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This report is a compilation of papers from academic and other research institutes that describe ionospheric phenomena and parameters that affect electromagnetic propagation. The report addresses both mid-latitude and high-latitude effects. The first chapter describes the morphology of the ionosphere, briefly covers the neutral atmosphere and expands on the influence of the geomagnetic field, ionospheric electric field and currents, and particle precipitation at high latitudes. Chapter 2 looks at the instrumentation for obtaining the relevant data. An analysis of the mapping of total electron content in geographic co-ordinates is presented in Chapter 3 with an aim of providing timely information to the users., ISBN 978-92-837-0057-9. The original document contains color images.