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Both in teaching and linguistics, the study and research of habits has always been relevant. The study of habits in teaching with new methods is important for the science of linguistics today.The teaching of habits in teaching began in the 19th century and continues until the present day. Habits in the Azerbaijani language appear as morphemes in the form of both root and suffix morphemes. Learning in this way is always important for teaching methodology. One-and two-syllable idioms, which we involved in the study of habit morphemes over the history and dialects of the Azerbaijani language, are distinguished by their intensive activity in the language.The shades of meaning of habits in the Azerbaijani language are also very rich: sign, question, command, confirmation, denial, clarifying, limiting, strengthening, etc. In the studies conducted on particles, their meanings are shown in different ways. If one reason for this depends on the place and content of the words, word combinations and sentences with which habit morphemes are connected, the other reason can be explained by the subjective position of linguists on the issue. It is from this point of view that the investigation and study of particles is important. In the research article, specific methodological results were obtained based on educational materials, using comparative and descriptive methods.

In this article, words related to Urdu socio-political vocabulary are separated from journalistic texts and analyzed according to their derivational features.

This article provides information on affixation, one of the types of word formation in Uzbek and English, and analyzes some similarities and differences in this type of word formation in both languages.

This article provides information on affixation, one of the types of word formation in Uzbek and English, and analyzes some similarities and differences in this type of word formation in both languages.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the features of phonetic terms in the field of phonological processes.Based on a theoretical analysis of scientific and methodological literature, the authors present different perspectives and studies by prominent linguists on the designation and fixation of phonetic terms in the field of morphonology and morphonological phenomena. Such terms as "morphonology", "morphoneme", "morpheme", "morph", and "submorph" are defined as well as the key morphonological phenomena in the Russ ian language. The systematization and generalization of linguists' views and studies make it possible to define the features of phonetic terms in the field of morphonological processes. It is concluded that there is still no consensus in modern linguistics about the interpretation of morphonological notions. Modern linguists have not agreed on whether some means, in particular, phonetic alternation and stress, are morphonological phenomena in language., O objetivo do estudo é analisar as características dos termos fonéticos no campo dos processos fonológicos. Com base em uma análise teórica da literatura científica e metodológica, os autores apresentam diferentes perspectivas e estudos de linguistas de destaque sobre a designação e fixação da fonética. termos no campo da morfonologia e fenômenos morfonológicos. Termos como "morfonologia", "morfonema", "morfema", "morfo" e "submorfia" são definidos, bem como os principais fenômenos morfonológicos na língua russa. A sistematização e generalização das visões e estudos dos linguistas permitem definir as características dos termos fonéticos no campo dos processos morfonológicos. Conclui-se que ainda não há consenso na lingüística moderna sobre a interpretação das noções morfonológicas. Os linguistas modernos não concordaram se alguns meios, em particular, alternância fonética e acento, são fenômenos morfonológicos na linguagem., El propósito del estudio es analizar las características de los términos fonéticos en el campo de los procesos fonológicos, a partir de un análisis teórico de la literatura científica y metodológica, los autores presentan diferentes perspectivas y estudios de destacados lingüistas sobre la designación y fijación de la fonética. términos en el campo de la morfonología y los fenómenos morfonológicos. Términos como "morfonología", "morfonema", "morfema", "morfo" y "submorfo" se definen así como los fenómenos morfonológicos clave en el idioma ruso. La sistematización y generalización de las visiones y estudios de los lingüistas permiten definir las características de los términos fonéticos en el campo de los procesos morfonológicos. Se concluye que todavía no existe consenso en la lingüística moderna sobre la interpretación de las nociones morfonológicas. Los lingüistas modernos no se han puesto de acuerdo sobre si algunos medios, en particular la alternancia fonética y el acento, son fenómenos morfonológicos del lenguaje.

In this article, words related to Urdu socio-political vocabulary are separated from journalistic texts and analyzed according to their derivational features.

This article provides information on affixation, one of the types of word formation in Uzbek and English, and analyzes some similarities and differences in this type of word formation in both languages.

This article provides information on affixation, one of the types of word formation in Uzbek and English, and analyzes some similarities and differences in this type of word formation in both languages.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the features of phonetic terms in the field of phonological processes.Based on a theoretical analysis of scientific and methodological literature, the authors present different perspectives and studies by prominent linguists on the designation and fixation of phonetic terms in the field of morphonology and morphonological phenomena. Such terms as "morphonology", "morphoneme", "morpheme", "morph", and "submorph" are defined as well as the key morphonological phenomena in the Russ ian language. The systematization and generalization of linguists' views and studies make it possible to define the features of phonetic terms in the field of morphonological processes. It is concluded that there is still no consensus in modern linguistics about the interpretation of morphonological notions. Modern linguists have not agreed on whether some means, in particular, phonetic alternation and stress, are morphonological phenomena in language., O objetivo do estudo é analisar as características dos termos fonéticos no campo dos processos fonológicos. Com base em uma análise teórica da literatura científica e metodológica, os autores apresentam diferentes perspectivas e estudos de linguistas de destaque sobre a designação e fixação da fonética. termos no campo da morfonologia e fenômenos morfonológicos. Termos como "morfonologia", "morfonema", "morfema", "morfo" e "submorfia" são definidos, bem como os principais fenômenos morfonológicos na língua russa. A sistematização e generalização das visões e estudos dos linguistas permitem definir as características dos termos fonéticos no campo dos processos morfonológicos. Conclui-se que ainda não há consenso na lingüística moderna sobre a interpretação das noções morfonológicas. Os linguistas modernos não concordaram se alguns meios, em particular, alternância fonética e acento, são fenômenos morfonológicos na linguagem., El propósito del estudio es analizar las características de los términos fonéticos en el campo de los procesos fonológicos, a partir de un análisis teórico de la literatura científica y metodológica, los autores presentan diferentes perspectivas y estudios de destacados lingüistas sobre la designación y fijación de la fonética. términos en el campo de la morfonología y los fenómenos morfonológicos. Términos como "morfonología", "morfonema", "morfema", "morfo" y "submorfo" se definen así como los fenómenos morfonológicos clave en el idioma ruso. La sistematización y generalización de las visiones y estudios de los lingüistas permiten definir las características de los términos fonéticos en el campo de los procesos morfonológicos. Se concluye que todavía no existe consenso en la lingüística moderna sobre la interpretación de las nociones morfonológicas. Los lingüistas modernos no se han puesto de acuerdo sobre si algunos medios, en particular la alternancia fonética y el acento, son fenómenos morfonológicos del lenguaje.

