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The authors acknowledge the support of the Cluster of Excellence Matters of Activity. Image Space Material funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germanýs Excellence Strategy – EXC 2025. Dr. Rosenstock is participant in the BIH Charité Digital Clinician Scientist Program funded by the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and the Berlin Institute of Health at Charité (BIH). Dr. Belotti received fundings from the Italian Society of Neurosurgery - “Premio Melitta Grasso Tomasello” and the Beretta Foundation for Cancer Study - “European Scholarship on Oncology”., Background: Two statistical models have been established to evaluate characteristics associated with postoperative motor outcome in patients with glioma associated to the motor cortex (M1) or the corticospinal tract (CST). One model is based on a clinicoradiological prognostic sum score (PrS) while the other one relies on navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) and diffusion-tensor-imaging (DTI) tractography. The objective was to compare the models regarding their prognostic value for postoperative motor outcome and extent of resection (EOR) with the aim of developing a combined, improved model. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a consecutive prospective cohort of patients who underwent resection for motor associated glioma between 2008 and 2020, and received a preoperative nTMS motor mapping with nTMS-based diffusion tensor imaging tractography. The primary outcomes were the EOR and the motor outcome (on the day of discharge and 3 months postoperatively according to the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) grading). For the nTMS model, the infiltration of M1, tumor-tract distance (TTD), resting motor threshold (RMT) and fractional anisotropy (FA) were assesed. For the PrS score (ranging from 1 to 8, lower scores indicating a higher risk), we assessed tumor margins, volume, presence of cysts, contrast agent enhancement, MRI index (grading white matter infiltration), preoperative seizures or sensorimotor deficits. Results: Two hundred and three patients with a median age of 50 years (range: 20–81 years) were analyzed of whom 145 patients (71.4%) received a GTR. The rate of transient new motor deficits was 24.1% and of permanent new motor deficits 18.8%. The nTMS model demonstrated a good discrimination ability for the short-term motor outcome at day 7 of discharge (AUC = 0.79, 95 %CI: 0.72–0.86) and the long-term motor outcome after 3 months (AUC = 0.79, 95 %CI: 0.71–0.87). The PrS score was not capable to predict the postoperative motor outcome in t, Peer Reviewed

Research Objective To investigate the impact of ischaemic lesion characteristics and white matter changes – extracted from routine clinical scans – on outcome as a key biomarker for clinical prediction models. Methods Development of a stroke-population specific tool for semi-automated standardised assessment of lesion characteristics in routine clinical computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans; application of this tool to analyse the impact of lesion volume and lesion location together with white matter changes on functional outcome, gross motor outcome and language outcome; and analysis of the influence of very early mobilisation on functional outcome in the setting of large vessel occlusion (LVO). Results A stroke-population specific CT-MRI atlas with a validated robust and reliable CT normalisation pipeline was developed. Total lesion volume and white matter damage impacted functional and gross motor outcome the most. Aphasia, as a function-specific outcome was primarily impacted by infarction in core language areas. There was no evidence that very early mobilisation is especially harmful in patients with LVO. Implications The stroke-population specific CT-MRI atlas is a valuable tool to make routine clinical scans easily accessible for research in the context of lesion location and has the potential to standardise research in this field. Function-specific outcome parameters are necessary to further look into the lesion location – outcome relationship and systematic research using big data will be required to advance our understanding of the impact of lesion characteristics on stroke outcome. These points are crucial when aiming for the development and implementation of a clinical meaningful prediction model.

Aim: We compared the impact of standard infant physiotherapy and the family-centred programme, Coping with and Caring for Infants with Special Needs (COPCA), in infants born before 32 weeks without significant brain lesions. Methods: This randomised controlled trial was carried out in patients' homes and outpatient settings in Switzerland between January 2016 and October 2019. We used data from the national SwissNeoNet register and an assessment battery that included infant and family outcomes and video analyses of therapy sessions. The Infant Motor Profile was the primary outcome instrument. Results: The COPCA group comprised six boys and two girls with a median gestational age of 27 weeks (range 25-30), and the standard care group comprised seven boys and one girl with a median gestational age of 29.5 weeks (range 26-31). COPCA participants improved significantly more between baseline and 18 months in the IMP variation (9.0 percentage points, 95% confidence interval: 0.3-17.5) and performance (12.0 percentage points, 95% confidence interval: 4.1-20.6) domains than standard care participants. COPCA coaching was positively associated with IMP scores at 18 months, but some standard care actions were negatively associated. Conclusion: COPCA was associated with better motor outcome in infants born before 32 weeks than standard infant physiotherapy.

