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Purpose: This study investigates teachers’ professional judgement about Russia’s war on Ukraine as an unplanned, controversial classroom issue. Design: It employs 26 interviews with Russian teachers collected during the invasion's first month. Findings: The analysis identifies six situations and five teaching approaches that emerged in response to these, with varying degrees of student voice and political commitment. The inclusion of student voice is limited by perceived student passivity, lack of skill, and political disagreement with students. Satisfaction with the status quo, lack of social status, and fear of harming students were obstacles to pursuing political commitment. Research implications: By exploring the dynamics of depoliticisation in the classroom, this article adds to the literature on the co-construction of authoritarianism in Russia. It also highlights practices of resistance and ‘everyday politics’ stemming from teacher professionalism as a function of individual and structural factors.

Purpose: This study investigates teachers’ professional judgement about Russia’s war on Ukraine as an unplanned, controversial classroom issue. Design: It employs 26 interviews with Russian teachers collected during the invasion's first month. Findings: The analysis identifies six situations and five teaching approaches that emerged in response to these, with varying degrees of student voice and political commitment. The inclusion of student voice is limited by perceived student passivity, lack of skill, and political disagreement with students. Satisfaction with the status quo, lack of social status, and fear of harming students were obstacles to pursuing political commitment. Research implications: By exploring the dynamics of depoliticisation in the classroom, this article adds to the literature on the co-construction of authoritarianism in Russia. It also highlights practices of resistance and ‘everyday politics’ stemming from teacher professionalism as a function of individual and structural factors.

Purpose: This study investigates teachers’ professional judgement about Russia’s war on Ukraine as an unplanned, controversial classroom issue. Design: It employs 26 interviews with Russian teachers collected during the invasion's first month. Findings: The analysis identifies six situations and five teaching approaches that emerged in response to these, with varying degrees of student voice and political commitment. The inclusion of student voice is limited by perceived student passivity, lack of skill, and political disagreement with students. Satisfaction with the status quo, lack of social status, and fear of harming students were obstacles to pursuing political commitment. Research implications: By exploring the dynamics of depoliticisation in the classroom, this article adds to the literature on the co-construction of authoritarianism in Russia. It also highlights practices of resistance and ‘everyday politics’ stemming from teacher professionalism as a function of individual and structural factors.

Purpose: This study investigates teachers’ professional judgement about Russia’s war on Ukraine as an unplanned, controversial classroom issue. Design: It employs 26 interviews with Russian teachers collected during the invasion's first month. Findings: The analysis identifies six situations and five teaching approaches that emerged in response to these, with varying degrees of student voice and political commitment. The inclusion of student voice is limited by perceived student passivity, lack of skill, and political disagreement with students. Satisfaction with the status quo, lack of social status, and fear of harming students were obstacles to pursuing political commitment. Research implications: By exploring the dynamics of depoliticisation in the classroom, this article adds to the literature on the co-construction of authoritarianism in Russia. It also highlights practices of resistance and ‘everyday politics’ stemming from teacher professionalism as a function of individual and structural factors.

