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This article examines different orientations to planning in the context of the post-redundancy transition of workers in the Swedish steel industry. The aim of the article is to extend our understanding of the role of planning in careers transitions. Drawing on careers transitions theories, the article explores the qualitative experience of the journey between a redundancy event and the employment situation several years later. Within the careers literature planning is regarded as important to transitions, yet there is a tendency to present planning as an ongoing and lifelong process. By going beyond the prevalent focus within the career literature on managerial, professional or creative industries workers, the article raises the question of whether highly agential, ongoing, lifelong approaches to planning apply to everyone. Data are based on working-life biographical interviews conducted several years after redundancy. The findings show that although some participants resembled assumptions within the careers literature, there are key variations relating to ongoing planning, reflecting differences in the expectations of agency and perceptions of structural constraint. The analysis identifies three orientations to planning – strategic, episodic and truncated – and explores these in relation to both post-redundancy transition outcomes and, crucially, the experience of the transition journey.

Denna rapport presenterar design, konstruktion och utvärdering av ett system för diagnostik och övervakning ombord på en bemannad dubbelkvadrokopter. Genom att integrera olika tekniker för redundans, datalagring, felhantering och realtidsanalys undersöks hur systemets tillförlitlighet kan förbättras och säkerställas., This report presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a customized system for onboard diagnostics and data analysis. It identifies critical components to ensure redundancy in a fault-tolerant architecture. By evaluating and implementing various techniques for redundancy, error handling, data collection and real-time analysis, the systems reliability and security are thoroughly assessed.

A bridge failure can result in significant social, economic, and environmental problems; therefore, its reliability and risk management are essential. Bridges’ system reliability and risks are governed mainly by their redundancy and robustness, which currently are not adequately included in most design code specifications. Thus, in this study, a comprehensive comparison between relevant importance, redundancy, and robustness indicators found in the literature with different levels of complexity is carried out. The indicators under analysis have been used separately in different studies but have never been addressed together. Therefore, this study presents a joint evaluation of deterministic, reliability- and risk-based indicators to evaluate the differences in interpretation and information provided by the indicators. The approach is exemplified by analyzing a prestressed concrete bridge subjected to continuous degradation due to chloride ingress. A procedure is implemented to couple a metamodel-based reliability approach with a Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis (NLFEA). Based on the analysis performed, the comparison between indicators showed how different interpretations can be obtained depending on the implemented approach. Thus, creating more uniform formulations and agreeing on target values is necessary to help with redundancy and robustness interpretation., Validerad;2024;Nivå 1;2024-08-14 (signyg);Fulltext license: CC BY-NC ND

This article examines different orientations to planning in the context of the post-redundancy transition of workers in the Swedish steel industry. The aim of the article is to extend our understanding of the role of planning in careers transitions. Drawing on careers transitions theories, the article explores the qualitative experience of the journey between a redundancy event and the employment situation several years later. Within the careers literature planning is regarded as important to transitions, yet there is a tendency to present planning as an ongoing and lifelong process. By going beyond the prevalent focus within the career literature on managerial, professional or creative industries workers, the article raises the question of whether highly agential, ongoing, lifelong approaches to planning apply to everyone. Data are based on working-life biographical interviews conducted several years after redundancy. The findings show that although some participants resembled assumptions within the careers literature, there are key variations relating to ongoing planning, reflecting differences in the expectations of agency and perceptions of structural constraint. The analysis identifies three orientations to planning - strategic, episodic and truncated - and explores these in relation to both post-redundancy transition outcomes and, crucially, the experience of the transition journey.

This article examines different orientations to planning in the context of the post-redundancy transition of workers in the Swedish steel industry. The aim of the article is to extend our understanding of the role of planning in careers transitions. Drawing on careers transitions theories, the article explores the qualitative experience of the journey between a redundancy event and the employment situation several years later. Within the careers literature planning is regarded as important to transitions, yet there is a tendency to present planning as an ongoing and lifelong process. By going beyond the prevalent focus within the career literature on managerial, professional or creative industries workers, the article raises the question of whether highly agential, ongoing, lifelong approaches to planning apply to everyone. Data are based on working-life biographical interviews conducted several years after redundancy. The findings show that although some participants resembled assumptions within the careers literature, there are key variations relating to ongoing planning, reflecting differences in the expectations of agency and perceptions of structural constraint. The analysis identifies three orientations to planning – strategic, episodic and truncated – and explores these in relation to both post-redundancy transition outcomes and, crucially, the experience of the transition journey.

Partial information decompositions (PIDs) aim to categorize how a set of source variables provides information about a target variable redundantly, uniquely, or synergetically. The original proposal for such an analysis used a lattice-based approach and gained significant attention. However, finding a suitable underlying decomposition measure is still an open research question at an arbitrary number of discrete random variables. This work proposes a solution with a non-negative PID that satisfies an inclusion-exclusion relation for any f-information measure. The decomposition is constructed from a pointwise perspective of the target variable to take advantage of the equivalence between the Blackwell and zonogon order in this setting. Zonogons are the Neyman-Pearson region for an indicator variable of each target state, and f-information is the expected value of quantifying its boundary. We prove that the proposed decomposition satisfies the desired axioms and guarantees non-negative partial information results. Moreover, we demonstrate how the obtained decomposition can be transformed between different decomposition lattices and that it directly provides a non-negative decomposition of R & eacute;nyi-information at a transformed inclusion-exclusion relation. Finally, we highlight that the decomposition behaves differently depending on the information measure used and how it can be used for tracing partial information flows through Markov chains.

Partial information decompositions (PIDs) aim to categorize how a set of source variables provides information about a target variable redundantly, uniquely, or synergetically. The original proposal for such an analysis used a lattice-based approach and gained significant attention. However, finding a suitable underlying decomposition measure is still an open research question at an arbitrary number of discrete random variables. This work proposes a solution with a non-negative PID that satisfies an inclusion-exclusion relation for any f-information measure. The decomposition is constructed from a pointwise perspective of the target variable to take advantage of the equivalence between the Blackwell and zonogon order in this setting. Zonogons are the Neyman-Pearson region for an indicator variable of each target state, and f-information is the expected value of quantifying its boundary. We prove that the proposed decomposition satisfies the desired axioms and guarantees non-negative partial information results. Moreover, we demonstrate how the obtained decomposition can be transformed between different decomposition lattices and that it directly provides a non-negative decomposition of R & eacute;nyi-information at a transformed inclusion-exclusion relation. Finally, we highlight that the decomposition behaves differently depending on the information measure used and how it can be used for tracing partial information flows through Markov chains.

