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Experiments on visually grounded, definite reference production often manipulate simple visual scenes in the form of grids filled with objects, for example, to test how speakers are affected by the number of objects that are visible. Regarding the latter, it was found that speech onset times increase along with domain size, at least when speakers refer to nonsalient target objects that do not pop out of the visual domain. This finding suggests that even in the case of many distractors, speakers perform object-by-object scans of the visual scene. The current study investigates whether this systematic processing strategy can be explained by the simplified nature of the scenes that were used, and if different strategies can be identified for photo-realistic visual scenes. In doing so, we conducted a preregistered experiment that manipulated domain size and saturation; replicated the measures of speech onset times; and recorded eye movements to measure speakers' viewing strategies more directly. Using controlled photo-realistic scenes, we find (1) that speech onset times increase linearly as more distractors are present; (2) that larger domains elicit relatively fewer fixation switches back and forth between the target and its distractors, mainly before speech onset; and (3) that speakers fixate the target relatively less often in larger domains, mainly after speech onset. We conclude that careful object-by-object scans remain the dominant strategy in our photo-realistic scenes, to a limited extent combined with low-level saliency mechanisms. A relevant direction for future research would be to employ less controlled photo-realistic stimuli that do allow for interpretation based on context.

For luminescent materials competition between radiative decay (emission of photons, light) and non-radiative decay (conversion of excited state energy to heat) is crucial for their performance. This battle between light and darkness is the topic in this thesis for a selection of materials that (may) find application in displays, lighting and optical sensing. New insights are presented for different types of materials (insulator or semiconductor, doped or undoped), activator ions (transition metal or lanthanide) and size (micro- or nanocrystalline) and contribute to a brighter future.

This paper introduces an FPGA-based implementation of a smart switch designed to avoid inrush currents occurring during the connection of single-phase transformers utilized in grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. The magnitude of inrush currents is notably impacted by the residual flux within the transformer core and the precise moment of energization relative to the wave cycle. Alternative methods frequently hinge on intricate procedures to estimate residual flux. This challenge is adeptly circumvented by the innovative smart control system proposed herein, rendering it a cost-effective solution for grid-connected PV systems. The proposed solution for mitigating inrush current remains effective, even in the face of challenges with current and voltage sensors. This resilience arises from the system’s ability to learn and adapt by leveraging information acquired from the network., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

We conduct coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of a KBS-3V repository design in crystalline rocks, using data and conditions from the Forsmark in Olkiluoto repository sites in Sweden and Finland. The study focuses on repository performance related to the impact of thermal and hydraulic evolution on the potential for thermal-mechanical damage to underground repository excavations. For the designs and conditions considered at the Forsmark and Olkiluoto repository sites, the simulations show a peak temperature well under the adopted performance target of a 100 degrees C maximum temperature, whereas there is still a high potential for thermal-mechanical damage to the KBS-3V waste deposition holes. The thermal-mechanical damage is much more likely if rock permeability is so low that it delays saturation and swelling of bentonite-clay-based backfill beyond the time for the thermal-mechanical peak, which occurs 50 to 100 years after nuclear waste deposition. We also found that sidewalls of the KBS-3V emplacement tunnels are vulnerable to tensile fracturing due to the combined effect of thermal stressing and backfill swelling. The study highlights a strong interaction between bentonitebased backfill and host rock through capillary suction along with induced rock desaturation. A careful design and selection of the bentonite-clay-based backfill materials for KBS-3V tunnels and deposition holes can facilitate a timely saturation and backfill swelling that in turn can minimize thermal-mechanical damage.

We conduct coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of a KBS-3V repository design in crystalline rocks, using data and conditions from the Forsmark in Olkiluoto repository sites in Sweden and Finland. The study focuses on repository performance related to the impact of thermal and hydraulic evolution on the potential for thermal-mechanical damage to underground repository excavations. For the designs and conditions considered at the Forsmark and Olkiluoto repository sites, the simulations show a peak temperature well under the adopted performance target of a 100 degrees C maximum temperature, whereas there is still a high potential for thermal-mechanical damage to the KBS-3V waste deposition holes. The thermal-mechanical damage is much more likely if rock permeability is so low that it delays saturation and swelling of bentonite-clay-based backfill beyond the time for the thermal-mechanical peak, which occurs 50 to 100 years after nuclear waste deposition. We also found that sidewalls of the KBS-3V emplacement tunnels are vulnerable to tensile fracturing due to the combined effect of thermal stressing and backfill swelling. The study highlights a strong interaction between bentonitebased backfill and host rock through capillary suction along with induced rock desaturation. A careful design and selection of the bentonite-clay-based backfill materials for KBS-3V tunnels and deposition holes can facilitate a timely saturation and backfill swelling that in turn can minimize thermal-mechanical damage.

We conduct coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of a KBS-3V repository design in crystalline rocks, using data and conditions from the Forsmark in Olkiluoto repository sites in Sweden and Finland. The study focuses on repository performance related to the impact of thermal and hydraulic evolution on the potential for thermal-mechanical damage to underground repository excavations. For the designs and conditions considered at the Forsmark and Olkiluoto repository sites, the simulations show a peak temperature well under the adopted performance target of a 100 degrees C maximum temperature, whereas there is still a high potential for thermal-mechanical damage to the KBS-3V waste deposition holes. The thermal-mechanical damage is much more likely if rock permeability is so low that it delays saturation and swelling of bentonite-clay-based backfill beyond the time for the thermal-mechanical peak, which occurs 50 to 100 years after nuclear waste deposition. We also found that sidewalls of the KBS-3V emplacement tunnels are vulnerable to tensile fracturing due to the combined effect of thermal stressing and backfill swelling. The study highlights a strong interaction between bentonitebased backfill and host rock through capillary suction along with induced rock desaturation. A careful design and selection of the bentonite-clay-based backfill materials for KBS-3V tunnels and deposition holes can facilitate a timely saturation and backfill swelling that in turn can minimize thermal-mechanical damage.

We conduct coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of a KBS-3V repository design in crystalline rocks, using data and conditions from the Forsmark in Olkiluoto repository sites in Sweden and Finland. The study focuses on repository performance related to the impact of thermal and hydraulic evolution on the potential for thermal-mechanical damage to underground repository excavations. For the designs and conditions considered at the Forsmark and Olkiluoto repository sites, the simulations show a peak temperature well under the adopted performance target of a 100 degrees C maximum temperature, whereas there is still a high potential for thermal-mechanical damage to the KBS-3V waste deposition holes. The thermal-mechanical damage is much more likely if rock permeability is so low that it delays saturation and swelling of bentonite-clay-based backfill beyond the time for the thermal-mechanical peak, which occurs 50 to 100 years after nuclear waste deposition. We also found that sidewalls of the KBS-3V emplacement tunnels are vulnerable to tensile fracturing due to the combined effect of thermal stressing and backfill swelling. The study highlights a strong interaction between bentonitebased backfill and host rock through capillary suction along with induced rock desaturation. A careful design and selection of the bentonite-clay-based backfill materials for KBS-3V tunnels and deposition holes can facilitate a timely saturation and backfill swelling that in turn can minimize thermal-mechanical damage.

We conduct coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of a KBS-3V repository design in crystalline rocks, using data and conditions from the Forsmark in Olkiluoto repository sites in Sweden and Finland. The study focuses on repository performance related to the impact of thermal and hydraulic evolution on the potential for thermal-mechanical damage to underground repository excavations. For the designs and conditions considered at the Forsmark and Olkiluoto repository sites, the simulations show a peak temperature well under the adopted performance target of a 100 degrees C maximum temperature, whereas there is still a high potential for thermal-mechanical damage to the KBS-3V waste deposition holes. The thermal-mechanical damage is much more likely if rock permeability is so low that it delays saturation and swelling of bentonite-clay-based backfill beyond the time for the thermal-mechanical peak, which occurs 50 to 100 years after nuclear waste deposition. We also found that sidewalls of the KBS-3V emplacement tunnels are vulnerable to tensile fracturing due to the combined effect of thermal stressing and backfill swelling. The study highlights a strong interaction between bentonitebased backfill and host rock through capillary suction along with induced rock desaturation. A careful design and selection of the bentonite-clay-based backfill materials for KBS-3V tunnels and deposition holes can facilitate a timely saturation and backfill swelling that in turn can minimize thermal-mechanical damage.