This thesis investigates the implementation of Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and associated challenges from the perspectives of Swedish teachers on listening to students’ voices. Using a qualitative case study in a Swedish compulsory school, semi-structured interview for teachers of 7-9 grades in compulsory school was conducted, and data was analyzed with thematic analysis. The study explores teachers’ beliefs and practices regarding participation, emphasizing children’s entitlement to express opinions and influence decision-making processes. The research reveals a range of perspectives among teachers, highlighting the complexities of teacher-student relationships and how teachers perceive student voices. Teachers emphasize the importance of both listening to and guiding students, demonstrating a practical balance in classroom contexts and recognizing the benefits of fostering student engagement for improved learning outcomes. The study provides examples of the successful application of participatory concepts, challenging adult skepticism about student participation. These findings address gaps in research by focusing on teachers’ perspectives on student participation in compulsory school settings, an area previously understudied. The insights gained inform strategies to enhance student participation, promoting the practical implementation of Article 12 of UNCRC. Moreover, the study challenges hierarchical participation models, emphasizing the importance of contextual factors in effective student involvement strategies. This research offers valuable insights for educators aiming to empower students in diverse classroom environments while considering specific educational contexts and needs.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka vilka uppfattningar lärare i årskurs F–3 har om elever som har nått långt i sin kunskapsutveckling i svenskämnet, hur de identifierar och undervisar dessa elever, vilka möjligheter och utmaningar som finns samt på vilket sätt organisationen bidrar till arbetet med elevgruppen. För att synliggöra lärarnas uppfattningar genomfördes tre semistrukturerade gruppintervjuer med totalt sju lärare. Transkripten analyserades med tematisk innehållsanalys. Läraruppfattningar samt Svedners svenskämnesargument ligger till teoretisk grund för studien. Resultatet visade att lärare uppfattade att elever som har nått längre i sin kunskapsutveckling i svenskämnet ofta läser tidigare, skriver längre och mer utvecklade texter, bidrar till mer djuplodade diskussioner samt är mer självgående jämfört med andra elever. Lärarna såg en möjlighet i att kunna visa upp arbeten som elever som hade nått längre hade gjort, för att inspirera och motivera andra elever. Det framkom att utmaningarna lärarna uppfattade i undervisningen av dessa elever var tidsaspekten, att ha tid att utmana dem, samt att de ibland saknade motivation till skolarbetet. Vad gällde organisationens bidrag till arbetet med dessa elever, var lärarna av uppfattningen att de inte fanns utrymme för dem utan att fokus ligger på elever som riskerar att inte nå målen, ett resultat som väl speglar tidigare forskning. Dock anser lärarna i studien att de har tillräcklig kompetens att undervisa dessa elever och att eleverna kontinuerligt fortsätter att utvecklas.

Purpose: This study investigates teachers’ professional judgement about Russia’s war on Ukraine as an unplanned, controversial classroom issue. Design: It employs 26 interviews with Russian teachers collected during the invasion's first month. Findings: The analysis identifies six situations and five teaching approaches that emerged in response to these, with varying degrees of student voice and political commitment. The inclusion of student voice is limited by perceived student passivity, lack of skill, and political disagreement with students. Satisfaction with the status quo, lack of social status, and fear of harming students were obstacles to pursuing political commitment. Research implications: By exploring the dynamics of depoliticisation in the classroom, this article adds to the literature on the co-construction of authoritarianism in Russia. It also highlights practices of resistance and ‘everyday politics’ stemming from teacher professionalism as a function of individual and structural factors.

This quantitative research focuses on exploring and describing the beliefs of 418 in-service teachers on language teaching approaches and multilingualism in the South of the Basque Country. The findings report key factors and features of multilingual education in the region where Basque (minority language), Spanish (majority language), English (first foreign language) and French (second foreign language) are integrated in the curriculum. Results indicate that teachers' views about language teaching approaches are in line with current trends and theories about multilingual language teaching methodologies. The ANOVA results highlight the significant influence of two variables, in-service teachers' self-reported L3 (English) proficiency level and the teaching through their L3, on the development of these beliefs. Implications of this study may help to better understand the importance of developing and implementing specifically designed courses based on multilingual language teaching approaches to exploit the existing in-service teachers' favorable beliefs and therefore to materialize and adopt more vanguard multilingual teaching practices that may boost language learning.