Multiplication is the most resource-hungry operation in the neural network's processing elements. In this paper, we propose an architecture of a novel adaptive fault-tolerant approximate multiplier tailored for ASIC-based DNN accelerators. AdAM employs an adaptive adder relying on an unconventional use of the leading one position value of the inputs for fault detection through the optimization of unutilized adder resources. The proposed architecture uses a lightweight fault mitigation technique that sets the detected faulty bits to zero. The hardware resource utilization and the DNN accelerator's reliability metrics are used to compare the proposed solution against the triple modular redundancy (TMR) in multiplication, unprotected exact multiplication, and unprotected approximate multiplication. It is demonstrated that the proposed architecture enables a multiplication with a reliability level close to the multipliers protected by TMR utilizing 63.54% less area and having 39.06% lower power-delay product compared to the exact multiplier.

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have become integral in safety-critical applications, thus raising concerns about their fault tolerance. Conventional hardwaredependent fault tolerance methods, such as Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR), are computationally expensive, imposing a remarkable overhead on CNNs. Whereas fault tolerance techniques can be applied either at the hardware level or at the model levels, the latter provides more flexibility without sacrificing generality. This paper introduces a model-level hardening approach for CNNs by integrating error correction directly into the neural networks. The approach is hardwareagnostic and does not require any changes to the underlying accelerator device. Analyzing the vulnerability of parameters enables the duplication of selective filters/neurons so that their output channels are effectively corrected with an efficient and robust correction layer. The proposed method demonstrates fault resilience nearly equivalent to TMR-based correction but with significantly reduced overhead. Nevertheless, there exists an inherent overhead to the baseline CNNs. To tackle this issue, a cost-effective parameter vulnerability based pruning technique is proposed that outperforms the conventional pruning method, yielding smaller networks with a negligible accuracy loss. Remarkably, the hardened pruned CNNs perform up to 24% faster than the hardened un-pruned ones.

A bridge failure can result in significant social, economic, and environmental problems; therefore, its reliability and risk management are essential. Bridges’ system reliability and risks are governed mainly by their redundancy and robustness, which currently are not adequately included in most design code specifications. Thus, in this study, a comprehensive comparison between relevant importance, redundancy, and robustness indicators found in the literature with different levels of complexity is carried out. The indicators under analysis have been used separately in different studies but have never been addressed together. Therefore, this study presents a joint evaluation of deterministic, reliability- and risk-based indicators to evaluate the differences in interpretation and information provided by the indicators. The approach is exemplified by analyzing a prestressed concrete bridge subjected to continuous degradation due to chloride ingress. A procedure is implemented to couple a metamodel-based reliability approach with a Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis (NLFEA). Based on the analysis performed, the comparison between indicators showed how different interpretations can be obtained depending on the implemented approach. Thus, creating more uniform formulations and agreeing on target values is necessary to help with redundancy and robustness interpretation., Validerad;2024;Nivå 1;2024-08-14 (signyg);Fulltext license: CC BY-NC ND

This article examines different orientations to planning in the context of the post-redundancy transition of workers in the Swedish steel industry. The aim of the article is to extend our understanding of the role of planning in careers transitions. Drawing on careers transitions theories, the article explores the qualitative experience of the journey between a redundancy event and the employment situation several years later. Within the careers literature planning is regarded as important to transitions, yet there is a tendency to present planning as an ongoing and lifelong process. By going beyond the prevalent focus within the career literature on managerial, professional or creative industries workers, the article raises the question of whether highly agential, ongoing, lifelong approaches to planning apply to everyone. Data are based on working-life biographical interviews conducted several years after redundancy. The findings show that although some participants resembled assumptions within the careers literature, there are key variations relating to ongoing planning, reflecting differences in the expectations of agency and perceptions of structural constraint. The analysis identifies three orientations to planning – strategic, episodic and truncated – and explores these in relation to both post-redundancy transition outcomes and, crucially, the experience of the transition journey.

This article examines different orientations to planning in the context of the post-redundancy transition of workers in the Swedish steel industry. The aim of the article is to extend our understanding of the role of planning in careers transitions. Drawing on careers transitions theories, the article explores the qualitative experience of the journey between a redundancy event and the employment situation several years later. Within the careers literature planning is regarded as important to transitions, yet there is a tendency to present planning as an ongoing and lifelong process. By going beyond the prevalent focus within the career literature on managerial, professional or creative industries workers, the article raises the question of whether highly agential, ongoing, lifelong approaches to planning apply to everyone. Data are based on working-life biographical interviews conducted several years after redundancy. The findings show that although some participants resembled assumptions within the careers literature, there are key variations relating to ongoing planning, reflecting differences in the expectations of agency and perceptions of structural constraint. The analysis identifies three orientations to planning - strategic, episodic and truncated - and explores these in relation to both post-redundancy transition outcomes and, crucially, the experience of the transition journey.

Partial information decompositions (PIDs) aim to categorize how a set of source variables provides information about a target variable redundantly, uniquely, or synergetically. The original proposal for such an analysis used a lattice-based approach and gained significant attention. However, finding a suitable underlying decomposition measure is still an open research question at an arbitrary number of discrete random variables. This work proposes a solution with a non-negative PID that satisfies an inclusion-exclusion relation for any f-information measure. The decomposition is constructed from a pointwise perspective of the target variable to take advantage of the equivalence between the Blackwell and zonogon order in this setting. Zonogons are the Neyman-Pearson region for an indicator variable of each target state, and f-information is the expected value of quantifying its boundary. We prove that the proposed decomposition satisfies the desired axioms and guarantees non-negative partial information results. Moreover, we demonstrate how the obtained decomposition can be transformed between different decomposition lattices and that it directly provides a non-negative decomposition of R & eacute;nyi-information at a transformed inclusion-exclusion relation. Finally, we highlight that the decomposition behaves differently depending on the information measure used and how it can be used for tracing partial information flows through Markov chains.