We investigate the effect of increasing levels of hydrogen enrichment on the nonlinear response and saturation of premixed bluff-body stabilized methane/hydrogen flames submitted to acoustic forcing. The thermal power is kept approximately constant to preserve the nozzle velocity while increasing the flame speed through hydrogen enrichment. The flame describing function (FDF) is measured for a fixed frequency and three hydrogen–methane blends ranging from 10% to 50% by power, corresponding to 25% to 75% by volume. We show that when the flame is forced at the same frequency at similar power and bulk velocities, increasing levels of hydrogen enrichment increase the saturation amplitude of the flame. To provide insight into the flame dynamics responsible for the change in the global nonlinear response and saturation amplitude, the flames were investigated using high-speed imaging in combination with OH planar laser-induced fluorescence (OH-PLIF) at a range of forcing amplitudes. At lower hydrogen concentrations, the flame is stabilized along the inner shear layer and saturation in the heat release rate (HRR) occurs at lower forcing amplitudes due to large-scale flame–vortex interactions causing flame annihilation as observed in several previous studies. At increased levels of hydrogen enrichment, distinctly different flame dynamics are observed. In these cases, the flame accelerates and propagates across to the outer shear layer, which acts to suppress large-scale flame annihilation during roll-up of both the inner and outer shear layers. This results in a coherent increase in flame surface area with forcing amplitudes significantly increasing the saturation amplitude of the flame. These results show that high levels of hydrogen increase the amplitude response to acoustic forcing leading to higher saturation amplitudes. This suggests that substituting natural gas with hydrogen in gas turbines increases the risk of much higher limit-cycle amplitudes if self-excited inst

Trickle bed reactors (TBR) are widely used in the chemical industries. These reactors involve gas and liquid flow through a catalyst-packed bed. For optimal TBR performance, it is crucial to achieve a uniform distribution of gas and liquid among the catalyst particles. However, in multitubular reactors with slender tubes, flow maldistribution near the tube walls is a common issue. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of local phase and flow distribution is essential for designing and operating reactors with slender tubes. This article employs Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to characterize the three-dimensional distribution of the two-phase trickle flow within a slender tube. Three quantities are characterized: gas-liquid-solid distribution, particle wetting efficiency, and the flow field. Structure and flow MRI images are processed to calculate these quantities. Additionally, a novel postprocessing technique is introduced to determine the liquid distribution over individual particle surfaces. This distribution is determined at several axial and radial positions.

For a fixed poset P, a family F of subsets of [n] is induced P-saturated if F does not contain an induced copy of P, but for every subset S of [n] such that S ∉ F, P is an induced subposet of F ∪{S}. The size of the smallest such family F is denoted by sat∗ (n, P). Keszegh, Lemons, Martin, Pálvölgyi and Patkós [Journal of Combinatorial Theory Series A, 2021] proved that there is a dichotomy of behaviour for this parameter: given any poset P, either sat* (n, P) = O(1) or (Formula presented). In this paper we improve this general result showing that either (Formula presented). Our proof makes use of a Turán-type result for digraphs. Curiously, it remains open as to whether our result is essentially best possible or not. On the one hand, a conjecture of Ivan states that for the so-called diamond poset (Formula presented) we have (Formula presented); so if true this conjecture implies our result is tight up to a multi-plicative constant. On the other hand, a conjecture of Keszegh, Lemons, Martin, Pálvölgyi and Patkós states that given any poset P, either sat* (n, P) = O(1) or (Formula presented). We prove that this latter conjecture is true for a certain class of posets P.

For a fixed poset P, a family F of subsets of [n] is induced P-saturated if F does not contain an induced copy of P, but for every subset S of [n] such that S ∉ F, P is an induced subposet of F ∪{S}. The size of the smallest such family F is denoted by sat∗ (n, P). Keszegh, Lemons, Martin, Pálvölgyi and Patkós [Journal of Combinatorial Theory Series A, 2021] proved that there is a dichotomy of behaviour for this parameter: given any poset P, either sat* (n, P) = O(1) or (Formula presented). In this paper we improve this general result showing that either (Formula presented). Our proof makes use of a Turán-type result for digraphs. Curiously, it remains open as to whether our result is essentially best possible or not. On the one hand, a conjecture of Ivan states that for the so-called diamond poset (Formula presented) we have (Formula presented); so if true this conjecture implies our result is tight up to a multi-plicative constant. On the other hand, a conjecture of Keszegh, Lemons, Martin, Pálvölgyi and Patkós states that given any poset P, either sat* (n, P) = O(1) or (Formula presented). We prove that this latter conjecture is true for a certain class of posets P.

The province of Chimborazo located in the northern Andes of Ecuador presents many intrinsic factors, which contribute to the occurrence of mass movements, leaving in many of the cases registered damages of materials and loss of life. The recent landslide of March 26, 2023, in the Alausí canton is an event of great interest due to the magnitude of the occurred destruction and the corresponding fatalities. Therefore, there are two predominant objectives of the current study, of which the first has been to determine the most relevant characteristics of this mass movement by identifying and analyzing the geomorphology of the recorded slope movement and the lithological units involved, by field work and through geophysical surveys. Secondly, we performed a preliminary study of the possible triggers of the movement by means of the historical analysis of the precipitations during the months of January to March of the last decade and the study of the recent seismic series. However, through the obtained analysis, it is determined that the study site is composed of three distinctive lithological units. The observed mass movement is of the rotational type, as result of the intense rainfall that occurred during the first quarter of 2023, being hereby the most probable triggering factor. This corresponds to a 600% increase in the average monthly rainfall compared to the period from 2010 to 2022.

The high electricity prices are a talked about issue in today's society where many peoplefind themselves in a critical situation as a result of them. In a more long-termperspective, Sweden faces a goal of a comprehensive transformation of the energysystem. Lighting is a contributing factor to the energy system and energy use. Light inthe form of lighting is important for the visibility of objects and the surroundings, whichis a contributing factor to safety in society.The stock market price for electricity prices in December 2022 shows a sharp risethroughout Sweden and the forecast for today's electricity prices continues to rise(Konsumenternas, 2022). Energy consumption has a direct correlation to electricitycosts and dimmed LED light sources lead to lower energy consumption (Jägerbrand,2011). An important aspect in how the sense of safety, security and architecture isemphasized is the color rendering and light level of the lighting. A study carried out byMinchen et al (2020) proves that a light source with an increased color saturation and alower used illuminance can give rise to an equivalent visibility of a board as a lightsource with lower color saturation and higher illuminance.The aim is to identify and describe previous areas of knowledge about the colorsaturation and color reproduction of light sources. Tentative theory must be tested tosee if future outcomes can be predicted with the aim of lowering the light level andenergy consumption through increased color saturation and its impact on visibility andperceived safety.In order to achieve the aim and answer the study's questions, a literature search has beencarried out, in both primary and secondary sources, with keywords and search stringsin the scientific database Web of science together with the help of the snowball methodand snowball technique. In addition, available light source data from light sourcesuppliers has been analyzed to investigate the correlation between energy consumptionand color saturat, De höga elpriserna är en omtalad fråga i dagens samhälle där många befinner sig i enkritisk situation till följd av dem. I ett mer långsiktigt perspektiv står Sverige inför ettmål till en omfattande omställning av energisystemet. Belysning är en bidragande faktortill energisystemet och energianvändningen. Ljus i form av belysning är viktig försynbarheten till objekt och omgivningen som är en bidragande faktor till tryggheten isamhället.Börspriset för elpriser i december 2022 visar en kraftig stigning i hela Sverige ochprognosen för dagens elpriser fortsätter att stiga (Konsumenternas, 2022).Energiförbrukningen har en direkt korrelation till elkostnaderna och dimrade LEDljuskällorleder till lägre energiförbrukning (Jägerbrand, 2011). En viktig aspekt i hurkänslan av trygghet, säkerhet och arkitektur framhävs är belysningens färgåtergivningoch ljusnivå. En studie utförd av Minchen et al (2020) påvisar till att en ljuskälla meden ökad färgmättnad och en lägre använd belysningsstyrka kan ge upphov till enlikvärdig synbarhet av en tavla som en ljuskälla med lägre färgmättnad och högrebelysningsstyrka.Syftet är att identifiera och beskriva tidigare kunskapsområden om ljuskällorsfärgmättnad och färgåtergivning. Tentativ teori ska prövas till om framtida utfall kanförutsägas i syfte att sänka ljusnivån och energiförbrukningen genom en ökadfärgmättnad och dess påverkan på synbarheten och den upplevda tryggheten.För att uppnå syftet och besvara studiens frågeställningar har en litteratursökninggenomförts, i både primära och sekundära källor, med nyckelord och söksträngarvetenskapliga databasen Web of science tillsammans med hjälp av snöbollsmetodenoch snöbollsteknik. Därtill har tillgänglig ljuskälledata från ljuskälleleverantöreranalyserats för att undersöka korrelation mellan energiförbrukning och färgmättnad.För att vidare undersöka ämnet och besvara frågeställningarna genomfördes ettexperiment med två olika belysnings-scenarion av en modellerad tunnel. Underexperimentet b

Rising atmospheric CO2 shifts the marine inorganic carbonate system and decreases seawater pH, a process often abbreviated to ‘ocean acidification’. Since acidification decreases the saturation state for crystalline calcium carbonate (e.g., calcite and aragonite), rising dissolved CO2 levels will either increase the energy demand for calcification or reduce the total amount of CaCO3 precipitated. Here we report growth of two large benthic photosymbiont-bearing foraminifera, Heterostegina depressa and Amphistegina lessonii, cultured at four different ocean acidification scenarios (400, 700, 1000 and 2200 ppm atmospheric pCO2). Using the alkalinity anomaly technique, we calculated the amount of calcium carbonate precipitated during the incubation and found that both species produced the most carbonate at intermediate CO2 levels. The chamber addition rates for each of the conditions were also determined and matched the changes in alkalinity. These results were complemented by micro-CT scanning of selected specimens to visualize the effect of CO2 on growth. The increased chamber addition rates at elevated CO2 concentrations suggest that both foraminifera species can take advantage of the increased availability of the inorganic carbon, despite a lower saturation state. This adds to the growing number of reports showing the variable response of foraminifera to elevated CO2 concentrations, which is likely a consequence of differences in calcification mechanisms.