This thesis investigates the implementation of Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and associated challenges from the perspectives of Swedish teachers on listening to students’ voices. Using a qualitative case study in a Swedish compulsory school, semi-structured interview for teachers of 7-9 grades in compulsory school was conducted, and data was analyzed with thematic analysis. The study explores teachers’ beliefs and practices regarding participation, emphasizing children’s entitlement to express opinions and influence decision-making processes. The research reveals a range of perspectives among teachers, highlighting the complexities of teacher-student relationships and how teachers perceive student voices. Teachers emphasize the importance of both listening to and guiding students, demonstrating a practical balance in classroom contexts and recognizing the benefits of fostering student engagement for improved learning outcomes. The study provides examples of the successful application of participatory concepts, challenging adult skepticism about student participation. These findings address gaps in research by focusing on teachers’ perspectives on student participation in compulsory school settings, an area previously understudied. The insights gained inform strategies to enhance student participation, promoting the practical implementation of Article 12 of UNCRC. Moreover, the study challenges hierarchical participation models, emphasizing the importance of contextual factors in effective student involvement strategies. This research offers valuable insights for educators aiming to empower students in diverse classroom environments while considering specific educational contexts and needs.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka vilka uppfattningar lärare i årskurs F–3 har om elever som har nått långt i sin kunskapsutveckling i svenskämnet, hur de identifierar och undervisar dessa elever, vilka möjligheter och utmaningar som finns samt på vilket sätt organisationen bidrar till arbetet med elevgruppen. För att synliggöra lärarnas uppfattningar genomfördes tre semistrukturerade gruppintervjuer med totalt sju lärare. Transkripten analyserades med tematisk innehållsanalys. Läraruppfattningar samt Svedners svenskämnesargument ligger till teoretisk grund för studien. Resultatet visade att lärare uppfattade att elever som har nått längre i sin kunskapsutveckling i svenskämnet ofta läser tidigare, skriver längre och mer utvecklade texter, bidrar till mer djuplodade diskussioner samt är mer självgående jämfört med andra elever. Lärarna såg en möjlighet i att kunna visa upp arbeten som elever som hade nått längre hade gjort, för att inspirera och motivera andra elever. Det framkom att utmaningarna lärarna uppfattade i undervisningen av dessa elever var tidsaspekten, att ha tid att utmana dem, samt att de ibland saknade motivation till skolarbetet. Vad gällde organisationens bidrag till arbetet med dessa elever, var lärarna av uppfattningen att de inte fanns utrymme för dem utan att fokus ligger på elever som riskerar att inte nå målen, ett resultat som väl speglar tidigare forskning. Dock anser lärarna i studien att de har tillräcklig kompetens att undervisa dessa elever och att eleverna kontinuerligt fortsätter att utvecklas.

Traditionally bilingual Maltese school populations are increasingly linguistically diverse, due to intensified migration flows. To shed light on central issues to be addressed by policy makers, school administrators, researchers and teacher trainers, collective beliefs of Maltese primary school teachers regarding their conceptual understanding and pedagogical actions concerning multilingualism are investigated. Through the application of Q methodology and focus group interviews, data from twenty-one in-service teachers from six different colleges were collected. Using inverted factor analysis, three factors were extracted for each of the components (understanding and pedagogy). Detailed narratives for each group of collective teachers' beliefs were described and supplemented with teachers' validating comments. Findings indicate that having a positive understanding of multilingualism does not necessarily imply positive pedagogical beliefs and vice versa. In Malta's inherently bilingual education system, teachers tend to accept and welcome children's languages in their classrooms and encourage the learning of additional languages. However, possibly due to a lack of adequate training on the subject, there is scepticism regarding whether and how to effectively draw on multilingualism in the classroom. Additionally, the need arises for more teacher autonomy and agency to make decisions regarding classroom language practices, and for a more comprehensive Maltese national language education policy.

Traditionally bilingual Maltese school populations are increasingly linguistically diverse, due to intensified migration flows. To shed light on central issues to be addressed by policy makers, school administrators, researchers and teacher trainers, collective beliefs of Maltese primary school teachers regarding their conceptual understanding and pedagogical actions concerning multilingualism are investigated. Through the application of Q methodology and focus group interviews, data from twenty-one in-service teachers from six different colleges were collected. Using inverted factor analysis, three factors were extracted for each of the components (understanding and pedagogy). Detailed narratives for each group of collective teachers' beliefs were described and supplemented with teachers' validating comments. Findings indicate that having a positive understanding of multilingualism does not necessarily imply positive pedagogical beliefs and vice versa. In Malta's inherently bilingual education system, teachers tend to accept and welcome children's languages in their classrooms and encourage the learning of additional languages. However, possibly due to a lack of adequate training on the subject, there is scepticism regarding whether and how to effectively draw on multilingualism in the classroom. Additionally, the need arises for more teacher autonomy and agency to make decisions regarding classroom language practices, and for a more comprehensive Maltese national language education policy.

This special issue consists of five original research papers from four European countries. By applying different methodologies (qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods), the contributions aim to better understand teachers' beliefs about multilingualism in a time of increasingly globalised societies and intensified migration flows. The studies cover all educational stages and include pre-service as well as in-service teachers, and teacher educators. Both individual and collective beliefs are considered. While two of the studies are cross-sectional, the other three apply a pre-post study design in order to investigate whether teachers' beliefs can be influenced through adequate learning opportunities. The special issue is wrapped up by a commentary piece that links the findings and issues raised by the individual papers and addresses four pressing matters which should be considered to advance further research on teachers' beliefs about multilingualism. In this editorial, we briefly introduce the concept of teachers' beliefs and explain its relevance for teaching and learning in multilingual settings. Based on an ongoing review study, we provide a summary of the most commonly used methodologies in research on teachers' beliefs about multilingualism. We conclude with a summary of the five original papers as well as the commentary piece in this special issue.

