Search

In recent decades, large-scale land acquisitions have increased to meet global food, energy, industry, climate protection, conservation, and urban expansion demands. Analyses of their negative impacts have led actors within and outside of academia to label this phenomenon as “land grabbing”. Existing academic literature on land grabs has traditionally used case-study approaches to form in-depth understandings of related impacts and land use change mechanisms. Recent meta-studies have synthesized findings across case-study evidence to draw broader examinations of case-study results. However, few have emphasized assessing the overall impact that land grabs may have on vulnerable populations and their surrounding environments. This article fills the gap in the existing literature by evaluating land grab case studies through the lens of environmental justice. Informed by four commonly emphasized components of environmental justice – distributive, procedural, corrective, and social justice- 94 selected cases were coded based on acquisition purpose, changes in environment and livelihood conditions, consultation processes, property rights, compensation, and stakeholder composition. Findings from this meta-synthesis study reveal how land grabbing processes are contributing to injustices across all four evaluative parameters of environmental justice. This paper concludes with a call for more structured research designs which incorporate environmental justice as an evaluative parameter.

Formalized land tenure systems in Tanzania have witnessed a shift towards recognizing customary land rights. The shift has advanced into a framework in which land owners can either apply for a Certificate of Granted Right of Occupancy (CGRO) or a Certificate of Customary Right of Occupancy (CCRO). This study investigates local perceptions of the formalized tenure system and its effect on the local democratic settings in Babati, Tanzania. The thesis is based on a field study carried out in early 2024 and employs a qualitative approach that utilizes semi-structured interviews conducted in the rural villages of Mwada and Matufa. The study incorporates an inductive comparative analysis to examine distinctions between certificate holders and non-certificate holders. The investigation relies on a theoretical adoption of land titling and democracy. Findings reveal that the absence of a certificate is associated with perceptions of lower levels of autonomy and security. In contrast, certificate holders, specifically CGRO holders, exhibit increased agency and security. The economic advantages achieved through the CGRO as opposed to a CCRO drive competition and consequently pressures non-certificate holders, leading to exclusionary dynamics within the community. The differences between certificate holders and non-holders consequently have an impact on the democratic setting. This calls for re-evaluation of the effect that land tenure formalization has in the broader democratic discourse.

"In the late nineteenth century, the Ottoman government sought to fill landscapes they legally defined as "empty." Both land and people were incorporated into territorially bounded grids of administrative law. Bedouin Bureaucrats examines how tent-dwelling, seasonally migrating Bedouin engaged in these processes of Ottoman state transformation on local, imperial, and global scales. As the "tribe" became a category of Ottoman administration, Bedouin in the Syrian interior used this category both to gain political influence and to organize community resistance to maintain control over land. Narrating the lives of Bedouin individuals involved in Ottoman administration, Nora Elizabeth Barakat brings this population to the center of modern state-making, from their involvement in the pilgrimage administration in the eighteenth century and their performance of land registration and taxation as the Ottoman bureaucracy expanded in the nineteenth, to their eventual rejection of Ottoman attempts to reallocate the "empty land" they inhabited in the twentieth. She places the Syrian interior in a global context of imperial expansion into regions formerly deemed marginal, especially in relation to American and Russian empires. Ultimately, the book illuminates Ottoman state formation attempts within Bedouin communities and the unique trajectory of Bedouin in Syria, who maintained their control over land", Includes bibliographical references and index., Beyond the tribal frontier -- Commercial capital in the Syrian interior -- Producing tribes and property -- Bureaucracy in crisis -- Taxation, property and citizenship., "In the late nineteenth century, the Ottoman government sought to fill landscapes they legally defined as "empty." Both land and people were incorporated into territorially bounded grids of administrative law. Bedouin Bureaucrats examines how tent-dwelling, seasonally migrating Bedouin engaged in these processes of Ottoman state transformation on local, imperial, and global scales. As the "tribe" became a category of Ottoman administration, Bedouin in the Syrian interior used this category both to gain political influence and to organize community resistance to maintain control over land. Narrating the lives of Bedouin individuals involved in Ottoman administration, Nora Elizabeth Barakat brings this population to the center of modern state-making, from their involvement in the pilgrimage administration in the eighteenth century and their performance of land registration and taxation as the Ottoman bureaucracy expanded in the nineteenth, to their eventual rejection of Ottoman attempts to reallocate the "empty land" they inhabited in the twentieth. She places the Syrian interior in a global context of imperial expansion into regions formerly deemed marginal, especially in relation to American and Russian empires. Ultimately, the book illuminates Ottoman state formation attempts within Bedouin communities and the unique trajectory of Bedouin in Syria, who maintained their control over land"

"This book examines the rural history of Egypt during the middle years of the nineteenth century, a period that is often glossed over, or altogether forgotten. Drawing on a wide array of archival sources, some only rarely utilized by other scholars, it argues that state policy targeting the peasant land tenure regime was informed by the dual economic principles of the Ottoman, or traditional, philosophy of statecraft, and that the workings of the relevant regulations did not produce extensive peasant land loss and impoverishment. Maha Ghalwash presents a rich, detailed analysis of such crucial issues as land legislation, tax impositions, the system of tax collection, modes of land acquisition, large-scale peasant abandonment of land, the emergence of surplus lands, the formation of large, privileged estates, distribution of village land, female land inheritance, and the nature of peasants' political activity. In investigating these issues, she highlights peasant voices, experiences, and agential power. Traditional interpretations of the rural history of nineteenth-century Egypt generally specify an avaricious state, so indifferent to peasant well-being that it consistently developed harsh policies that led to unremitting, extensive peasant impoverishment. Through an examination of the relationship between the absolutist state and the majority of its subject population, the peasant smallholders, during 1848-63, this study shows that these ideas do not hold for the mid-century period. State, Peasants, and Land in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Egypt will be of interest to students of Middle East history, especially Egyptian rural history, as well as those of peasant studies, subaltern studies, gender studies, and Ottoman rural history.", Includes bibliographical references and index., The Land Laws -- Peasants and Taxes -- System of Tax Collection -- Land Tenure in Peasant Villages -- Peasant Women and Inheritance of Land., "This book examines the rural history of Egypt during the middle years of the nineteenth century, a period that is often glossed over, or altogether forgotten. Drawing on a wide array of archival sources, some only rarely utilized by other scholars, it argues that state policy targeting the peasant land tenure regime was informed by the dual economic principles of the Ottoman, or traditional, philosophy of statecraft, and that the workings of the relevant regulations did not produce extensive peasant land loss and impoverishment. Maha Ghalwash presents a rich, detailed analysis of such crucial issues as land legislation, tax impositions, the system of tax collection, modes of land acquisition, large-scale peasant abandonment of land, the emergence of surplus lands, the formation of large, privileged estates, distribution of village land, female land inheritance, and the nature of peasants' political activity. In investigating these issues, she highlights peasant voices, experiences, and agential power. Traditional interpretations of the rural history of nineteenth-century Egypt generally specify an avaricious state, so indifferent to peasant well-being that it consistently developed harsh policies that led to unremitting, extensive peasant impoverishment. Through an examination of the relationship between the absolutist state and the majority of its subject population, the peasant smallholders, during 1848-63, this study shows that these ideas do not hold for the mid-century period. State, Peasants, and Land in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Egypt will be of interest to students of Middle East history, especially Egyptian rural history, as well as those of peasant studies, subaltern studies, gender studies, and Ottoman rural history."

How deep are the roots of Latin America's economic inequalities? In this chapter we survey both the history and the literature about the region's extreme economic disparities, focusing on the most recent academic contributions. We begin by documenting the broad patterns of national and sub-national differences in income and inequality, building on the seminal contributions of Engerman and Sokoloff (2000; 2002, 2005) and aiming to capture different dimensions of inequality. We then proceed thematically, providing empirical evidence and summarizing the key recent studies on colonial institutions, slavery, land reform, education and the role of elites. Finally, we conduct a “replication” exercise with some seminal papers in the literature, extending their economic results to include different measures of inequality as outcomes.

[Abstract]: Rural women in Latin America continue to face serious obstacles in land tenure, especially in areas such as México, Guatemala, and Bolivia. Gender inequality in land access is related to male preference in inheritance legislation, male privilege in marriage and state programs of land distribution. Consequently, the activities implemented by governments have failed to take women into account. For this reason, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and several partner organizations developed a set of “Voluntary Guidelines” (VGs) on responsible governance of land tenure to reduce inequality. Therefore, the main objective is to determine the degree of governments’ commitment to the fight against inequality in access to land and the role of women regarding these rural areas of Latin America. For this, this research tests the compliance with the “Voluntary Guidelines” of the FAO in Mexico, Guatemala, and Bolivia.