The growing integration of distributed energy resources underscores the critical importance of having precise insights into the dynamics of an electrical power system (EPS). Consequently, an estimator must align with the EPS dynamics to enhance the overall reliability, safety, and system stability. This alignment ensures that operators can make informed decisions during system operations. An initial step in gaining insight into the system’s state involves examining its state vector, which is represented by voltage phasors. These results are derived through the application of a distributed state-estimation process in large-scale systems. This study delved into the effectiveness of Bayesian filters, with a particular emphasis on the extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm in the context of distributed state estimation. To analyze the outcomes, the nodal partitioning process was incorporated within the distributed state-estimation framework. The synergy between the EKF algorithm and the partitioning method was evaluated using the IEEE118 test system.

Denna rapport presenterar design, konstruktion och utvärdering av ett system för diagnostik och övervakning ombord på en bemannad dubbelkvadrokopter. Genom att integrera olika tekniker för redundans, datalagring, felhantering och realtidsanalys undersöks hur systemets tillförlitlighet kan förbättras och säkerställas., This report presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a customized system for onboard diagnostics and data analysis. It identifies critical components to ensure redundancy in a fault-tolerant architecture. By evaluating and implementing various techniques for redundancy, error handling, data collection and real-time analysis, the systems reliability and security are thoroughly assessed.

Partial information decompositions (PIDs) aim to categorize how a set of source variables provides information about a target variable redundantly, uniquely, or synergetically. The original proposal for such an analysis used a lattice-based approach and gained significant attention. However, finding a suitable underlying decomposition measure is still an open research question at an arbitrary number of discrete random variables. This work proposes a solution with a non-negative PID that satisfies an inclusion-exclusion relation for any f-information measure. The decomposition is constructed from a pointwise perspective of the target variable to take advantage of the equivalence between the Blackwell and zonogon order in this setting. Zonogons are the Neyman-Pearson region for an indicator variable of each target state, and f-information is the expected value of quantifying its boundary. We prove that the proposed decomposition satisfies the desired axioms and guarantees non-negative partial information results. Moreover, we demonstrate how the obtained decomposition can be transformed between different decomposition lattices and that it directly provides a non-negative decomposition of R & eacute;nyi-information at a transformed inclusion-exclusion relation. Finally, we highlight that the decomposition behaves differently depending on the information measure used and how it can be used for tracing partial information flows through Markov chains.

This article examines different orientations to planning in the context of the post-redundancy transition of workers in the Swedish steel industry. The aim of the article is to extend our understanding of the role of planning in careers transitions. Drawing on careers transitions theories, the article explores the qualitative experience of the journey between a redundancy event and the employment situation several years later. Within the careers literature planning is regarded as important to transitions, yet there is a tendency to present planning as an ongoing and lifelong process. By going beyond the prevalent focus within the career literature on managerial, professional or creative industries workers, the article raises the question of whether highly agential, ongoing, lifelong approaches to planning apply to everyone. Data are based on working-life biographical interviews conducted several years after redundancy. The findings show that although some participants resembled assumptions within the careers literature, there are key variations relating to ongoing planning, reflecting differences in the expectations of agency and perceptions of structural constraint. The analysis identifies three orientations to planning – strategic, episodic and truncated – and explores these in relation to both post-redundancy transition outcomes and, crucially, the experience of the transition journey.

Development of a communication satellite project is highly complicated and expensive which costs a few hundred million dollars depending on the mission in space. Once a satellite is launched into orbit, it has to operate in harsh environmental conditions including radiation, solar activity, meteorites, and extreme weather patterns. Since there is no possibility of physical maintenance intervention in space, reliability is a critical attribute for all space and satellite projects. Therefore, the redundancy philosophy and reliability measures are taken into account in the design phase of a satellite to prevent the loss of functionality in case of a failure in orbit. This study aims to optimize the payload design of a communication satellite by considering the system's reliability, power consumption and cost simultaneously. Since these objectives are conflicting in their nature, a multi-objective optimization approach is proposed. We offer a systematic approach to the satellite design by determining the best redundancy strategy considering contradictory objectives and onboard constraints in the multibillion-dollar satellite industry. The proposed approach promotes trade-offs and sensitivity analyses between cost, power consumption and system reliability in the early design phase of satellites using Compromise Programming. By using different sets of weights for the objectives in our model, it is possible to address different types of satellites depending on their mission and priorities. Because of the NP-Hard characteristics of the reliability optimization problem and the nonlinear equation in the proposed model, the Simulated Annealing algorithm is utilized to solve the problem. As a case analysis, the implementation is carried out on the design of a communication satellite system with active hot-standby and warm-standby onboard redundancy schemes. Results reveal that huge savings in million dollars can be attained as a result of approximately 5% reduction in reliabili

Development of a communication satellite project is highly complicated and expensive which costs a few hundred million dollars depending on the mission in space. Once a satellite is launched into orbit, it has to operate in harsh environmental conditions including radiation, solar activity, meteorites, and extreme weather patterns. Since there is no possibility of physical maintenance intervention in space, reliability is a critical attribute for all space and satellite projects. Therefore, the redundancy philosophy and reliability measures are taken into account in the design phase of a satellite to prevent the loss of functionality in case of a failure in orbit. This study aims to optimize the payload design of a communication satellite by considering the system's reliability, power consumption and cost simultaneously. Since these objectives are conflicting in their nature, a multi-objective optimization approach is proposed. We offer a systematic approach to the satellite design by determining the best redundancy strategy considering contradictory objectives and onboard constraints in the multibillion-dollar satellite industry. The proposed approach promotes trade-offs and sensitivity analyses between cost, power consumption and system reliability in the early design phase of satellites using Compromise Programming. By using different sets of weights for the objectives in our model, it is possible to address different types of satellites depending on their mission and priorities. Because of the NP-Hard characteristics of the reliability optimization problem and the nonlinear equation in the proposed model, the Simulated Annealing algorithm is utilized to solve the problem. As a case analysis, the implementation is carried out on the design of a communication satellite system with active hot-standby and warm-standby onboard redundancy schemes. Results reveal that huge savings in million dollars can be attained as a result of approximately 5% reduction in reliabili

Edge computing has emerged as a promising paradigm for processing data closer to the source, reducing latency and bandwidth usage. However, the distributed nature of edge computing introduces challenges related to fault tolerance and reliability. This paper explores various strategies to ensure fault tolerance in edge computing environments. We discuss the importance of fault tolerance in edge computing, the challenges it poses, and the strategies to address these challenges. We also present a comparative analysis of existing fault tolerance mechanisms and their effectiveness in edge computing. The insights provided in this paper can help researchers and practitioners enhance the reliability of edge computing systems.

