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Expert perspectives drive landslide mitigation and post-disaster policy planning. This study examines landslide risk perceptions among the stakeholders (government officials, academics, policy experts, local community representatives, and representatives of NGOs/civil society) across Brazil, Colombia, Nepal, Iran, and Pakistan, identifying both shared concerns and local heterogeneity. Key informants revealed a discrepancy in their degree of concern about landslides, with government officials exhibiting greater apprehension compared to local community representatives. Local community representatives incorrectly perceived landslides to be the result of natural phenomena. In contrast, governmental and academic stakeholders felt that human-induced triggers, specifically those related to land use and land cover change, were significant contributors to landslide occurrences, necessitating stringent law enforcement. The comprehensive impacts of landslides included economic losses, infrastructure disruption, agricultural losses, and food security concerns, underscoring the multifaceted nature of this hazard. Our results suggest the need for proactive citizen engagement in landslide monitoring, recognizing the importance of local contexts. We end by proposing a dual-pronged policy approach that emphasizes the socio-economic context of each region.

Expert perspectives drive landslide mitigation and post-disaster policy planning. This study examines landslide risk perceptions among the stakeholders (government officials, academics, policy experts, local community representatives, and representatives of NGOs/civil society) across Brazil, Colombia, Nepal, Iran, and Pakistan, identifying both shared concerns and local heterogeneity. Key informants revealed a discrepancy in their degree of concern about landslides, with government officials exhibiting greater apprehension compared to local community representatives. Local community representatives incorrectly perceived landslides to be the result of natural phenomena. In contrast, governmental and academic stakeholders felt that human-induced triggers, specifically those related to land use and land cover change, were significant contributors to landslide occurrences, necessitating stringent law enforcement. The comprehensive impacts of landslides included economic losses, infrastructure disruption, agricultural losses, and food security concerns, underscoring the multifaceted nature of this hazard. Our results suggest the need for proactive citizen engagement in landslide monitoring, recognizing the importance of local contexts. We end by proposing a dual-pronged policy approach that emphasizes the socio-economic context of each region.

Developing critical thinking is a fundamental goal of effective education, which aims to cultivate informed citizens and a skilled workforce, ultimately contributing to a wiser nation. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) approach in enhancing critical thinking skills among elementary school students. Utilizing an adapted Watson-Glaser critical thinking skills appraisal, this research examines a representative sample of eighth-grade public sector school students, acquired through simple random sampling. A 2x2 factorial experimental design, grounded in the Solomon Four-Group approach, was employed to rigorously evaluate the intervention, involving 184 students divided into control and experimental groups through random assignment. The experimental groups received STEM-based instruction, while the control groups continued with traditional teaching methods. Standardized critical thinking assessments were administered as pretests, posttests, and retention posttests. Quantitative analysis revealed significant improvements in critical thinking skills among students in the experimental groups. From the pretest (M = 45.32, SD = 4.15) to the posttest (M = 63.47, SD = 5.03), experimental groups exhibited marked increases in the critical thinking scores, and these gains were sustained in the retention posttest (M = 61.89, SD = 4.72). In contrast, there were hardly any changes in the control groups, with the pretest (M = 4.87, SD = 4.23) and posttest (M = 46.12, SD = 4.33). When compared to traditional approaches, the STEM approach, as evidence by the highly significant interaction effect F(1, 180) = 36.53, P <0.05) with the effect size (Cohen’s d – 1.52). Independent analysis of the main effects of the pretest and treatment was F(1, 180) = 40.28, P <0.05) and F(1, 180) = 576.21, P <0.05) respectively.

This research delves into the intricate relationship between human rights and criminal justice, elucidating the challenges encountered and proposing navigational strategies. As pillars of democracy, human rights are integral to ensuring fairness and equality within criminal justice systems. However, various hurdles impede their implementation, including pretrial detention abuses, police misconduct, discrimination, and inadequate prison conditions. To address these challenges, the article advocates for legal reforms, enhanced training, diversity promotion, and investment in alternatives to incarceration. By prioritizing human rights principles, stakeholders can foster a more equitable and effective criminal justice system, thereby advancing justice for all individuals.

This research delves into the intricate relationship between human rights and criminal justice, elucidating the challenges encountered and proposing navigational strategies. As pillars of democracy, human rights are integral to ensuring fairness and equality within criminal justice systems. However, various hurdles impede their implementation, including pretrial detention abuses, police misconduct, discrimination, and inadequate prison conditions. To address these challenges, the article advocates for legal reforms, enhanced training, diversity promotion, and investment in alternatives to incarceration. By prioritizing human rights principles, stakeholders can foster a more equitable and effective criminal justice system, thereby advancing justice for all individuals.

This research article assesses the legal landscape governing the trafficking of women under both international and Pakistani laws. It explores the alignment of Pakistan's domestic legal framework with international standards and obligations, shedding light on the strengths and weaknesses of the country's anti-trafficking measures. Through legal analysis, case studies, and empirical data, the study identifies gaps in the legal framework, challenges in enforcement, and gender-specific vulnerabilities faced by trafficked women. It emphasises the need for international cooperation to combat transnational human trafficking networks effectively. The research offers insights and recommendations for policymakers, legislators, and civil society to strengthen Pakistan's commitment to combating human trafficking and protecting the rights of trafficked women.

This research article assesses the legal landscape governing the trafficking of women under both international and Pakistani laws. It explores the alignment of Pakistan's domestic legal framework with international standards and obligations, shedding light on the strengths and weaknesses of the country's anti-trafficking measures. Through legal analysis, case studies, and empirical data, the study identifies gaps in the legal framework, challenges in enforcement, and gender-specific vulnerabilities faced by trafficked women. It emphasises the need for international cooperation to combat transnational human trafficking networks effectively. The research offers insights and recommendations for policymakers, legislators, and civil society to strengthen Pakistan's commitment to combating human trafficking and protecting the rights of trafficked women.

Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequently occurring malignant bone tumor in humans, primarily affecting children and adolescents. Significant advancements in treatment options for OS have not occurred in the last several decades, and the prognosis remains grim with only a 70% rate of 5-year survival. The objective of this study was to investigate the focused ultrasound technique of histotripsy as a novel, noninvasive treatment option for OS. Methods: We utilized a heterotopic OS murine model to establish the feasibility of ablating OS tumors with histotripsy in a preclinical setting. We investigated the local immune response within the tumor microenvironment (TME) via immune cell phenotyping and gene expression analysis. Findings: We established the feasibility of ablating heterotopic OS tumors with ablation characterized microscopically by loss of cellular architecture in targeted regions of tumors. We observed greater populations of macrophages and dendritic cells within treated tumors and the upregulation of immune activating genes 72 h after histotripsy ablation. Interpretation: This study was the first to investigate histotripsy ablation for OS in a preclinical murine model, with results suggesting local immunomodulation within the TME. Our results support the continued investigation of histotripsy as a novel noninvasive treatment option for OS patients to improve clinical outcomes and patient prognosis.