A 0-1 matrix \(M\) contains a 0-1 matrix pattern \(P\) if we can obtain \(P\) from \(M\) by deleting rows and/or columns and turning arbitrary 1-entries into 0s. The saturation function \(\mathrm{sat}(P,n)\) for a 0-1 matrix pattern \(P\) indicates the minimum number of 1s in an \(n \times n\) 0-1 matrix that does not contain \(P\), but changing any 0-entry into a 1-entry creates an occurrence of \(P\). Fulek and Keszegh recently showed that each pattern has a saturation function either in \(\mathcal{O}(1)\) or in \(\Theta(n)\). We fully classify the saturation functions of permutation matrices.Mathematics Subject Classifications: 05D99Keywords: Forbidden submatrices, saturation

This paper describes an approach allowing aging to be included in the design of marine structures. Two types of aging are considered, physical aging and seawater saturation. The latter is shown to be more severe for this material, with losses in properties of up to 30% being measured after aging. A complete set of in-plane and out-of-plane properties was generated for a carbon/epoxy composite, and these were then used as input data to model the response of a flexural beam under a mixed shear/bending load. Reasonable agreement is found between model and test results; both show the strong influence of seawater conditioning on the composite performance, with a reduction in strength after aging of around 35%. This approach can be applied to account for seawater aging during the design of composite structures.

Current transformer saturation affects measurement accuracy and, consequently, protection reliability. One important concern in the case of overcurrent protections is the discrimination between faults and inrush current in power transformers. This paper presents an FPGA-based smart sensor to detect current transformer saturation, especially during inrush current conditions. Several methods have been proposed in the literature, but some are unsuitable for inrush currents due to their particular waveform. The proposed algorithm implemented on the smart sensor uses two time-domain features of the measured secondary current: the second-order difference function and the third-order statistic central moment. The proposed smart sensor presents high effectiveness and immunity against noise with accurate results in different conditions: different residual flux, resistive burdens, sampling frequency, and noise levels. The points at which saturation starts are detected with an accuracy of approximately 100%. Regarding the end of saturation, the proposed method detects the right ending points with a maximum error of a sample. The smart sensor has been tested on experimental online and real-time conditions (including an anti-aliasing filter) with accurate results. Unlike most existing methods, the proposed smart sensor operates efficiently during inrush conditions. The smart sensor presents high-speed processing despite its simplicity and low computational cost., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Let G be a reductive group over an algebraically closed field k of separably good characteristic p > 0 for G. Under these assumptions, a Springer isomorphism f : N-red(g) ? V-red(G) from the nilpotent scheme of g to the unipotent scheme of G always exists and allows one to integrate any p-nilpotent element of g into a unipotent element of G. One should wonder whether such a punctual integration can lead to an integration of restricted p-nil p-subalgebras of g = Lie(G). We provide a counter-example of the existence of such an integration in general, as well as criteria to integrate some restricted p-nil p-subalgebras of g (that are maximal in a certain sense). This requires the generalisation of the notion of infinitesimal saturation first introduced by Deligne and the extension of one of his theorems on infinitesimally saturated subgroups of G to the previously mentioned framework.

Let G be a reductive group over an algebraically closed field k of separably good characteristic p > 0 for G. Under these assumptions, a Springer isomorphism f : N-red(g) ? V-red(G) from the nilpotent scheme of g to the unipotent scheme of G always exists and allows one to integrate any p-nilpotent element of g into a unipotent element of G. One should wonder whether such a punctual integration can lead to an integration of restricted p-nil p-subalgebras of g = Lie(G). We provide a counter-example of the existence of such an integration in general, as well as criteria to integrate some restricted p-nil p-subalgebras of g (that are maximal in a certain sense). This requires the generalisation of the notion of infinitesimal saturation first introduced by Deligne and the extension of one of his theorems on infinitesimally saturated subgroups of G to the previously mentioned framework.

Let G be a reductive group over an algebraically closed field k of separably good characteristic p > 0 for G. Under these assumptions, a Springer isomorphism f : N-red(g) ? V-red(G) from the nilpotent scheme of g to the unipotent scheme of G always exists and allows one to integrate any p-nilpotent element of g into a unipotent element of G. One should wonder whether such a punctual integration can lead to an integration of restricted p-nil p-subalgebras of g = Lie(G). We provide a counter-example of the existence of such an integration in general, as well as criteria to integrate some restricted p-nil p-subalgebras of g (that are maximal in a certain sense). This requires the generalisation of the notion of infinitesimal saturation first introduced by Deligne and the extension of one of his theorems on infinitesimally saturated subgroups of G to the previously mentioned framework.

Let G be a reductive group over an algebraically closed field k of separably good characteristic p > 0 for G. Under these assumptions, a Springer isomorphism f : N-red(g) ? V-red(G) from the nilpotent scheme of g to the unipotent scheme of G always exists and allows one to integrate any p-nilpotent element of g into a unipotent element of G. One should wonder whether such a punctual integration can lead to an integration of restricted p-nil p-subalgebras of g = Lie(G). We provide a counter-example of the existence of such an integration in general, as well as criteria to integrate some restricted p-nil p-subalgebras of g (that are maximal in a certain sense). This requires the generalisation of the notion of infinitesimal saturation first introduced by Deligne and the extension of one of his theorems on infinitesimally saturated subgroups of G to the previously mentioned framework.

Finding if color has an effect on depth perception in virtual reality (VR) is important, as it could be important for e.g. surgeons to perceive the depth correctly if they were to be trained in VR environments as a preparation for surgeries on real patients. If color has an effect on perceived depth in VR then producers of these simulations have to take their color choices into account when creating simulations. Previous research has shown that luminosity and hue can have effects on depth perception. It is also perceived that depth underestimation is prevalent in VR. Discerning if either the color of the focal object or the background is affecting the depth perception is important. Therefore finding what effect different color attributes of a focal object and background has on the depth perception in a VR environment is important. This experimental study examined this through a case study performed in a VR environment built in Unity. The tests were set up to emulate the piercing of a catheter into a plane, where the user pressed a button the moment the plane was pierced. To test different colors of the focal object, in this case a plane, the background was assigned neutral colors (white or black) and while testing the background the plane had a neutral color (white). Results from the study show that colors have a small effect, namely up to 13.2 mm error (for the yellow hue with high luminosity and high saturation), on users’ depth perception in VR. No single attribute was better than another but on the object, blue hue gave the largest error while red hue gave the smallest error. For the background, there was more variation on the data but green and blue hue gave the smallest errors and red and yellow the largest. In sum, color has differing effects on depth perception in VR depending on if the color is applied to a background or an object. Red color gave the most accurate depth perception when applied to the object. For color applied to the background, green hue wi, Att ta reda på om färg har en påverkan på djupseende i virtuell verklighet (VR) är viktigt, eftersom det skulle vara viktigt för t.ex. kirurger att uppfatta djupet korrekt om de skulle bli tränade i VR miljöer som en förberedelse inför operationer på riktiga patienter. Om färg har en effekt på upplevd djup i VR, då måste tillverkarna av dessa simulationer ha deras färgval i åtanke när de skapar simulatorerna. Tidigare forskning har visat att ljusintensitet och kulörton kan ha en effekt på djupseende. Det har också upptäckts att djupunderskattning är allmänt förekommande i VR. Att urskilja om antingen färgen på fokusobjektet eller på bakgrunden påverkar djupseendet är viktigt. Således att hitta vilken effekt olika färg attribut av ett fokusobjekt och bakgrund har på djupseendet i en VR miljö. Studien undersökte detta genom en fallstudie i en VR miljö byggd i Unity. Testen var uppbyggda för att efterlikna en kateter som genomtränger ett plan där användaren trycker på en knapp då den trängde igenom planet. För att testa olika färger på fokusobjektet, i detta fall ett plan, blev bakgrunden tilldelad neutrala färger (vit och svart) och när bakgrunden testades var planet tilldelad en neutral färg (vit). Resultaten från studien visar att färg har en liten effekt, upp till 13.2 mm i fel (för den gula kulörtonen med hög ljusintensitet och hög mättnad), på djupseende i VR. Inget enskilt attribut var bättre än ett annat, men på objektet gav blå kulörton det största felet medan röd kulörton gav det minsta felet. För bakgrunden var det mer variation på data men grön och blå kulörton gav de minsta felen och röd och gul gav de största felen. Färgen har olika påverkan på djupseende i VR beroende på om färgen är applicerad på en bakgrund eller ett objekt. Röd färg gav det mest korrekta djupseendet när den var applicerad på objektet. För färg applicerad på bakgrund, resulterade grön kulörton med hög ljusintensitet och blå kulörton med låg ljusintensitet i det mest korrekta djupseende