Over the last thirty years, community conservancies have become widespread in several African countries exemplifying new patterns of land and resource governance strategies. Since 1995, thirty-nine new community conservancies have been established in association with an NGO - the Northern Rangelands Trust in Kenya. Through community conservancies, or community-owned conservation initiatives organized around a demarcated area, the rights and responsibilities of resource governance are significantly reorganized. In this paper, we analyze the process of reorganizing the pastoralist commons in northern Kenya through community conservancies leading to land tenure transformation. Based on two case studies in northern Kenya, we show how land and natural resource governance interventions following a global policy blueprint through community conservancies results in real material and political consequences, and highlight the spatial implications as a result of this process. We argue that community conservancies significantly reorganize the governance of collectively used land and resources. This reorganization has serious implications for land tenure relations and has become the latest manifestation of the hardening of lines between communities in northern Kenya.

How did we get here? What is the history of the land UCSD sits on? A look into UC San Diego’s land tenure and history, this work seeks to answer these questions. Tracing back the university’s land history reveals a prominent Kumeyaay village by the name of Ystagua alongside three military bases, two of which make up the land the university is now on. Further revealed are the various ways that the university erases its Indigenous past through the romanticization of San Diego’s Spanish past and the celebration of UCSD’s military history, as seen through the official university history book An Improbable Venture and the original site considerations. This thesis analyzes the processes through which Kumeyaay land is marked for national sacrifice, leaving a legacy of military and navy usage that continues until now–a celebration of militarism which attempts to erase UCSD’s Kumeyaay past.

During the second half of the 19th century, the bipartisan conflict and the weight of the indigenous population in present-day southwestern Colombia set up a favorable legal framework for the permanence of the resguardo regime. In that context, this article approaches the territorial reconfiguration of the indigenous communities located in the Atriz Valley. The text distances itself from essentialist and ahistorical views and seeks to highlight its dynamism and complexity. It is considered that beyond the legal framework of division or not, these forms of organization experiment changes. Through historiographic review and analysis of laws, censuses, demands, communications from state authorities and indigenous, we show that to the rhythm of political conjunctures, civil and judicial lawsuits, sale and purchase of land, the territory of the indigenous groups of colonial origin was reconfigured, just as new towns were formed and governed under the resguardo regime., Durante a segunda metade do século XIX, o conflito bipartidário e o peso da população indígena no atual sudoeste da Colômbia configuraram um quadro jurídico favorável para a permanência do regime de reservas. Nesse contexto, este artigo aborda a reconfiguração territorial dos grupos indígenas localizados no Vale do Atriz. O texto distancia-se de visões essencialistas e a-históricas e busca evidenciar seu dinamismo e complexidade. Considera-se que para além do quadro legal de divisão ou não, estas formas de organização sofreram alterações. Por meio de revisão historiográfica e análise de leis, censos, demandas, comunicações de autoridades estaduais e indígenas, mostramos que em conjunturas políticas, ações civis e judiciais práticas como a compra e venda de terras, o território de grupos indígenas de origem colonial, reconfigurou-se, à medida que se formaram novas vilas regidas pelo regime de reserva., Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, el conflicto bipartidista y el peso de la población indígena en el actual suroccidente colombiano configuraron un marco legal favorable para la permanencia del régimen de resguardo. En ese contexto, este artículo aborda la reconfiguración territorial de las parcialidades indígenas ubicadas en el valle de Atriz. El texto se aleja de miradas esencialistas y ahistóricas y busca resaltar su dinamismo y complejidad. Se considera que más allá del marco legal de división o no, estas formas de organización experimentaron cambios. A través de revisión historiográfica y del análisis de leyes, censos, demandas, comunicaciones de autoridades estatales y de cabildos indígenas, mostramos que al compás de conyunturas políticas, de pleitos civiles y judiciales, de la venta y compra de terrenos, el territorio de las parcialidades indígenas de origen colonial se fue reconfigurando, al igual que se formaron nuevos poblados gobernados bajo el régimen de resguardo.

This study provides a novel framework for analysing PES-related degrees of ES-commodification. The framework differentiates PES programs by the extent to which ES are traded in a market-like exchange in terms of four PES design components. We apply this framework to a newly compiled global dataset of collective PES programs (C-PES). C-PES address communities and groups instead of individuals and private entities and provide voluntary, conditional incentives for ES protection. Many conservationists see potentials for supporting participation and cooperation when linking common land titles with the PES approach instead of strengthening private land tenure regimes. We identified 29 C-PES cases with clusters in Central and Southeast Africa, Central America, and Southeast Asia. Particularly C-PES programs focusing on carbon or wildlife ES reach medium to high degrees of commodification, whereas schemes targeting biodiversity, watershed, or bundled ES show rather low to medium degrees of commodification. Our framework allows for a more nuanced study of the pluralism of PES designs and lays the foundation for further research on the differentiated role of ES-commodification for social-ecological outcomes.

Rawa Pening Lake has been in critical condition, caused by high sedimentation levels, declining water quality, damage to the watershed, and excessive riparian occupation. Therefore, this study aims to identify the main problems of the revitalization of Rawa Pening lake. Data and information collection were carried out through direct observation and interviews. The results showed that the main problems of the lake were the removal of the water weeds/water hyacinths, tidal rice fields, and buildings on the lake and riparian areas. The solution to the three main problems is lake revitalization. The revitalization concept that can be proposed regarding the control of water hyacinth is by mechanical means (using water hyacinth lifting equipment, boats, and cutting water hyacinth) and by biological methods, namely the cultivation of koan fish that will eat water hyacinth. At the tidal rice fields, it is necessary to determine the water level limit wisely. The areas with elevation of 462.30 m3-463.25 m3 (covering an area of 812 Ha) can be planted twice a year. The areas with a height of 462.05 m3-462.30 m3 (covering an area of 200 Ha) can be planted once in the rainy season. The areas with elevation of 462.05 m3 cannot be planted because it is in a state of flooding. Incommensurate areas and lakes, there is a lot of land and buildings consisting of settlements, tourism destinations, places of worship, and restaurants. Then the proposed alternative solution is the land acquisition compensation of land and buildings in commensurate areas.

Objective: To analyze the sexual division of labor and the distribution of benefits around milk and cheese production in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. Methodology: Interviews with 14 women and 17 men, two workshops, participant observation, and 90 questionnaires applied to male and female landowners. Results: Most landowners (67.7%) sell unprocessed milk to cheesemakers in the region. Female landowners are either widows or single; as such, they have less access to resources and lower production levels. A smaller percentage (18.8%) of families transform milk into cheese, with women playing a crucial role and having a larger access to benefits. Limitations: Landowners were selected from the Ministry of Agriculture program lists, thus excluding cattle owners who are not beneficiaries. Conclusions: First, the marital status of women (widowhood or single) increases their vulnerability in the milk market traditionally dominated by men. Second, the transformation of milk into cheese is decreasing in the region, and with it, women’s participation in processing tasks and access to ranch benefits., Objetivo: analizar la división sexual del trabajo y el reparto de beneficios al interior de la familia en la producción de leche y queso en el Istmo de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. Metodología: se efectuaron entrevistas a 14 mujeres y 17 hombres, dos talleres, observación participante y 90 cuestionarios a titulares de la tierra de ambos sexos. Resultados: la mayor cantidad de titulares de la tierra (67.7%) comercializan la leche sin procesar a queseros de la región. Las de sexo femenino son viudas o solteras, motivo por el cual tienen menos acceso a recursos y niveles más bajos de producción. Un porcentaje menor (18.8%) de familias transforma la leche en queso, en cuyo caso, las mujeres tienen participación en su elaboración y venta, y, por lo tanto, mayor acceso a los beneficios. Limitaciones: la muestra se diseñó a partir del padrón de beneficiarios/as de programas de la Secretaría de Agricultura, excluyendo a ganaderos/as que no reciben estos apoyos. Conclusiones: primero, el estado civil de las mujeres (viudez o soltería) las hace más vulnerables ante el mercado de leche tradicionalmente dominado por hombres. Segundo, la transformación de la leche en queso ha ido desapareciendo en la región y, con ello, la participación de las mujeres en labores de procesamiento y su acceso a los beneficios.