This is a perspective, about the future climate policy of Pakistan, to improve the harvest of Green Climate Funds (GCF). This paper takes upon the calculation of climate financing potential in the context of the energy sector of Pakistan by estimating the potential of becoming a net-zero sector in Pakistan’s Economy. The study has identified several options for the government to reallocate the energy mix and tie the energy demand targets with climate targets for a green future of Pakistan. The study has used basic excel tools to calculate facts from the available data sets in Pakistan. The study found that, if Pakistan chooses to shift from dirty sources of energy production to the use of cleaner inputs for energy production, Pakistan can generate a significant amount of climate finance by reducing the emissions from energy production, which are recordable, traceable, and can be evaluated by any of the third-party evaluating organization. The initial cost for Pakistan will cause some discrepancies in some of the macroeconomic indicators and may also cause budget imbalances it will surely help the economy to achieve the targets of becoming a net-zero economy and be able to harvest Green Climate Funds in long term with much faster rate, which can overpass the investments made or being made in this sector and will create a significant amount jobs in the economy, which will be green jobs, promoting environmental friendly output and sustainable growth.

Adultery is considered a major sin in Islam and is prohibited in all Muslim societies. However, there are differences in the legal and social attitudes towards adultery in different Muslim countries. This article aims to compare the legal and social attitudes towards adultery in Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, two Muslim-majority countries with different legal systems and cultural norms. The article begins with an overview of the Islamic perspective on adultery, as outlined in the Quran and Hadith. It then delves into the legal frameworks governing adultery in Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, including the penal codes and the judicial procedures for prosecuting, and punishing adulterers. Furthermore, the article explores the social attitudes towards adultery in these two countries, including the cultural norms and religious beliefs that influence people's perceptions of this issue. It examines the role of family and community in shaping these attitudes, as well as the impact of modernization and globalization on traditional values. The article draws upon a range of sources, including Islamic texts, legal documents, academic literature, and media reports. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the similarities and differences between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan in their legal and social attitudes towards adultery. Overall, this article contributes to the understanding of how Islam shapes the legal and social attitudes towards adultery in different Muslim societies, and the implications of these attitudes for the lives of people living in these societies.

Pancreatic tumors can be resistant to drug penetration due to high interstitial fluid pressure, dense stroma, and disarrayed vasculature. Ultrasound-induced cavitation is an emerging technology that may overcome many of these limitations. Low-intensity ultrasound, coupled with co-administered cavitation nuclei consisting of gas-stabilizing sub-micron scale SonoTran Particles, is effective at increasing therapeutic antibody delivery to xenograft flank tumors in mouse models. Here, we sought to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach in situ using a large animal model that mimics human pancreatic cancer patients. Immunocompromised pigs were surgically engrafted with human Panc-1 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumors in targeted regions of the pancreas. These tumors were found to recapitulate many features of human PDAC tumors. Animals were intravenously injected with the common cancer therapeutics Cetuximab, gemcitabine, and paclitaxel, followed by infusion with SonoTran Particles. Select tumors in each animal were targeted with focused ultrasound to induce cavitation. Cavitation increased the intra-tumor concentrations of Cetuximab, gemcitabine, and paclitaxel by 477%, 148%, and 193%, respectively, compared to tumors that were not targeted with ultrasound in the same animals. Together, these data show that ultrasound-mediated cavitation, when delivered in combination with gas-entrapping particles, improves therapeutic delivery in pancreatic tumors under clinically relevant conditions.

Adultery is considered a major sin in Islam and is prohibited in all Muslim societies. However, there are differences in the legal and social attitudes towards adultery in different Muslim countries. This article aims to compare the legal and social attitudes towards adultery in Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, two Muslim-majority countries with different legal systems and cultural norms. The article begins with an overview of the Islamic perspective on adultery, as outlined in the Quran and Hadith. It then delves into the legal frameworks governing adultery in Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, including the penal codes and the judicial procedures for prosecuting, and punishing adulterers. Furthermore, the article explores the social attitudes towards adultery in these two countries, including the cultural norms and religious beliefs that influence people's perceptions of this issue. It examines the role of family and community in shaping these attitudes, as well as the impact of modernization and globalization on traditional values. The article draws upon a range of sources, including Islamic texts, legal documents, academic literature, and media reports. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the similarities and differences between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan in their legal and social attitudes towards adultery. Overall, this article contributes to the understanding of how Islam shapes the legal and social attitudes towards adultery in different Muslim societies, and the implications of these attitudes for the lives of people living in these societies.

The International Monetary Fund is called a lender of a last resort for those countries who are in need of emergency bail outs. Countries faced bankruptcies as they exhausted all of their options hence the option left for them is to approach the IMF. The International Monetary Fund was originally founded on the idea of helping countries who were to finance their debts. This would have provided stability in the financial market, improve growth and reduce poverty. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of IMF policies on the economic health of the Pakistan. The results suggest that IMF programs have increased external debt to GDP ratio, which in return increased debt burden on the economy. IMF policies led to increase in taxes, which induce inflation and lower growth. The results further concluded that structural adjustment programs affected negatively to the domestic economy. Due to IMF, economy has to achieve stabilization, which leads decline in growth. The decline in fiscal deficits through increase in taxes and reduction in development expenditure led to increase in unemployment and social decline. The devaluation of the currency increases inflation in the economy whereas reduction subsidies increase costs in the rural economy. As most of the agricultural inputs required subsidies so they are mostly effected by reduction in subsidies. The IMF program also increases pressure on external debt, which leads to acquiring of further debt in order to pay the previous debt. This accumulation of debt increases external debt to GDP ratio and increases the sovereign risk of a country. To come out of vicious cycle perpetuated by IMF prescription, Pakistan needs alternate solutions including overhaul of its export policy to boost export; aggressive privatization to curtail expenditure; floating of international bonds to build up foreign exchange reserves and invest agriculture, livestock and dairy sectors for inclusive growth.