Edge computing has emerged as a promising paradigm for processing data closer to the source, reducing latency and bandwidth usage. However, the distributed nature of edge computing introduces challenges related to fault tolerance and reliability. This paper explores various strategies to ensure fault tolerance in edge computing environments. We discuss the importance of fault tolerance in edge computing, the challenges it poses, and the strategies to address these challenges. We also present a comparative analysis of existing fault tolerance mechanisms and their effectiveness in edge computing. The insights provided in this paper can help researchers and practitioners enhance the reliability of edge computing systems.

Edge computing has emerged as a promising paradigm for processing data closer to the source, reducing latency and bandwidth usage. However, the distributed nature of edge computing introduces challenges related to fault tolerance and reliability. This paper explores various strategies to ensure fault tolerance in edge computing environments. We discuss the importance of fault tolerance in edge computing, the challenges it poses, and the strategies to address these challenges. We also present a comparative analysis of existing fault tolerance mechanisms and their effectiveness in edge computing. The insights provided in this paper can help researchers and practitioners enhance the reliability of edge computing systems.

This article examines different orientations to planning in the context of the post-redundancy transition of workers in the Swedish steel industry. The aim of the article is to extend our understanding of the role of planning in careers transitions. Drawing on careers transitions theories, the article explores the qualitative experience of the journey between a redundancy event and the employment situation several years later. Within the careers literature planning is regarded as important to transitions, yet there is a tendency to present planning as an ongoing and lifelong process. By going beyond the prevalent focus within the career literature on managerial, professional or creative industries workers, the article raises the question of whether highly agential, ongoing, lifelong approaches to planning apply to everyone. Data are based on working-life biographical interviews conducted several years after redundancy. The findings show that although some participants resembled assumptions within the careers literature, there are key variations relating to ongoing planning, reflecting differences in the expectations of agency and perceptions of structural constraint. The analysis identifies three orientations to planning - strategic, episodic and truncated - and explores these in relation to both post-redundancy transition outcomes and, crucially, the experience of the transition journey.

This article examines different orientations to planning in the context of the post-redundancy transition of workers in the Swedish steel industry. The aim of the article is to extend our understanding of the role of planning in careers transitions. Drawing on careers transitions theories, the article explores the qualitative experience of the journey between a redundancy event and the employment situation several years later. Within the careers literature planning is regarded as important to transitions, yet there is a tendency to present planning as an ongoing and lifelong process. By going beyond the prevalent focus within the career literature on managerial, professional or creative industries workers, the article raises the question of whether highly agential, ongoing, lifelong approaches to planning apply to everyone. Data are based on working-life biographical interviews conducted several years after redundancy. The findings show that although some participants resembled assumptions within the careers literature, there are key variations relating to ongoing planning, reflecting differences in the expectations of agency and perceptions of structural constraint. The analysis identifies three orientations to planning - strategic, episodic and truncated - and explores these in relation to both post-redundancy transition outcomes and, crucially, the experience of the transition journey.

This article examines different orientations to planning in the context of the post-redundancy transition of workers in the Swedish steel industry. The aim of the article is to extend our understanding of the role of planning in careers transitions. Drawing on careers transitions theories, the article explores the qualitative experience of the journey between a redundancy event and the employment situation several years later. Within the careers literature planning is regarded as important to transitions, yet there is a tendency to present planning as an ongoing and lifelong process. By going beyond the prevalent focus within the career literature on managerial, professional or creative industries workers, the article raises the question of whether highly agential, ongoing, lifelong approaches to planning apply to everyone. Data are based on working-life biographical interviews conducted several years after redundancy. The findings show that although some participants resembled assumptions within the careers literature, there are key variations relating to ongoing planning, reflecting differences in the expectations of agency and perceptions of structural constraint. The analysis identifies three orientations to planning - strategic, episodic and truncated - and explores these in relation to both post-redundancy transition outcomes and, crucially, the experience of the transition journey.

Distributed control systems are part of the often invisible backbone of modern society that provides utility services like water and electricity. Their uninterrupted operation is vital, and unplanned stops due to failure can be expensive. Critical devices, like controllers, are often duplicated to minimize the service stop probability, with a secondary controller acting as a backup to the primary. A seamless takeover requires that the backup has the primary's latest state, i.e., the primary has to replicate its state to the backup. While this method ensures high availability, it can be costly due to hardware doubling. This work proposes a state replication solution that doesn't require the backup to store the primary state, separating state storage from the backup function. Our replication approach allows for more flexible controller redundancy deployments since one controller can be a backup for multiple primaries without being saturated by state replication data. Our main contribution is the partible state replication approach, realized with a distributed architecture utilizing a consensus algorithm. A partial connectivity-tolerant consensus algorithm is also an additional contribution.

We develop an analysis of the diverse and heterogeneous problems presented by the legal-positive framework of collective dismissal in the Spanish legal system, but focused on the latest reforms, modifications and jurisprudential changes that have affected it. “Incomplete”, “unfinished” reforms or those that give rise to different interpretations as a result of the meaning of the regulation, such as the following amendments: the reform introduced by Royal Decree 608/2023, of July 11, 2023, which develops the RED Mechanism of Flexibility and Stabilization of Employment; the modifications in the Labor and Social Security Inspection as a result of the Law 3/2023, of 28 February, on Employment; some interpretative doubts as a result of the repeal of the sixteenth additional provision of the Workers’ Statute by way of the 2021 labour reform; or the jurisprudential doctrine about the interpretation in the calculation of collective redundancy., Desarrollamos un análisis de la diversa y heterogénea problemática que presenta el marco jurídico-positivo del despido colectivo en el ordenamiento español, pero enfocado a las últimas reformas, modificaciones y cambios jurisprudenciales que le han afectado. Reformas “incompletas”, “inacabadas” o que dan lugar a diversas interpretaciones resultado del sentido de la norma como las modificaciones siguientes: la reforma introducida por el Real Decreto 608/2023, de 11 de julio, por el que se desarrolla el Mecanismo RED de Flexibilidad y Estabilización del Empleo; las modificaciones en la Inspección de Trabajo y Seguridad Social consecuencia de la Ley 3/2023, de 28 de febrero, de Empleo; algunas dudas interpretativas fruto de la derogación de la disposición adicional decimosexta del Estatuto de los Trabajadores por la vía de la reforma laboral del 2021; o la doctrina jurisprudencial acerca de la interpretación en el cómputo del despido colectivo.