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) gained an increasing importance in science and politics within the last decades. Although the enthusiasm about PES is particularly high in Environmental Economics, opponents criticize the market-based character of PES and the associated commodification as well as privatization trends. By means of a systematic literature review we aim at shedding light on the complex and controversial debate about how to define commodification and related privatization processes and how they are linked to PES outcomes. We do so by setting a particular focus on the potentials and challenges of community-based and collective PES (C-PES), also in contrast to PES targeting land under private land tenure (P-PES). Our results reveal that C-PES show promising results when targeting local communities with a high level of social capital. However, there is a lack of studies that systematically assess the relations between different degrees of commodification and the ecological and social outcome of PES programs. For this reason, we provide a new conceptual framework of commodification by highlighting two interrelated spheres, where PES-related commodification processes take place: The first sphere relates to the commodification of ES-providing land, which greatly depends on the land tenure regime in place. The second sphere addresses the commodification of ecosystem services (ES). Our review indicates that C-PES show rather low degrees of commodification in the first sphere because the ES-providing land is often less embedded into private land markets. This is due to often missing alienation rights, more complex decision-making processes, and a potentially lower profit-orientation of the landowners. Empirical long-term studies are needed to investigate changes in both spheres of commodification over time, their potential interactions, and how they affect the outcome of C-PES and P-PES programs.

The article processing charge was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – 491192747 and the Open Access Publication Fund of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin., Payments for ecosystem services (PES) gained an increasing importance in science and politics within the last decades. Although the enthusiasm about PES is particularly high in Environmental Economics, opponents criticize the market-based character of PES and the associated commodification as well as privatization trends. By means of a systematic literature review we aim at shedding light on the complex and controversial debate about how to define commodification and related privatization processes and how they are linked to PES outcomes. We do so by setting a particular focus on the potentials and challenges of community-based and collective PES (C-PES), also in contrast to PES targeting land under private land tenure (P-PES). Our results reveal that C-PES show promising results when targeting local communities with a high level of social capital. However, there is a lack of studies that systematically assess the relations between different degrees of commodification and the ecological and social outcome of PES programs. For this reason, we provide a new conceptual framework of commodification by highlighting two interrelated spheres, where PES-related commodification processes take place: The first sphere relates to the commodification of ES-providing land, which greatly depends on the land tenure regime in place. The second sphere addresses the commodification of ecosystem services (ES). Our review indicates that C-PES show rather low degrees of commodification in the first sphere because the ES-providing land is often less embedded into private land markets. This is due to often missing alienation rights, more complex decision-making processes, and a potentially lower profit-orientation of the landowners. Empirical long-term studies are needed to investigate changes in both spheres of commodification over time, their potential interactions, and how they affect the outcome of C-PES and P-PES programs., Peer Reviewed

The management of agroforestry parklands around protected areas should be sustainable to guarantee the persistence of biodiversity in these parklands and also contribute to preserving the ecological integrity of the protected areas. However, several factors related to the social status of the farmer driving the knowledge and management practices of agroforestry biodiversity hinder the sustainable management of parklands and indirectly threat biodiversity conservation in protected areas. A better understanding of these factors could suggest more sustainable management strategies that offer more protection. This study aims to determine the influence of the social status of the farmer (residence status, ethnicity and land tenure) and the proximity of protected areas on the management practices (agriculture and silviculture) and the floristic diversity and diameter structure of agroforestry parklands. The data was collected from a sample of 60 farms coupled with agroforestry parklands around the wildlife corridor of Pô-Nazinga-Sissili protected areas in Burkina Faso, considering the distance from the parkland to the protected area and the social status of the farmer. Semi-structured interviews followed by floristic inventories were conducted. A factorial analysis of mixed data was performed to determine the relationship between social status of farmers, agroforestry management practices, parkland plot distance from protected area and plot species richness in the parklands. The results first show that the use of agrochemical inputs is common to all farmers. Second, the management of agroforestry parklands depends on the social status of the farmer. Third, the agroforestry parklands nearest to the protected area had more stable structural parameters, higher species richness and natural regeneration rate compared to agroforestry parklands far from the protected area. The parklands nearest to the protected area are managed by migrant farmers who use the protected area to me, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

El fenómeno de colonización agraria en la región del Sarare (departamento de Arauca, Colombia) ha sido fundamental para la construcción social del territorio. Las coberturas vegetales nativas empezaron a ser reemplazadas por vías de comunicación y asentamientos que hicieron los primeros colonos, adaptándose a las condiciones ambientales preexistentes, y que determinaron el cambio en las actividades económicas, desde el establecimiento de grandes extensiones de explotación ganadera hasta la expansión del extractivismo patrocinado por el Estado colombiano. En este artículo mostraremos, a través de la recopilación de información primaria, observación participante y la revisión de fuentes secundarias, el impacto de la colonización en la estructura agraria del Sarare, entre 1960 y 1990, y los relatos locales acerca de la crisis derivada de la transformación de la naturaleza para el beneficio de grandes capitales, una problemática que permanece vigente y se acentúa por las políticas neoliberales y anti-insurgentes de los gobiernos de turno., The phenomenon of agrarian colonization in the Sarare region (department of Arauca, Colombia) has been fundamental for the social construction of the territory. The native vegetation covers began to be replaced by communication routes and settlements made by the first settlers, adapting to the pre-existing environmental conditions, and which determined the change in economic activities, from the establishment of large areas of cattle exploitation and to the expansion of extractivism sponsored by the Colombian State. In this article we will show, through the collection of primary information, participant observation and the review of secondary sources, the impact of the colonization on the agrarian structure of the Sarare, between 1960 and 1990, and the local accounts about the derived crisis of the transformation of nature for the benefit of large capital, a problem that remains in force and is accentuated by the neoliberal and anti-insurgent policies of the national governments.

This paper investigates the drivers and mechanisms behind the zero lease phenomenon in Sweden, which is characterised by no monetary transfer between landowners and land users, and has been captured in agricultural statistics since the late 1990s. The phenomenon is examined through a theoretical framework which combines rent theory with geographical and historically contextualised views of farming and farmland tenure. We use rent statistics but focus on exploring the geographical dimensions of zero lease farmland in Sweden, mapping spatial variations of rents, the scale of free-leased fields and the geographical location of these fields both at the farm and regional level. Our results show how the zero lease is related to geographical space and ongoing transformation processes in agriculture and rural spaces over time. The paper concludes that the zero lease creates a temporal flexibility for landowners, preserves non-monetary landscape values, and creates opportunities for future farming by preserving landesque capital. This Swedish example illustrates well how, when globally integrated markets force farmers to either restructure, intensify or extensify, and old farming models do not fit the global agri-food systems, farmers find ways to adjust through spatial and temporal means. Seeing the zero lease through farm geographies may suggest opportunities and solutions for making an alternative food and farming future.

Many critics of customary land rights systems call for conversion of customary tenure to leasehold. This policy note argues for a middle way forward. By formalising the collective ownership of customary land in two levels, primary and secondary rights, instead of converting it to exclusively individual leasehold estates, Zambian authorities can enhance the rights of primary claimants, without excluding secondary land rights holders from their livelihood bases.

Global mapping efforts to date have relied on vague and oversimplified definitions of “abandoned” agricultural land which results in overestimates of the land area that is likely to support persistent increases in forest cover and associated carbon sequestration. We propose a new conceptualization of abandoned agricultural land that incorporates changes in landholding status over time into determining whether land should be considered as abandoned. In order to develop more realistic estimates of the amount of land available for reforestation, we recommend clearly defining how abandoned land is categorized, discerning who owns and has rights to use the land, and combining remotely sensed data with household/stakeholder surveys to understand landowner motivations for not cropping or grazing land.

Land distribution favoured the economic growth of China, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. In these countries, distribution, coupled with state support, contributed greatly to the subsequent industrialisation of their economies. The literature recognises the remarkable development of East Asia. However, in other nations, especially in Africa and Latin America, distributional land reforms do not show satisfactory results in terms of development. This paper reviews the literature on the contributions of land distribution to the development of some countries that suffered from, or suffer from, a high concentration of land and poverty problems., La redistribución de la tierra favoreció el crecimiento económico de China, Corea del Sur, Japón y Taiwán. En estos países, la distribución, aunada al apoyo estatal, contribuyó en buena medida a la subsecuente industrialización de sus economías. La literatura reconoce el notable desarrollo del Este Asiático. Sin embargo, en otras naciones, especialmente de África y Latinoamérica, las reformas agrarias distributivas no evidencian resultados satisfactorios en materia de desarrollo. Este artículo revisa la literatura sobre las contribuciones de la distribución de la tierra al desarrollo de algunos países que padecieron o padecen alta concentración de tierra y problemas de pobreza.