The International Monetary Fund is called a lender of a last resort for those countries who are in need of emergency bail outs. Countries faced bankruptcies as they exhausted all of their options hence the option left for them is to approach the IMF. The International Monetary Fund was originally founded on the idea of helping countries who were to finance their debts. This would have provided stability in the financial market, improve growth and reduce poverty. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of IMF policies on the economic health of the Pakistan. The results suggest that IMF programs have increased external debt to GDP ratio, which in return increased debt burden on the economy. IMF policies led to increase in taxes, which induce inflation and lower growth. The results further concluded that structural adjustment programs affected negatively to the domestic economy. Due to IMF, economy has to achieve stabilization, which leads decline in growth. The decline in fiscal deficits through increase in taxes and reduction in development expenditure led to increase in unemployment and social decline. The devaluation of the currency increases inflation in the economy whereas reduction subsidies increase costs in the rural economy. As most of the agricultural inputs required subsidies so they are mostly effected by reduction in subsidies. The IMF program also increases pressure on external debt, which leads to acquiring of further debt in order to pay the previous debt. This accumulation of debt increases external debt to GDP ratio and increases the sovereign risk of a country. To come out of vicious cycle perpetuated by IMF prescription, Pakistan needs alternate solutions including overhaul of its export policy to boost export; aggressive privatization to curtail expenditure; floating of international bonds to build up foreign exchange reserves and invest agriculture, livestock and dairy sectors for inclusive growth.

Large integer factorization is a prominent research challenge, particularly in the context of quantum computing. This holds significant importance, especially in information security that relies on public key cryptosystems. The classical computation of prime factors for an integer has exponential time complexity. Quantum computing offers the potential for significantly faster computational processes compared to classical processors. In this paper, we propose a new quantum algorithm, Shallow Depth Factoring (SDF), to factor a biprime integer. SDF consists of three steps. First, it converts a factoring problem to an optimization problem without an objective function. Then, it uses a Quantum Feasibility Labeling (QFL) method to label every possible solution according to whether it is feasible or infeasible for the optimization problem. Finally, it employs the Variational Quantum Search (VQS) to find all feasible solutions. The SDF utilizes shallow-depth quantum circuits for efficient factorization, with the circuit depth scaling linearly as the integer to be factorized increases. Through minimizing the number of gates in the circuit, the algorithm enhances feasibility and reduces vulnerability to errors., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures

Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease share many common features, including one examined in this thesis: the build-up of proteins into toxic plaque in vital organs. The thesis found that two such proteins, called Amylin and Beta-amyloid, together disrupt the health and function of pancreatic cells that produce insulin and the function of muscle cells. The novel findings provide fundamental insight into how these chronic diseases are linked, which is critical for developing novel therapeutics.

Advancements in medical sciences and technologies have significantly improved the survival of many cancers; however, pancreatic cancer remains a deadly diagnosis. This malignancy is often diagnosed late in the disease when metastases have already occurred. Additionally, the location of the pancreas near vital organs limits surgical candidacy, the tumor's immunosuppressive environment limits immunotherapy success, and it is highly resistant to radiation and chemotherapy. Hence, clinicians and patients alike need a treatment paradigm that reduces primary tumor burden, activates systemic anti-tumor immunity, and reverses the local immunosuppressive microenvironment to eventually clear distant metastases. Irreversible electroporation (IRE), a novel non-thermal tumor ablation technique, applies high-voltage ultra-short pulses to permeabilize targeted cell membranes and induce cell death. Progression with IRE technology and an array of research studies have shown that beyond tumor debulking, IRE can induce anti-tumor immune responses possibly through tumor neo-antigen release. However, the success of IRE treatment (i.e. full ablation and tumor recurrence) is variable. We believe that IRE treatment induces IFN gamma expression, which then modulates immune checkpoint molecules and thus leads to tumor recurrence. This indicates a co-therapeutic use of IRE and immune checkpoint inhibitors as a promising treatment for pancreatic cancer patients. Here, we review the well-defined and speculated pathways involved in the immunostimulatory effects of IRE treatment for pancreatic cancer, as well as the regulatory pathways that may negate these anti-tumor responses. By defining these underlying mechanisms, future studies may identify improvements to systemic immune system engagement following local tumor ablation with IRE and beyond.

Advancements in medical sciences and technologies have significantly improved the survival of many cancers; however, pancreatic cancer remains a deadly diagnosis. This malignancy is often diagnosed late in the disease when metastases have already occurred. Additionally, the location of the pancreas near vital organs limits surgical candidacy, the tumor's immunosuppressive environment limits immunotherapy success, and it is highly resistant to radiation and chemotherapy. Hence, clinicians and patients alike need a treatment paradigm that reduces primary tumor burden, activates systemic anti-tumor immunity, and reverses the local immunosuppressive microenvironment to eventually clear distant metastases. Irreversible electroporation (IRE), a novel non-thermal tumor ablation technique, applies high-voltage ultra-short pulses to permeabilize targeted cell membranes and induce cell death. Progression with IRE technology and an array of research studies have shown that beyond tumor debulking, IRE can induce anti-tumor immune responses possibly through tumor neo-antigen release. However, the success of IRE treatment (i.e. full ablation and tumor recurrence) is variable. We believe that IRE treatment induces IFN gamma expression, which then modulates immune checkpoint molecules and thus leads to tumor recurrence. This indicates a co-therapeutic use of IRE and immune checkpoint inhibitors as a promising treatment for pancreatic cancer patients. Here, we review the well-defined and speculated pathways involved in the immunostimulatory effects of IRE treatment for pancreatic cancer, as well as the regulatory pathways that may negate these anti-tumor responses. By defining these underlying mechanisms, future studies may identify improvements to systemic immune system engagement following local tumor ablation with IRE and beyond.

Cancer is one of the severe health problems recognized around the globe. As a primary health concern, causes and precautionary measures are still unknown to the public. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review the available literature to unpin the causes and precautionary measures of breast cancers among women. The available literature indicates that heredity, ageing, obesity, alcohol use, smoking, radiation exposure and hormone replacement therapy are the common causes of breast cancer among women. The literature also suggests that avoiding the use of alcohol, smoking, physical inactivity, maintaining weight, limiting postmenopausal hormone therapy etc., are the best precautionary measures for consumers among women.

The non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) method is a novel multiple access technique that aims to increase spectral efficiency (SE) and accommodate enormous user accesses. Multi-user signals are superimposed and transmitted in the power domain at the transmitting end by actively implementing controllable interference information, and multi-user detection algorithms, such as successive interference cancellation (SIC), are performed at the receiving end to demodulate the necessary user signals. Although its basic signal waveform, like LTE baseline, could be based on orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) or discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-spread OFDM, NOMA superimposes numerous users in the power domain. In contrast to the orthogonal transmission method, the non-orthogonal method can achieve higher spectrum utilization. However, it will increase the complexity of its receiver. Different power allocation techniques will have a direct impact on the system’s throughput. As a result, in order to boost the system capacity, an efficient power allocation mechanism must be investigated. This research developed an efficient technique based on conjugate gradient to solve the problem of downlink power distribution. The major goal is to maximize the users’ maximum weighted sum rate. The suggested algorithm’s most notable feature is that it converges to the global optimal solution. When compared to existing methods, simulation results reveal that the suggested technique has a better power allocation capability.