Power transformers are devices with non-linear behavior due to the saturation of the ferromagnetic core. When modelling such devices, the saturation effect must be taken into account because it greatly affects their performance and efficiency. In this paper, an electromagnetic model for power transformers is proposed and experimentally validated using an electrical T-model coupled with a reluctance network to model the magnetic part. The electrical circuit and the reluctance network are linked by two B–H approaches. The B–H relationships are modelled by the full hysteresis cycle based on the inverse Jiles-Atherton theory and by the initial magnetization curve. The results obtained with the inverse Jiles-Atherton theory model reproduce the magnetic core behavior with more accuracy than the one based on the initial magnetization curve, especially at low load conditions where saturation plays a more prominent role on the no-load current. The proposed model can be applied to other magnetic devices such as inductors for power electronic applications or electromechanical relays, among others., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The high electricity prices are a talked about issue in today's society where many peoplefind themselves in a critical situation as a result of them. In a more long-termperspective, Sweden faces a goal of a comprehensive transformation of the energysystem. Lighting is a contributing factor to the energy system and energy use. Light inthe form of lighting is important for the visibility of objects and the surroundings, whichis a contributing factor to safety in society.The stock market price for electricity prices in December 2022 shows a sharp risethroughout Sweden and the forecast for today's electricity prices continues to rise(Konsumenternas, 2022). Energy consumption has a direct correlation to electricitycosts and dimmed LED light sources lead to lower energy consumption (Jägerbrand,2011). An important aspect in how the sense of safety, security and architecture isemphasized is the color rendering and light level of the lighting. A study carried out byMinchen et al (2020) proves that a light source with an increased color saturation and alower used illuminance can give rise to an equivalent visibility of a board as a lightsource with lower color saturation and higher illuminance.The aim is to identify and describe previous areas of knowledge about the colorsaturation and color reproduction of light sources. Tentative theory must be tested tosee if future outcomes can be predicted with the aim of lowering the light level andenergy consumption through increased color saturation and its impact on visibility andperceived safety.In order to achieve the aim and answer the study's questions, a literature search has beencarried out, in both primary and secondary sources, with keywords and search stringsin the scientific database Web of science together with the help of the snowball methodand snowball technique. In addition, available light source data from light sourcesuppliers has been analyzed to investigate the correlation between energy consumptionand color saturat, De höga elpriserna är en omtalad fråga i dagens samhälle där många befinner sig i enkritisk situation till följd av dem. I ett mer långsiktigt perspektiv står Sverige inför ettmål till en omfattande omställning av energisystemet. Belysning är en bidragande faktortill energisystemet och energianvändningen. Ljus i form av belysning är viktig försynbarheten till objekt och omgivningen som är en bidragande faktor till tryggheten isamhället.Börspriset för elpriser i december 2022 visar en kraftig stigning i hela Sverige ochprognosen för dagens elpriser fortsätter att stiga (Konsumenternas, 2022).Energiförbrukningen har en direkt korrelation till elkostnaderna och dimrade LEDljuskällorleder till lägre energiförbrukning (Jägerbrand, 2011). En viktig aspekt i hurkänslan av trygghet, säkerhet och arkitektur framhävs är belysningens färgåtergivningoch ljusnivå. En studie utförd av Minchen et al (2020) påvisar till att en ljuskälla meden ökad färgmättnad och en lägre använd belysningsstyrka kan ge upphov till enlikvärdig synbarhet av en tavla som en ljuskälla med lägre färgmättnad och högrebelysningsstyrka.Syftet är att identifiera och beskriva tidigare kunskapsområden om ljuskällorsfärgmättnad och färgåtergivning. Tentativ teori ska prövas till om framtida utfall kanförutsägas i syfte att sänka ljusnivån och energiförbrukningen genom en ökadfärgmättnad och dess påverkan på synbarheten och den upplevda tryggheten.För att uppnå syftet och besvara studiens frågeställningar har en litteratursökninggenomförts, i både primära och sekundära källor, med nyckelord och söksträngarvetenskapliga databasen Web of science tillsammans med hjälp av snöbollsmetodenoch snöbollsteknik. Därtill har tillgänglig ljuskälledata från ljuskälleleverantöreranalyserats för att undersöka korrelation mellan energiförbrukning och färgmättnad.För att vidare undersöka ämnet och besvara frågeställningarna genomfördes ettexperiment med två olika belysnings-scenarion av en modellerad tunnel. Underexperimentet b

This academic article develops an analysis of the saturation of goods apprehended in the warehouses of the district management of Puerto Bolivar. Saturation that began between the period 2015-2016 as a result of the implementation of the inter-institutional agreement No. MDT-SENAE-20150001 between the Ministry of Labor and the National Customs Service of Ecuador. The general objective of this is the proposal of an administrative improvement plan, in order to optimize the storage process carried out in the facilities. Due to the fact that there has been an increase in the number of goods apprehended in their different types, a significant percentage of these were not given a destination such as: adjudication, destruction or public auction for their removal from the aforementioned warehouses. As a result, it is currently possible to find damage to the goods that have been apprehended since the aforementioned period. For this, different forms of study were applied such as analysis and verification applied based on the needs of the National Customs Service of Ecuador, a study that allowed the observation of a considerable increase of 23% among the apprehensions that were made during the years 2015-2016., En el presente artículo académico se desarrolla un análisis de la saturación de las mercancías aprehendidas en las bodegas de la dirección distrital de Puerto Bolívar. Saturación que inició entre el periodo 2015-2016 a raíz de la implementación del convenio interinstitucional No. MDT-SENAE-20150001 entre el ministerio de trabajo y el Servicio Nacional de Aduanas del Ecuador. El objetivo general de este es la propuesta de un plan de mejora administrativa, con la finalidad de optimizar el proceso de almacenamiento que se efectúan en las instalaciones. Debido a que, se evidenció un incremento de mercancías aprehendidas en sus distintos tipos, a su vez, a un porcentaje significativo de estas no se les otorgó un destino como: adjudicación, destrucción o subasta pública para su salida de mencionadas bodegas. Como resultado de aquello, en la actualidad es posible encontrar daños en las mercancías que permanecen aprehendidas desde el periodo señalado con anterioridad. Para esto se aplicaron diferentes formas de estudio como el análisis y verificación aplicadas en base a la necesidad del Servicio Nacional de Aduanas del Ecuador, estudio que permitió la observación de un incremento considerable, del 23% entre las aprehensiones que se realizaron durante los años 2015-2016.

For a fixed poset P, a family F of subsets of [n] is induced P-saturated if F does not contain an induced copy of P, but for every subset S of [n] such that S ∉ F, P is an induced subposet of F ∪{S}. The size of the smallest such family F is denoted by sat∗ (n, P). Keszegh, Lemons, Martin, Pálvölgyi and Patkós [Journal of Combinatorial Theory Series A, 2021] proved that there is a dichotomy of behaviour for this parameter: given any poset P, either sat* (n, P) = O(1) or (Formula presented). In this paper we improve this general result showing that either (Formula presented). Our proof makes use of a Turán-type result for digraphs. Curiously, it remains open as to whether our result is essentially best possible or not. On the one hand, a conjecture of Ivan states that for the so-called diamond poset (Formula presented) we have (Formula presented); so if true this conjecture implies our result is tight up to a multi-plicative constant. On the other hand, a conjecture of Keszegh, Lemons, Martin, Pálvölgyi and Patkós states that given any poset P, either sat* (n, P) = O(1) or (Formula presented). We prove that this latter conjecture is true for a certain class of posets P.