It's been described as mysterious, majestic, weird, wonderful, and downright "Martian." Goblin Valley State Park is a Utah favorite for a reason—and now, it's growing. In a historic ceremony hosted on Friday, June 17, 2022, the Bureau of Land Management conveyed over 6,300 acres of federal public land to the Utah Division of State Parks, which will be used to expand Goblin Valley State Park.

This documentary research focuses on identifying the main factors why the projects in the Zodes of Montes de María have failed and have not generated the expected impact. The Zodes are a region that has ideal characteristics for the development of agro-industry; however, year after year the headlines speak of the losses that overwhelm the peasants of this region. Agribusiness has been seen from a perspective based on crops and livestock, when in reality what has condemned this sector to stagnation is a non-functional economy., Esta investigación documental se centra en identificar los principales factores por el cual los proyectos en los Zodes de los Montes de María han fracasado y no han generado el impacto que se esperaba. Los Zodes son una región que cuenta con características ideales para el desarrollo de la agroindustria; sin embargo, año tras año los titulares de prensa hablan de las pérdidas que agobian a los campesinos de esta región. La agroindustria se ha visto desde una perspectiva en función de los cultivos y el ganado, cuando en realidad lo que ha condenado a este sector a estancarse es una economía no multifuncional.

With contributions from both Mozambican and non-Mozambican scholars of multi-disciplinary backgrounds and approaches, this book provides a range of new perspectives on how Mozambique has been characterized by profound changes in its rural communities and places. Despite the persistence of poverty in Mozambique, significant investments have been made in rural areas in extractive industry or agribusiness, resulting in both the transformation of these areas, and a new set of tensions and conflicts related to land tenure and population resettlement. Meanwhile, the Mozambican rural landscape is one dominated by smallholders whose livelihoods depend on both farming and non-farming activities, and who are often extremely vulnerable to shocks and pressure over resources. The emergence of new civil society organizations has led to clashes with in the interests of local political, administrative and economic powers, creating fresh social conflicts. Transformations of the Rural Spaces in Mozambique examines the process of transformation across a range of settings; from the impacts of large-scale industries and the transformation of agriculture, to relations between state and non-state actors and issues related to land., Contents: Transformations of rural spaces in Mozambique: Introduction to a collective reflection / Cristina Udelsmann Rodrigues, Cecilia Navarra -- Part I CIVIL SOCIETY, LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND THE MULTIPLICITY OF ACTORS IN RURAL SPACES -- Chapter 1. Customary rules and the law of domestic violence: conflicting norms and social change in rural Mozambique / Marta Patrício -- Chapter 2. The trials and tribulations of rede terra: negotiating land tenure in Angola / Brad Safarik -- Chapter 3. REDD+ landscape and territoriality: opportunities and challenges for Mozambique / Almeida Alberto Sitoe, Benard Soares Guedes, Margaret B. Holland, Sá Nogueira Lisboa -- Part II EXTRACTIVE ACTIVITIES, RURAL LIVELIHOODS AND LOCAL ECONOMIES -- Chapter 4. Mining economy and political activism: the changing landscape in rural Tete / Inácio Dias de Andrade -- Chapter 5. Dislocation of the dead: land, burial and resettlement around coal mines in Mozambique / Nikkie Wiegink -- Chapter 6. Mining megaprojects and the onus on development in the local communities of Nampula Province, Mozambique: the case of Topuito, Larde District / Vanito Viriato Marcelino Frei -- Part III AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES -- Chapter 7. The gender dimension of small farmers’ integration in rural markets in Mozambique: a ten-year-long dialogue across context changes and evolving perspectives / Cecilia Navarra, Roberta Pellizzoli -- Chapter 8. The agri-food system and competitiveness strategies in value chains in Mozambique: a case study of maize, cowpea and sugar / Rabia Aiuba, Yara Nova -- Chapter 9. Rural transformation and the family farmers of the Lower Limpopo / Juliana Porsani -- Chapter 10. The emergence of medium-sized commercial producersin Mozambique: (dis)continuities and political (dis)alliances / João Feijó-Based on papers presented at a conference and policy dialogue in Maputo in May 2018, organized by The Nordic Africa Institute (Sweden) in partnership with Instituto de Estudos S

Amid trends of privatization, financialization, and decreasing access to agricultural land, there is a call for more sustainable and equitable land tenure and access. In response, I present four cases as interventions into the story of private property in the Canadian prairies, asking how stakeholders negotiate the multiple and sometimes competing functions of agricultural land in economic development, food production, conserving and enhancing ecological resources, recreation, and reconciliation. In qualitative studies of a) persuasive stories used by respondents to government consultations on land ownership to foster change b) public responses to changes in trespassing legislation, c) conflict and collaboration among stakeholders managing land for agri-environmental goals in alternative grazing land tenure models and d) a network of settler landholders sharing land with Indigenous land users, I employ critical realism to analyse interviews and secondary data. I consider questions of rights and responsibilities to land, mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion from land, the public good, and the discourse and actions that challenge or legitimize land access/tenure practices and related policies/legislation. Each case also explores the possibility of different futures for land regimes based on changing social relations as people work to challenge or further entrench private property rights. Alternatives to private land ownership cultivate diverse relationships in relation to, and with, land and people.

Amid trends of privatization, financialization, and decreasing access to agricultural land, there is a call for more sustainable and equitable land tenure and access. In response, I present four cases as interventions into the story of private property in the Canadian prairies, asking how stakeholders negotiate the multiple and sometimes competing functions of agricultural land in economic development, food production, conserving and enhancing ecological resources, recreation, and reconciliation. In qualitative studies of a) persuasive stories used by respondents to government consultations on land ownership to foster change b) public responses to changes in trespassing legislation, c) conflict and collaboration among stakeholders managing land for agri-environmental goals in alternative grazing land tenure models and d) a network of settler landholders sharing land with Indigenous land users, I employ critical realism to analyse interviews and secondary data. I consider questions of rights and responsibilities to land, mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion from land, the public good, and the discourse and actions that challenge or legitimize land access/tenure practices and related policies/legislation. Each case also explores the possibility of different futures for land regimes based on changing social relations as people work to challenge or further entrench private property rights. Alternatives to private land ownership cultivate diverse relationships in relation to, and with, land and people.

Many critics of customary land rights systems call for conversion of customary tenure to leasehold. This policy note argues for a middle way forward. By formalising the collective ownership of customary land in two levels, primary and secondary rights, instead of converting it to exclusively individual leasehold estates, Zambian authorities can enhance the rights of primary claimants, without excluding secondary land rights holders from their livelihood bases.