Partial information decompositions (PIDs) aim to categorize how a set of source variables provides information about a target variable redundantly, uniquely, or synergetically. The original proposal for such an analysis used a lattice-based approach and gained significant attention. However, finding a suitable underlying decomposition measure is still an open research question at an arbitrary number of discrete random variables. This work proposes a solution with a non-negative PID that satisfies an inclusion-exclusion relation for any f-information measure. The decomposition is constructed from a pointwise perspective of the target variable to take advantage of the equivalence between the Blackwell and zonogon order in this setting. Zonogons are the Neyman-Pearson region for an indicator variable of each target state, and f-information is the expected value of quantifying its boundary. We prove that the proposed decomposition satisfies the desired axioms and guarantees non-negative partial information results. Moreover, we demonstrate how the obtained decomposition can be transformed between different decomposition lattices and that it directly provides a non-negative decomposition of R & eacute;nyi-information at a transformed inclusion-exclusion relation. Finally, we highlight that the decomposition behaves differently depending on the information measure used and how it can be used for tracing partial information flows through Markov chains.

This essay explores the obligation to redeploy as a result of redundancy, conducting a comparative analysis of the redeployment processes in Sweden and Germany. The purpose of the essay is to examine what constitutes a reasonable redeployment in each country and identify differences and similarities in their respective legislation. This is achieved by using the legal dogmatic method, as the study investigates a legal research question through interpretation of legal cases. Applying the legal dogmatic method, the study interprets legal cases to investigate the issue, revealing that both Swedish and German legislation share similarities in safeguarding employees during redundancy, adhering to the ultima ratio principle; viewing dismissal as a last resort. Redundancy is an acceptable reason for dismissal in both countries. While redundancy is generally unquestioned in Swedish courts, Germany imposes specific requirements for claiming redundancy. In Germany the employer's obligation to investigate possibilities of redeployment includes more positions than in Sweden. Furthermore, the need for the work council’s consent in Germany contrasts with the employer's sole decision-making authority in Sweden. The requirements of the redeployment in terms of qualifications, status, and location are quite similar in the two countries, however in Germany there is more legislation that the employer needs to abide by in the situation of a redundancy and when offering a redeployment. The conclusions drawn from this essay is that although Swedish and German legislation have many similarities in terms of redeployment due to redundancy, the obligation to redeploy is more extensive in Germany.

Safety-critical systems become increasingly open and interconnected, which makes them a target of various cyberattacks. Such cyberattacks might jeopardise system safety and availability. Many safety-critical systems, such as railways, have a very long life cycle and hence, a large number of legacy components. The implementation of modern security protection mechanisms is often restricted due to the rigidness of legacy architecture and high re-certification costs. Therefore, it is desirable to efficiently utilise the potential already present in the system and enhance cybersecurity protection without major modifications. Safety-critical systems usually contain a high degree of redundancy required to achieve fault tolerance. In this paper, we investigate how to utilise redundancy to enhance cybersecurity protection. We demonstrate that by introducing diversity in the redundant architectures and implementing security monitoring, we can potentially enhance cybersecutiry protection of safety-critical systems., Part of ISBN 9798350304770QC 20231228

For many safety-critical systems, implementing modern cybersecurity protection mechanisms is hindered by legacy design and high re-certification costs. Since such systems are typically designed to be highly reliable, they usually contain a large number of redundant components used to achieve fault tolerance. In this paper, we discuss challenges in utilising redundancy inherently present in the architectures of safety-critical systems to enhance system cybersecurity protection. We consider classic redundant architectures and analyse their ability to protect against cyberattacks. By evaluating the likelihood of a successful cyberattack on a redundant architecture under different implementation conditions, we conclude that redundancy in combination with diversity has better potential to be utilised for cybersecurity protection., Part of ISBN 9783031409523QC 20231013

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are becoming increasingly important in various aspects of human life, particularly in safety-critical areas such as autonomous driving and aerospace systems. However, soft errors including bit-flips can significantly impact the performance of these systems, leading to serious consequences. To ensure the reliability of DNNs, it is essential to guarantee their performances. Many solutions have been proposed to enhance the trustworthiness of DNNs, including traditional methods like error correcting code (ECC) that can mitigate and detect soft errors but come at a high cost of redundancy. This thesis proposes a new method of correcting soft errors in DNNs using Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) and Transfer Learning (TL). DRL agent can learn the knowledge of identifying the layer-wise critical weights of a DNN. To accelerate the training time, TL is used to apply this knowledge to train other layers. The primary objective of this method is to ensure acceptable performance of a DNN by mitigating the impact of errors on it while maintaining low redundancy. As a case study, we tested the proposed method approach on a multilayer perception (MLP) and ResNet-18, and our results show that our method can save around 25% redundancy compared to the baseline method ECC while achieving the same level of performance. With the same redundancy, our approach can boost system performance by up to twice that of conventional methods. By implementing TL, the training time of MLP is shortened to around 81.11%, and that of ResNet-18 is shortened to around 57.75%., DNNs blir allt viktigare i olika aspekter av mänskligt liv, särskilt inom säkerhetskritiska områden som autonom körning och flygsystem. Mjuka fel inklusive bit-flip kan dock påverka prestandan hos dessa system avsevärt, vilket leder till allvarliga konsekvenser. För att säkerställa tillförlitligheten hos DNNs är det viktigt att garantera deras prestanda. Många lösningar har föreslagits för att förbättra tillförlitligheten för DNNs, inklusive traditionella metoder som ECC som kan mildra och upptäcka mjuka fel men som har en hög kostnad för redundans. Denna avhandling föreslår en ny metod för att korrigera mjuka fel i DNN med DRL och TL. DRL-agenten kan lära sig kunskapen om att identifiera de lagermässiga kritiska vikterna för en DNN. För att påskynda träningstiden används TL för att tillämpa denna kunskap för att träna andra lager. Det primära syftet med denna metod är att säkerställa acceptabel prestanda för en DNN genom att mildra inverkan av fel på den samtidigt som låg redundans bibehålls. Som en fallstudie testade vi den föreslagna metodmetoden på en MLP och ResNet-18, och våra resultat visar att vår metod kan spara cirka 25% redundans jämfört med baslinjemetoden ECC samtidigt som vi uppnår samma prestationsnivå. Med samma redundans kan vårt tillvägagångssätt öka systemets prestanda med upp till dubbelt så högt som för konventionella metoder. Genom att implementera TL förkortas träningstiden för MLP till cirka 81.11%, och den för ResNet-18 förkortas till cirka 57.75%.