The demand for English in Thailand has been increasing rapidly due to socio-political developments and the continuing growth of the economy. For Thai students, being proficient in English can enhance their education and career opportunities. To develop students’ English proficiency, both state and private schools are allowed to operate different types of bilingual education, including content and language integrated learning (CLIL). However, despite CLIL being implemented in Thailand for a decade, teachers are still grappling with many challenges because of limited understandings of CLIL and a lack of support from stakeholders. One of the challenges is related to the specialist language required for CLIL, which differs from that used in daily communication or general English classes. Teachers’ knowledge of the language and pedagogical approaches that may be used for CLIL could be developed through appropriate training and support, but there is a lack of CLIL research in the Thai context illuminating how teachers manage CLIL language and help students to learn effectively. The present study aimed to gain an insight into pre-service EFL teachers’ language-driven CLIL practices and beliefs about effective CLIL implementation. It adopted a multiple interpretive case study to investigate (1) how pre-service EFL teachers explain subject-specific terms and concepts to students; (2) negotiation of meaning (NoM) strategies that they adopt to address the difficulties in the explanation of subject-specific terms and concepts; and 3) their beliefs associated with effective CLIL implementation. Under these aims, two main research questions and one sub-research question were addressed: 1. How do Thai pre-service EFL teachers explain and negotiate the meaning of subject-specific terms and concepts in CLIL lessons? 1.1 What are the NoM strategies that the pre-service EFL teachers adopted to address difficulties concerning the explanation and students’ comprehension of the subject-s

The policy and mission of the Swedish upper secondary school highlight the importance of developing students’ learning. Formative assessment is commonly used for this purpose. However, a prerequisite for formative assessment is a consensus between the student and the teacher. As a result, there are challenges regarding students enrolled into the introductory programmes due to these students’ lack of motivation. The aim of this study is to examine English teachers’ experiences of formative assessment in the Swedish introductory programmes IMS and IMA. The study took a qualitative approach and was conducted by semi-structured interviews with 5 teachers. The results show that the experience differs among the teachers, but all participants recognize the benefits of formative assessment for making the students’ learning process visible. Moreover, the effects of formative assessment are particularly evident when the students receive feedback during the writing process. However, a prominent challenge regards when students lack motivation to take an active part in their own learning process. The results of this study are of importance because teachers continue to teach unmotivated students in a formative manner despite the limited effects and students’ expressed need of a more summative assessment.

This special issue consists of five original research papers from four European countries. By applying different methodologies (qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods), the contributions aim to better understand teachers' beliefs about multilingualism in a time of increasingly globalised societies and intensified migration flows. The studies cover all educational stages and include pre-service as well as in-service teachers, and teacher educators. Both individual and collective beliefs are considered. While two of the studies are cross-sectional, the other three apply a pre-post study design in order to investigate whether teachers' beliefs can be influenced through adequate learning opportunities. The special issue is wrapped up by a commentary piece that links the findings and issues raised by the individual papers and addresses four pressing matters which should be considered to advance further research on teachers' beliefs about multilingualism. In this editorial, we briefly introduce the concept of teachers' beliefs and explain its relevance for teaching and learning in multilingual settings. Based on an ongoing review study, we provide a summary of the most commonly used methodologies in research on teachers' beliefs about multilingualism. We conclude with a summary of the five original papers as well as the commentary piece in this special issue.