After the independence Uzbekistan, as in all spheres, radical changes took place in the agricultural sector. This, in turn, has led to changes in the linguistic value of agricultural terminology. The idea that the linguistic value concept began to be used in linguistics by Ferdinand de Saussure was widespread in Europe. But we also see Saussure basics in the great thinker Alisher Navoi's “Mukhokamat ul lugatayn”. When the poet compares the Turkic and Persian languages, he not only describes the non-alternative units in them, but also shows the subtle differences between the alternative units. In Uzbek linguistics, linguist G. Nematova for the first time uses the linguistic value concept in her dissertation on the linguistic systematic features of plant lexemes and their artistic applications, based on the views of Ferdinand de Saussure as a methodological basis. When linguist B. Mengliev means linguistic value, he means the general linguistic essence of the language structural units - lexemes, morphemes and patterns. Although most of the terms in Uzbek agricultural terminology are categorically similar in their use in Russian (RF) or English (UK), they have different cases in specific cases due to the climatic dependence of the industry. The linguistic value of agrarian terms is manifested when compared with different languages

After the independence Uzbekistan, as in all spheres, radical changes took place in the agricultural sector. This, in turn, has led to changes in the linguistic value of agricultural terminology. The idea that the linguistic value concept began to be used in linguistics by Ferdinand de Saussure was widespread in Europe. But we also see Saussure basics in the great thinker Alisher Navoi's “Mukhokamat ul lugatayn”. When the poet compares the Turkic and Persian languages, he not only describes the non-alternative units in them, but also shows the subtle differences between the alternative units. In Uzbek linguistics, linguist G. Nematova for the first time uses the linguistic value concept in her dissertation on the linguistic systematic features of plant lexemes and their artistic applications, based on the views of Ferdinand de Saussure as a methodological basis. When linguist B. Mengliev means linguistic value, he means the general linguistic essence of the language structural units - lexemes, morphemes and patterns. Although most of the terms in Uzbek agricultural terminology are categorically similar in their use in Russian (RF) or English (UK), they have different cases in specific cases due to the climatic dependence of the industry. The linguistic value of agrarian terms is manifested when compared with different languages

In this article, the word structure in English, Grammatical formation and the role of the words and structure are discussed.

In this article, the word structure in English, Grammatical formation and the role of the words and structure are discussed.

After the independence Uzbekistan, as in all spheres, radical changes took place in the agricultural sector. This, in turn, has led to changes in the linguistic value of agricultural terminology. The idea that the linguistic value concept began to be used in linguistics by Ferdinand de Saussure was widespread in Europe. But we also see Saussure basics in the great thinker Alisher Navoi's “Mukhokamat ul lugatayn”. When the poet compares the Turkic and Persian languages, he not only describes the non-alternative units in them, but also shows the subtle differences between the alternative units. In Uzbek linguistics, linguist G. Nematova for the first time uses the linguistic value concept in her dissertation on the linguistic systematic features of plant lexemes and their artistic applications, based on the views of Ferdinand de Saussure as a methodological basis. When linguist B. Mengliev means linguistic value, he means the general linguistic essence of the language structural units - lexemes, morphemes and patterns. Although most of the terms in Uzbek agricultural terminology are categorically similar in their use in Russian (RF) or English (UK), they have different cases in specific cases due to the climatic dependence of the industry. The linguistic value of agrarian terms is manifested when compared with different languages

In this article, the word structure in English, Grammatical formation and the role of the words and structure are discussed.

In this article, the word structure in English, Grammatical formation and the role of the words and structure are discussed.

This paper intends to describe the parameter movement in Portuguese Sign Language. We begin by considering the terminology related to the designation of the Portuguese Sign Language and then we go through this parameter following a descriptive point of view. First, we consider movement as cherem and its cherological behavior; secondly, we observe movement as a morpheme in nouns and as a derivational morpheme in nouns and verbs. We also consider movement as a morpheme with particular semantic features in personal pronouns construction and in verb agreement of Portuguese Sign Language. We present data from other sign languages to support our description of Portuguese Sign Language., Este artigo pretende descrever o parâmetro movimento em Língua de Sinais portuguesa. Começamos por tratar questões terminológicas relativamente à designação “Língua de Sinais portuguesa” para em seguida, a partir de um ponto de vista descritivo, sintetizar os valores do parâmetro movimento, enquanto unidade mínima, na Língua de Sinais portuguesa. Em primeiro lugar, consideramo-lo enquanto querema e as suas concretizações querológicas; em segundo lugar, consideramos esse parâmetro como morfema em nomes e como morfema derivacional na formação de nomes e verbos. Também o perspetivamos como morfema com traços semânticos peculiares no sistema pronominal - pronomes pessoais - na Língua de Sinais portuguesa e nos argumentos do verbo. Servimo-nos de dados de outras línguas de sinais para sustentar a nossa síntese descritiva deste parâmetro na Língua de Sinais portuguesa.

Един от базовите критерии при описание на повърхностната структура на производните лексикални единици е разграничаването на морфемния от словообразувателния анализ. Разграничаването на двата вида анлиз въз основа на принципите за членимост и производност на практика дава възможност да се избегне смесването на моновербалните лексикални деривати с непроизводни, но морфемно членими единици (думи), особено когато е налице формално тъждество на отделни структурни елементи. Разграничаването на морфемния и словообразувателния анализ е възможно да се постигне при използване на подхода от форма към значение с цел да бъде определен точният брой на словообразувателните форманти във всеки един език, в това число и в българския език. А това е от изключително значение за лексикографската практика при изработване на различни видове словообразувателни речници, за постигане на точност и научна обективност в интерпретацията и представянето на езиковите факти и явления., Један од базичних критеријума у опису површинске структуре мотивисаних лексичких јединица је разграничење морфемске и творбене анализе. Разграничење ове две врсте анализе на основу принципа сегментирања и мотивисаности практично омогућује да се избегне мешање моновербалних лексичких деривата са немотивисаним, али морфемски рашчлањивим јединицама (речима), нарочито када постоји формално изједначење појединих структурних елемената. Разграничење морфемске и творбене анализе могуће је применом приступа „од облика ка значењу“ са циљем да се одреди тачан број творбених форманата у сваком језику, укључујући и бугарски језик. То је од изузетног значаја за лексикографску праксу приликом израде различитих врста творбених речника како би се постигла прецизност и научна објективност у интерпретацији и презентирању језичких чињеница и појава., One of the basic criteria when it comes to describing the surface structure of the derivative lexical units is distinguishing morphemic and word-formation analysis. Distinguishing the two types of analysis on the grounds of divisibility and derivation principles in practice makes it possible to avoid mixing up the monoverbal lexical derivatives with non-derivative ones, yet the morphemically divisible units (words) especially when we have formal equality of the individual structural elements. We could distinguish morphemic and word-formation analysis thanks to the usage of approach from form to meaning in order to defi ne the exact number of the wordforming formants in each and every language, including Bulgarian. This is essential to the lexicographic practice when it comes to elaborating various types of wordforming vocabularies, in order to achieve precision and scientifi c objectiveness in interpreting and presenting the language facts and phenomena.