The non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) method is a novel multiple access technique that aims to increase spectral efficiency (SE) and accommodate enormous user accesses. Multi-user signals are superimposed and transmitted in the power domain at the transmitting end by actively implementing controllable interference information, and multi-user detection algorithms, such as successive interference cancellation (SIC), are performed at the receiving end to demodulate the necessary user signals. Although its basic signal waveform, like LTE baseline, could be based on orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) or discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-spread OFDM, NOMA superimposes numerous users in the power domain. In contrast to the orthogonal transmission method, the non-orthogonal method can achieve higher spectrum utilization. However, it will increase the complexity of its receiver. Different power allocation techniques will have a direct impact on the system’s throughput. As a result, in order to boost the system capacity, an efficient power allocation mechanism must be investigated. This research developed an efficient technique based on conjugate gradient to solve the problem of downlink power distribution. The major goal is to maximize the users’ maximum weighted sum rate. The suggested algorithm’s most notable feature is that it converges to the global optimal solution. When compared to existing methods, simulation results reveal that the suggested technique has a better power allocation capability.

Cancer is one of the severe health problems recognized around the globe. As a primary health concern, causes and precautionary measures are still unknown to the public. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review the available literature to unpin the causes and precautionary measures of breast cancers among women. The available literature indicates that heredity, ageing, obesity, alcohol use, smoking, radiation exposure and hormone replacement therapy are the common causes of breast cancer among women. The literature also suggests that avoiding the use of alcohol, smoking, physical inactivity, maintaining weight, limiting postmenopausal hormone therapy etc., are the best precautionary measures for consumers among women.

Purpose: The basic purpose of this study was to explore employee creative performance, the contextual issues in the form of the leader’s style, and the feedback environment established by the leader in the Pakistani context. This study has presented a mechanism model for an understanding predictor of employee creative performance with the help of various theories. Methodology: Data was collected and analyzed from software houses registered in PSEB from 320 leader-employee dyads. Our research design was correlational. To reduce the common method biases, data was collected from two sources: leaders and their subordinates by sending the online questionnaire. To measure the uni-dimensionality and validity of construct EFA was performed through SPSS. Further, to assess the common method biases Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT) was used. SEM was used to compute, analyze, and prove relationships of proposed hypotheses and model fitness. CFA was used to confirm the theoretical measurement model, on AMOS 24 by using the rotated factor analysis. Finding: To sustain in this era of the competitive global business environment, organizations can stimulate employee creative performance by focusing on contextual and subjective variables. As per the findings, contextual factors like feedback environment associated with the leader regarding his style should be ethical, have a vital position in an organization for improving creative performance among employees. Specifically, the current study owns its justification and contribution to the literature and practical implications in various ways. Conclusion: The study indicates that the ethical style of leadership has a strong positive (+) association with the creative performance of employees as well as with the employer feedback environment. Also the employer feedback environment has partial mediation among ethical leadership and employee creative performance.

Advancements in medical sciences and technologies have significantly improved the survival of many cancers; however, pancreatic cancer remains a deadly diagnosis. This malignancy is often diagnosed late in the disease when metastases have already occurred. Additionally, the location of the pancreas near vital organs limits surgical candidacy, the tumor's immunosuppressive environment limits immunotherapy success, and it is highly resistant to radiation and chemotherapy. Hence, clinicians and patients alike need a treatment paradigm that reduces primary tumor burden, activates systemic anti-tumor immunity, and reverses the local immunosuppressive microenvironment to eventually clear distant metastases. Irreversible electroporation (IRE), a novel non-thermal tumor ablation technique, applies high-voltage ultra-short pulses to permeabilize targeted cell membranes and induce cell death. Progression with IRE technology and an array of research studies have shown that beyond tumor debulking, IRE can induce anti-tumor immune responses possibly through tumor neo-antigen release. However, the success of IRE treatment (i.e. full ablation and tumor recurrence) is variable. We believe that IRE treatment induces IFN gamma expression, which then modulates immune checkpoint molecules and thus leads to tumor recurrence. This indicates a co-therapeutic use of IRE and immune checkpoint inhibitors as a promising treatment for pancreatic cancer patients. Here, we review the well-defined and speculated pathways involved in the immunostimulatory effects of IRE treatment for pancreatic cancer, as well as the regulatory pathways that may negate these anti-tumor responses. By defining these underlying mechanisms, future studies may identify improvements to systemic immune system engagement following local tumor ablation with IRE and beyond.

Existing computer vision and object detection methods strongly rely on neural networks and deep learning. This active research area is used for applications such as autonomous driving, aerial photography, protection, and monitoring. Futuristic object detection methods rely on rectangular, boundary boxes drawn over an object to accurately locate its location. The modern object recognition algorithms, however, are vulnerable to multiple factors, such as illumination, occlusion, viewing angle, or camera rotation as well as cost. Therefore, deep learning-based object recognition will significantly increase the recognition speed and compatible external interference. In this study, we use convolutional neural networks (CNN) to recognize items, the neural networks have the advantages of end-to-end, sparse relation, and sharing weights. This article aims to classify the name of the various object based on the position of an object's detected box. Instead, under different distances, we can get recognition results with different confidence. Through this study, we find that this model's accuracy through recognition is mainly influenced by the proportion of objects and the number of samples. When we have a small proportion of an object on camera, then we get higher recognition accuracy; if we have a much small number of samples, we can get greater accuracy in recognition. The epidemic has a great impact on the world economy where designing a cheaper object recognition system is the need of time.