Syntagmatic redundancy involves constructions in which a single meaning relates to more than one form in a clause or phrase. Redundancy has been claimed to facilitate language processing and acquisition, and to be a linguistic universal, because of these advantages. At the same time, the repeated expression of meaning has been argued to make languages more complex because of the violation of principles of economy and transparency. This paper first investigates the relation between redundancy and complexity by examining how redundancy scores on well-known metrics of complexity. This assessment shows that redundancy makes languages more complex according to metrics of objective complexity, while it has contradictory effects according to metrics of subjective complexity. To empirically test whether redundancy makes acquisition and processing easier or harder, a cross-linguistically valid way of measuring redundancy first needs to be established. The second part of the paper involves an attempt in this direction. It presents a typological study on cross-linguistic variation in four types of concord, showing that languages differ with respect to the number and types of redundancy constructions they allow. The ranking of the 50 sample languages as to their redundancy-based complexity serves as a testable hypothesis for acquisition and processing research.

Current cyberspace is confronted with unprecedented security risks, whereas traditional passive protection techniques are ill-equipped for attacks or defects with unknown features. Dynamic heterogeneous redundancy (DHR), a built-in active defense approach, deploy uncertain, random, dynamic systems to change the asymmetry of attack and defense, where arbitration is one of the key mechanisms. In this paper, an AI-assisted trustworthy architecture based on DHR and DRLIA (Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Intelligent Arbitration) algorithm is presented to enhance security for IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things). A double deep Q network (DDQN) is introduced, which is capable to distinguish the reliable and credible IIoT message from executors through interaction with the DHR environment. Finally, the DRLIA is implemented to conduct arbitration tasks in an IIoT critical message transmission scenario, where several comparison experiments between DRLIA and other traditional algorithms are designed. The result on the testbed empirically demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed architecture and the security enhancement.

This study describes and analyses the Swedish ecclesiastical heritage as well as the structures and systems that provide conditions and frameworks for how it is perceived and managed. One purpose is to explain today’s situation concerning the 3,000 historic church buildings and sites protected by national heritage legislation and owned by the Church of Sweden. Furthermore, the study analyses how the approaches, paradigms or discourses, which define that ecclesiastical heritage, have changed over the past two centuries. The study aims to bridge the gaps between antiquarian, art history and conservation discourses, where churches are mainly seen as material historic objects and other discourses that regard churches as living heritage, intangible heritage, or as resources for human rights and sustainable development. The analyses are based on theories such as the concepts of Authorized Heritage Discourse, heritagisation, secularisation, and research methods as discourse analysis and self-reflexivity. The study defines and discusses the Church Antiquarian System, which includes the State-Church agreement, the Historic Environment Act and the State financial compensation. The analyses show that the system is based on a partly outdated conservation approach, with origins in an even older nineteenth-century antiquarian discourse, that is not consistent with the national heritage policy adopted by the Swedish parliament. Thus, it blocks a necessary development where many redundant churches could be revitalised as resources for society. The current approach, as well as the Church’s use of its heritage and history, contribute to a deliberately created positive image, avoiding dark or controversial heritage that illustrates abuse of groups of people such as “witches” in the seventeenth century. To achieve the desired development towards a holistic and inclusive approach to ecclesiastical heritage, several recommendations are given. These include identification of heritage disc

Federal regulations aim to ensure grid reliability and harden it against outages; however, widespread outages continue. This thesis examines the spectrum of regulations to evaluate them. It outlines their structure, the regulations’ intent, and weighs them against evolving cyber and physical threats and natural disaster risks. Currently, the regulatory structure is incapable of providing uniform security. Federal standards protect only the transmission portion of the grid, leaving the distribution section vulnerable to attack due to varying regulations from state to state, or county to county. The regulations cannot adapt quickly enough to meet dynamic threats, rendering them less effective. Cyber threats can be so agile that protectors are unaware of vulnerabilities, and patching requirements are too lengthy, which increases the risk exposure. No current weather mitigation or standard is capable of protecting the grid despite regular natural disasters that cause power shutdowns. The thesis concludes that bridging these gaps requires not increasing protection standards, but redundancy. Redundancy, mirrored after the UK's infrastructure policy, is more likely to reduce failure risk through layered components and systems. Microgrids are proven effective in disasters to successfully deliver such redundancy and should be implemented across all critical infrastructure sectors., Civilian, Department of Homeland Security, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Die Studie von urbane Regenwassersysteme ist von großer Bedeutung angesichts der Herausforderungen, denen sie aufgrund des Klimawandels, der Urbanisierung und alternden Komponenten gegenüberstehen. Darüber hinaus kann die Umsetzung und Modellierung des Designs und der Instandhaltung von städtischen Regenwassernetzen berechnungsintensiv und komplex sein, insbesondere bei einem großen oder vielen miteinander verbundenen Systemen. Um diese Problematik anzugehen, anzugehen, hat diese Dissertation das Ziel, das Potenzial graphen-theoretischer Konzepte zu nutzen, um den hydrodynamischen Prozess zu beschleunigen und gleichzeitig tiefere Einblicke in die topologischen und/oder funktionellen Eigenschaften der Regenwassersysteme zu gewähren. Das übergeordnete Ziel ist es, innovative Methoden auf Basis der Graphentheorie (d.h. komplexer Netzwerkanalyse) bereitzustellen, um die Regenwassersysteme während des Designs und der Rehabilitation robuster zu gestalten. Die Designmethodik der Regenwassernetze begann mit der hydraulischen Gestaltung, bei der eine automatische hydrodynamische Designoptimierungstechnik formuliert wurde. Dieser Ansatz modifiziert Rohrdurchmesser, Gefälle und Einlassknoteneigenschaften von unten nach oben unter Beachtung lokaler Vorschriften. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Gestaltung von Regenwassernetzen mit kleineren Rückgabeperioden von bis zu 20 Jahren unter Berücksichtigung von Teilflussbedingungen für den ausgewählten Fallstudien effektiver sein kann. Darüber hinaus befasst sich diese Dissertation mit dem optimalen Layoutdesign von Regenwassernetzen, bei dem ein auf Graphentheorie basierendes Rahmenwerk entwickelt wurde, um zentralisierte und dezentralisierte Regenwasserkanäle effizient und schnell für flache und steile Gelände zu generieren. Die Resilienzbewertung der entwickelten Lösungen legt nahe, dass dezentralisierte Netze, die mehrere Hauptsammler für die Verteilung von Regenwasser aufweisen, wirksamer sind, um Überflutungsmengen und -dauer zu, The study of urban stormwater systems is vital in light of the challenges they face due to climate change, urbanization and aging components. Further, the implementation and modelling of the design and maintenance of urban stormwater networks can be computationally demanding and complex, particularly when the system being modelled is large or has many interconnected components. To address these problematic issues, this dissertation endeavours to harness the potentials of graph-theory-based concepts to accelerate the hydrodynamic process while providing more insights into the topological and/or functional characteristics of the stormwater systems. Thus, the overarching goal is to furnish novel methods based on graph theory (i.e., complex network analysis) for making stormwater systems more resilient during both the design and rehabilitation phases. The design methodology of stormwater networks began with hydraulic design, where an automatic hydrodynamic design optimization technique is formulated. This approach modifies pipe diameters, slopes, and inlet node characteristics from downstream to upstream while adhering to local regulations. The findings indicate that designing stormwater networks with smaller return periods of up to 20 years may be more effective when done with partial flow conditions for the chosen case study. Additionally, this dissertation addresses the optimal layout design of stormwater networks, where a graph-theory-based framework was developed to efficiently and quickly generate near-optimal (i.e., low design cost) centralized and decentralized storm sewer infrastructures for flat and steep terrains. The resilience assessment of the designed solutions implies that decentralized networks, which have multiple main collectors for flow distribution, are more effective in reducing flood volume and duration (i.e., enhancing resilience), particularly during extreme storm events. Another crucial objective of this dissertation is the evaluation of redund, Sina Hesarkazzazi, MSc, Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers, Kurzfassung in deutscher Sprache, Kumulative Dissertation aus vier Artikeln, Dissertation University of Innsbruck 2023