The present study is based on the survey of socioeconomic information of the parishes San Isidro, Ashi Nueve de Octubre belonging to the canton Morona Province of Morona Santiago, the document consists of an introduction where an analysis is made of the problem and social indicators in general from the province of morona Santiago and later landed in the Morona canton. Subsequently, the methodology applied for the collection of information is defined, the same one that consists of 3 specific moments, the first that refers to the processes of socialization with the farmers, the second that refers to the collection of information through workshops. with the territorial actors, and the third referring to the process of presenting the results, the same ones that were socialized and validated in the territory, finally the results of the diagnosis are presented where it can be observed as main characteristics that: The average area of the UPA is of 14.6 ha, 61.7% of the population is female, that 64.7% have internet and 38.7% have secondary education, in terms of agricultural parameters, 63% are dedicated to agricultural production , and the predominant crop is green plantain with 25% of the total cultivated area. Finally, we present the conclusions of the study., O presente estudo baseia-se no levantamento de informações socioeconômicas das paróquias San Isidro, Ashi Nueve de Octubre pertencentes ao cantão Morona Província de Morona Santiago, o documento consiste em uma introdução onde é feita uma análise do problema e indicadores sociais em geral da província de morona Santiago e depois desembarcou no cantão de Morona. Posteriormente, é definida a metodologia aplicada para a coleta de informações, a mesma que consiste em 3 momentos específicos, o primeiro que se refere aos processos de socialização com os agricultores, o segundo que se refere à coleta de informações por meio de oficinas. atores territoriais, e o terceiro referente ao processo de apresentação dos resultados, os mesmos que foram socializados e validados no território, por fim são apresentados os resultados do diagnóstico onde se pode observar como principais características que: A área média de a UPA é de 14,6 ha, 61,7% da população é do sexo feminino, que 64,7% tem internet e 38,7% tem ensino médio, em termos de parâmetros agrícolas, 63% são dedicados à produção agrícola, e a cultura predominante é a banana verde com 25% da área total cultivada. Por fim, apresentamos as conclusões do estudo., El presente estudio se fundamenta en el levantamiento de información socioeconómica de las parroquias San Isidro, Ashi Nueve de Octubre pertenecientes al cantón Morona Provincia de Morona Santiago, el documento consta de una introducción en donde se realiza un análisis sobre la problemática e indicadores sociales en general de la provincia de morona Santiago y posteriormente se aterriza en el cantón Morona. Posteriormente se define la metodología aplicada para el levantamiento de la información, la misma que consta de 3 momentos específicos, el primero que se refiere al procesos de socialización con los agricultores, el segundo que se refiere al de levantamiento de la información a través de talleres con los actores territoriales, y el tercero referente al proceso de presentación de los resultados los mismos que fueron socializados y validados en territorio, finalmente se presenta los resultados del diagnóstico en donde se puede observar como principales características que: El área promedio de la UPA es de 14,6 ha, el 61,7% de la población es femenina, que el 64,7% dispone de internet y el 38,7% tiene instrucción secundaria, en cuanto a los parámetros agropecuarios el 63% se dedica ala producción agrícola, y el cultivo predominante el plátano verde con el 25% del total de área cultivada. Finalmente presentamos las conclusiones del estudio.

La Bella is a village of Pereira, in 1970 was a rural area, with subsistence crops farms, in this decade two processes took place, the peasant struggle for land and the consolidation of Law 135 of 1961 with La Hacienda Santacoloma located in La Bella, and the replacement of traditional coffee and livestock, by the long onion (Allium fistulosum) as a monoculture, in another nearby village, La Florida. This article highlights the voice of some protagonist peasants to understand the struggle for land and its impact on the new form of agricultural production., La Bella, corregimiento de Pereira, en 1970 era un paraje rural con fincas tradicionales de pan coger. En esta década se dieron dos procesos: uno, la lucha campesina por la tierra y la consolidación de la Ley 135 de 1961 con La Hacienda Santacoloma ubicada en La Bella; y, dos, el reemplazo del café tradicional y la ganadería por el monocultivo de la cebolla larga (Allium fistulosum) en otra vereda cercana, La Florida. Este artículo resalta la voz de algunos campesinos protagonistas para comprender la lucha por la tierra y su incidencia en la nueva forma de producción agrícola.

The present study is based on the survey of socioeconomic information of the parishes San Isidro, Ashi Nueve de Octubre belonging to the canton Morona Province of Morona Santiago, the document consists of an introduction where an analysis is made of the problem and social indicators in general from the province of morona Santiago and later landed in the Morona canton. Subsequently, the methodology applied for the collection of information is defined, the same one that consists of 3 specific moments, the first that refers to the processes of socialization with the farmers, the second that refers to the collection of information through workshops. with the territorial actors, and the third referring to the process of presenting the results, the same ones that were socialized and validated in the territory, finally the results of the diagnosis are presented where it can be observed as main characteristics that: The average area of the UPA is of 14.6 ha, 61.7% of the population is female, that 64.7% have internet and 38.7% have secondary education, in terms of agricultural parameters, 63% are dedicated to agricultural production , and the predominant crop is green plantain with 25% of the total cultivated area. Finally, we present the conclusions of the study., O presente estudo baseia-se no levantamento de informações socioeconômicas das paróquias San Isidro, Ashi Nueve de Octubre pertencentes ao cantão Morona Província de Morona Santiago, o documento consiste em uma introdução onde é feita uma análise do problema e indicadores sociais em geral da província de morona Santiago e depois desembarcou no cantão de Morona. Posteriormente, é definida a metodologia aplicada para a coleta de informações, a mesma que consiste em 3 momentos específicos, o primeiro que se refere aos processos de socialização com os agricultores, o segundo que se refere à coleta de informações por meio de oficinas. atores territoriais, e o terceiro referente ao processo de apresentação dos resultados, os mesmos que foram socializados e validados no território, por fim são apresentados os resultados do diagnóstico onde se pode observar como principais características que: A área média de a UPA é de 14,6 ha, 61,7% da população é do sexo feminino, que 64,7% tem internet e 38,7% tem ensino médio, em termos de parâmetros agrícolas, 63% são dedicados à produção agrícola, e a cultura predominante é a banana verde com 25% da área total cultivada. Por fim, apresentamos as conclusões do estudo., El presente estudio se fundamenta en el levantamiento de información socioeconómica de las parroquias San Isidro, Ashi Nueve de Octubre pertenecientes al cantón Morona Provincia de Morona Santiago, el documento consta de una introducción en donde se realiza un análisis sobre la problemática e indicadores sociales en general de la provincia de morona Santiago y posteriormente se aterriza en el cantón Morona. Posteriormente se define la metodología aplicada para el levantamiento de la información, la misma que consta de 3 momentos específicos, el primero que se refiere al procesos de socialización con los agricultores, el segundo que se refiere al de levantamiento de la información a través de talleres con los actores territoriales, y el tercero referente al proceso de presentación de los resultados los mismos que fueron socializados y validados en territorio, finalmente se presenta los resultados del diagnóstico en donde se puede observar como principales características que: El área promedio de la UPA es de 14,6 ha, el 61,7% de la población es femenina, que el 64,7% dispone de internet y el 38,7% tiene instrucción secundaria, en cuanto a los parámetros agropecuarios el 63% se dedica ala producción agrícola, y el cultivo predominante el plátano verde con el 25% del total de área cultivada. Finalmente presentamos las conclusiones del estudio.

It's been described as mysterious, majestic, weird, wonderful, and downright "Martian." Goblin Valley State Park is a Utah favorite for a reason—and now, it's growing. In a historic ceremony hosted on Friday, June 17, 2022, the Bureau of Land Management conveyed over 6,300 acres of federal public land to the Utah Division of State Parks, which will be used to expand Goblin Valley State Park.

La Bella is a village of Pereira, in 1970 was a rural area, with subsistence crops farms, in this decade two processes took place, the peasant struggle for land and the consolidation of Law 135 of 1961 with La Hacienda Santacoloma located in La Bella, and the replacement of traditional coffee and livestock, by the long onion (Allium fistulosum) as a monoculture, in another nearby village, La Florida. This article highlights the voice of some protagonist peasants to understand the struggle for land and its impact on the new form of agricultural production., La Bella, corregimiento de Pereira, en 1970 era un paraje rural con fincas tradicionales de pan coger. En esta década se dieron dos procesos: uno, la lucha campesina por la tierra y la consolidación de la Ley 135 de 1961 con La Hacienda Santacoloma ubicada en La Bella; y, dos, el reemplazo del café tradicional y la ganadería por el monocultivo de la cebolla larga (Allium fistulosum) en otra vereda cercana, La Florida. Este artículo resalta la voz de algunos campesinos protagonistas para comprender la lucha por la tierra y su incidencia en la nueva forma de producción agrícola.

Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have recently gone through agricultural transformations towards increased production of commercial crops, primarily for export, to promote national economic growth. Rural populations are often at the center of such transformations as intended targets of State policies, though their roles in strategies for rural development and poverty alleviation are contested. We approach these changes not as a simple opportunity for accumulation, but rather as an instance of ‘rupture’, through which opportunities, risks and impacts are experienced differentially by the targeted farmers. With an example from Rwanda, we ask how the State’s policy strategy and attempts to construct "ideal agricultural subjects" resonate with the actual changes experienced by farmers themselves. We present three different empirical examples to show that a) when opportunities from agricultural transformation initially arise, only the wealthiest can capture them, and even then the government is seen as the main beneficiary; b) some priority crop growers experience an increase in income and savings due to higher productivity and better prices, while those who do not grow priority crops face land scarcity and lack of employment opportunities; c) requirements to upscale livestock production do not align with the strategies or capacities of many smallholders. We show that only endowed farmers with sufficient land and ability to engage in priority crops or livestock production can take advantage of the opportunities presented by agricultural transformation, while smallholders with constraints to their adoption of promoted changes face vulnerability to dispossession and poverty. We relate these findings to our broader conceptual frame, and encourage further research to explore the integration, modification, resistance to and impacts of idealized policies in Rwanda and across sub-Saharan Africa.