This article is about morpheme contraction that is the method to use widely in word formation, in the Chinese language. It gives information about morpheme construction and its suitable peculiarities for the method of “reduction through deduction”. Even though many syllables words reflect entirely complex concepts and events, they cause of some difficulties during the conversation. Language vocabulary is constantly enriched by adding different affixes to existing words, assimilating words from other languages, emerging new terms, and reducing the form of words or phrases. Words, which are formatted by contraction method, serve to make conversation more convenient and economical. Contraction with morphemes plays an important role in getting rid of elements that do not affect meaning and content., Este artículo trata sobre la contracción del morfema, que es el método que se usa ampliamente en la formación de palabras, en el idioma chino. Proporciona información sobre la construcción del morfema y sus peculiaridades adecuadas para el método de “reducción mediante deducción”. Aunque muchas palabras de sílabas reflejan conceptos y eventos completamente complejos, causan algunas dificultades durante la conversación. El vocabulario del lenguaje se enriquece constantemente al agregar diferentes afijos a las palabras existentes, asimilar palabras de otros idiomas, emerger nuevos términos y reducir la forma de las palabras o frases. Las palabras, formateadas por el método de contracción, sirven para hacer que la conversación sea más conveniente y económica. La contracción con los morfemas juega un papel importante en la eliminación de elementos que no afectan el significado y el contenido.

This article is about morpheme contraction that is the method to use widely in word formation, in the Chinese language. It gives information about morpheme construction and its suitable peculiarities for the method of “reduction through deduction”. Even though many syllables words reflect entirely complex concepts and events, they cause of some difficulties during the conversation. Language vocabulary is constantly enriched by adding different affixes to existing words, assimilating words from other languages, emerging new terms, and reducing the form of words or phrases. Words, which are formatted by contraction method, serve to make conversation more convenient and economical. Contraction with morphemes plays an important role in getting rid of elements that do not affect meaning and content., Este artículo trata sobre la contracción del morfema, que es el método que se usa ampliamente en la formación de palabras, en el idioma chino. Proporciona información sobre la construcción del morfema y sus peculiaridades adecuadas para el método de “reducción mediante deducción”. Aunque muchas palabras de sílabas reflejan conceptos y eventos completamente complejos, causan algunas dificultades durante la conversación. El vocabulario del lenguaje se enriquece constantemente al agregar diferentes afijos a las palabras existentes, asimilar palabras de otros idiomas, emerger nuevos términos y reducir la forma de las palabras o frases. Las palabras, formateadas por el método de contracción, sirven para hacer que la conversación sea más conveniente y económica. La contracción con los morfemas juega un papel importante en la eliminación de elementos que no afectan el significado y el contenido.

This article is about morpheme contraction that is the method to use widely in word formation, in the Chinese language. It gives information about morpheme construction and its suitable peculiarities for the method of “reduction through deduction”. Even though many syllables words reflect entirely complex concepts and events, they cause of some difficulties during the conversation. Language vocabulary is constantly enriched by adding different affixes to existing words, assimilating words from other languages, emerging new terms, and reducing the form of words or phrases. Words, which are formatted by contraction method, serve to make conversation more convenient and economical. Contraction with morphemes plays an important role in getting rid of elements that do not affect meaning and content., Este artículo trata sobre la contracción del morfema, que es el método que se usa ampliamente en la formación de palabras, en el idioma chino. Proporciona información sobre la construcción del morfema y sus peculiaridades adecuadas para el método de “reducción mediante deducción”. Aunque muchas palabras de sílabas reflejan conceptos y eventos completamente complejos, causan algunas dificultades durante la conversación. El vocabulario del lenguaje se enriquece constantemente al agregar diferentes afijos a las palabras existentes, asimilar palabras de otros idiomas, emerger nuevos términos y reducir la forma de las palabras o frases. Las palabras, formateadas por el método de contracción, sirven para hacer que la conversación sea más conveniente y económica. La contracción con los morfemas juega un papel importante en la eliminación de elementos que no afectan el significado y el contenido.

Despite the variety of disciplinary discourses, the global academic discourse in English preserves the uniform language of study and research, the lexical corpus of which contains structures composed of classical elements, morphemes of Latin and Greek origin. Understanding and mastering this international academic corpus is essential for all members of the academy, especially neophytes and international researchers. However, the information concerning classical combining forms and word-formation in dictionaries, reference books and academic English teaching materials is often insufficient, inaccurate or unsystematic. The paper analyses the state of affairs in the study of classical elements in academic discourse in English and offers an interdisciplinary approach to more effective comprehension of academic vocabulary. The approach draws from linguistics, discourse analysis, contrastive rhetoric (viewed as intercultural rhetoric) and the theory of common underlying proficiency of language acquisition, aimed at developing academic vocabularies simultaneously in both the native language and English. The approach has been tested in a variety of academic contexts and provides an efficient model for developing academic vocabulary by activating the prior, tacit knowledge of classical elements shared by participants of academic discourse across cultures.

This paper provides a contrastive analysis on the writing systems of Sakha and Modern Korean. Both languages use a phonetic writing system and exhibit rich patterns in their morphophonemic alternation. In spite of this similarity, the two languages show difference in the degree of how phonetically consistent with morphophonemic alternation. The orthography of Sakha tries to be phonetically consistent, while that of Modern Korean tends to be consistency in indicating morphemes.

This study is designed to investigative English morphemes and the order of acquisition of these morphemes by children learning English as their first language. In particular, it examines and describes the acquisition of English articles the and a. The data used for analysis are downloaded from CHILDES. It analyzes the speech of Eve, one of the subjects of Brown (1963). The study reveals, among others, that English articles' acquisition is gradual and fluctuates.