This paper describes an approach allowing aging to be included in the design of marine structures. Two types of aging are considered, physical aging and seawater saturation. The latter is shown to be more severe for this material, with losses in properties of up to 30% being measured after aging. A complete set of in-plane and out-of-plane properties was generated for a carbon/epoxy composite, and these were then used as input data to model the response of a flexural beam under a mixed shear/bending load. Reasonable agreement is found between model and test results; both show the strong influence of seawater conditioning on the composite performance, with a reduction in strength after aging of around 35%. This approach can be applied to account for seawater aging during the design of composite structures.

For a fixed poset P, a family F of subsets of [n] is induced P-saturated if F does not contain an induced copy of P, but for every subset S of [n] such that S ∉ F, P is an induced subposet of F ∪{S}. The size of the smallest such family F is denoted by sat∗ (n, P). Keszegh, Lemons, Martin, Pálvölgyi and Patkós [Journal of Combinatorial Theory Series A, 2021] proved that there is a dichotomy of behaviour for this parameter: given any poset P, either sat* (n, P) = O(1) or (Formula presented). In this paper we improve this general result showing that either (Formula presented). Our proof makes use of a Turán-type result for digraphs. Curiously, it remains open as to whether our result is essentially best possible or not. On the one hand, a conjecture of Ivan states that for the so-called diamond poset (Formula presented) we have (Formula presented); so if true this conjecture implies our result is tight up to a multi-plicative constant. On the other hand, a conjecture of Keszegh, Lemons, Martin, Pálvölgyi and Patkós states that given any poset P, either sat* (n, P) = O(1) or (Formula presented). We prove that this latter conjecture is true for a certain class of posets P.

This research focused on conducting high-resolution spectroscopy on water and deuteride hydrogen molecules, with a particular emphasis on measuring various isotopologues. The investigation showcased the ability to achieve a significant number of measurements with exceptional precision in a short timeframe. For water isotopologues, over 500 transitions were measured with unprecedented uncertainty, highlighting the efficiency of the research approach. The use of the NICE-OHMS apparatus proved instrumental in demonstrating its sensitivity for trace gas detection. The study successfully saturated many weak lines for the first time, including the dipole allowed rovibrational lines in HD, establishing the apparatus as one of the most sensitive setups available. In the case of water, the research bridged the gap between ortho and para universes through intricate network schemes, significantly improving the accuracy of over 100 ortho levels by more than two orders of magnitude. This breakthrough offers a potential enhancement in the understanding of water molecules. In the case of deuteride hydrogen, the research achieved high detection sensitivity, enabling the measurement of rovibrational lines for the first time. Discrepancies with existing calculations were identified, indicating the need for further refinement. Moreover, the study unveiled new effects resulting from strong standing waves, adding novel insights to the understanding of molecular behavior.

Let G be a reductive group over an algebraically closed field k of separably good characteristic p > 0 for G. Under these assumptions, a Springer isomorphism f : N-red(g) ? V-red(G) from the nilpotent scheme of g to the unipotent scheme of G always exists and allows one to integrate any p-nilpotent element of g into a unipotent element of G. One should wonder whether such a punctual integration can lead to an integration of restricted p-nil p-subalgebras of g = Lie(G). We provide a counter-example of the existence of such an integration in general, as well as criteria to integrate some restricted p-nil p-subalgebras of g (that are maximal in a certain sense). This requires the generalisation of the notion of infinitesimal saturation first introduced by Deligne and the extension of one of his theorems on infinitesimally saturated subgroups of G to the previously mentioned framework.

In the Los Alamos National Laboratories DARHT facility, there are two perpendicular linear induction accelerators, LIAs. The LIAs’ solenoids produce magnetic fields which focus the electron beam. Simultaneously, the accelerating pulse creates a magnetic field. These two field intensities act upon a ferromagnetic material in the cells to enhance magnetic flux density. Due to the nonlinearity of the material, this flux density will reach a saturation point. In turn, the magnetic field intensity of the axial solenoidal magnetic field will be affected and slightly altered. The width of the electron beam will increase, causing a decrease in effectiveness. Through simulation, this effect was found to be observable and repeatable. An experiment was designed for one of the accelerator cells at Los Alamos’s DARHT facility. The results of this test did not produce the hypothesized effect; however, more precise experiments can be done. LA-UR-23-24330

Finding if color has an effect on depth perception in virtual reality (VR) is important, as it could be important for e.g. surgeons to perceive the depth correctly if they were to be trained in VR environments as a preparation for surgeries on real patients. If color has an effect on perceived depth in VR then producers of these simulations have to take their color choices into account when creating simulations. Previous research has shown that luminosity and hue can have effects on depth perception. It is also perceived that depth underestimation is prevalent in VR. Discerning if either the color of the focal object or the background is affecting the depth perception is important. Therefore finding what effect different color attributes of a focal object and background has on the depth perception in a VR environment is important. This experimental study examined this through a case study performed in a VR environment built in Unity. The tests were set up to emulate the piercing of a catheter into a plane, where the user pressed a button the moment the plane was pierced. To test different colors of the focal object, in this case a plane, the background was assigned neutral colors (white or black) and while testing the background the plane had a neutral color (white). Results from the study show that colors have a small effect, namely up to 13.2 mm error (for the yellow hue with high luminosity and high saturation), on users’ depth perception in VR. No single attribute was better than another but on the object, blue hue gave the largest error while red hue gave the smallest error. For the background, there was more variation on the data but green and blue hue gave the smallest errors and red and yellow the largest. In sum, color has differing effects on depth perception in VR depending on if the color is applied to a background or an object. Red color gave the most accurate depth perception when applied to the object. For color applied to the background, green hue wi, Att ta reda på om färg har en påverkan på djupseende i virtuell verklighet (VR) är viktigt, eftersom det skulle vara viktigt för t.ex. kirurger att uppfatta djupet korrekt om de skulle bli tränade i VR miljöer som en förberedelse inför operationer på riktiga patienter. Om färg har en effekt på upplevd djup i VR, då måste tillverkarna av dessa simulationer ha deras färgval i åtanke när de skapar simulatorerna. Tidigare forskning har visat att ljusintensitet och kulörton kan ha en effekt på djupseende. Det har också upptäckts att djupunderskattning är allmänt förekommande i VR. Att urskilja om antingen färgen på fokusobjektet eller på bakgrunden påverkar djupseendet är viktigt. Således att hitta vilken effekt olika färg attribut av ett fokusobjekt och bakgrund har på djupseendet i en VR miljö. Studien undersökte detta genom en fallstudie i en VR miljö byggd i Unity. Testen var uppbyggda för att efterlikna en kateter som genomtränger ett plan där användaren trycker på en knapp då den trängde igenom planet. För att testa olika färger på fokusobjektet, i detta fall ett plan, blev bakgrunden tilldelad neutrala färger (vit och svart) och när bakgrunden testades var planet tilldelad en neutral färg (vit). Resultaten från studien visar att färg har en liten effekt, upp till 13.2 mm i fel (för den gula kulörtonen med hög ljusintensitet och hög mättnad), på djupseende i VR. Inget enskilt attribut var bättre än ett annat, men på objektet gav blå kulörton det största felet medan röd kulörton gav det minsta felet. För bakgrunden var det mer variation på data men grön och blå kulörton gav de minsta felen och röd och gul gav de största felen. Färgen har olika påverkan på djupseende i VR beroende på om färgen är applicerad på en bakgrund eller ett objekt. Röd färg gav det mest korrekta djupseendet när den var applicerad på objektet. För färg applicerad på bakgrund, resulterade grön kulörton med hög ljusintensitet och blå kulörton med låg ljusintensitet i det mest korrekta djupseende

Conflict analysis has been successfully generalized from Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solving to mixed integer programming (MIP) solvers, but although MIP solvers operate with general linear inequalities, the conflict analysis in MIP has been limited to reasoning with the more restricted class of clausal constraint. This is in contrast to how conflict analysis is performed in so-called pseudo-Boolean solving, where solvers can reason directly with 0-1 integer linear inequalities rather than with clausal constraints extracted from such inequalities. In this work, we investigate how pseudo-Boolean conflict analysis can be integrated in MIP solving, focusing on 0-1 integer linear programs (0-1 ILPs). Phrased in MIP terminology, conflict analysis can be understood as a sequence of linear combinations and cuts. We leverage this perspective to design a new conflict analysis algorithm based on mixed integer rounding (MIR) cuts, which theoretically dominates the state-of-the-art division-based method in pseudo-Boolean solving. We also report results from a first proof-of-concept implementation of different pseudo-Boolean conflict analysis methods in the open-source MIP solver SCIP. When evaluated on a large and diverse set of 0-1 ILP instances from MIPLIB2017, our new MIR-based conflict analysis outperforms both previous pseudo-Boolean methods and the clause-based method used in MIP. Our conclusion is that pseudo-Boolean conflict analysis in MIP is a promising research direction that merits further study, and that it might also make sense to investigate the use of such conflict analysis to generate stronger no-goods in constraint programming.