Proteomic Characterization of High-Grade Endometrioid Endometrial and Uterine Serous Cancers Affiliations 1.Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Gynecology Surgical and Obstetrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD. 2.The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD. 3.Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD. 4. Wayne State University, Detroit, MI. 5.Women’s Health Integrated Research Center, Women’s Service Line, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA. 01 Overview High grade endometrial cancer is relatively rare but extremely aggressive. In order to understand how the proteome differs between different histotypes of high grade endometrial cancer, a deep proteomic characterization of >300 endometrioid carcinoma (EEC), uterine serous carcinoma (USC), clear cell carcinoma, and mixed histology endometrial cancer tumors was performed. Samples: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumors from patients with high-grade endometrial cancer. 142 ECC 158 USC 20 Clear Cell 36 Mixed Tissue Processing: Tissues were sectioned onto polyethylene naphthalate membrane slides and tumor cells were collected using laser microdissection on an LMD7 microscope (Leica Microsystems). LC-MS: Recovered tissues underwent pressure-assisted digestion (2320EXT, Pressure BioSciences), multiplexing with tandem mass tags (TMT-PRO) and analysis by nanoflow liquid chromatography (EASY-nLC 1200, Thermo Fisher Scientific) coupled online with tandem mass spectrometry (Q-Exactive HF-X, Thermo Fisher Scientific). Data was searched against a public human proteome da-tabase (uniprot.org) using Proteome Discoverer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and Mascot (Matrix Sciences). ClearCell EEC Mixed Serous 0 1 2 3 −log10(p.adjust) LIPID METABOLIC PROCESS, RITM0023923, Younger women with breast cancer (specifically, those with triple negative or luminal B subtypes) have more aggressive disease and significantly poorer outcomes compared to older breast cancer patients. Recent studies from our group characterizing murine breast cancer models showed higher rates of brain metastasis in young mice, which was partially attributed to differences in the host microenvironment, including higher numbers of microglia and infiltrating macrophages in the brains of young mice. In the present study, we performed a quantitative proteomic analysis employing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of tumor and stroma cellular subpopulations in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which were selectively harvested by laser microdissection (LMD).

Six spring bread wheat varieties (AAS-11, BARS-09, Dharabi-11, Faisalabad-08, Chakwal-50 and Fatehjang-2016) and 4 elite lines of wheat (10FJ01, 12FJ26, 12FJ01 and 11FJS309) were analyzed with respect to water stress by providing them two types of treatments i.e., control (no stress) and strained treatment (20 days of stoppage of irrigation at booting and further 20 days of drought after anthesis) at Barani Agricultural Research Station, Fatehjang during 2017-18. Results of this study exhibited highly significant variations prevailed in all the wheat genotypes by viewing their mean performance with respect of all physiological and yield traits. AAS-11, Fatehjang-2016 and Dharabi-11 exhibited their best performance and pointed out elevated mean productivity (MP), stress tolerance index (STI), relative water content (RWC) and geometric mean productivity (GMP). Moreover, stress susceptibility index (SSI) and tolerance (TOL) was anticipated at lowest among the above-mentioned wheat varieties and lines. Based multivariate analysis (biplot) and dendrogram studies; AAS-11, Fatehjang-2016 and Dharabi-11 are most suitable wheat cultivars for drought tolerance at booting and anthesis stage. MP, STI, RWC, GMP, SSI and TOL are renowned to be favourable gauges for identification of drought tolerance wheat ideotype. Likewise, same wheat varieties also exhibited higher grain yield per plant that put them in higher ranked genotypes for making selections and recombination while improving wheat through breeding for drought resistant.

Advancements in medical sciences and technologies have significantly improved the survival of many cancers; however, pancreatic cancer remains a deadly diagnosis. This malignancy is often diagnosed late in the disease when metastases have already occurred. Additionally, the location of the pancreas near vital organs limits surgical candidacy, the tumor's immunosuppressive environment limits immunotherapy success, and it is highly resistant to radiation and chemotherapy. Hence, clinicians and patients alike need a treatment paradigm that reduces primary tumor burden, activates systemic anti-tumor immunity, and reverses the local immunosuppressive microenvironment to eventually clear distant metastases. Irreversible electroporation (IRE), a novel non-thermal tumor ablation technique, applies high-voltage ultra-short pulses to permeabilize targeted cell membranes and induce cell death. Progression with IRE technology and an array of research studies have shown that beyond tumor debulking, IRE can induce anti-tumor immune responses possibly through tumor neo-antigen release. However, the success of IRE treatment (i.e. full ablation and tumor recurrence) is variable. We believe that IRE treatment induces IFN gamma expression, which then modulates immune checkpoint molecules and thus leads to tumor recurrence. This indicates a co-therapeutic use of IRE and immune checkpoint inhibitors as a promising treatment for pancreatic cancer patients. Here, we review the well-defined and speculated pathways involved in the immunostimulatory effects of IRE treatment for pancreatic cancer, as well as the regulatory pathways that may negate these anti-tumor responses. By defining these underlying mechanisms, future studies may identify improvements to systemic immune system engagement following local tumor ablation with IRE and beyond.

Advancements in medical sciences and technologies have significantly improved the survival of many cancers; however, pancreatic cancer remains a deadly diagnosis. This malignancy is often diagnosed late in the disease when metastases have already occurred. Additionally, the location of the pancreas near vital organs limits surgical candidacy, the tumor's immunosuppressive environment limits immunotherapy success, and it is highly resistant to radiation and chemotherapy. Hence, clinicians and patients alike need a treatment paradigm that reduces primary tumor burden, activates systemic anti-tumor immunity, and reverses the local immunosuppressive microenvironment to eventually clear distant metastases. Irreversible electroporation (IRE), a novel non-thermal tumor ablation technique, applies high-voltage ultra-short pulses to permeabilize targeted cell membranes and induce cell death. Progression with IRE technology and an array of research studies have shown that beyond tumor debulking, IRE can induce anti-tumor immune responses possibly through tumor neo-antigen release. However, the success of IRE treatment (i.e. full ablation and tumor recurrence) is variable. We believe that IRE treatment induces IFN gamma expression, which then modulates immune checkpoint molecules and thus leads to tumor recurrence. This indicates a co-therapeutic use of IRE and immune checkpoint inhibitors as a promising treatment for pancreatic cancer patients. Here, we review the well-defined and speculated pathways involved in the immunostimulatory effects of IRE treatment for pancreatic cancer, as well as the regulatory pathways that may negate these anti-tumor responses. By defining these underlying mechanisms, future studies may identify improvements to systemic immune system engagement following local tumor ablation with IRE and beyond.

The property of textile materials has gained a lot of attention thanks to the resource consumption and wastematerial emissions at the moment time. So, it's terribly essential and a core demand to gauge theenvironmental result of textiles from a life cycle perspective to develop the property of textiles.Environmental problems became vital over the previous few years owing to increasing pollution, wastematerials, heating, etc. shoppers have additionally begun to demand inexperienced products. As a result ofthese events, additional strategic and systematic approaches square measure necessary for ever-changingenvironmental problems. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is one of the tools to satisfy this necessity. During thisresearch, we have a tendency to square measure analyzing the LCA of a ‘Cotton woven Shirt’, andscientifically evaluating the environmental impacts also as resource utilization to supply, from raw materialsto the disposal of the merchandise at the top of life.