En el presente trabajo se retoma un tema habitual en la teoría morfológica: la asignación de estructura y categoría al compuesto verbonominal lavaplatos. En primer lugar, se revisan algunos de los problemas identificados en las propuestas precedentes, a los que se añaden algunos aspectos estructurales y fonológicos que, de ser tenidos en cuenta, ponen en tela de juicio toda posibilidad de analizar el compuesto lavaplatos de manera paralela a construcciones con morfemas nominalizadores –típicamente, construcciones como secador de pelo o dish-washer–. En segundo lugar, se ofrece una propuesta de análisis de lavaplatos en la que el compuesto se hace sustantivo (opcionalmente) a través de una operación de movimiento. Trataremos de demostrar que este análisis presenta la ventaja de poder dar cuenta del doble uso designador y caracterizador de las palabras formadas en el esquema de lavaplatos., In this paper, we deal with a frequent topic on morphological theory: the assignment of both structure and category to the verb+noun compound lavaplatos lit. ‘wash+dishes’ ‘dish-washer’. Firstly, some of the problems identified in the previous approaches will be revised. Additionally, we will address new phonological and structural data that, if considered, make difficult to analyze the compound lavaplatos as related to constructions with nominalizers –traditionally, phrases like secador de pelo lit. ‘dryer of hair’ ‘hair-dryer’ or right-headed compounds like dish-washer–. In our proposal, the (optional) change of the verb phrase lavaplatos into a noun is obtained through a movement operation. We will show that this kind of approach helps us to explain the double character of lavaplatos compounds as name-givers to objects and predicates of their properties.

La struttura apparentemente irregolare dei paradigmi verbali suppletivi nelle lingue romanze può rivelare a un’attenta osservazione una logica ben radicata nel comportamento linguistico dei parlanti che è in grado di conservarsi in modo sostanzialmente uniforme a distanza di tempo e di spazio. Grazie all’introduzione del concetto di ‘morfoma’ (Aronoff 1994) è possibile valutare queste presunte anomalie come un fenomeno centrale sia nella naturale evoluzione diacronica delle lingue romanze che nella continua riorganizzazione dei paradigmi verbali ad opera dei parlanti. Tuttavia, una delle principali difficoltà di una simile prospettiva risiede nell’impossibilità di astrarre in assoluto i principi generali alla base di queste distribuzioni paradigmatiche. Una simile problematica però può essere adeguatamente affrontata, sebbene non del tutto risolta, se la ricerca su questo tema ricorre alle teorie, sia passate che presenti, relative al concetto di “norma linguistica”, all’interno delle quali i morfomi verbali romanzi possono essere interpretati come espressione della libertà di un sistema linguistico., The apparently irregular structure of verbal suppletive paradigms in Romance languages reveals in fact a well-established logic in the speakers’ language behaviour that has been preserved with uniformity over time and space. Since the introduction of the concept of “morphome” (Aronoff 1994), it has been possible to assess these so-called anomalies as a central phenomenon both in the natural diachronic evolution and in the continuous reorganization of verbal paradigms realized by the speakers. Nevertheless, one of the main difficulties of such a perspective when applied to Romance languages stands in the impossibility of making absolute abstractions of general principles that are at the base of these distributions in verbal paradigms. However, it is possible to deal appropriately with this kind of problems, albeit not definitely solve them, if the research into this issue refers to theories, past and present, about the concept of “linguistic norm”, where Romance verbal morphomes can be described as an expression of the freedom in a language system.

En el presente trabajo se retoma un tema habitual en la teoría morfológica: la asignación de estructura y categoría al compuesto verbonominal lavaplatos. En primer lugar, se revisan algunos de los problemas identificados en las propuestas precedentes, a los que se añaden algunos aspectos estructurales y fonológicos que, de ser tenidos en cuenta, ponen en tela de juicio toda posibilidad de analizar el compuesto lavaplatos de manera paralela a construcciones con morfemas nominalizadores –típicamente, construcciones como secador de pelo o dish-washer–. En segundo lugar, se ofrece una propuesta de análisis de lavaplatos en la que el compuesto se hace sustantivo (opcionalmente) a través de una operación de movimiento. Trataremos de demostrar que este análisis presenta la ventaja de poder dar cuenta del doble uso designador y caracterizador de las palabras formadas en el esquema de lavaplatos., In this paper, we deal with a frequent topic on morphological theory: the assignment of both structure and category to the verb+noun compound lavaplatos lit. ‘wash+dishes’ ‘dish-washer’. Firstly, some of the problems identified in the previous approaches will be revised. Additionally, we will address new phonological and structural data that, if considered, make difficult to analyze the compound lavaplatos as related to constructions with nominalizers –traditionally, phrases like secador de pelo lit. ‘dryer of hair’ ‘hair-dryer’ or right-headed compounds like dish-washer–. In our proposal, the (optional) change of the verb phrase lavaplatos into a noun is obtained through a movement operation. We will show that this kind of approach helps us to explain the double character of lavaplatos compounds as name-givers to objects and predicates of their properties.

The apparently irregular structure of verbal suppletive paradigms in Romance languages reveals in fact a well-established logic in the speakers’ language behaviour that has been preserved with uniformity over time and space. Since the introduction of the concept of “morphome” (Aronoff 1994), it has been possible to assess these so-called anomalies as a central phenomenon both in the natural diachronic evolution and in the continuous reorganization of verbal paradigms realized by the speakers. Nevertheless, one of the main difficulties of such a perspective when applied to Romance languages stands in the impossibility of making absolute abstractions of general principles that are at the base of these distributions in verbal paradigms. However, it is possible to deal appropriately with this kind of problems, albeit not definitely solve them, if the research into this issue refers to theories, past and present, about the concept of “linguistic norm”, where Romance verbal morphomes can be described as an expression of the freedom in a language system., La struttura apparentemente irregolare dei paradigmi verbali suppletivi nelle lingue romanze può rivelare a un’attenta osservazione una logica ben radicata nel comportamento linguistico dei parlanti che è in grado di conservarsi in modo sostanzialmente uniforme a distanza di tempo e di spazio. Grazie all’introduzione del concetto di ‘morfoma’ (Aronoff 1994) è possibile valutare queste presunte anomalie come un fenomeno centrale sia nella naturale evoluzione diacronica delle lingue romanze che nella continua riorganizzazione dei paradigmi verbali ad opera dei parlanti. Tuttavia, una delle principali difficoltà di una simile prospettiva risiede nell’impossibilità di astrarre in assoluto i principi generali alla base di queste distribuzioni paradigmatiche. Una simile problematica però può essere adeguatamente affrontata, sebbene non del tutto risolta, se la ricerca su questo tema ricorre alle teorie, sia passate che presenti, relative al concetto di “norma linguistica”, all’interno delle quali i morfomi verbali romanzi possono essere interpretati come espressione della libertà di un sistema linguistico.