Purpose In this work, we investigated the ability of neural networks to rapidly and robustly predict Lorentzian parameters of multi-pool CEST MRI spectra at 7 T with corresponding uncertainty maps to make them quickly and easily available for routine clinical use. Methods We developed a deepCEST 7 T approach that generates CEST contrasts from just 1 scan with robustness against B-1 inhomogeneities. The input data for a neural feed-forward network consisted of 7 T in vivo uncorrected Z-spectra of a single B-1 level, and a B-1 map. The 7 T raw data were acquired using a 3D snapshot gradient echo multiple interleaved mode saturation CEST sequence. These inputs were mapped voxel-wise to target data consisting of Lorentzian amplitudes generated conventionally by 5-pool Lorentzian fitting of normalized, denoised, B-0- and B-1-corrected Z-spectra. The deepCEST network was trained with Gaussian negative log-likelihood loss, providing an uncertainty quantification in addition to the Lorentzian amplitudes. Results The deepCEST 7 T network provides fast and accurate prediction of all Lorentzian parameters also when only a single B-1 level is used. The prediction was highly accurate with respect to the Lorentzian fit amplitudes, and both healthy tissues and hyperintensities in tumor areas are predicted with a low uncertainty. In corrupted cases, high uncertainty indicated wrong predictions reliably. Conclusion The proposed deepCEST 7 T approach reduces scan time by 50% to now 6:42 min, but still delivers both B-0- and B-1-corrected homogeneous CEST contrasts along with an uncertainty map, which can increase diagnostic confidence. Multiple accurate 7 T CEST contrasts are delivered within seconds.

This paper jointly addresses numerical and physical challenges related to the modeling of coalescence filtration through vertical filter cartridges, put forth in the following papers by Starnoni, M. and C. Manes: • Starnoni, M., & Manes, C. (2021). A multiphase multicomponent flow and transport model for liquid aerosol filtration in coalescence fibrous filters. Separation and Purification Technology, 266, 118574. • Starnoni, M., & Manes, C. (2022). On the interplay between pressure and gravitational forces in coalescence filters. Journal of Aerosol Science, 105953. In particular, it provides the multidimensional extension of the one-dimensional model presented in Starnoni and Manes (2021) to the general case where internal gravity-induced flows play an effective role. Key to the implementation is the decomposition of the moving oil volumes along the different directions proportionally to the dimensionless number SM, a new quantity introduced in Starnoni and Manes (2022) describing the interplay between the forces dictating the oil dynamics. To validate the implementation, an experimental setup available in the literature is replicated, showing very good agreement in terms of all relevant quantities, namely saturation, pressure drop and drainage volumes. A generalized ‘Network, Channel and Film’ model is also formulated, which extends the scope of application of the original Jump and Channel model by Kampa et al. (2014) to filters with coarser fibrous microstructure. In particular, the existence of an additional flow mechanism termed ‘network’ is postulated, which is characterized by a complex multidimensional oil patterns configuration spanning the entire filter’s height and evolving, in a macroscopic sense, along the direction identified by SM., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Purpose In this work, we investigated the ability of neural networks to rapidly and robustly predict Lorentzian parameters of multi-pool CEST MRI spectra at 7 T with corresponding uncertainty maps to make them quickly and easily available for routine clinical use. Methods We developed a deepCEST 7 T approach that generates CEST contrasts from just 1 scan with robustness against B-1 inhomogeneities. The input data for a neural feed-forward network consisted of 7 T in vivo uncorrected Z-spectra of a single B-1 level, and a B-1 map. The 7 T raw data were acquired using a 3D snapshot gradient echo multiple interleaved mode saturation CEST sequence. These inputs were mapped voxel-wise to target data consisting of Lorentzian amplitudes generated conventionally by 5-pool Lorentzian fitting of normalized, denoised, B-0- and B-1-corrected Z-spectra. The deepCEST network was trained with Gaussian negative log-likelihood loss, providing an uncertainty quantification in addition to the Lorentzian amplitudes. Results The deepCEST 7 T network provides fast and accurate prediction of all Lorentzian parameters also when only a single B-1 level is used. The prediction was highly accurate with respect to the Lorentzian fit amplitudes, and both healthy tissues and hyperintensities in tumor areas are predicted with a low uncertainty. In corrupted cases, high uncertainty indicated wrong predictions reliably. Conclusion The proposed deepCEST 7 T approach reduces scan time by 50% to now 6:42 min, but still delivers both B-0- and B-1-corrected homogeneous CEST contrasts along with an uncertainty map, which can increase diagnostic confidence. Multiple accurate 7 T CEST contrasts are delivered within seconds.

Maintaining an appropriate soil phosphorus level is key to ensure sustainable phosphorus management for crop production and to minimise phosphorus losses to water bodies. However, the effects of long-term fertilization on different soil phosphorus pools, crop yields and phosphorus loss risk remain unclear. This requires insights into the responses of soil phosphorus pools, crop phosphorus uptake with related crop yields and phosphorus loss to long-term phosphorus inputs. Changes in four soil phosphorus pools (PCACL2, POLSEN, POX and PTOTAL, respectively) and crop yield responses to various fertilization rates were examined in a 29-year long-term phosphorus fertilization experiment in China. Results showed that the increase in the four soil phosphorus pools was proportional to the accumulated phosphorus surplus, i.e., the input minus uptake. POLSEN and POX increased linearly with continuous phosphorus application and peaked at a phosphorus accumulation near 3200 kg P ha−1. Beyond this threshold, continuous phosphorus application caused a gradual increase in PTOTAL and a linear increase in PCACL2, which implies an increasing risk for leaching. The POX pool accounted for 87% of the accumulated phosphorus surplus until soil phosphorus saturation occurred. The crop yields of wheat and maize responded clearly to changes in PTOTAL, POX, POLSEN and PCACL2, with POX explaining most of the yield variation. Furthermore, POX was highly correlated with PCACL2, being a risk indicator for phosphorus leaching. Given that POX explains best how much of phosphorus surplus accumulates in soil, the variation in crop yield, and the risk for P leaching, it can be used as a valuable and reliable indicator to manage phosphorus sustainably.

Conflict analysis has been successfully generalized from Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solving to mixed integer programming (MIP) solvers, but although MIP solvers operate with general linear inequalities, the conflict analysis in MIP has been limited to reasoning with the more restricted class of clausal constraint. This is in contrast to how conflict analysis is performed in so-called pseudo-Boolean solving, where solvers can reason directly with 0-1 integer linear inequalities rather than with clausal constraints extracted from such inequalities. In this work, we investigate how pseudo-Boolean conflict analysis can be integrated in MIP solving, focusing on 0-1 integer linear programs (0-1 ILPs). Phrased in MIP terminology, conflict analysis can be understood as a sequence of linear combinations and cuts. We leverage this perspective to design a new conflict analysis algorithm based on mixed integer rounding (MIR) cuts, which theoretically dominates the state-of-the-art division-based method in pseudo-Boolean solving. We also report results from a first proof-of-concept implementation of different pseudo-Boolean conflict analysis methods in the open-source MIP solver SCIP. When evaluated on a large and diverse set of 0-1 ILP instances from MIPLIB 2017, our new MIR-based conflict analysis outperforms both previous pseudo-Boolean methods and the clause-based method used in MIP. Our conclusion is that pseudo-Boolean conflict analysis in MIP is a promising research direction that merits further study, and that it might also make sense to investigate the use of such conflict analysis to generate stronger no-goods in constraint programming.

Conflict analysis has been successfully generalized from Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solving to mixed integer programming (MIP) solvers, but although MIP solvers operate with general linear inequalities, the conflict analysis in MIP has been limited to reasoning with the more restricted class of clausal constraint. This is in contrast to how conflict analysis is performed in so-called pseudo-Boolean solving, where solvers can reason directly with 0-1 integer linear inequalities rather than with clausal constraints extracted from such inequalities. In this work, we investigate how pseudo-Boolean conflict analysis can be integrated in MIP solving, focusing on 0-1 integer linear programs (0-1 ILPs). Phrased in MIP terminology, conflict analysis can be understood as a sequence of linear combinations and cuts. We leverage this perspective to design a new conflict analysis algorithm based on mixed integer rounding (MIR) cuts, which theoretically dominates the state-of-the-art division-based method in pseudo-Boolean solving. We also report results from a first proof-of-concept implementation of different pseudo-Boolean conflict analysis methods in the open-source MIP solver SCIP. When evaluated on a large and diverse set of 0-1 ILP instances from MIPLIB 2017, our new MIR-based conflict analysis outperforms both previous pseudo-Boolean methods and the clause-based method used in MIP. Our conclusion is that pseudo-Boolean conflict analysis in MIP is a promising research direction that merits further study, and that it might also make sense to investigate the use of such conflict analysis to generate stronger no-goods in constraint programming.

