOX) loading and delivery. Methods: Here, we reported a simple green strategy to fabricate T-C-SPION using green tea extract and citric acid. Also, the anti-cancer drug, DOX, was used as a model drug to fabricate DOX-loaded nanoparticles. Results: The formed T-C-SPION nanoparticles were spherical with a diameter of 23.8 ± 0.8 nm, as confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Besides, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) revealed that the prepared nanoparticles were water-dispersible and stable while stored in water for 6 weeks. The CCK-8 assay showed T-C-SPION to have a good cytocompatibility using different iron concentrations (10 ~ 120 ug/mL). Furthermore, T-C-SPION had a higher DOX encapsulation efficiency (Eencaps), around 43.2 ± 1.8 %, which resulted in a lagged release profile of DOX, compared to other types of iron oxide nanoparticles using green tea or citric acid alone. Next, cell viability assay indicated that T-C-SPION with a higher Eencaps showed superior and sustained cytotoxicity compared to the control group. Conclusion: The developed iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by green tea extract and citric acid in this paper could be considered as a potential drug carrier for cancer therapy applications., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Bakalářská práce se zabývá tématem spalovačů tuků. V první části je popsán metabolismus lipidů pro plné pochopení problematiky. Dále je práce zaměřena na vybrané látky, které jsou nejčastěji obsaženy v prodávaných doplňcích stravy, označovaných jako spalovače tuků. Popisuje mechanismy jejich působení, způsob užívání a bezpečnost. V závěru je uvedeno srovnání nejčastěji prodávaných výrobků., The bachelor thesis deals with the topic of fat burners. The first part describes lipid metabolism for a full understanding of the issue. Furthermore, the work focuses on selected substances that are most often contained in marketed food supplements, referred to as fat burners. It describes the mechanisms of their action, method of use and safety. In the end, a comparison of the most frequently sold products is given., Fakulta chemicko-technologická, Studentka seznámila členy zkušební komise s obsahem své bakalářské práce, poté byla seznámena s posudkem vedoucí bakalářské práce. Studentka odpověděla na otázky členů zkušební komise., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

The storage resistance of 21 selected phenolic compounds present in ten samples of commercially available green tea was monitored using the HPLC/MS/MS over a 16 weeks period using multivariate statistical analysis to compare the different types of packaging. The HPLC/MS/MS method with the computer-aided analysis enabled the fast evaluation of the long-time storage resistance of valuable compounds present in green tea and yielded useful information to customers about their degradation, which affected the sensory properties of the green tea such as taste and colour. An explanatory data analysis provided an initial visualization of the multivariate data matrix while a factor analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis and discriminant analysis enabled classification of the green tea samples into clusters according to the storage resistance of the presented compounds. A significant reduction in the content of all monitored compounds was indicated after 3 weeks of storage, which was also found to be dependent on the type of packaging used. The samples in a plastic box were more stable during long-time storage in comparison to the samples in a paper box., 21 vybraných fenolových sloučenin přítomných v deseti vzorcích komerčně dostupného zeleného čaje bylo monitorováno pomocí HPLC / MS / MS po dobu 16 týdnů. Stabilita těchto látek během skladování byla zhodnocena pomocí vícerozměrné statistické analýzy. Metoda HPLC / MS / MS s vícerozměrnými statistickými metodami (PCA, FA, DA) umožnila rychlé vyhodnocení dlouhodobé odolnosti cenných sloučenin přítomných v zeleném čaji při dlouhodobém skladování a přinesla zákazníkům užitečné informace o jejich degradaci, která ovlivnila senzorické vlastnosti zeleného čaje jako je chuť a barva. Významné snížení obsahu všech sledovaných sloučenin bylo indikováno po 3 týdnech skladování, u kterého bylo také zjištěno, že závisí na typu použitého obalu. Vzorky v plastové krabičce byly během dlouhodobého skladování stabilnější ve srovnání se vzorky v papírové krabičce.