With contributions from both Mozambican and non-Mozambican scholars of multi-disciplinary backgrounds and approaches, this book provides a range of new perspectives on how Mozambique has been characterized by profound changes in its rural communities and places. Despite the persistence of poverty in Mozambique, significant investments have been made in rural areas in extractive industry or agribusiness, resulting in both the transformation of these areas, and a new set of tensions and conflicts related to land tenure and population resettlement. Meanwhile, the Mozambican rural landscape is one dominated by smallholders whose livelihoods depend on both farming and non-farming activities, and who are often extremely vulnerable to shocks and pressure over resources. The emergence of new civil society organizations has led to clashes with in the interests of local political, administrative and economic powers, creating fresh social conflicts. Transformations of the Rural Spaces in Mozambique examines the process of transformation across a range of settings; from the impacts of large-scale industries and the transformation of agriculture, to relations between state and non-state actors and issues related to land., Contents: Transformations of rural spaces in Mozambique: Introduction to a collective reflection / Cristina Udelsmann Rodrigues, Cecilia Navarra -- Part I CIVIL SOCIETY, LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND THE MULTIPLICITY OF ACTORS IN RURAL SPACES -- Chapter 1. Customary rules and the law of domestic violence: conflicting norms and social change in rural Mozambique / Marta Patrício -- Chapter 2. The trials and tribulations of rede terra: negotiating land tenure in Angola / Brad Safarik -- Chapter 3. REDD+ landscape and territoriality: opportunities and challenges for Mozambique / Almeida Alberto Sitoe, Benard Soares Guedes, Margaret B. Holland, Sá Nogueira Lisboa -- Part II EXTRACTIVE ACTIVITIES, RURAL LIVELIHOODS AND LOCAL ECONOMIES -- Chapter 4. Mining economy and political activism: the changing landscape in rural Tete / Inácio Dias de Andrade -- Chapter 5. Dislocation of the dead: land, burial and resettlement around coal mines in Mozambique / Nikkie Wiegink -- Chapter 6. Mining megaprojects and the onus on development in the local communities of Nampula Province, Mozambique: the case of Topuito, Larde District / Vanito Viriato Marcelino Frei -- Part III AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES -- Chapter 7. The gender dimension of small farmers’ integration in rural markets in Mozambique: a ten-year-long dialogue across context changes and evolving perspectives / Cecilia Navarra, Roberta Pellizzoli -- Chapter 8. The agri-food system and competitiveness strategies in value chains in Mozambique: a case study of maize, cowpea and sugar / Rabia Aiuba, Yara Nova -- Chapter 9. Rural transformation and the family farmers of the Lower Limpopo / Juliana Porsani -- Chapter 10. The emergence of medium-sized commercial producersin Mozambique: (dis)continuities and political (dis)alliances / João Feijó-Based on papers presented at a conference and policy dialogue in Maputo in May 2018, organized by The Nordic Africa Institute (Sweden) in partnership with Instituto de Estudos S

With contributions from both Mozambican and non-Mozambican scholars of multi-disciplinary backgrounds and approaches, this book provides a range of new perspectives on how Mozambique has been characterized by profound changes in its rural communities and places. Despite the persistence of poverty in Mozambique, significant investments have been made in rural areas in extractive industry or agribusiness, resulting in both the transformation of these areas, and a new set of tensions and conflicts related to land tenure and population resettlement. Meanwhile, the Mozambican rural landscape is one dominated by smallholders whose livelihoods depend on both farming and non-farming activities, and who are often extremely vulnerable to shocks and pressure over resources. The emergence of new civil society organizations has led to clashes with in the interests of local political, administrative and economic powers, creating fresh social conflicts. Transformations of the Rural Spaces in Mozambique examines the process of transformation across a range of settings; from the impacts of large-scale industries and the transformation of agriculture, to relations between state and non-state actors and issues related to land., Contents: Transformations of rural spaces in Mozambique: Introduction to a collective reflection / Cristina Udelsmann Rodrigues, Cecilia Navarra -- Part I CIVIL SOCIETY, LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND THE MULTIPLICITY OF ACTORS IN RURAL SPACES -- Chapter 1. Customary rules and the law of domestic violence: conflicting norms and social change in rural Mozambique / Marta Patrício -- Chapter 2. The trials and tribulations of rede terra: negotiating land tenure in Angola / Brad Safarik -- Chapter 3. REDD+ landscape and territoriality: opportunities and challenges for Mozambique / Almeida Alberto Sitoe, Benard Soares Guedes, Margaret B. Holland, Sá Nogueira Lisboa -- Part II EXTRACTIVE ACTIVITIES, RURAL LIVELIHOODS AND LOCAL ECONOMIES -- Chapter 4. Mining economy and political activism: the changing landscape in rural Tete / Inácio Dias de Andrade -- Chapter 5. Dislocation of the dead: land, burial and resettlement around coal mines in Mozambique / Nikkie Wiegink -- Chapter 6. Mining megaprojects and the onus on development in the local communities of Nampula Province, Mozambique: the case of Topuito, Larde District / Vanito Viriato Marcelino Frei -- Part III AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES -- Chapter 7. The gender dimension of small farmers’ integration in rural markets in Mozambique: a ten-year-long dialogue across context changes and evolving perspectives / Cecilia Navarra, Roberta Pellizzoli -- Chapter 8. The agri-food system and competitiveness strategies in value chains in Mozambique: a case study of maize, cowpea and sugar / Rabia Aiuba, Yara Nova -- Chapter 9. Rural transformation and the family farmers of the Lower Limpopo / Juliana Porsani -- Chapter 10. The emergence of medium-sized commercial producersin Mozambique: (dis)continuities and political (dis)alliances / João Feijó-Based on papers presented at a conference and policy dialogue in Maputo in May 2018, organized by The Nordic Africa Institute (Sweden) in partnership with Instituto de Estudos S

With contributions from both Mozambican and non-Mozambican scholars of multi-disciplinary backgrounds and approaches, this book provides a range of new perspectives on how Mozambique has been characterized by profound changes in its rural communities and places. Despite the persistence of poverty in Mozambique, significant investments have been made in rural areas in extractive industry or agribusiness, resulting in both the transformation of these areas, and a new set of tensions and conflicts related to land tenure and population resettlement. Meanwhile, the Mozambican rural landscape is one dominated by smallholders whose livelihoods depend on both farming and non-farming activities, and who are often extremely vulnerable to shocks and pressure over resources. The emergence of new civil society organizations has led to clashes with in the interests of local political, administrative and economic powers, creating fresh social conflicts. Transformations of the Rural Spaces in Mozambique examines the process of transformation across a range of settings; from the impacts of large-scale industries and the transformation of agriculture, to relations between state and non-state actors and issues related to land., Contents: Transformations of rural spaces in Mozambique: Introduction to a collective reflection / Cristina Udelsmann Rodrigues, Cecilia Navarra -- Part I CIVIL SOCIETY, LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND THE MULTIPLICITY OF ACTORS IN RURAL SPACES -- Chapter 1. Customary rules and the law of domestic violence: conflicting norms and social change in rural Mozambique / Marta Patrício -- Chapter 2. The trials and tribulations of rede terra: negotiating land tenure in Angola / Brad Safarik -- Chapter 3. REDD+ landscape and territoriality: opportunities and challenges for Mozambique / Almeida Alberto Sitoe, Benard Soares Guedes, Margaret B. Holland, Sá Nogueira Lisboa -- Part II EXTRACTIVE ACTIVITIES, RURAL LIVELIHOODS AND LOCAL ECONOMIES -- Chapter 4. Mining economy and political activism: the changing landscape in rural Tete / Inácio Dias de Andrade -- Chapter 5. Dislocation of the dead: land, burial and resettlement around coal mines in Mozambique / Nikkie Wiegink -- Chapter 6. Mining megaprojects and the onus on development in the local communities of Nampula Province, Mozambique: the case of Topuito, Larde District / Vanito Viriato Marcelino Frei -- Part III AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES -- Chapter 7. The gender dimension of small farmers’ integration in rural markets in Mozambique: a ten-year-long dialogue across context changes and evolving perspectives / Cecilia Navarra, Roberta Pellizzoli -- Chapter 8. The agri-food system and competitiveness strategies in value chains in Mozambique: a case study of maize, cowpea and sugar / Rabia Aiuba, Yara Nova -- Chapter 9. Rural transformation and the family farmers of the Lower Limpopo / Juliana Porsani -- Chapter 10. The emergence of medium-sized commercial producersin Mozambique: (dis)continuities and political (dis)alliances / João Feijó-Based on papers presented at a conference and policy dialogue in Maputo in May 2018, organized by The Nordic Africa Institute (Sweden) in partnership with Instituto de Estudos S

Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have recently gone through agricultural transformations towards increased production of commercial crops, primarily for export, to promote national economic growth. Rural populations are often at the center of such transformations as intended targets of State policies, though their roles in strategies for rural development and poverty alleviation are contested. We approach these changes not as a simple opportunity for accumulation, but rather as an instance of ‘rupture’, through which opportunities, risks and impacts are experienced differentially by the targeted farmers. With an example from Rwanda, we ask how the State’s policy strategy and attempts to construct "ideal agricultural subjects" resonate with the actual changes experienced by farmers themselves. We present three different empirical examples to show that a) when opportunities from agricultural transformation initially arise, only the wealthiest can capture them, and even then the government is seen as the main beneficiary; b) some priority crop growers experience an increase in income and savings due to higher productivity and better prices, while those who do not grow priority crops face land scarcity and lack of employment opportunities; c) requirements to upscale livestock production do not align with the strategies or capacities of many smallholders. We show that only endowed farmers with sufficient land and ability to engage in priority crops or livestock production can take advantage of the opportunities presented by agricultural transformation, while smallholders with constraints to their adoption of promoted changes face vulnerability to dispossession and poverty. We relate these findings to our broader conceptual frame, and encourage further research to explore the integration, modification, resistance to and impacts of idealized policies in Rwanda and across sub-Saharan Africa.

The phenomenon of agrarian colonization in the Sarare region (department of Arauca, Colombia) has been fundamental for the social construction of the territory. The native vegetation covers began to be replaced by communication routes and settlements made by the first settlers, adapting to the pre-existing environmental conditions, and which determined the change in economic activities, from the establishment of large areas of cattle exploitation and to the expansion of extractivism sponsored by the Colombian State. In this article we will show, through the collection of primary information, participant observation and the review of secondary sources, the impact of the colonization on the agrarian structure of the Sarare, between 1960 and 1990, and the local accounts about the derived crisis of the transformation of nature for the benefit of large capital, a problem that remains in force and is accentuated by the neoliberal and anti-insurgent policies of the national governments., El fenómeno de colonización agraria en la región del Sarare (departamento de Arauca, Colombia) ha sido fundamental para la construcción social del territorio. Las coberturas vegetales nativas empezaron a ser reemplazadas por vías de comunicación y asentamientos que hicieron los primeros colonos, adaptándose a las condiciones ambientales preexistentes, y que determinaron el cambio en las actividades económicas, desde el establecimiento de grandes extensiones de explotación ganadera hasta la expansión del extractivismo patrocinado por el Estado colombiano. En este artículo mostraremos, a través de la recopilación de información primaria, observación participante y la revisión de fuentes secundarias, el impacto de la colonización en la estructura agraria del Sarare, entre 1960 y 1990, y los relatos locales acerca de la crisis derivada de la transformación de la naturaleza para el beneficio de grandes capitales, una problemática que permanece vigente y se acentúa por las políticas neoliberales y anti-insurgentes de los gobiernos de turno.

Agricultural transformations have significantly contributed to the global market’s year-round supply of capital-intensive greenhouse-grown crops. For instance, berry production in México is increasingly relying on greenhouse systems to meet the growing demand of international markets, particularly in the USA. It is still unclear to what extent these transformations are related to land tenure, as data on greenhouse distribution often do not exist, are incomplete, or lack spatial resolution. This paper presents a support vector machine learning algorithm tool to map greenhouse expansion using satellite images. The tool is applied to the major berry-growing region of Michoacán, México. Here agricultural areas are transforming to satisfy foreign demand for berries, altering local land and water resource use patterns. We use this tool and a unique land tenure dataset to investigate (a) the spatially explicit extent to which high-input commercial agriculture (mainly the production of berries) has expanded in this region since 1989; and (b) the extent to which smallholder (ejidal) land has been incorporated into the highly capitalized agro-export sector. We combine a national dataset on ejidal land (which includes both communal and parcel land) with geospatial agricultural data to quantify the land-use changes in six municipalities in the berry-growing region of Michoacán between 1989 and 2021. We find that the development of the greenhouse berry boom can be quantified and shown with spatially-explicit detail, growing from zero to over 9,500 ha over the period, using almost one-quarter of all regional agricultural land in 2020. We further find that the capital-intensive market-oriented berry industry has been widely integrated into smallholder ejidal lands, so much so that over half of greenhouses are found there.

Agricultural commercialization is concerned with improving market-oriented production in expectation of maximizing profit. While previous state policies in Ghana favoured commercialization by medium and large scale cultivators, there exists a new national commitment dubbed the Planting for Food and Jobs Policy that seeks to leverage on the cumulative productive potential of small farmers for sustained economic growth. This requires structural shifts away from subsistence towards entrepreneurial modes of production. While exogenous factors such as demographic, infrastructural and technological changes are central to eliciting optimal gains from commercialization processes, the thesis concerns the endogenous aspects relating to intra-household and intra-community land asset distribution, production capacities among different smallholder groups and institutional synergies between land tenure actors. The linkages between commercialization and land tenure outcomes are neither always direct nor tangible on the ground. They are determined by varied factors that may improve the commercialization and land tenure conditions of one group as a result or constrain another. Can we therefore posit that the process of smallholder commercialization relates largely to inevitable processes of social differentiation and related loss of land? This thesis calls into question these issues within an analytical framework of theories of access, property rights, smallholder differentiation, gender dynamics and de/repeasantization and de/reagrarianization.The empirical basis of the thesis is qualitative, utilizing key informant and household interviews, focus group discussions, participatory rural appraisal exercises and document analysis. Findings show how tense interactions between state and customary actors fuelled by narratives of traditionalization, non-interference and replacement reduce the opportunities for synergies in implementing agricultural policies. The thesis further shows how m

This study examines the impact of land tenure systems on aquaculture farm productivity, efficiency, and profitability based on information obtained from interviews with 517 randomly selected aquaculture farms across Bangladesh. Propensity score matching (PSM) is used to estimate productivity variation, and the stochastic frontier production function (SFPF) is employed to analyze efficiency variation depending on aquaculture farms' land ownership. The results reveal that the productivity and efficiency of cash tenant farms are significantly higher than those of self-owned farms, but that the land-owner extracts most of the associated profits through the rent. Furthermore, the efficiency of self-owned farms decreases with farm size, while the opposite is true for cash tenant farms.

Refer to document

With contributions from both Mozambican and non-Mozambican scholars of multi-disciplinary backgrounds and approaches, this book provides a range of new perspectives on how Mozambique has been characterized by profound changes in its rural communities and places. Despite the persistence of poverty in Mozambique, significant investments have been made in rural areas in extractive industry or agribusiness, resulting in both the transformation of these areas, and a new set of tensions and conflicts related to land tenure and population resettlement. Meanwhile, the Mozambican rural landscape is one dominated by smallholders whose livelihoods depend on both farming and non-farming activities, and who are often extremely vulnerable to shocks and pressure over resources. The emergence of new civil society organizations has led to clashes with in the interests of local political, administrative and economic powers, creating fresh social conflicts. Transformations of the Rural Spaces in Mozambique examines the process of transformation across a range of settings; from the impacts of large-scale industries and the transformation of agriculture, to relations between state and non-state actors and issues related to land., Contents: Transformations of rural spaces in Mozambique: Introduction to a collective reflection / Cristina Udelsmann Rodrigues, Cecilia Navarra -- Part I CIVIL SOCIETY, LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND THE MULTIPLICITY OF ACTORS IN RURAL SPACES -- Chapter 1. Customary rules and the law of domestic violence: conflicting norms and social change in rural Mozambique / Marta Patrício -- Chapter 2. The trials and tribulations of rede terra: negotiating land tenure in Angola / Brad Safarik -- Chapter 3. REDD+ landscape and territoriality: opportunities and challenges for Mozambique / Almeida Alberto Sitoe, Benard Soares Guedes, Margaret B. Holland, Sá Nogueira Lisboa -- Part II EXTRACTIVE ACTIVITIES, RURAL LIVELIHOODS AND LOCAL ECONOMIES -- Chapter 4. Mining economy and political activism: the changing landscape in rural Tete / Inácio Dias de Andrade -- Chapter 5. Dislocation of the dead: land, burial and resettlement around coal mines in Mozambique / Nikkie Wiegink -- Chapter 6. Mining megaprojects and the onus on development in the local communities of Nampula Province, Mozambique: the case of Topuito, Larde District / Vanito Viriato Marcelino Frei -- Part III AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES -- Chapter 7. The gender dimension of small farmers’ integration in rural markets in Mozambique: a ten-year-long dialogue across context changes and evolving perspectives / Cecilia Navarra, Roberta Pellizzoli -- Chapter 8. The agri-food system and competitiveness strategies in value chains in Mozambique: a case study of maize, cowpea and sugar / Rabia Aiuba, Yara Nova -- Chapter 9. Rural transformation and the family farmers of the Lower Limpopo / Juliana Porsani -- Chapter 10. The emergence of medium-sized commercial producersin Mozambique: (dis)continuities and political (dis)alliances / João Feijó-Based on papers presented at a conference and policy dialogue in Maputo in May 2018, organized by The Nordic Africa Institute (Sweden) in partnership with Instituto de Estudos S