The purpose of this work is to examine the teaching methods secondary and upper secondary teachers apply to teach grammar in the EFL classroom, as well as their perceptions about the benefits of having grammar knowledge and its benefits to students’ writing. Previous research reveals that grammar teaching is an integral part of language teaching; explicit and implicit methods along with deductive and inductive instruction are the main practices teachers use to transfer knowledge to their students. Apart from that, it is beneficial when teachers have good grammarknowledge; hence students can develop good metalinguistic awareness and writing ability. The theoretical framework is based on teacher cognition theory, as teachers’ personal experiences and knowledge affect their decisions about grammar practices in the classroom environment. A qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with six secondary and upper secondary teachers who teach English as a foreign language in different schools and municipalities in the whole of Sweden are used to conduct the current study. The results demonstrate that indeed grammar teaching is needed to teach a new language. However, factors such as age and type of groupinfluence teachers’ decisions. Above all else, teachers’ highest goal is to help students become good language users., Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka de undervisningsmetoder högstadie- och gymnasielärare tillämpar för att undervisa i grammatik i EFL-klassrummet, samt deras uppfattningar om fördelarna med att ha grammatikkunskap och dess fördelar för elevernas skriftliga förmåga. Tidigare forskning visar att grammatikundervisning är en integrerad del av språkundervisningen; de explicita och implicita metoderna tillsammans med deduktiv och induktiv undervisning är de huvudsakliga metoder som lärare använder för att överföra kunskap till sina elever. Bortsett från det är det fördelaktigt när lärare har goda grammatiska kunskaper; därför kan eleverna utveckla en god metaspråklig medvetenhet och skriftlig förmåga i målspråket. Det teoretiska ramverket bygger på lärarkognitionsteori, eftersom lärares personliga erfarenheter och kunskaper påverkar deras beslut om grammatikpraxis i klassrumsmiljön. En kvalitativ analys av semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex högstadie- och gymnasielärare som undervisar i engelska som främmande språk i olika skolor och kommuner i hela Sverige har använts för att genomföra den aktuella studien. Resultaten visar att det verkligen behövs grammatikundervisning för att undervisa ett nytt språk. Faktorer som ålder och typ av grupp påverkar dock lärares beslut. Framför allt annat är lärares högsta mål att hjälpa eleverna att bli bra språkanvändare.

This study explores teacher perspectives and beliefs on writing instruction in the Swedish Language Introduction Program (LI) through interviews with six teachers in Swedish as a second language. The study was guided by the following research questions: How do the teachers construct the students discursively, including the students’ educational background and prior knowledge? How do the teachers frame writing instruction, as evident by their discourses? LI is an upper secondary school program framed for newly arrived students, 15 to 18 years old, who need to qualify for mainstream programs by attaining the goals of compulsory school year 9. The study is framed within theory on second language writing instruction and teachers’ beliefs. The teachers’ discourses of writing instruction were analyzed against theory on second language writing instruction, genre pedagogy, and practices of care, and related to the teachers’ discursive constructions of the group of students as vulnerable and heterogeneous. All teachers exploited genre pedagogy, with its emancipatory aims, to enable access to the genres of schooling. The teachers’ expressed aims were directed toward long-term goals, such as employability and democratic participation. The teachers were firmly based in both theory and experience, which the demanding context seemed to require. In spite of indisputable challenges, the teachers conveyed a sense of belief in the possibilities of teaching.

This study investigates the beliefs of primary school teachers about multilingual language teaching and learning approaches and examines the relationship between these beliefs and the current ideas on multilingualism. This paper reports key elements of the multilingual educational reality in the Basque Country, where a minority language (Basque), a majority language (Spanish), and an international language (English) share space in the curriculum. The study adopts a mixed methods approach combining a specifically designed online questionnaire regarding beliefs (N = 418), and four focus groups (N = 20). The findings indicate that teachers believe fluency is essential in the language learning process, prioritize the non-native multilingual teacher model, and show awareness of the influence parents’ linguistic attitudes have on students’ language learning outcomes. Teachers hold welcoming beliefs toward multilingual language teaching approaches and regard translanguaging as suitable for upper levels of Primary education. A major implication of this study is that teachers have a positive point of departure from which to develop and promote multilingual teaching approaches; however, the provision of valuable and applicable training plans based on the current school of thought on multilingualism should be considered in the near future.