Tea is the third most consumed beverage in the world. It has bioactive compounds that provide health benefits; for that reason, concentrating this product is a good alternative for different industries. Block freeze-concentration is a technology with the potential to be used to concentrate food solutions, preserving functional compounds. The aim of this work was to study the effect of block freeze-concentration on the total solids content, catechin content, polyphenol content, antioxidant activity and sensorial profile of green tea., This research was funded by the Universidad de La Sabana under the project ING-178-2016., Postprint (updated version)

Litter decomposition is a key process for carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and is mainly controlled by environmental conditions, substrate quantity and quality as well as microbial community abundance and composition. In particular, the effects of climate and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on litter decomposition and its temporal dynamics are of significant importance, since their effects might change over the course of the decomposition process. Within the TeaComposition initiative, we incubated Green and Rooibos teas at 524 sites across nine biomes. We assessed how macroclimate and atmospheric inorganic N deposition under current and predicted scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 8.5) might affect litter mass loss measured after 3 and 12 months. Our study shows that the early to mid-term mass loss at the global scale was affected predominantly by litter quality (explaining 73% and 62% of the total variance after 3 and 12 months, respectively) followed by climate and N deposition. The effects of climate were not litter-specific and became increasingly significant as decomposition progressed, with MAP explaining 2% and MAT 4% of the variation after 12 months of incubation. The effect of N deposition was litter-specific, and significant only for 12-month decomposition of Rooibos tea at the global scale. However, in the temperate biome where atmospheric N deposition rates are relatively high, the 12-month mass loss of Green and Rooibos teas decreased significantly with increasing N deposition, explaining 9.5% and 1.1% of the variance, respectively. The expected changes in macroclimate and N deposition at the global scale by the end of this century are estimated to increase the 12-month mass loss of easily decomposable litter by 1.1-3.5% and of the more stable substrates by 3.8-10.6%, relative to current mass loss. In contrast, expected changes in atmospheric N deposition will decrease the mid-term mass loss of high-quality litter by 1.4-2.2% and that of l

This study aims to elicit smallholder farmers’ preferences for the design of certification standards. We conducted a randomized conjoint analysis (RCA) with 745 green smallholder tea farmers in Vietnam. This method enables us to estimate the causal impacts of design attributes on farmers’ participation, which is a knowledge gap addressed by few empirical studies. Our results revealed that compared to the price premium, certification fee has a much stronger impact on farmers’ participation. Further, we find the potential to incorporate the application of organic fertilizer, a widely recommended sustainable input, into the certification schemes. Based on our causal findings, we suggest policies for improving the coverage of certification standards., This research is partially supported by Grantsin-Aid for Scientific Research No. 17K03692 from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) includes a group of genetic disorders that involve the loss of visual function due to mutations mainly in photoreceptors but also in other retinal cells. Apoptosis, retinal disorganization, and inflammation are common in the progression of the disease. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has been proved as beneficial in different eye diseases. Pigmented heterozygous P23H rat was used as an animal model of RP. Visual function was assessed by optomotor and electroretinogram (ERG) and circadian rhythms were evaluated by telemetry. Hepatic oxidative damage and antioxidant defenses were assessed using biochemical tests. The visual function of the EGCG P23H group was preserved, with a deterioration in the activity period and lower values in the interdaily stability parameter. Control rats treated with EGCG were less active than the sham group. EGCG increased antioxidant levels in P23H rats but reduced total hepatic antioxidant capacity by almost 42% in control rats compared to the sham group. We conclude that treatment with EGCG improves visual function and antioxidant status in P23H rats but diminishes antioxidant defenses in wild-type control animals, and slightly worsens activity circadian rhythms. Further studies are necessary to clarify the beneficial effects in disease conditions and in healthy organisms.