Many critics of customary land rights systems call for conversion of customary tenure to leasehold. This policy note argues for a middle way forward. By formalising the collective ownership of customary land in two levels, primary and secondary rights, instead of converting it to exclusively individual leasehold estates, Zambian authorities can enhance the rights of primary claimants, without excluding secondary land rights holders from their livelihood bases.

Many critics of customary land rights systems call for conversion of customary tenure to leasehold. This policy note argues for a middle way forward. By formalising the collective ownership of customary land in two levels, primary and secondary rights, instead of converting it to exclusively individual leasehold estates, Zambian authorities can enhance the rights of primary claimants, without excluding secondary land rights holders from their livelihood bases.

Many critics of customary land rights systems call for conversion of customary tenure to leasehold. This policy note argues for a middle way forward. By formalising the collective ownership of customary land in two levels, primary and secondary rights, instead of converting it to exclusively individual leasehold estates, Zambian authorities can enhance the rights of primary claimants, without excluding secondary land rights holders from their livelihood bases.

With contributions from both Mozambican and non-Mozambican scholars of multi-disciplinary backgrounds and approaches, this book provides a range of new perspectives on how Mozambique has been characterized by profound changes in its rural communities and places. Despite the persistence of poverty in Mozambique, significant investments have been made in rural areas in extractive industry or agribusiness, resulting in both the transformation of these areas, and a new set of tensions and conflicts related to land tenure and population resettlement. Meanwhile, the Mozambican rural landscape is one dominated by smallholders whose livelihoods depend on both farming and non-farming activities, and who are often extremely vulnerable to shocks and pressure over resources. The emergence of new civil society organizations has led to clashes with in the interests of local political, administrative and economic powers, creating fresh social conflicts. Transformations of the Rural Spaces in Mozambique examines the process of transformation across a range of settings; from the impacts of large-scale industries and the transformation of agriculture, to relations between state and non-state actors and issues related to land., Contents: Transformations of rural spaces in Mozambique: Introduction to a collective reflection / Cristina Udelsmann Rodrigues, Cecilia Navarra -- Part I CIVIL SOCIETY, LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND THE MULTIPLICITY OF ACTORS IN RURAL SPACES -- Chapter 1. Customary rules and the law of domestic violence: conflicting norms and social change in rural Mozambique / Marta Patrício -- Chapter 2. The trials and tribulations of rede terra: negotiating land tenure in Angola / Brad Safarik -- Chapter 3. REDD+ landscape and territoriality: opportunities and challenges for Mozambique / Almeida Alberto Sitoe, Benard Soares Guedes, Margaret B. Holland, Sá Nogueira Lisboa -- Part II EXTRACTIVE ACTIVITIES, RURAL LIVELIHOODS AND LOCAL ECONOMIES -- Chapter 4. Mining economy and political activism: the changing landscape in rural Tete / Inácio Dias de Andrade -- Chapter 5. Dislocation of the dead: land, burial and resettlement around coal mines in Mozambique / Nikkie Wiegink -- Chapter 6. Mining megaprojects and the onus on development in the local communities of Nampula Province, Mozambique: the case of Topuito, Larde District / Vanito Viriato Marcelino Frei -- Part III AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES -- Chapter 7. The gender dimension of small farmers’ integration in rural markets in Mozambique: a ten-year-long dialogue across context changes and evolving perspectives / Cecilia Navarra, Roberta Pellizzoli -- Chapter 8. The agri-food system and competitiveness strategies in value chains in Mozambique: a case study of maize, cowpea and sugar / Rabia Aiuba, Yara Nova -- Chapter 9. Rural transformation and the family farmers of the Lower Limpopo / Juliana Porsani -- Chapter 10. The emergence of medium-sized commercial producersin Mozambique: (dis)continuities and political (dis)alliances / João Feijó-Based on papers presented at a conference and policy dialogue in Maputo in May 2018, organized by The Nordic Africa Institute (Sweden) in partnership with Instituto de Estudos S

The Andean town of Chinchero, near Cuzco, has traditionally been an agricultural spot. However, over the last few decades agriculture has been in recess as the region experienced a surge in international tourism. Nowadays the covid-19 crisis is having a tremendous impact on the tourism business in Peru, as the country struggles to control the pandemic and the international borders have been closed since March. Considering the new scenario, this paper examines the consequences of the collapse of the tourism industry for the agricultural production in Chinchero. Specifically it asks whether or not people's perceptions and attitudes towards agriculture have substantially changed or not in the midst of the pandemic, and the extent to which these perceptions may somehow redress the town's increasing trend towards depeasantisation and touristification.

Amid trends of privatization, financialization, and decreasing access to agricultural land, there is a call for more sustainable and equitable land tenure and access. In response, I present four cases as interventions into the story of private property in the Canadian prairies, asking how stakeholders negotiate the multiple and sometimes competing functions of agricultural land in economic development, food production, conserving and enhancing ecological resources, recreation, and reconciliation. In qualitative studies of a) persuasive stories used by respondents to government consultations on land ownership to foster change b) public responses to changes in trespassing legislation, c) conflict and collaboration among stakeholders managing land for agri-environmental goals in alternative grazing land tenure models and d) a network of settler landholders sharing land with Indigenous land users, I employ critical realism to analyse interviews and secondary data. I consider questions of rights and responsibilities to land, mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion from land, the public good, and the discourse and actions that challenge or legitimize land access/tenure practices and related policies/legislation. Each case also explores the possibility of different futures for land regimes based on changing social relations as people work to challenge or further entrench private property rights. Alternatives to private land ownership cultivate diverse relationships in relation to, and with, land and people.

This paper examines the effect of women's effective land ownership on female empowerment and household food security in the context of Peruvian family farming. Using an instrumental variable approach, we explore whether self-declared informal ownership of plots provides women with increased bargaining power, empowering them to participate more actively in productive decision-making that leads to improved crop diversity and food security. While our results do not find significant effects of informal land ownership on women's empowerment, we do find that owning land significantly decreases the daily time dedicated to agricultural work, possibly freeing up time for the woman to engage in other activities. Results also show that female land ownership significantly increases the level of crop diversity and improves the households probability of being food secure by 20 percentage points. This suggests that equal access to land, even without formal title, plays an important role in improving household welfare among smallholder family farmers.

Purpose: This study examined the nexus between land tenure security (LTS) and food security (FS) in female-led households of Tula agrarian settlements. Design/Methodology: The study used a qualitative research design, which was based on the constructivist paradigm. The researchers conducted in-depth interviews with female household heads cutting across the three 'yaati' (villages) of Tula Baule. Analysis of data collected from the interviews was done employing transcriptions, creation of semantic networks and employing thematic content analysis. Findings: The study revealed that all but few respondents believed that they had LTS based on “Feloh’s” (ancestral gods) supremacy without recourse to documentary evidence of ownership. Similarly, all but few participants do not have access to three square meal per day throughout the study period. The study also found a strong relationship between LTS and FS in the study area. Practical Implication: It provides an empirical base to equip policymakers with valuable information for making policies relating to female's access to land and food in agrarian settlements. Originality/Value: This study is one of the first to empirically analyse in an eclectic context land and food security in female-led agrarian households of Tula, Nigeria.