This study aims to gain deeper insights in digital technology supported teaching in Swedish early childhood education (ECE) settings. Introduction of digital goals in Swedish ECE curriculum obliges preschool teachers to integrate digital technologies into educational practices and calls for a relevant definition and a defined content for this teaching area. By examining teachers’ perspectives, this thesis contributes to obtaining valuable experience-based knowledge that can eventually fill the existing research gap. In a curriculum context, digital technologies have traditionally been associated with technology as a teaching tool, while digital goals (i.e., training children’s digital competence) redefine technology as a teaching content. However, integrating digital technologies in educational practices is still reported to be a challenge, and preschool teachers demonstrate ambivalent attitudes towards use of digital technologies in play-based pedagogy. Previous research has shown that to embed technologies in preschool practices, teachers need to enhance their technological knowledge, which involves a complex coupling between technical knowledge and pedagogical expertise. In the study, eleven preschool teachers were interviewed. A phenomenographic approach was used to identify and analyze the teachers’ conceptions. As a result, several categories related to digital technology use were discerned in teachers’ descriptions. Teaching situations were identified within both planned and spontaneous activities whilst activities for entertainment, relaxation and staff relief were referred to as mere “media consumption”. Paradoxically, nearly all teachers define digital technology supported teaching as a goal-directed, planned and adult-led activity. However, plenty of examples given by the teachers show that situations originating from spontaneous use of digital technology, particularly tablets, play an essential role in everyday teaching practices. Such a rigid understa, Studiens syfte är att bidra med fördjupad kunskap om undervisning relaterad till digitala tekniker i förskolan. Två uppdrag i den reviderade läroplanen Lpfö18 – undervisningsuppdraget och digitaliseringsuppdraget ­­- innebär att alla förskollärare har ansvar för att organisera undervisning som inkluderar digitala tekniker. Vad som ingår i denna undervisning och hur den ska bedrivas är dock inte självklart. Genom att undersöka förskollärares perspektiv kan studien bidra med att mejsla ut professionskunskap i detta innehållområde och ge viktiga insikter för både praktiken och den fortsatta forskningen. Den digitala teknikens funktioner i förskolans läroplan formuleras på två skilda kvalitativa sätt: som ett verktyg för att nå ett visst mål eller som ett mål i sig, i syfte att utveckla barns digitala kompetens. Förskolan och digitala tekniker kan beskrivas ha en ”problematisk relation” där många förskollärare fortfarande känner sig oförberedda och tveksamma inför integreringen av digital teknik i lekbaserad pedagogik. Tidigare forskning visar att förskollärare behöver både teknisk och didaktisk kompetens kring användandet av en viss teknik. Studien utgår från den fenomenografiska ansatsen som ett sätt att närma sig fenomenet undervisning relaterad till digitala tekniker i förskolan och baseras på intervjuer med 11 förskollärare. Flera kategorier har urskilts som representerar hur undervisning och andra aktiviteter relaterade till digitala tekniker beskrivs av förskollärarna på kvalitativt olika sätt. Undervisningssituationer identifierades inom både planerade och spontana aktiviteter medan underhållande, avkopplande och avlastande aktiviteter uppfattades endast som tidsfördrift och ”konsumtion” av digital teknik. Förskollärares definition av undervisning relaterad till digitala tekniker som en målstyrd, planerad och vuxenledd aktivitet står i stark konstrast till många exempel där det återkommande lyfts spontana aktiviteter. En sådan rigid förståelse av begreppet