Acidovorax citrulli is a seedborne pathogen responsible for bacterial fruit blotch (BFB), an economically important disease in melon and watermelon throughout the world. BFB is highly virulent and in affected fields can cause yield reduction of up to 95%, which has resulted in over $100,000 in losses to melon growers in some cases. The efficacy of green tea as an antimicrobial seed treatment against A. citrulli was tested. Watermelon seeds were treated with green tea after inoculation with transgenic A. citrulli expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Forty five percent of watermelon seedlings inoculated with a high level (OD600:1.0, ~8 x 108 cells/ml) of A. citrulli displayed GFP in their cotyledons. When these seeds were treated with green tea, only 11.2% displayed GFP in their cotyledons. None of the treated watermelon seedlings inoculated with a low level (OD600:0.001, ~8 x 105 cells/ml) of A. citrulli displayed GFP in their cotyledons. Green tea treatments effectively controlled the disease when administered as a liquid to infected watermelon seeds. Green tea has potential as an effective commercial treatment for pericarp infected seeds that could also be used by growers participating in the National Organic Program.

Epidemiological studies have suggested that the consumption of green tea provides protection against stomach cancer. Fractionation of green tea extract, guided by antiproliferative activity against human stomach cancer (MK-1) cells, has resulted in the isolation of six active flavan-3-ols, epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), gallocatechin (GC), epicatechin gallate (ECg), gallocatechin gallate (GCg), together with inactive glycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Among the six active flavan-3-ols, EGCg and GCg showed the highest activity, EGC, GC, ECg followed next, and the activity of EC was lowest. These data suggest that the presence of the three adjacent hydroxyl groups (pyrogallol or galloyl group) in the molecule would be a key factor for enhancing the activity. Since reactive oxygen species play an important role in cell death induction, radical scavenging activity was evaluated using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical. The order of scavenging activity was ECg?EGCg?EGC?GC?EC. The compounds having a galloyl moiety showed more potent activity. The contribution of the pyrogallol moiety in the B-ring to the scavenging activity seemed to be less than that of the galloyl moiety., identifier:Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin v.25(9) p.1238-1240, 2002

Objective To examine the possible relationship between tea consumption and risk of gastric cancer (GC) among Japanese men and women included in a large Japanese population-based study titled the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting A population-based cohort included subjects who were recruited from 24 areas of JACC Study, in which data regarding the incidence of cancer were available. Participants 63 848 participants (26 025 men and 37 823 women), aged 40-79, were included in the analyses and underwent follow-up (median 13.3 years) prospectively in research on cancer incidence. Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcome variable was the risk of GC according to the frequency intakes of total tea, green tea, black tea and oolong tea. The adjusted HRs for the risk of GC associated with tea consumption were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results 1494 cases of GC were detected (960 men and 534 women) during the follow-up period. The multivariable-adjusted HRs for the risk of GC in the highest versus lowest quintiles of total tea intake were 1.05 (0.83-1.33); p trend=0.50 in men, and 0.82 (0.60-1.12); p trend=0.45 in women. There was no association found between the consumption of green tea, black tea or oolong tea with the risk for GC in either gender. Conclusions In this large community-based prospective cohort study, tea consumption was not associated with the risk of GC in either gender.

Companies and consumers are showing strong interest in natural antioxidants due to their safe, non-toxic, and natural attributes. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) has been adopted in food, pharmaceutical, and similar industries to improve microbial safety and food sterilization. The effect of the microbial and physicochemical properties of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract (PPE), green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract (GTE), and SC-CO2 on chicken meat is still unknown. Hence, this work aims to determine the microbial and physicochemical quality of chicken meat treated with PPE, GTE, PPE + GTE. Three levels of SC-CO2 (7.4 MPa, 11.4 MPa, and 15.4 MPa pressure at 31°C for 10 min) were applied, then a combination of the best conditions of phenolic content and SC-CO2 were evaluated. The extraction process of PPE and GTE was done using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and solid-liquid extraction (SLE). Both extracts resulted in high phenolic content, but the extracts produced using the UAE method showed higher antioxidant activity than SLE. The extracts were then applied on the chicken meat using 0.02% extracts based on a muscle-to-liquid ratio of 1:2 across four treatments: the control (meat + distilled water), (meat + PPE), (meat + GTE), and (meat + PPE + GTE). The PPE, GTE, and GTE + PPE notably inhibited the total plate count (log CFU/g) of the meat, reducing it to 5.89 ± 0.54 log CFU/g, 5.47 ± 0.32 log CFU/g, and 6.50 ± 0.31 log CFU/g, respectively, from 6.81 ± 0.68 log CFU/g in the control meat sample on the third day. The microstructure of all treatments was significantly different than the control sample. The colour of the meat was significantly improved with the application of the extracts, particularly the ‘b’ value with GTE showing a higher value than the other treatments. No significant (p > 0.05) changes were recorded for the cooking loss, water holding capacity, and sensory attributes of the meat; the springiness texture was remarkably im