A family $\mathcal{F}$ of subsets of $\{1,\dots,n\}$ is called $k$-wise intersecting if any $k$ members of $\mathcal{F}$ have non-empty intersection, and it is called maximal $k$-wise intersecting if no family strictly containing $\mathcal{F}$ satisfies this condition. We show that for each $k\geq 2$ there is a maximal $k$-wise intersecting family of size $O(2^{n/(k-1)})$. Up to a constant factor, this matches the best known lower bound, and answers an old question of Erdős and Kleitman, recently studied by Hendrey, Lund, Tompkins, and Tran.Mathematics Subject Classifications: 05D05Keywords: Intersecting family, saturation, set system

To facilitate the active magnetic bearing (AMB) design and analysis, an accurate and fast model that considers both rotor eccentricity and the saturation effect is necessary. In this article, a novel hybrid analytical model (HAM) for effective calculation of the magnetic field of the AMB is proposed. Eccentricity and local saturation are considered in the proposed HAM. In the proposed HAM, the stator and rotor are modeled by elementary subdomains (ESDs) and the air-gap is modeled by magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC). Direct coupling between the solutions in the ESD regions with MEC completes the whole model matrices. Compared to the existing literature, the proposed model considers both the rotor eccentricity and material nonlinearity. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed HAM are validated by both the finite element model and experimental results. The results show that the proposed HAM can accurately predict the magnetic quantities of the AMB., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage

In this thesis, a new model for diffractive proton-proton collisions is presented. Interpreting protons as systems of many partons, we treat diffraction in terms of elastic interactions between the partons of the colliding protons. Parton emission and absorption are employed as the mechanism that in the context of a diffractive event can stabilize excited protons by reshuffling parton momenta and dissipating the excess internal motion of the partons. The new model has been implemented in Herwig 7 and it reproduces observables commonly associated with diffractive physics. Additionally, it improves the description of several minimum-bias observables, especially the final state charged particle multiplicity distribution compared to the pre-existing Herwig 7 model for diffraction., The last century has seen some extraordinary developments in our understanding of the quantum world. With the success of quantum electrodynamics, the first quantum field theory, the popularity of particle physics rose. Subsequently, a large number of scientists have been working on developing what is known as the standard model of particle physics. In the process, other quantum field theories including quantum chromodynamics, which describes the interactions of the elementary particles known as quarks and gluons, were formulated. The properties of particles can be experimentally probed by colliding them at very high energies, as is done at CERN in the Large Hadron Collider, the most powerful particle accelerator in the world, where protons are collided. Particle interactions can be very complex, especially for composite particles such as protons, which consist of quarks and gluons, collectively known as partons. In this regard, Monte Carlo event generators provide a way to compare theoretical predictions with observations. They are used to link various theoretical models together and predict the outcomes of experiments. All aspects of proton collisions have to be described and there are several kinds of interactions that protons can be involved in. Many are defined by the parts that can be described with the so-called perturbation theory and are well understood. There are other interactions, that are described using generally less reliable non-perturbative models and are therefore more problematic. These include what are known as diffractive events, which are defined and can be distinguished from other events by a large separation between regions where particles from either one or both protons breaking apart are detected. In the case of proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider diffractive events occur about 20% of the time. In my thesis, I introduce a new model with which diffractive processes are described as a set of simultaneous elastic collisions be

State-of-the-art ultrashort light sources in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions provide direct access to the femtosecond realm, thereby enabling understanding and control of electronic processes within matter. On the other hand, ultra-intense light pulses lead to the emergence of relativistic electron motion and many related phenomena, such as electron & ion acceleration and high-order harmonic generation in plasmas. The generation and amplification techniques for those intense short light pulses were developed over the last 60 years. Nowadays, they are unique scientific research tools and the basis of commercial applications. The driving forces behind many of these new optical technologies are second and third order nonlinear ultrashort processes. Optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) is currently the most interesting of these techniques and promises in particular high single-pass gain, broad gain bandwidth, scalability, good high-dynamic range temporal contrast, and tunability. However, OPCPA comes also with a bundle of challenges. The aim of this thesis, by utilizing the advantages and facing these challenges, is to boost a sub-two cycle optical parametric synthesizer (OPS), a two-color-pumped OPCPA, to an unprecedented parameter regime in respect of energy, intensity, contrast and stability. The presented sub-2-optical cycle OPS – the light wave synthesizer (LWS) - is a worldwide unique system, amplifying a spectral bandwidth in three pairs of OPCPA stages. One pair of these stages sequentially amplifies and coherently combines two complementary spectral ranges to an almost octave spanning bandwidth. The amplified spectrum ranges from 580 nm to 1000 nm, which makes Fourier limited pulses with 4.6 fs possible. The present system is a fundamental reconstruction and extension of a former version of LWS that provided peak powers of up to 16 TW. By carefully redesigning of the former OPCPA stages, implementing a new front end and addi

A family \(\mathcal{F}\) of subsets of \(\{1,\dots,n\}\) is called \(k\)-wise intersecting if any \(k\) members of \(\mathcal{F}\) have non-empty intersection, and it is called maximal \(k\)-wise intersecting if no family strictly containing \(\mathcal{F}\) satisfies this condition. We show that for each \(k\geq 2\) there is a maximal \(k\)-wise intersecting family of size \(O(2^{n/(k-1)})\). Up to a constant factor, this matches the best known lower bound, and answers an old question of Erdős and Kleitman, recently studied by Hendrey, Lund, Tompkins, and Tran.Mathematics Subject Classifications: 05D05Keywords: Intersecting family, saturation, set system

Global joint measurements of sea surface winds and currents are planned using satellite-based Doppler scatterometers operating in the Ka-band to achieve improved spatial resolution and retrieval accuracy. Still, the knowledge of sea surface Ka-band backscatter properties is poor, particularly, at high winds (>20 m s−1). Sea surface radar cross-section in the Ka-band, in contrast to that in the lower frequency Ku-/X-/C-/L-bands, is likely more sensitive to sea spray, small-scale particles typically present at high winds. In this paper, tower-based field data collected by a continuous dual-co-polarized Ka-band radar during a strong offshore wind event (with wind speed reaching 33 m s−1) are analyzed. This katabatic wind event (≈12 h long) was also recorded by supplementary wave, wind, and current sensors. At the wave fetch of ≈1 km, the maximum wavelength of observed offshore waves was ≈10 m. For such extremely young wind–sea conditions, an apparent sea spray generation was observed during wind gusts. Radar measurements were performed at 20∘ and 45∘ incidence angles, mostly for cross- and up-wind azimuth look geometry. Based on these high wind measurements, the previously developed Ka-band empirical model is tested and compared with other published geophysical model functions. Dual-co-polarized measurements are used to infer resonant Bragg and non-Bragg scattering components and assess the short wind wave spectrum, which shows a clear tendency for saturation at high winds. The presence of sea spray signatures is apparent in the high-frequency tails of radar Doppler spectra, but their overall contribution to the Doppler centroid frequency is weak. Hence, the standard modulation transfer function approach developed for moderate winds is still applicable at high winds for interpreting the wave-induced Doppler velocity and inferring sea surface currents. These results can also be useful for understanding Doppler scatterometry measurements in tropical cyclones.

Metallic glasses produced with Selective Laser Melting (SLM) often contain internal mechanic stress. This internal stress can have an impact on the magnetic properties of the material due to its connection to the magnetic anisotropy of the material. Therefore the effect of different heat treatments aimed to reduce the effect of internal stress on the magnetic properties of an Fe-based Metallic Glass (MG) and how this relates to the crystallization of the material was examined in this project. The magnetic properties were measured with a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and the Longitudinal Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect (L-MOKE) and structural changes to the material from the heat treatments, such as crystallization, was examined with X-Ray powder Diffraction (XRD) before and after heat treatment. From the measurements we found that heat treatments close to and above the crystallization temperature Tx lead to crystallization and a decrease in magnetic saturation MS. Heat treatments below Tx around 430°C showed a smaller reduction in MS but did not show any crystallization. The measurements with L-MOKE showed no consistent change in coercivity so no conclusion could be drawn from these., Metallglas som tillverkats med den additiva tillverkningstekniken Selective Laser Melting (SLM) innehåller ofta interna mekaniska spänningar. Dessa spänningar kan på grund av deras koppling till materialets magnetiska anisotropi ha en påverkan på materialets magnetiska egenskaper. I detta projekt har därför effekten av olika värmebehandlingar utförda för att minska de interna spänningarnas påverkan på de magnetiska egenskaperna av ett Fe-baserad metallglas och hur detta relaterar till kristalliseringen av materialet undersökts. De magnetiska egenskaperna av materialet mättes med en Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) och Longitudinal Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect (L-MOKE). Strukturella förändringar, så som kristallisering, hos materialet orsakade värmebehandlingarna undersöktes med X-Ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Samtliga mätningar genomfördes före och efter värmebehandling. Från mätningarna fann vi att värmebehandlingar nära kristalliseringstemperaturen Tx gav kristalltillväxt samt minskade mättnadsmagnetisering MS. Värmebehandlingar under Tx runt 430°C gav en lägre reducering av MS samt gav ej någon kristalltillväxt. L-MOKE-mätningarna gav ingen konsekvent förändring i materialets koercivitet och inga slutsatser kunde därmed dras från dessa.