This study is designed to investigative English morphemes and the order of acquisition of these morphemes by children learning English as their first language. In particular, it examines and describes the acquisition of English articles the and a. The data used for analysis are downloaded from CHILDES. It analyzes the speech of Eve, one of the subjects of Brown (1963). The study reveals, among others, that English articles' acquisition is gradual and fluctuates.

В статье рассматриваются существительные, оканчивающиеся на -ер, -ёр и представляющие в русском языке довольно многочисленную группу слов – около 500 единиц, большинство из которых является заимствованиями из разных языков. На основе дефиниционного анализа авторами были выделены основные семантические группировки слов, каждой из которых даётся подробная характеристика и примеры употребления в русском языке., The article is focused on nouns ending with -er, -ёr representing fairly large group of words in the Russian language, which is about 500 units, most from foreign languages. On the basis of definitional analysis the authors have identified the main semantic groups of words, each described in detailed with examples of the use in the Russian language.

У раду ће бити обрађени основни појмови морфематике, као посебне морфолошке дисциплине која се бави морфемом и типовима морфема. Управо је ово поље скоро потпуно неистражено и неописано у србистици. Иако су у лингвистикама других словенских језика, првенствено руском, појам и типови морфема детаљно обрађени и дефинисани, у србистици се сва знања о морфема- ма своде на осврт у граматикама и неколико мањих прилога у вези са теоријама о морфеми. Велики недостатак неретко представљају и неуједначене дефиниције основних појмова које су неопходне за примену у конкретним анализама. Циљ рада биће представљање појмова и покушај њиховог дефинисања на основу ср- бистичке литературе и доступне литературе из других словенских језика. У раду ће се анализирати појмови морфеме, аломорфа, нулте морфеме, наставка, корена, основе, афикса, префикса, инфикса, суфикса и сл. Као крајњи исход рада биће издвојен мали појмовник из морфематике српског језика у виду прилога., The paper analyzes the basic concepts of morphemics, a separate discipline of morphology dealing with morphemes and types of morphemes. This is a field which has been somewhat poorly described in Serbian philological studies. Although the concept of morphemics and types of morphemes have been thoroughly researched and defined in other Slavic languages, primarily Russian, the totality of knowledge about morphemes in Serbian studies is confined to a review in grammar books and a few minor contributions related to theories of the morpheme. Discordant definitions of the basic concepts, necessary for application in concrete analyses, often represent a significant difficulty. In the presented paper we analyze the concepts of morphemes, allomorphs, zero morphs, endings, roots, bases, affixes, prefixes, infixes, suffixes, etc. The results of the analysis demonstrate that there is a mixture of the older terminological framework and newer terminology, and that many of the concepts have been defined in various ways (e.g. the status of connecting vowels/interfixes, infixes, etc.). The condition for scientifically-based morphemics is the proper definition of the basic concepts related to morphemes, as well as the designation of a specific position to morphemes in Serbian philological studies. There is an excellent conceptual and terminological framework, compiled dictionaries and an elaborate methodology in the Slavic languages, which would serve to facilitate the structuring of the very same solid base in Serbian studies. The results of the analysis are presented in a short glossary in the form of an appendix.

This thesis investigates the morphological, orthographic and semantic features affecting the word reading process in Italian primary-school children and at the same time the different reading units which young readers are able to rely on. In Chapter 1, an overview on reading models and on studies showing a complex scenario of results has been proposed. In Chapter 2, a pseudoword reading task has been carried out in order to provide evidence of a lexical reading in Italian children that can be based on whole-word representations. In Chapter 3, we aimed at presenting a morphological-oriented coding scheme of reading errors performed by Italian children in a morphologically complex words reading. This analysis showed reliability on morphemic structure when children read morphologically complex words, and their ability to use morphemes as intermediate grain size reading units. Chapters 4 and 5 presented a new measure, the Orthography-Semantics Consistency (OSC), quantifying the consistency of the orthographic and semantic information carried in a word, and moving from the hypothesis that orthographic-semantic associations, even if they are not morpheme-mediated, play a crucial role in word reading process over and above morpheme units. In order to validate OSC measure from a developmental point of view, a morphological masked priming task and a simple lexical decision task have been first performed by a group of English children, as OSC measure was validated on English language data only (Chapter 4), and then by a group of Italian children (Chapter 5).

derivation and inflection Morpheme  is one of the elements present in the field of morphology. Where the morphology is the study of morphemes, and morphemes are elements of language that have the meaning of the free element and bound elements. The problems that exist in this research is to analyze the morpheme of derivation and inflection contained in Jakarta Post. By understanding the derivation and morpheme inflection it can easily develop vocabulary, from one word can gain many meanings                This research is a type of research belonging to linguistic field. The research also used qualitative descriptive research method. This research method is a method that refers to the form of words taken from the data source by explaining the intent of data intention. In addition, this research also uses research libraries (library research). This literature research only discusses existing data data by processing and developing data by using morphological theory that supports the research.                The first step used by the author is to collect data taken from the source, after that the data are all collected then the writers classify the data in several groups. Since in this study only discusses the three topics of the problem, the first is to classify all types of derivation and morpheme inflection found in the Jakarta Post newspaper, the second is the function of each morpheme, and the last is the rule that belongs to the derivation and morpheme inflection The.                Based on this study, the writers found the uniqueness caused by derivation and morpheme inflection when combined  with other morphemes. If the morpheme derivation is compared with the free morpheme it will have a different meaning and sometimes even change the word cla

derivation and inflection Morpheme  is one of the elements present in the field of morphology. Where the morphology is the study of morphemes, and morphemes are elements of language that have the meaning of the free element and bound elements. The problems that exist in this research is to analyze the morpheme of derivation and inflection contained in Jakarta Post. By understanding the derivation and morpheme inflection it can easily develop vocabulary, from one word can gain many meanings                This research is a type of research belonging to linguistic field. The research also used qualitative descriptive research method. This research method is a method that refers to the form of words taken from the data source by explaining the intent of data intention. In addition, this research also uses research libraries (library research). This literature research only discusses existing data data by processing and developing data by using morphological theory that supports the research.                The first step used by the author is to collect data taken from the source, after that the data are all collected then the writers classify the data in several groups. Since in this study only discusses the three topics of the problem, the first is to classify all types of derivation and morpheme inflection found in the Jakarta Post newspaper, the second is the function of each morpheme, and the last is the rule that belongs to the derivation and morpheme inflection The.                Based on this study, the writers found the uniqueness caused by derivation and morpheme inflection when combined  with other morphemes. If the morpheme derivation is compared with the free morpheme it will have a different meaning and sometimes even change the word cla