In this paper, we describe a supervised four-dimensional (4D) light field segmentation method that uses a graph-cut algorithm. Since 4D light field data has implicit depth information and contains redundancy, it differs from simple 4D hyper-volume. In order to preserve redundancy, we define two neighboring ray types (spatial and angular) in light field data. To obtain higher segmentation accuracy, we also design a learning-based likelihood, called objectness, which utilizes appearance and disparity cues. We show the effectiveness of our method via numerical evaluation and some light field editing applications using both synthetic and real-world light fields., 2016 IEEE International Conference on Computational Photography (ICCP),Evanston, IL, USA,13-15 May 2016

Recent popularization of camera devices, including action cams and smartphones, enables us to record videos in everyday life and share them through the Internet. Video blog is a recent approach for sharing videos, in which users enjoy expressing themselves in blog posts with attractive videos. Generating such videos, however, requires users to review vast amount of raw videos and edit them appropriately, which keeps users away from doing so. In this paper, we propose a novel video summarization method for helping users to create a video blog post. Unlike typical video summarization methods, the proposed method utilizes the text, which is written for a video blog post, and makes the video summary consistent with the content of the text. For this, we perform video summarization by solving an optimization problem, in which an objective function involves the content similarity between the summarized video and the text. Our user study with 20 participants has demonstrated that our proposed method is suitable to create video blog posts compared with conventional methods for video summarization., ICME 2015 : IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo , Jun 29-Jul 3, 2015 , Torino, Italy

Defect prediction models can help Software Quality Assurance (SQA) teams understand their past pitfalls that lead to defective modules. However, the conclusions that are derived from defect prediction models without mitigating redundant metrics issues may be misleading. In this paper, we set out to investigate if redundant metrics issues are affecting defect prediction studies, and its degree and causes of redundancy. Through a case study of 101 publicly-available defect datasets of systems that span both proprietary and open source domains, we observe that (1) 10%-67% of metrics of the studied defect datasets are redundant, and (2) the redundancy of metrics has to do with the aggregation functions of metrics. These findings suggest that researchers should be aware of redundant metrics prior to constructing a defect prediction model in order to maximize internal validity of their studies., ISSREW 2016 : 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering Workshops, 23-27 Oct. 2016, Ottawa, ON, Canada

This study describes and analyses the Swedish ecclesiastical heritage as well as the structures and systems that provide conditions and frameworks for how it is perceived and managed. One purpose is to explain today’s situation concerning the 3,000 historic church buildings and sites protected by national heritage legislation and owned by the Church of Sweden. Furthermore, the study analyses how the approaches, paradigms or discourses, which define that ecclesiastical heritage, have changed over the past two centuries. The study aims to bridge the gaps between antiquarian, art history and conservation discourses, where churches are mainly seen as material historic objects and other discourses that regard churches as living heritage, intangible heritage, or as resources for human rights and sustainable development. The analyses are based on theories such as the concepts of Authorized Heritage Discourse, heritagisation, secularisation, and research methods as discourse analysis and self-reflexivity. The study defines and discusses the Church Antiquarian System, which includes the State-Church agreement, the Historic Environment Act and the State financial compensation. The analyses show that the system is based on a partly outdated conservation approach, with origins in an even older nineteenth-century antiquarian discourse, that is not consistent with the national heritage policy adopted by the Swedish parliament. Thus, it blocks a necessary development where many redundant churches could be revitalised as resources for society. The current approach, as well as the Church’s use of its heritage and history, contribute to a deliberately created positive image, avoiding dark or controversial heritage that illustrates abuse of groups of people such as “witches” in the seventeenth century. To achieve the desired development towards a holistic and inclusive approach to ecclesiastical heritage, several recommendations are given. These include identification of heritage disc