Objective To examine the possible relationship between tea consumption and risk of gastric cancer (GC) among Japanese men and women included in a large Japanese population-based study titled the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting A population-based cohort included subjects who were recruited from 24 areas of JACC Study, in which data regarding the incidence of cancer were available. Participants 63 848 participants (26 025 men and 37 823 women), aged 40-79, were included in the analyses and underwent follow-up (median 13.3 years) prospectively in research on cancer incidence. Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcome variable was the risk of GC according to the frequency intakes of total tea, green tea, black tea and oolong tea. The adjusted HRs for the risk of GC associated with tea consumption were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results 1494 cases of GC were detected (960 men and 534 women) during the follow-up period. The multivariable-adjusted HRs for the risk of GC in the highest versus lowest quintiles of total tea intake were 1.05 (0.83-1.33); p trend=0.50 in men, and 0.82 (0.60-1.12); p trend=0.45 in women. There was no association found between the consumption of green tea, black tea or oolong tea with the risk for GC in either gender. Conclusions In this large community-based prospective cohort study, tea consumption was not associated with the risk of GC in either gender.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) includes a group of genetic disorders that involve the loss of visual function due to mutations mainly in photoreceptors but also in other retinal cells. Apoptosis, retinal disorganization, and inflammation are common in the progression of the disease. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has been proved as beneficial in different eye diseases. Pigmented heterozygous P23H rat was used as an animal model of RP. Visual function was assessed by optomotor and electroretinogram (ERG) and circadian rhythms were evaluated by telemetry. Hepatic oxidative damage and antioxidant defenses were assessed using biochemical tests. The visual function of the EGCG P23H group was preserved, with a deterioration in the activity period and lower values in the interdaily stability parameter. Control rats treated with EGCG were less active than the sham group. EGCG increased antioxidant levels in P23H rats but reduced total hepatic antioxidant capacity by almost 42% in control rats compared to the sham group. We conclude that treatment with EGCG improves visual function and antioxidant status in P23H rats but diminishes antioxidant defenses in wild-type control animals, and slightly worsens activity circadian rhythms. Further studies are necessary to clarify the beneficial effects in disease conditions and in healthy organisms.

Proteins and proteinaceous material were extracted by acetone precipitation of beer that had undergone forced aging through 0 (control), 5 (medium) or 10 (high) heat/chill cycles (60 degrees C 48h/0 degrees C 24h). Size exclusion chromatography analysis of the crude beer extract showed that forced ageing led to a significant increase in binding of phenolic compounds to Protein Z and especially to lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1). Protein-polyphenol conjugates were also present in high molecular weight (> 100 kDa) and low molecular weight fractions (<5 kDa), but these conjugates were already present in the fresh beer and were not affected by the forced aging. Treatment of the crude beer extract with sulphite (2 M) dissociated the protein-polyphenol bindings in LTP1 and Protein Z that had been generated during medium forced aging. Identification and quantification of the free, the non-covalently, and the covalently bound phenolic compounds were performed by UHPLC after extraction by methanol, acetic acid, and sulphite, respectively. The amounts of vanillic acid and caffeic acid decreased in the free polyphenol fraction, indicating binding to proteins during forced aging. Epicatechin and quercetin-3-O-glucoside were found to be non-covalently bound during forced aging. Finally, gallic acid, epicatechin, protocatechuic acid, and astragalin were found to be covalently bound already in the fresh beer. (c) 2020 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling

Companies and consumers are showing strong interest in natural antioxidants due to their safe, non-toxic, and natural attributes. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) has been adopted in food, pharmaceutical, and similar industries to improve microbial safety and food sterilization. The effect of the microbial and physicochemical properties of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract (PPE), green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract (GTE), and SC-CO2 on chicken meat is still unknown. Hence, this work aims to determine the microbial and physicochemical quality of chicken meat treated with PPE, GTE, PPE + GTE. Three levels of SC-CO2 (7.4 MPa, 11.4 MPa, and 15.4 MPa pressure at 31°C for 10 min) were applied, then a combination of the best conditions of phenolic content and SC-CO2 were evaluated. The extraction process of PPE and GTE was done using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and solid-liquid extraction (SLE). Both extracts resulted in high phenolic content, but the extracts produced using the UAE method showed higher antioxidant activity than SLE. The extracts were then applied on the chicken meat using 0.02% extracts based on a muscle-to-liquid ratio of 1:2 across four treatments: the control (meat + distilled water), (meat + PPE), (meat + GTE), and (meat + PPE + GTE). The PPE, GTE, and GTE + PPE notably inhibited the total plate count (log CFU/g) of the meat, reducing it to 5.89 ± 0.54 log CFU/g, 5.47 ± 0.32 log CFU/g, and 6.50 ± 0.31 log CFU/g, respectively, from 6.81 ± 0.68 log CFU/g in the control meat sample on the third day. The microstructure of all treatments was significantly different than the control sample. The colour of the meat was significantly improved with the application of the extracts, particularly the ‘b’ value with GTE showing a higher value than the other treatments. No significant (p > 0.05) changes were recorded for the cooking loss, water holding capacity, and sensory attributes of the meat; the springiness texture was remarkably im

The storage resistance of 21 selected phenolic compounds present in ten samples of commercially available green tea was monitored using the HPLC/MS/MS over a 16 weeks period using multivariate statistical analysis to compare the different types of packaging. The HPLC/MS/MS method with the computer-aided analysis enabled the fast evaluation of the long-time storage resistance of valuable compounds present in green tea, yielding useful information to customers about their degradation, which affected the sensory properties of the green tea, such as taste and colour. An explanatory data analysis provided an initial visualization of the multivariate data matrix while a factor analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis and discriminant analysis enabled the classification of the green tea samples into clusters according to the storage resistance of the compounds of interest. A significant reduction in the content of all monitored compounds was indicated after 3 weeks of storage, which was also found to be dependent on the type of packaging used. The samples in a plastic box were more stable during long-time storage in comparison to the samples in a paper box., 21 vybraných fenolových sloučenin přítomných v deseti vzorcích komerčně dostupného zeleného čaje bylo monitorováno pomocí HPLC / MS / MS po dobu 16 týdnů. Stabilita těchto látek během skladování byla zhodnocena pomocí vícerozměrné statistické analýzy. Metoda HPLC / MS / MS s vícerozměrnými statistickými metodami (PCA, FA, DA) umožnila rychlé vyhodnocení dlouhodobé odolnosti cenných sloučenin přítomných v zeleném čaji při dlouhodobém skladování a přinesla zákazníkům užitečné informace o jejich degradaci, která ovlivnila senzorické vlastnosti zeleného čaje jako je chuť a barva. Významné snížení obsahu všech sledovaných sloučenin bylo indikováno po 3 týdnech skladování, u kterého bylo také zjištěno, že závisí na typu použitého obalu. Vzorky v plastové krabičce byly během dlouhodobého skladování stabilnější ve srovnání se vzorky v papírové krabičce.

This research was conducted to determine the ability of ethanol extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) as a chelating agent for heavy metal of Cu. Green tea extraction was carried out by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. The ethanol extract of green tea was further tested for phytochemical screening. Analysis of the reduction in total heavy metal content of 10 ppm Cu was measured with an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) at a wavelength of 324,8 nm. The ethanol extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) was made in series of concentrations of 3 ppm, 6 ppm, 12 ppm and 15 ppm. The results showed that ethanol extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) containing alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins and triterpenoids. The average concentration value of ethanol extract of green tea in reducing Cu metal up to 50% (EC50) was 12,26 ppm with coefficient of variation 0,26%.