Исследование посвящено изучению особенностей функционирования квазисуффиксальных неологизмов в англоязычном медийном дискурсе. Предпринята попытка выявления новых словообразовательных компонентов в семантике неологизмов. Значения квазисуффиксов конкретизируются посредством изучения контекстного употребления неологизмов. Отмечается, что квазисуффиксы в английском языке возникают в результате переразложения морфемного состава слов-стяжений, когда осколочный компонент развивает ярко выраженное значение и становится продуктивным., The study deals with the question of neologisms formed by means of quasi suffixes. An attempt was made to identify new word-forming components in the meaning of neologisms that are widely used in the English speaking media discourse. Contextual use of neologisms enabled to specify the meaning of quasi suffixes. It is noted that English quasi suffixes appear as a result of morphemic re-expansion of neologisms which leads to productivity of quasi suffixes as derivational components.

Towards an operational word formationIn this article the selected theoretical and practical problems associated with placing the word formation in the model of operational grammar (by Andrzej Bogusławski) are discussed. The aim of the paper is to prepare the ground for a possible description of morpheme units of language in this model. The proposed way to enter word formation in the model is to divide it into operational and etymological word formation.

Arabic verbs are polymorphemic. Among the Arabic verbs are verbs called basic triliteral verbs. In addition to the root morpheme, there are other morphemes contained in basic triliteral verbs. This study attempts to examine the number and forms of morphemes contained in basic triliteral verbs, which have been much debated. In addition, this study also discusses the morphological, and morphophonological processes and the meaning of morphemes forming the basic triliteral verbs. The data were collected through observation of the conjugation of basic triliteral verbs and of the meanings of the verbs in an Arabic-Indonesian dictionary. Distributional and translational equivalent methods were used to analyze the data. The results reveal that basic triliteral verbs in Arabic are composed of the root morpheme, transfix, and affix of person, number and gender. The morphological process of a basic verb triliteral begins with the transfixation of root morpheme that becomes a base, followed by affixation of person, number and gender. The morphological process can lead to phonological changes. This morphophonological process involves the phonemes /w/, /y/, /`/ and gemination as part of the root morpheme.

Recent evidence has shown that suffixes influence nonword processing only when they follow an existing stem (e.g., in 'shootment', but not in 'mentshoot'), suggesting that their mental representation is position-locked (Crepaldi, Rastle & Davis, 2010). These results raise questions about the nature of morpheme position coding, an issue that has typically been neglected in morphological research; although it is clear that morphemes must be coded for position during word identification (otherwise we could not distinguish between words like 'overhang' and 'hangover'), even the most recent theoretical attempts (e.g., Crepaldi, Rastle, Coltheart & Nickels, 2010; Taft, 2006) have not addressed this issue. In the present experiments we asked whether prefix and stem identification is also sensitive to positional constraints (as suffix identification is). In Experiment 1 we showed that the rejection time of pseudo-prefixed nonwords (e.g., predrink) is longer than that of matched control nonwords (e.g., pledrink), which was not the case when the prefix followed the stem (e.g., drinkpre took as long as drinkple to be rejected). This result suggests that prefix identification is position-specific. In Experiment 2 we showed that the rejection time of reversed compounds (e.g., moonhoney) is longer than that of matched control nonwords (e.g., moonbasin), indicating that 'honey' and 'moon' were identified within 'moonhoney', and the representations of these morphemes then activated (at least partially) the word 'honeymoon'. This result suggests that stems are coded is a position-independent fashion. This latter conclusion was strengthened by the results of Experiment 3, in which the masked presentation of reversed compounds (e.g., moonhoney) facilitated the identification of compound words (honeymoon). In contrast monomorphemic control pairs did not produce a similar pattern (i.e., rickmave did not prime maverick), indicating that the effect for ‘moonhoney’ pairs was not due simply

Language is a system of gestures, sounds, characters, symbols and words that are used to display concepts and communication. Map language is derived from natural language, rather than parallel to it, as its graphical equivalent. Natural and mapping language is based on a system of signs. In the natural language, the letters are the smallest units, and arranged meaningfully they constitute a sign - a word i.e. a concept. In a cartographic language one sign is one term. But common to both languages is the basis of character - morphemes and its accessories - affixes, which in the cartographic language have greater possibilities of expression., Jezik je sistem gestikulacije, glasova, znakova, simbola i reči koje se koriste za prikaz pojmova i komunikaciju. Jezik kartografije nije nastao iz prirodnog jezika, nego paralelno sa njim, kao njegov grafički ekvivalent. Prirodni i kartografski jezik zasnivaju se na sistemu znakova. U prirodnom jeziku slova su najmanje jedinice, koje poređane smisleno tvore znak - reč, odnosno pojam. U kartografskom jeziku jedan znak je jedan pojam. Ali zajedničko za oba jezika je osnova znaka - morfema i dodaci - afiksi, koji u kartografskom jeziku imaju veće mogućnosti izražavanja.

This essay deals with the start of children’s first language acquisition and will measure thesyntactic development of children through counting the MLU (mean length of utterance). Achild, 12 months old, will be studied through transcripts, video and audio over the course of ayear. The material used for this essay can be found on the online corpus CHILDES which is alarge database of transcripts of child language. The graphs and charts in this study willdemonstrate the MLU value from 12 to 24 months of one child. It also shows the amount ofdifferent word classes being produced on a monthly basis. Further, in the results a low valueof the MLU is provided which can be associated with various explanations. Cases ofbacksliding also occur in the graph. On the discourse of different word classes’ presence,during the given time frame, the chart shows a high usage of nouns and verbs thatproportionally increases with age, which is common at the given stage.

This essay deals with the start of children’s first language acquisition and will measure thesyntactic development of children through counting the MLU (mean length of utterance). Achild, 12 months old, will be studied through transcripts, video and audio over the course of ayear. The material used for this essay can be found on the online corpus CHILDES which is alarge database of transcripts of child language. The graphs and charts in this study willdemonstrate the MLU value from 12 to 24 months of one child. It also shows the amount ofdifferent word classes being produced on a monthly basis. Further, in the results a low valueof the MLU is provided which can be associated with various explanations. Cases ofbacksliding also occur in the graph. On the discourse of different word classes’ presence,during the given time frame, the chart shows a high usage of nouns and verbs thatproportionally increases with age, which is common at the given stage.