This study describes and analyses the Swedish ecclesiastical heritage as well as the structures and systems that provide conditions and frameworks for how it is perceived and managed. One purpose is to explain today’s situation concerning the 3,000 historic church buildings and sites protected by national heritage legislation and owned by the Church of Sweden. Furthermore, the study analyses how the approaches, paradigms or discourses, which define that ecclesiastical heritage, have changed over the past two centuries. The study aims to bridge the gaps between antiquarian, art history and conservation discourses, where churches are mainly seen as material historic objects and other discourses that regard churches as living heritage, intangible heritage, or as resources for human rights and sustainable development. The analyses are based on theories such as the concepts of Authorized Heritage Discourse, heritagisation, secularisation, and research methods as discourse analysis and self-reflexivity. The study defines and discusses the Church Antiquarian System, which includes the State-Church agreement, the Historic Environment Act and the State financial compensation. The analyses show that the system is based on a partly outdated conservation approach, with origins in an even older nineteenth-century antiquarian discourse, that is not consistent with the national heritage policy adopted by the Swedish parliament. Thus, it blocks a necessary development where many redundant churches could be revitalised as resources for society. The current approach, as well as the Church’s use of its heritage and history, contribute to a deliberately created positive image, avoiding dark or controversial heritage that illustrates abuse of groups of people such as “witches” in the seventeenth century. To achieve the desired development towards a holistic and inclusive approach to ecclesiastical heritage, several recommendations are given. These include identification of heritage disc

This article explores the phenomenon of recurrent internal redeployment, through a case study of restructuring at a UK based steel firm. While redeployment reflected one of the key functions of the traditional internal labour market at SteelCo, frequent restructuring events meant some workers experienced redeployment on a recurrent basis. For these workers the experience of repeated redeployment was analogous to churning in and out of jobs on the external labour market. Adapting this term to internal organisational processes, the article presents a new way of analysing recurrent redeployment through the formulation of the concept of Internal Labour Market Churn. This new contribution to internal labour market theory highlights problems with human capital development, career progression and in-work insecurity associated with internal churning, which tarnishes the sense of mutual commitment traditionally associated with and engendered by internal labour markets.

This article explores the phenomenon of recurrent internal redeployment, through a case study of restructuring at a UK based steel firm. While redeployment reflected one of the key functions of the traditional internal labour market at SteelCo, frequent restructuring events meant some workers experienced redeployment on a recurrent basis. For these workers the experience of repeated redeployment was analogous to churning in and out of jobs on the external labour market. Adapting this term to internal organisational processes, the article presents a new way of analysing recurrent redeployment through the formulation of the concept of Internal Labour Market Churn. This new contribution to internal labour market theory highlights problems with human capital development, career progression and in-work insecurity associated with internal churning, which tarnishes the sense of mutual commitment traditionally associated with and engendered by internal labour markets.

In this small-scale qualitative study we examine PowerPoint presentations using cognitive perspectives (such as the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning, Arousal theory, and Dual Channel processing) to compare teacher experience with a theoretical background. By analyzing collected PowerPoint presentations and interviewing the experienced teachers that created them about their didactic choices, we are able to identify and focus on four aspects of multimedia learning: Pacing, Student Stimuli, Signaling and Redundancy. Although the teachers involved in the study do not reference the cognitive perspective explicitly, we find similarities and differences between the teachers' near-practice experience and the underlying cognitive theories, finding pedagogical value in both their complementary and contradictory natures. From this, we suggest that the principles of cognitive theories from a scientific basis are complemented and tempered by the flexibility of experience.

Date: 2023-05-30 Level: Master thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University Authors: Ramak Amyari Khamneh (84/01/29), Aymen Safi (00/03/27) Title: Artificial Intelligence as a Catalyst for Supply Chain Resilience: A Qualitative Study Comparing Scania and Volvo in the Construction Equipment Industry Supervisor: Emre Yildiz Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Supply Chain Resilience, Construction Equipment Industry, Disruptions, Agility, Redundancy Research question: How do Scania and Volvo interpret and implement Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies to enhance supply chain resilience and mitigate disruptions in the construction equipment industry? Purpose: The purpose of this master thesis is to investigate how Scania and Volvo interpret and implement AI technologies to enhance supply chain resilience and mitigate disruptions in the construction equipment industry. Method: Qualitative Conclusion: The conclusion of the master thesis is that Scania and Volvo have successfully implemented AI technologies to enhance supply chain resilience in the construction equipment industry, despite challenges, and see AI as a critical component for future supply chain strategies.

Computer systems can fail for a vast range of reasons, and handling failures is crucial to any critical computer system. Many modern computer systems are migrating to public clouds, which provides more flexible resource consumption and in many cases reduced costs, while the migration can also require system changes due to limitations in the provided cloud environment. This thesis evaluates a few methods of achieving failover when migrating a system to a public cloud, with the main goal of finding a replacement for failover mechanisms that can only be used in self-managed infrastructure. A few different failover methods are evaluated by looking into different aspects of how each method would change an existing system. Two methods using \textit{etcd} and \textit{Apache ZooKeeper} are used for experimental evaluation where failover time is measured in two simulated scenarios where the primary process terminates and a standby process needs to be promoted to the primary status. In one scenario, the primary process is not able to notify other processes in the system before terminating, and in the other scenario, the primary process can release the primary status to another instance before terminating. The etcd and ZooKeeper solutions are shown to behave quite similarly in the testing setup, while the ZooKeeper solution might be able to achieve lower failover time in low-latency environments.

The drinking water infrastructure is among our most critical infrastructures and hence it is important for society to secure. Today, there is a lot of critical infrastructures that are dependent on different conditions to uphold its functionality. These critical infrastructures are often interdependent as well. This Master Thesis aims to examine how the preparedness within the Swedish drinking water infrastructure is progressing, which is done by answering three questions. How is the drinking water infrastructure dependent of other critical infrastructures? How can the effects of these dependencies be quantitatively analyzed with regard to the resilience within the drinking water sector? What is done today and what needs are there in order to minimize the vulnerabilities linked to the identified dependencies? To obtain this information, an interview study and a simulation study was performed. It appeared that the top dependencies within the drinking water sector is electricity, personnel, telecommunication and transports of purification chemicals and spare parts. In a situation where the electricity supply is lapsing, transports of fuel to the back-up generators are needed. From the simulations and modeling it appeared that electricity was affecting the system the most. Neither the telecommunication, personnel supply nor the transports affected the system to that magnitude which may prove the high redundancy that exists in the drinking water network. While it was clear to the sector how the top dependencies behaved, indications showed that synergistic effects and cascading events may need to be examined further.