Aim: We compared the impact of standard infant physiotherapy and the family-centred programme, Coping with and Caring for Infants with Special Needs (COPCA), in infants born before 32 weeks without significant brain lesions. Methods: This randomised controlled trial was carried out in patients' homes and outpatient settings in Switzerland between January 2016 and October 2019. We used data from the national SwissNeoNet register and an assessment battery that included infant and family outcomes and video analyses of therapy sessions. The Infant Motor Profile was the primary outcome instrument. Results: The COPCA group comprised six boys and two girls with a median gestational age of 27 weeks (range 25-30), and the standard care group comprised seven boys and one girl with a median gestational age of 29.5 weeks (range 26-31). COPCA participants improved significantly more between baseline and 18 months in the IMP variation (9.0 percentage points, 95% confidence interval: 0.3-17.5) and performance (12.0 percentage points, 95% confidence interval: 4.1-20.6) domains than standard care participants. COPCA coaching was positively associated with IMP scores at 18 months, but some standard care actions were negatively associated. Conclusion: COPCA was associated with better motor outcome in infants born before 32 weeks than standard infant physiotherapy.

Aim To explore changes in motor and cognitive outcomes in very preterm (VP; gestational age < 30 weeks) born children between ages five and six years, and to determine whether changes in these outcomes were associated with the use of healthcare therapies and educational provisions. Study design Single-center observational cohort study. Five-year-old VP born children of a one-year-cohort of our neonatal follow-up program (N = 90) were invited for re-assessments at age six. Use of healthcare therapies and educational provisions was registered at ages five and six years. Motor function (Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 [M-ABC-2]; higher scores indicate better functioning) and IQ (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale for Intelligence [WPPSI-III-NL]) were assessed at both ages. Results Sixty-four VP born children were seen at ages five and at six years. In this year, 61% received healthcare therapies and/or educational provisions. M-ABC-2 scores of VP born children who received healthcare therapy and/or educational provisions were significantly higher (M = 8.9 [SD = 3.2]) at age six years than at age five years (M = 7.5 [SD = 3.3]); p < 0.00). M-ABC-2 scores remained stable in the average range in VP born children without any support. IQ scores remained stable irrespective of received support. Conclusions Improvements in motor outcomes are associated with the use of healthcare therapies and/or educational support between ages five and six years in VP born children. Future studies need to determine the efficacy of existing interventions, and to develop tailored interventions to support VP born children in the transfer period from preschool to primary education.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive reserve (CR) can be considered an active expression of brain resilience in response to damage. Several studies have shown the influence of CR on cognitive impairment and its relationship with cognitive function in Parkinson's disease (PD). AIM: To show if CR influences the effectiveness of balance rehabilitation in PD patients who performed a conventional rehabilitative treatment. DESIGN: Observational longitudinal study. SETTING: Neurology outpatient Unit, University Hospital. POPULATION: Fifty-three patients affected by idiopathic PD, stage 2-3 at the Hoehn and Yahr scale. METHODS: Each patient underwent 32 group sessions of conventional rehabilitative treatment. At baseline, patient CR was assessed by the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq). The primary outcome was the evaluation of static and dynamic balance modifications, induced by the treatment, through the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), assessed at T0 and T1. Mini Mental State Examination, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (clinician-scored monitored motor evaluation) and Brief Intelligence Test were assessed only at T0 and used as descriptive variables. RESULTS: Considering the clinically meaningful change, BBS improved in 26% of patients worsened in 2% and was unchanged in 72%. BBS score significantly improved in older patients, and in those with lower CRI total score. A significant inverse correlation was observed between changes in BBS and work and education related CR. Patients with lower baseline BBS score showed more improvement in balance. CONCLUSIONS: We found an inverse correlation between CR level and balance improvement in PD patients who underwent conventional rehabilitation: higher improvement in BBS was observed in those with a lower CRI score. This may suggest that patients with higher CRI could benefit from more stimulating modes of non conventional rehabilitation (e.g. robotic, virtual reality). CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: Rehabilitation should