Language is a system of gestures, sounds, characters, symbols and words that are used to display concepts and communication. Map language is derived from natural language, rather than parallel to it, as its graphical equivalent. Natural and mapping language is based on a system of signs. In the natural language, the letters are the smallest units, and arranged meaningfully they constitute a sign - a word i.e. a concept. In a cartographic language one sign is one term. But common to both languages is the basis of character - morphemes and its accessories - affixes, which in the cartographic language have greater possibilities of expression., Jezik je sistem gestikulacije, glasova, znakova, simbola i reči koje se koriste za prikaz pojmova i komunikaciju. Jezik kartografije nije nastao iz prirodnog jezika, nego paralelno sa njim, kao njegov grafički ekvivalent. Prirodni i kartografski jezik zasnivaju se na sistemu znakova. U prirodnom jeziku slova su najmanje jedinice, koje poređane smisleno tvore znak - reč, odnosno pojam. U kartografskom jeziku jedan znak je jedan pojam. Ali zajedničko za oba jezika je osnova znaka - morfema i dodaci - afiksi, koji u kartografskom jeziku imaju veće mogućnosti izražavanja.

Recent evidence has shown that suffixes influence nonword processing only when they follow an existing stem (e.g., in 'shootment', but not in 'mentshoot'), suggesting that their mental representation is position-locked (Crepaldi, Rastle & Davis, 2010). These results raise questions about the nature of morpheme position coding, an issue that has typically been neglected in morphological research; although it is clear that morphemes must be coded for position during word identification (otherwise we could not distinguish between words like 'overhang' and 'hangover'), even the most recent theoretical attempts (e.g., Crepaldi, Rastle, Coltheart & Nickels, 2010; Taft, 2006) have not addressed this issue. In the present experiments we asked whether prefix and stem identification is also sensitive to positional constraints (as suffix identification is). In Experiment 1 we showed that the rejection time of pseudo-prefixed nonwords (e.g., predrink) is longer than that of matched control nonwords (e.g., pledrink), which was not the case when the prefix followed the stem (e.g., drinkpre took as long as drinkple to be rejected). This result suggests that prefix identification is position-specific. In Experiment 2 we showed that the rejection time of reversed compounds (e.g., moonhoney) is longer than that of matched control nonwords (e.g., moonbasin), indicating that 'honey' and 'moon' were identified within 'moonhoney', and the representations of these morphemes then activated (at least partially) the word 'honeymoon'. This result suggests that stems are coded is a position-independent fashion. This latter conclusion was strengthened by the results of Experiment 3, in which the masked presentation of reversed compounds (e.g., moonhoney) facilitated the identification of compound words (honeymoon). In contrast monomorphemic control pairs did not produce a similar pattern (i.e., rickmave did not prime maverick), indicating that the effect for ‘moonhoney’ pairs was not due simply

Recent evidence has shown that suffixes are identified within nonwords only when they follow an existing stem (e.g., in 'shootment', but not in 'mentshoot'), thus suggesting that their mental representation is position‑locked (Crepaldi, Rastle & Davis, 2010). These results rise the important issue of morpheme position coding, which has always been neglected in morphological research; although it is clear that morphemes are coded for position in the word identification system (or otherwise we could not distinguish between words like 'overhang' and 'hangover'), even the most recent theoretical attempts (e.g., Crepaldi, Rastle, Coltheart & Nickels, 2010; Taft, 2006) have ignored this issue. In this study we ask whether stem and prefix identification is sensitive to positional constraints as suffix identification is. To address this question we carried out two lexical decision experiments capitalizing on the well‑established morpheme interference effect as a diagnostic for morpheme identification (e.g., Taft & Forster, 1975); this effect refers to the fact that nonwords comprising existing morphemes (e.g., 'shootment') are rejected more slowly than nonwords that do not have a morphological structure (e.g., 'shootmant'). In Experiment 1 we show that the rejection time of reversed compounds (e.g., 'moonhoney') is longer than that of matched control nonwords (e.g., 'moonbasin'). Because it has been shown that non‑morphological transposed‑halves nonwords (e.g., 'dulesche') do not activate the representation of their corresponding words (e.g., 'schedule'), this effect must be morphological in nature; readers must have thus identified 'honey' and 'moon' within 'moonhoney', and the representations of these morphemes must have activated (at least partially) the word 'honeymoon'. This account implies that stem identification is position-independent. In Experiment 2 we show that the rejection time of pseudo‑prefixed nonwords (e.g., 'predrink') is longer than that of matched contr

Recent evidence has shown that suffixes are identified within nonwords only when they follow an existing stem (e.g., in 'shootment', but not in 'mentshoot'), thus suggesting that their mental representation is position‐locked (Crepaldi, Rastle & Davis, 2010). These results rise the important issue of morpheme position coding, which has always been neglected in morphological research; although it is clear that morphemes are coded for position in the word identification system (or otherwise we could not distinguish between words like 'overhang' and 'hangover'), even the most recent theoretical attempts (e.g., Crepaldi, Rastle, Coltheart & Nickels, 2010; Taft, 2006) have ignored this issue. In this study we ask whether stem and prefix identification is sensitive to positional constraints as suffix identification is. To address this question we carried out two lexical decision experiments capitalizing on the well‐established morpheme interference effect as a diagnostic for morpheme identification (e.g., Taft & Forster, 1975); this effect refers to the fact that nonwords comprising existing morphemes (e.g., 'shootment') are rejected more slowly than nonwords that do not have a morphological structure (e.g., 'shootmant'). In Experiment 1 we show that the rejection time of reversed compounds (e.g., 'moonhoney') is longer than that of matched control nonwords (e.g., 'moonbasin'). Because it has been shown that non‐morphological transposed‐halves nonwords (e.g., 'dulesche') do not activate the representation of their corresponding words (e.g., 'schedule'), this effect must be morphological in nature; readers must have thus identified 'honey' and 'moon' within 'moonhoney', and the representations of these morphemes must have activated (at least partially) the word 'honeymoon'. This account implies that stem identification is position-independent. In Experiment 2 we show that the rejection time of pseudo‐prefixed nonwords (e.g., 'predrink') is longer than that of matched contr