This study aims to gain deeper insights in digital technology supported teaching in Swedish early childhood education (ECE) settings. Introduction of digital goals in Swedish ECE curriculum obliges preschool teachers to integrate digital technologies into educational practices and calls for a relevant definition and a defined content for this teaching area. By examining teachers’ perspectives, this thesis contributes to obtaining valuable experience-based knowledge that can eventually fill the existing research gap. In a curriculum context, digital technologies have traditionally been associated with technology as a teaching tool, while digital goals (i.e., training children’s digital competence) redefine technology as a teaching content. However, integrating digital technologies in educational practices is still reported to be a challenge, and preschool teachers demonstrate ambivalent attitudes towards use of digital technologies in play-based pedagogy. Previous research has shown that to embed technologies in preschool practices, teachers need to enhance their technological knowledge, which involves a complex coupling between technical knowledge and pedagogical expertise. In the study, eleven preschool teachers were interviewed. A phenomenographic approach was used to identify and analyze the teachers’ conceptions. As a result, several categories related to digital technology use were discerned in teachers’ descriptions. Teaching situations were identified within both planned and spontaneous activities whilst activities for entertainment, relaxation and staff relief were referred to as mere “media consumption”. Paradoxically, nearly all teachers define digital technology supported teaching as a goal-directed, planned and adult-led activity. However, plenty of examples given by the teachers show that situations originating from spontaneous use of digital technology, particularly tablets, play an essential role in everyday teaching practices. Such a rigid understa, Studiens syfte är att bidra med fördjupad kunskap om undervisning relaterad till digitala tekniker i förskolan. Två uppdrag i den reviderade läroplanen Lpfö18 – undervisningsuppdraget och digitaliseringsuppdraget ­­- innebär att alla förskollärare har ansvar för att organisera undervisning som inkluderar digitala tekniker. Vad som ingår i denna undervisning och hur den ska bedrivas är dock inte självklart. Genom att undersöka förskollärares perspektiv kan studien bidra med att mejsla ut professionskunskap i detta innehållområde och ge viktiga insikter för både praktiken och den fortsatta forskningen. Den digitala teknikens funktioner i förskolans läroplan formuleras på två skilda kvalitativa sätt: som ett verktyg för att nå ett visst mål eller som ett mål i sig, i syfte att utveckla barns digitala kompetens. Förskolan och digitala tekniker kan beskrivas ha en ”problematisk relation” där många förskollärare fortfarande känner sig oförberedda och tveksamma inför integreringen av digital teknik i lekbaserad pedagogik. Tidigare forskning visar att förskollärare behöver både teknisk och didaktisk kompetens kring användandet av en viss teknik. Studien utgår från den fenomenografiska ansatsen som ett sätt att närma sig fenomenet undervisning relaterad till digitala tekniker i förskolan och baseras på intervjuer med 11 förskollärare. Flera kategorier har urskilts som representerar hur undervisning och andra aktiviteter relaterade till digitala tekniker beskrivs av förskollärarna på kvalitativt olika sätt. Undervisningssituationer identifierades inom både planerade och spontana aktiviteter medan underhållande, avkopplande och avlastande aktiviteter uppfattades endast som tidsfördrift och ”konsumtion” av digital teknik. Förskollärares definition av undervisning relaterad till digitala tekniker som en målstyrd, planerad och vuxenledd aktivitet står i stark konstrast till många exempel där det återkommande lyfts spontana aktiviteter. En sådan rigid förståelse av begreppet

This study aims to gain deeper insights in digital technology supported teaching in Swedish early childhood education (ECE) settings. Introduction of digital goals in Swedish ECE curriculum obliges preschool teachers to integrate digital technologies into educational practices and calls for a relevant definition and a defined content for this teaching area. By examining teachers’ perspectives, this thesis contributes to obtaining valuable experience-based knowledge that can eventually fill the existing research gap. In a curriculum context, digital technologies have traditionally been associated with technology as a teaching tool, while digital goals (i.e., training children’s digital competence) redefine technology as a teaching content. However, integrating digital technologies in educational practices is still reported to be a challenge, and preschool teachers demonstrate ambivalent attitudes towards use of digital technologies in play-based pedagogy. Previous research has shown that to embed technologies in preschool practices, teachers need to enhance their technological knowledge, which involves a complex coupling between technical knowledge and pedagogical expertise. In the study, eleven preschool teachers were interviewed. A phenomenographic approach was used to identify and analyze the teachers’ conceptions. As a result, several categories related to digital technology use were discerned in teachers’ descriptions. Teaching situations were identified within both planned and spontaneous activities whilst activities for entertainment, relaxation and staff relief were referred to as mere “media consumption”. Paradoxically, nearly all teachers define digital technology supported teaching as a goal-directed, planned and adult-led activity. However, plenty of examples given by the teachers show that situations originating from spontaneous use of digital technology, particularly tablets, play an essential role in everyday teaching practices. Such a rigid understa, Studiens syfte är att bidra med fördjupad kunskap om undervisning relaterad till digitala tekniker i förskolan. Två uppdrag i den reviderade läroplanen Lpfö18 – undervisningsuppdraget och digitaliseringsuppdraget ­­- innebär att alla förskollärare har ansvar för att organisera undervisning som inkluderar digitala tekniker. Vad som ingår i denna undervisning och hur den ska bedrivas är dock inte självklart. Genom att undersöka förskollärares perspektiv kan studien bidra med att mejsla ut professionskunskap i detta innehållområde och ge viktiga insikter för både praktiken och den fortsatta forskningen. Den digitala teknikens funktioner i förskolans läroplan formuleras på två skilda kvalitativa sätt: som ett verktyg för att nå ett visst mål eller som ett mål i sig, i syfte att utveckla barns digitala kompetens. Förskolan och digitala tekniker kan beskrivas ha en ”problematisk relation” där många förskollärare fortfarande känner sig oförberedda och tveksamma inför integreringen av digital teknik i lekbaserad pedagogik. Tidigare forskning visar att förskollärare behöver både teknisk och didaktisk kompetens kring användandet av en viss teknik. Studien utgår från den fenomenografiska ansatsen som ett sätt att närma sig fenomenet undervisning relaterad till digitala tekniker i förskolan och baseras på intervjuer med 11 förskollärare. Flera kategorier har urskilts som representerar hur undervisning och andra aktiviteter relaterade till digitala tekniker beskrivs av förskollärarna på kvalitativt olika sätt. Undervisningssituationer identifierades inom både planerade och spontana aktiviteter medan underhållande, avkopplande och avlastande aktiviteter uppfattades endast som tidsfördrift och ”konsumtion” av digital teknik. Förskollärares definition av undervisning relaterad till digitala tekniker som en målstyrd, planerad och vuxenledd aktivitet står i stark konstrast till många exempel där det återkommande lyfts spontana aktiviteter. En sådan rigid förståelse av begreppet