Purpose: there is growing evidence that vertebral column function and dysfunction play a vital role in neuromuscular control. This invited review summarises the evidence about how vertebral column dysfunction, known as a central segmental motor control (CSMC) problem, alters neuromuscular function and how spinal adjustments (high-velocity, low-amplitude or HVLA thrusts directed at a CSMC problem) and spinal manipulation (HVLA thrusts directed at segments of the vertebral column that may not have clinical indicators of a CSMC problem) alters neuromuscular function. Methods: the current review elucidates the peripheral mechanisms by which CSMC problems, the spinal adjustment or spinal manipulation alter the afferent input from the paravertebral tissues. It summarises the contemporary model that provides a biologically plausible explanation for CSMC problems, the manipulable spinal lesion. This review also summarises the contemporary, biologically plausible understanding about how spinal adjustments enable more efficient production of muscular force. The evidence showing how spinal dysfunction, spinal manipulation and spinal adjustments alter central multimodal integration and motor control centres will be covered in a second invited review. Results: many studies have shown spinal adjustments increase voluntary force and prevent fatigue, which mainly occurs due to altered supraspinal excitability and multimodal integration. The literature suggests physical injury, pain, inflammation, and acute or chronic physiological or psychological stress can alter the vertebral column's central neural motor control, leading to a CSMC problem. The many gaps in the literature have been identified, along with suggestions for future studies. Conclusion: spinal adjustments of CSMC problems impact motor control in a variety of ways. These include increasing muscle force and preventing fatigue. These changes in neuromuscular function most likely occur due to changes in supraspinal excitab

New therapeutic strategies are direly needed in the fight against cancer. Over the last decade, several tumor ablation strategies have emerged as stand-alone or combination therapies. Histotripsy is the first completely noninvasive, nonthermal, and nonionizing tumor ablation method. Histotripsy can produce consistent and rapid ablations, even near critical structures. Additional benefits include real-time image guidance, high precision, and the ability to treat tumors of any predetermined size and shape. Unfortunately, the lack of clinically and physiologically relevant preclinical cancer models is often a significant limitation with all focal tumor ablation strategies. The majority of studies testing histotripsy for cancer treatment have focused on small animal models, which have been critical in moving this field forward and will continue to be essential for providing mechanistic insight. While these small animal models have notable translational value, there are significant limitations in terms of scale and anatomical relevance. To address these limitations, a diverse range of large animal models and spontaneous tumor studies in veterinary patients have emerged to complement existing rodent models. These models and veterinary patients are excellent at providing realistic avenues for developing and testing histotripsy devices and techniques designed for future use in human patients. Here, we provide a review of animal models used in preclinical histotripsy studies and compare histotripsy ablation in these models using a series of original case reports across a broad spectrum of preclinical animal models and spontaneous tumors in veterinary patients.

The property of textile materials has gained a lot of attention thanks to the resource consumption and wastematerial emissions at the moment time. So, it's terribly essential and a core demand to gauge theenvironmental result of textiles from a life cycle perspective to develop the property of textiles.Environmental problems became vital over the previous few years owing to increasing pollution, wastematerials, heating, etc. shoppers have additionally begun to demand inexperienced products. As a result ofthese events, additional strategic and systematic approaches square measure necessary for ever-changingenvironmental problems. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is one of the tools to satisfy this necessity. During thisresearch, we have a tendency to square measure analyzing the LCA of a ‘Cotton woven Shirt’, andscientifically evaluating the environmental impacts also as resource utilization to supply, from raw materialsto the disposal of the merchandise at the top of life.

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin (BTC) have seen a surge in value in the recent past and appeared as a useful investment opportunity for traders. However, their short term profitability using algorithmic trading strategies remains unanswered. In this work, we focus on the short term profitability of BTC against the euro and the yen for an eight-year period using seven trading algorithms over trading periods of length 15 and 30 days. We use the classical buy and hold (BH) as a benchmark strategy. Rather surprisingly, we found that on average, the yen is more profitable than BTC and the euro; however the answer also depends on the choice of algorithm. Reservation price algorithms result in 7.5% and 10% of average returns over 15 and 30 days respectively which is the highest for all the algorithms for the three assets. For BTC, all algorithms outperform the BH strategy. We also analyze the effect of transaction fee on the profitability of algorithms for BTC and observe that for trading period of length 15 no trading strategy is profitable for BTC. For trading period of length 30, only two strategies are profitable.

The property of textile materials has gained a lot of attention thanks to the resource consumption and wastematerial emissions at the moment time. So, it's terribly essential and a core demand to gauge theenvironmental result of textiles from a life cycle perspective to develop the property of textiles.Environmental problems became vital over the previous few years owing to increasing pollution, wastematerials, heating, etc. shoppers have additionally begun to demand inexperienced products. As a result ofthese events, additional strategic and systematic approaches square measure necessary for ever-changingenvironmental problems. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is one of the tools to satisfy this necessity. During thisresearch, we have a tendency to square measure analyzing the LCA of a ‘Cotton woven Shirt’, andscientifically evaluating the environmental impacts also as resource utilization to supply, from raw materialsto the disposal of the merchandise at the top of life.

New therapeutic strategies are direly needed in the fight against cancer. Over the last decade, several tumor ablation strategies have emerged as stand-alone or combination therapies. Histotripsy is the first completely noninvasive, nonthermal, and nonionizing tumor ablation method. Histotripsy can produce consistent and rapid ablations, even near critical structures. Additional benefits include real-time image guidance, high precision, and the ability to treat tumors of any predetermined size and shape. Unfortunately, the lack of clinically and physiologically relevant preclinical cancer models is often a significant limitation with all focal tumor ablation strategies. The majority of studies testing histotripsy for cancer treatment have focused on small animal models, which have been critical in moving this field forward and will continue to be essential for providing mechanistic insight. While these small animal models have notable translational value, there are significant limitations in terms of scale and anatomical relevance. To address these limitations, a diverse range of large animal models and spontaneous tumor studies in veterinary patients have emerged to complement existing rodent models. These models and veterinary patients are excellent at providing realistic avenues for developing and testing histotripsy devices and techniques designed for future use in human patients. Here, we provide a review of animal models used in preclinical histotripsy studies and compare histotripsy ablation in these models using a series of original case reports across a broad spectrum of preclinical animal models and spontaneous tumors in veterinary patients.