This study analyses the possible influence of morphosyntactic knowledge on the spelling of a transparent orthographic system such as Spanish. A three situation classification where the grammatical knowledge could influence the spelling of opaque orthographic systems is used: a) deciding between two or more acceptable spelling sequences; b) spelling silent morphemes; c) conventional spellings for morphemes which flout letter-sound correspondence rules. It is observed that two out of three situations could be applied to Spanish, mainly due to the singularities of some Spanish region speakers and to the existence of inconsistent graphonemes. It is ascertained that there is almost not evidence about the connection between morphosyntactic knowledge and spelling. A theoretical frame for this kind of studies is provided. The analysis of this relationship concerns the lexical knowledge versus rule knowledge debate, and that of the general spelling mechanisms as opposed to contingent mechanisms that are dependent on the orthographic system structure itself. Copyright 2005 AELFA y Grupo Ars XXI de Comunicación, S.L., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This study analyses the possible influence of morphosyntactic knowledge on the spelling of a transparent orthographic system such as Spanish. A three situation classification where the grammatical knowledge could influence the spelling of opaque orthographic systems is used: a) deciding between two or more acceptable spelling sequences; b) spelling silent morphemes; c) conventional spellings for morphemes which flout letter-sound correspondence rules. It is observed that two out of three situations could be applied to Spanish, mainly due to the singularities of some Spanish region speakers and to the existence of inconsistent graphonemes. It is ascertained that there is almost not evidence about the connection between morphosyntactic knowledge and spelling. A theoretical frame for this kind of studies is provided. The analysis of this relationship concerns the lexical knowledge versus rule knowledge debate, and that of the general spelling mechanisms as opposed to contingent mechanisms that are dependent on the orthographic system structure itself. Copyright 2005 AELFA y Grupo Ars XXI de Comunicación, S.L., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Le but de notre étude est d'analyser les différentes interprétations faites par des locuteurs hispanophones, établis depuis plusieurs années dans la région du Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean, des valeurs référentielles du morphème 'on' utilisé dans divers énoncés recueillis dans un discours oral. Plusieurs études ont déjà relevé la polyvalence de 'on', mais ont laissé dans l'ombre nombre de ses valeurs d'interprétation. Notre étude est une analyse sémantique du marqueur pour comprendre comment des locuteurs l'utilisent pour indiquer des intentions communicatives, discursives et argumentatives. Notre travail peut être considéré également comme une contribution à la sémantique contrastive puisque nous tentons de voir comment des locuteurs d'une autre langue que le français cernent les valeurs interprétatives du 'on'. À partir des valeurs d'interprétation du marqueur 'on' retenues par C. Viollet, nous avons sélectionné trente-neuf (39) énoncés qui ont été soumis à l'évaluation de vingt-cinq (25) locuteurs hispanophones et de trois (3) locuteurs francophones. Grâce à des entrevues enregistrées, nous avons recueilli leurs interprétations. Les consignes étaient d'interpréter chaque 'on' contenu dans les énoncés et de justifier les réponses. Le mémoire est divisé en trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre "Aspects théoriques" présente les études de C. Viollet et de F. Atlani, qui ont servi de références à notre recherche. Ces études ont été effectuées dans le prolongement de la linguistique de renonciation de A. Culioli. Le deuxième chapitre "Analyse des interprétations" présente les différentes interprétations fournies par nos témoins hispanophones et francophones pour chacun des énoncés. Nous indiquons le nombre de témoins pour chacune des interprétations ainsi que les justifications apportées à ces interprétations. Dans le troisième chapitre "Analyse statistique des résultats", nous avons réalisé quelques tests statistiques, soit le test de Student et l'analyse de la variance dans le

L'anaphore, décrite grammaticalement comme "un processus syntaxique consistant à reprendre, par un segment, un autre segment du discours" (J. Dubois (1973:33)), n'est pas un problème nouveau. Elle a été étudiée autant dans le cadre de la linguistique structuraliste (J. Dubois) que générativiste (J.-C. Milner). La linguistique textuelle aussi s'y est intéressée. Pour comprendre la création de chaînes de syntagmes nominaux dans un texte, elle a catégorisé différents types de reprises pronominales et lexicales. Mais ces études ont surtout servi à montrer les contraintes distributionnelles des reprises anaphoriques et le rôle de continuité thématique de ces marqueurs grammaticaux (Halliday et Hasan). En nous inspirant d'approches méthodologiques (Culioli) prenant en compte les opérations énonciatives et cognitives de construction des valeurs référentielles, nous avons voulu dépasser cette vieille idée qu'anaphoriser, c'est reproduire quelque chose de déjà existant dans le cotexte. Dans un corpus, composé d'une entrevue réalisée auprès d'un notaire dont le bureau commençait à s'informatiser, nous tentons de montrer comment un marqueur comme "ça", tantôt anaphore (le plus souvent), tantôt déictique, renvoie non seulement à des opérations de construction du contenu, mais également à d'autres opérations énonciatives et argumentatives complexes du sujet. L'insuffisance des approches strictement linguistiques amène à consulter de plus en plus les spécialistes de l'analyse du discours et de la pragmatique qui s'intéressent à la signification en contexte discursif. En effet, on est de plus en plus conscient que le sens ne s'épuise pas dans l'explicite du discours et que l'analyse linguistique doit mettre au coeur de ses préoccupations l'activité de construction de valeurs référentielles par un sujet nécessairement situé, travaillant constamment l'ajustement entre énonciateurs, entre idées, entre connaissances et cherchant à valider ses énonciations soit à partir d'un contexte e

Tématem této práce je zkoumání slovotvorby v českém jazyce. Hlavním cílem je vytvořit modul získávající derivace z dat elektronického Slovníku spisovné češtiny. Tato problematika byla vyřešena sestrojením tříúrovňového zpracování vycházejícího z dat slovníku. První úrovní je získání derivací z definic lemmat, druhým krokem je seskupení základních tvarů podle jejich podobností a třetí fází je ohodnocení získaných derivačních dvojic značkou derivační třídy, do které spadají. Zpracováním se podařilo získat více než 4 500 nových slov a ohodnotit nad 20 000 derivačních vazeb. Modul se stal plnohodnotnou součástí Morfologického analyzátoru Výzkumné skupiny znalostních technologií, působící na Fakultě informačních technologií Vysokého učení technického v Brně., Subject of this thesis is study of word formation in the Czech language. The main aim is to create a module acquiring derivations from data of the electronic Dictionary of the Czech Language. This problematics has been solved by constructing three-level processing based on dictionary data. The first level is to obtain derivations from lemma definitions, the second step is making groups of basic forms according to their similarities, and the third stage is the evaluation of derivation pairs by number tag of derivation class to which they belong. I have managed to get more than 4 500 new words and evaluate over 20 000 derivative couples. The module has become a full-fledged part of the Morphological Analyzer of the Knowledge Technology Research Group, working at the Faculty of Information Technology of the Brno University of Technology.