The use of renewable energies and their participation in the electricity market has been increasing in recent years with the aim of achieving a future where 100% of the generation comes from renewable sources. In this new scenario, in which most of the synchronous generators with high inertias will no longer participate, the main reference of the network will have to be formed in an alternative and robust way. Given that renewable energy generation and storage systems require power converters to adapt to an AC grid, they already now shall have power distribution control algorithms based on the network voltage and frequency. On the other hand, a power converter can behave and be modeled as a controlled voltage source or controlled current source according to the variable that is been regulated. In the absence of synchronous generators in the future, the formation and responsibility of a stable grid must be distributed among different converters working as voltage controlled sources with power distribution algorithms. When a converter works as a controlled voltage source, it presents a new challenge in the field of the corresponding control algorithm when facing a fault scenario at the grid side. In the event of a short circuit, the output current of the inverter must be saturated to prevent possible damage of the inverter. This limitation can have consequences for the upper control loops if they are not consistently adapted. This master thesis presents a new control strategy for dealing with short-circuit scenarios by saturating the amplitude of the reference voltage from the droop power distribution loop. In this way, possible windup effects are avoided, which would cause the instability of the system., El uso de las energias renovables y su participación en el mercado eléctrico viene en aumento durante los últimos años con el objetivo de alcanzar un futuro donde el 100% de la generación provenga de fuentes renovables. En este nuevo escenario, en el cual los generadores síncronos con grandes inercias dejarán de participar en gran medida, la red principal de referencia deberá formarse de una manera alternativa y rebusta. Teniendo en cuenta que los sistemas de generación renovables y almacenamiento de enegia eléctrica requieren de convertidores de potencia para adaptarse a una red AC, estos en la actualidad ya deben contar con algoritmos de control de distribución de potencia en función de la tensión y frecuencia de la red. Por otro lado, un convertidor de potencia puede comportarse y modelarse como una fuente de tensión controlada o fuente de corriente controlada según la variable a monitorizar. En un futuro ausente de generadores síncronos, la formación y responsabilidad de una red estable debe estar distribuida entre los distintos convertidores trabajando como fuente de tensión controlada con algoritmos de distribución de potencia. Cuando un convertidor trabaja como fuente de tensión controlada presenta un nuevo reto en el ámbito del correspondiente algoritmo de control frente a un escenario de falta en el lado de la red. En caso de cortocircuito, la corriente de salida del convertidor debe saturarse para evitar posibles daños de este. Esta limitación, puede tener consecuencias en los lazos de control superiores si estos no son adaptados de forma coherente. Este trabajo presenta una nueva estrategia de control para abordar escenarios de cortocircito mediante la saturación de la amplitud de la tensión de referencia proviniente del lazo de repartición de potencias "droop". De esta forma, se evitan posibles efectos de "windup", los cuales causarian la inestabilidad del sistema., L'ús de les energies renovables i la seva participació en el mercat elèctric ve en augment durant els darrers anys amb l'objectiu d'assolir un futur on el 100% de la generació provingui de fonts renovables. En aquest nou escenari, en el qual els generadors síncrons amb grans inèrcies deixaran de participar-hi en gran mesura, la xarxa principal de referència haurà de formar-se d'una manera alternativa i robusta. Tenint en compte que els sistemes de generació renovables i emmagatzemament d'energia elèctrica requereixen de convertidors de potència per a adaptar-se a una xarxa AC, aquests en la actualitat ja han de comptar amb algoritmes de control de distribució de potència en funció de la tensió i freqüència de la xarxa. Per altra banda, un convertidor de potència pot comportarse i modelarse segons una font de tensió controlada o font de corrent controlada segons la variable a monitoritzar. En un futur absent de generadors síncrons, la formació i responsabilitat d'una xarxa estable ha d'estar distribuida entre diferents convertidors treballant com a font de tensió controlada amb algoritmes de distribució de potència. Quan un convertidor treballa com a font de tensió controlada presenta un nou repte en l'àmbit del corresponent algoritme de control davant un escenari de falta al costat de la xarxa. En cas de curtcircuit, la corrent de sortida del convertidor s'ha de saturar per a evitar possibles danys d'aquest. Aquesta limitació, pot tenir conseqüènices ens els llaços de control superiors si aquests no són adaptats coherentment. Aquest treball presenta una nova estrategia de control per a afrontar escenaris de curtcircuit mitjançant la saturació de l'amplitud de la tensió de referència provinent del llaç de repartició de potència "droop". D'aquesta forma, s'eviten possibles efectes de "windup", els quals causarien la inestabilitat del sistema.

Global joint measurements of sea surface winds and currents are planned using satellite-based Doppler scatterometers operating in the Ka-band to achieve improved spatial resolution and retrieval accuracy. Still, the knowledge of sea surface Ka-band backscatter properties is poor, particularly, at high winds (>20 m s−1). Sea surface radar cross-section in the Ka-band, in contrast to that in the lower frequency Ku-/X-/C-/L-bands, is likely more sensitive to sea spray, small-scale particles typically present at high winds. In this paper, tower-based field data collected by a continuous dual-co-polarized Ka-band radar during a strong offshore wind event (with wind speed reaching 33 m s−1) are analyzed. This katabatic wind event (≈12 h long) was also recorded by supplementary wave, wind, and current sensors. At the wave fetch of ≈1 km, the maximum wavelength of observed offshore waves was ≈10 m. For such extremely young wind–sea conditions, an apparent sea spray generation was observed during wind gusts. Radar measurements were performed at 20∘ and 45∘ incidence angles, mostly for cross- and up-wind azimuth look geometry. Based on these high wind measurements, the previously developed Ka-band empirical model is tested and compared with other published geophysical model functions. Dual-co-polarized measurements are used to infer resonant Bragg and non-Bragg scattering components and assess the short wind wave spectrum, which shows a clear tendency for saturation at high winds. The presence of sea spray signatures is apparent in the high-frequency tails of radar Doppler spectra, but their overall contribution to the Doppler centroid frequency is weak. Hence, the standard modulation transfer function approach developed for moderate winds is still applicable at high winds for interpreting the wave-induced Doppler velocity and inferring sea surface currents. These results can also be useful for understanding Doppler scatterometry measurements in tropical cyclones.

The NeuLAND (New Large-Area Neutron Detector) plastic scintillator based time of flight detector for 0.2-1.6 GeV neutrons is currently under construction at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), Darmstadt, Germany. In its final configuration, NeuLAND will consist of 3,000 2.7 m long plastic scintillator bars that are read out on each end by fast timing photomultipliers. Here, data from a comprehensive study of an alternative light readout scheme using silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) are reported.  For this purpose, a typical NeuLAND bar was instrumented on each end with a prototype of the same geometry as a 1” photomultiplier tube, including four 6×6 mm2 SiPMs, amplifiers, high voltage supply, and micro- controller. Tests were carried out using the 35 MeV electron beam from the ELBE superconducting linac with its ps-level time jitter in two different modes of operation, namely parasitic mode with one electron per bunch and single-usermode with 1-60 electrons per bunch, using Acqiris fast digitizers. In addition, offline tests using cosmic rays and the NeuLAND data acquisition scheme were carried out. Typical time resolutions of σ≤120 ps were found for ≥ 95% efficiency, improving on previous work at ELBE and exceeding the NeuLAND timing goal of σ <150 ps. Over a range of 10-300 MeV deposited energy in the NeuLAND bar,  the  gain  was  found  to  deviate  by ≤ 10%  (≤20%)  from  linearity  for  35μm  (75μm)  SiPM  pitch,  respectively, satisfactory for calorimetric use of the full NeuLAND detector.  The dark rate of the prototype studied was found to be 70-200 s-1, comparable with the unavoidable cosmic-ray induced background. The dataset contains the with the Acqiris Digitzier recorded waveforms and analysis scripts for interpretation of the data. Also GEANT4 simulations