New therapeutic strategies are direly needed in the fight against cancer. Over the last decade, several tumor ablation strategies have emerged as stand-alone or combination therapies. Histotripsy is the first completely noninvasive, nonthermal, and nonionizing tumor ablation method. Histotripsy can produce consistent and rapid ablations, even near critical structures. Additional benefits include real-time image guidance, high precision, and the ability to treat tumors of any predetermined size and shape. Unfortunately, the lack of clinically and physiologically relevant preclinical cancer models is often a significant limitation with all focal tumor ablation strategies. The majority of studies testing histotripsy for cancer treatment have focused on small animal models, which have been critical in moving this field forward and will continue to be essential for providing mechanistic insight. While these small animal models have notable translational value, there are significant limitations in terms of scale and anatomical relevance. To address these limitations, a diverse range of large animal models and spontaneous tumor studies in veterinary patients have emerged to complement existing rodent models. These models and veterinary patients are excellent at providing realistic avenues for developing and testing histotripsy devices and techniques designed for future use in human patients. Here, we provide a review of animal models used in preclinical histotripsy studies and compare histotripsy ablation in these models using a series of original case reports across a broad spectrum of preclinical animal models and spontaneous tumors in veterinary patients.

Purpose: there is growing evidence that vertebral column function and dysfunction play a vital role in neuromuscular control. This invited review summarises the evidence about how vertebral column dysfunction, known as a central segmental motor control (CSMC) problem, alters neuromuscular function and how spinal adjustments (high-velocity, low-amplitude or HVLA thrusts directed at a CSMC problem) and spinal manipulation (HVLA thrusts directed at segments of the vertebral column that may not have clinical indicators of a CSMC problem) alters neuromuscular function. Methods: the current review elucidates the peripheral mechanisms by which CSMC problems, the spinal adjustment or spinal manipulation alter the afferent input from the paravertebral tissues. It summarises the contemporary model that provides a biologically plausible explanation for CSMC problems, the manipulable spinal lesion. This review also summarises the contemporary, biologically plausible understanding about how spinal adjustments enable more efficient production of muscular force. The evidence showing how spinal dysfunction, spinal manipulation and spinal adjustments alter central multimodal integration and motor control centres will be covered in a second invited review. Results: many studies have shown spinal adjustments increase voluntary force and prevent fatigue, which mainly occurs due to altered supraspinal excitability and multimodal integration. The literature suggests physical injury, pain, inflammation, and acute or chronic physiological or psychological stress can alter the vertebral column's central neural motor control, leading to a CSMC problem. The many gaps in the literature have been identified, along with suggestions for future studies. Conclusion: spinal adjustments of CSMC problems impact motor control in a variety of ways. These include increasing muscle force and preventing fatigue. These changes in neuromuscular function most likely occur due to changes in supraspinal excitab, NA

New therapeutic strategies are direly needed in the fight against cancer. Over the last decade, several tumor ablation strategies have emerged as stand-alone or combination therapies. Histotripsy is the first completely noninvasive, nonthermal, and nonionizing tumor ablation method. Histotripsy can produce consistent and rapid ablations, even near critical structures. Additional benefits include real-time image guidance, high precision, and the ability to treat tumors of any predetermined size and shape. Unfortunately, the lack of clinically and physiologically relevant preclinical cancer models is often a significant limitation with all focal tumor ablation strategies. The majority of studies testing histotripsy for cancer treatment have focused on small animal models, which have been critical in moving this field forward and will continue to be essential for providing mechanistic insight. While these small animal models have notable translational value, there are significant limitations in terms of scale and anatomical relevance. To address these limitations, a diverse range of large animal models and spontaneous tumor studies in veterinary patients have emerged to complement existing rodent models. These models and veterinary patients are excellent at providing realistic avenues for developing and testing histotripsy devices and techniques designed for future use in human patients. Here, we provide a review of animal models used in preclinical histotripsy studies and compare histotripsy ablation in these models using a series of original case reports across a broad spectrum of preclinical animal models and spontaneous tumors in veterinary patients.

New therapeutic strategies are direly needed in the fight against cancer. Over the last decade, several tumor ablation strategies have emerged as stand-alone or combination therapies. Histotripsy is the first completely noninvasive, nonthermal, and nonionizing tumor ablation method. Histotripsy can produce consistent and rapid ablations, even near critical structures. Additional benefits include real-time image guidance, high precision, and the ability to treat tumors of any predetermined size and shape. Unfortunately, the lack of clinically and physiologically relevant preclinical cancer models is often a significant limitation with all focal tumor ablation strategies. The majority of studies testing histotripsy for cancer treatment have focused on small animal models, which have been critical in moving this field forward and will continue to be essential for providing mechanistic insight. While these small animal models have notable translational value, there are significant limitations in terms of scale and anatomical relevance. To address these limitations, a diverse range of large animal models and spontaneous tumor studies in veterinary patients have emerged to complement existing rodent models. These models and veterinary patients are excellent at providing realistic avenues for developing and testing histotripsy devices and techniques designed for future use in human patients. Here, we provide a review of animal models used in preclinical histotripsy studies and compare histotripsy ablation in these models using a series of original case reports across a broad spectrum of preclinical animal models and spontaneous tumors in veterinary patients.

The property of textile materials has gained a lot of attention thanks to the resource consumption and wastematerial emissions at the moment time. So, it's terribly essential and a core demand to gauge theenvironmental result of textiles from a life cycle perspective to develop the property of textiles.Environmental problems became vital over the previous few years owing to increasing pollution, wastematerials, heating, etc. shoppers have additionally begun to demand inexperienced products. As a result ofthese events, additional strategic and systematic approaches square measure necessary for ever-changingenvironmental problems. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is one of the tools to satisfy this necessity. During thisresearch, we have a tendency to square measure analyzing the LCA of a ‘Cotton woven Shirt’, andscientifically evaluating the environmental impacts also as resource utilization to supply, from raw materialsto the disposal of the merchandise at the top of life.

The property of textile materials has gained a lot of attention thanks to the resource consumption and wastematerial emissions at the moment time. So, it's terribly essential and a core demand to gauge theenvironmental result of textiles from a life cycle perspective to develop the property of textiles.Environmental problems became vital over the previous few years owing to increasing pollution, wastematerials, heating, etc. shoppers have additionally begun to demand inexperienced products. As a result ofthese events, additional strategic and systematic approaches square measure necessary for ever-changingenvironmental problems. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is one of the tools to satisfy this necessity. During thisresearch, we have a tendency to square measure analyzing the LCA of a ‘Cotton woven Shirt’, andscientifically evaluating the environmental impacts also as resource utilization to supply, from raw materialsto the disposal of the merchandise at the top of life.

Rohingya women are the victim of one of the world’s most protracted ethnic cleansing. In any war, women and children are the most vulnerable ones. Rohingya people are seeking asylum for long three decades in their neighboring country Bangladesh. They faced a series of physical and psychological incubus in Myanmar; contrariwise, Bangladesh bears a hand to them and assisted them with all sorts of humanitarian treatment, shelter, food, medicine, and security. Assorted civil society organization working willfully to accommodate Rohingya women in camp life and engaging them in a leadership program for peacebuilding, disaster mitigation, and resilience. Apart from that, they have launched the MPWC program which is women intensive employment program; through this program, they can work for NGOs and earn money. UNHCR is arranging a safe place for Rohingya women which will be free from all kinds of gender-based violence against women. Considering the women's safety, the Bangladesh government adopted a women and children friendly repatriation program but the Myanmar government still not being able to create a repatriation safe atmosphere in the Rakhine state and compel them to accept indefinite national verification cards. To assist this paper, intersectionality and feminist theory have been materialized. Policy recommendation has been given for the betterment of Rohingya women and to prevent violence against women. In this paper, qualitative and analytical research methods have been applied both primarily and secondarily.

Rohingya women are the victim of one of the world’s most protracted ethnic cleansing. In any war, women and children are the most vulnerable ones. Rohingya people are seeking asylum for long three decades in their neighboring country Bangladesh. They faced a series of physical and psychological incubus in Myanmar; contrariwise, Bangladesh bears a hand to them and assisted them with all sorts of humanitarian treatment, shelter, food, medicine, and security. Assorted civil society organization working willfully to accommodate Rohingya women in camp life and engaging them in a leadership program for peacebuilding, disaster mitigation, and resilience. Apart from that, they have launched the MPWC program which is women intensive employment program; through this program, they can work for NGOs and earn money. UNHCR is arranging a safe place for Rohingya women which will be free from all kinds of gender-based violence against women. Considering the women's safety, the Bangladesh government adopted a women and children friendly repatriation program but the Myanmar government still not being able to create a repatriation safe atmosphere in the Rakhine state and compel them to accept indefinite national verification cards. To assist this paper, intersectionality and feminist theory have been materialized. Policy recommendation has been given for the betterment of Rohingya women and to prevent violence against women. In this paper, qualitative and analytical research methods have been applied both primarily and secondarily.

Akhtar Rasul,1,* Muhammad Imran Khan,2,* Mujeeb Ur Rehman,1,* Ghulam Abbas,1,* Nosheen Aslam,3,* Shabbir Ahmad,4,* Khizar Abbas,5,* Pervaiz Akhtar Shah,6,* Muhammad Iqbal,7,* Ali Mohammad Ahmed Al Subari,6,* Talal Shaheer,8,* Shahid Shah9,* 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 2Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan; 3Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 4Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; 6University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; 7Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; 8Department of Pharmacognosy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, People’s Republic of China; 9Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan*All authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Akhtar Rasul Email akhtar.rasul@gcuf.edu.pkBackground: Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an exceptional immunosuppressant used for the treatment of immune disorders. Niosomal vesicles are promising drug carriers that are formed by self-association of nonionic surfactants and cholesterol in an aqueous phase. The objective of the study was to formulate combined nonionic surfactant based vesicles and to evaluate their in vitro characterization, release studies and in vivo studies.Materials and Methods: Five niosomal formulations (F7 to F11) were prepared using the thin film hydration method. The molar ratio of cholesterol and non-ionic surfactant taken was 1:1. In formulation F10, the combination of surfactants Span 20 and Brij 35 was used. The niosomes were characterized by zeta sizer and SEM for partic

Akhtar Rasul,1,* Muhammad Imran Khan,2,* Mujeeb Ur Rehman,1,* Ghulam Abbas,1,* Nosheen Aslam,3,* Shabbir Ahmad,4,* Khizar Abbas,5,* Pervaiz Akhtar Shah,6,* Muhammad Iqbal,7,* Ali Mohammad Ahmed Al Subari,6,* Talal Shaheer,8,* Shahid Shah9,* 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 2Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan; 3Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 4Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; 6University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; 7Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; 8Department of Pharmacognosy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, People’s Republic of China; 9Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan*All authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Akhtar Rasul Email akhtar.rasul@gcuf.edu.pkBackground: Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an exceptional immunosuppressant used for the treatment of immune disorders. Niosomal vesicles are promising drug carriers that are formed by self-association of nonionic surfactants and cholesterol in an aqueous phase. The objective of the study was to formulate combined nonionic surfactant based vesicles and to evaluate their in vitro characterization, release studies and in vivo studies.Materials and Methods: Five niosomal formulations (F7 to F11) were prepared using the thin film hydration method. The molar ratio of cholesterol and non-ionic surfactant taken was 1:1. In formulation F10, the combination of surfactants Span 20 and Brij 35 was used. The niosomes were characterized by zeta sizer and SEM for partic

Rohingya women are the victim of one of the world’s most protracted ethnic cleansing. In any war, women and children are the most vulnerable ones. Rohingya people are seeking asylum for long three decades in their neighboring country Bangladesh. They faced a series of physical and psychological incubus in Myanmar; contrariwise, Bangladesh bears a hand to them and assisted them with all sorts of humanitarian treatment, shelter, food, medicine, and security. Assorted civil society organization working willfully to accommodate Rohingya women in camp life and engaging them in a leadership program for peacebuilding, disaster mitigation, and resilience. Apart from that, they have launched the MPWC program which is women intensive employment program; through this program, they can work for NGOs and earn money. UNHCR is arranging a safe place for Rohingya women which will be free from all kinds of gender-based violence against women. Considering the women's safety, the Bangladesh government adopted a women and children friendly repatriation program but the Myanmar government still not being able to create a repatriation safe atmosphere in the Rakhine state and compel them to accept indefinite national verification cards. To assist this paper, intersectionality and feminist theory have been materialized. Policy recommendation has been given for the betterment of Rohingya women and to prevent violence against women. In this paper, qualitative and analytical research methods have been applied both primarily and secondarily.

Rohingya women are the victim of one of the world’s most protracted ethnic cleansing. In any war, women and children are the most vulnerable ones. Rohingya people are seeking asylum for long three decades in their neighboring country Bangladesh. They faced a series of physical and psychological incubus in Myanmar; contrariwise, Bangladesh bears a hand to them and assisted them with all sorts of humanitarian treatment, shelter, food, medicine, and security. Assorted civil society organization working willfully to accommodate Rohingya women in camp life and engaging them in a leadership program for peacebuilding, disaster mitigation, and resilience. Apart from that, they have launched the MPWC program which is women intensive employment program; through this program, they can work for NGOs and earn money. UNHCR is arranging a safe place for Rohingya women which will be free from all kinds of gender-based violence against women. Considering the women's safety, the Bangladesh government adopted a women and children friendly repatriation program but the Myanmar government still not being able to create a repatriation safe atmosphere in the Rakhine state and compel them to accept indefinite national verification cards. To assist this paper, intersectionality and feminist theory have been materialized. Policy recommendation has been given for the betterment of Rohingya women and to prevent violence against women. In this paper, qualitative and analytical research methods have been applied both primarily and secondarily.