This study aims to gain deeper insights in digital technology supported teaching in Swedish early childhood education (ECE) settings. Introduction of digital goals in Swedish ECE curriculum obliges preschool teachers to integrate digital technologies into educational practices and calls for a relevant definition and a defined content for this teaching area. By examining teachers’ perspectives, this thesis contributes to obtaining valuable experience-based knowledge that can eventually fill the existing research gap. In a curriculum context, digital technologies have traditionally been associated with technology as a teaching tool, while digital goals (i.e., training children’s digital competence) redefine technology as a teaching content. However, integrating digital technologies in educational practices is still reported to be a challenge, and preschool teachers demonstrate ambivalent attitudes towards use of digital technologies in play-based pedagogy. Previous research has shown that to embed technologies in preschool practices, teachers need to enhance their technological knowledge, which involves a complex coupling between technical knowledge and pedagogical expertise. In the study, eleven preschool teachers were interviewed. A phenomenographic approach was used to identify and analyze the teachers’ conceptions. As a result, several categories related to digital technology use were discerned in teachers’ descriptions. Teaching situations were identified within both planned and spontaneous activities whilst activities for entertainment, relaxation and staff relief were referred to as mere “media consumption”. Paradoxically, nearly all teachers define digital technology supported teaching as a goal-directed, planned and adult-led activity. However, plenty of examples given by the teachers show that situations originating from spontaneous use of digital technology, particularly tablets, play an essential role in everyday teaching practices. Such a rigid understa, Studiens syfte är att bidra med fördjupad kunskap om undervisning relaterad till digitala tekniker i förskolan. Två uppdrag i den reviderade läroplanen Lpfö18 – undervisningsuppdraget och digitaliseringsuppdraget ­­- innebär att alla förskollärare har ansvar för att organisera undervisning som inkluderar digitala tekniker. Vad som ingår i denna undervisning och hur den ska bedrivas är dock inte självklart. Genom att undersöka förskollärares perspektiv kan studien bidra med att mejsla ut professionskunskap i detta innehållområde och ge viktiga insikter för både praktiken och den fortsatta forskningen. Den digitala teknikens funktioner i förskolans läroplan formuleras på två skilda kvalitativa sätt: som ett verktyg för att nå ett visst mål eller som ett mål i sig, i syfte att utveckla barns digitala kompetens. Förskolan och digitala tekniker kan beskrivas ha en ”problematisk relation” där många förskollärare fortfarande känner sig oförberedda och tveksamma inför integreringen av digital teknik i lekbaserad pedagogik. Tidigare forskning visar att förskollärare behöver både teknisk och didaktisk kompetens kring användandet av en viss teknik. Studien utgår från den fenomenografiska ansatsen som ett sätt att närma sig fenomenet undervisning relaterad till digitala tekniker i förskolan och baseras på intervjuer med 11 förskollärare. Flera kategorier har urskilts som representerar hur undervisning och andra aktiviteter relaterade till digitala tekniker beskrivs av förskollärarna på kvalitativt olika sätt. Undervisningssituationer identifierades inom både planerade och spontana aktiviteter medan underhållande, avkopplande och avlastande aktiviteter uppfattades endast som tidsfördrift och ”konsumtion” av digital teknik. Förskollärares definition av undervisning relaterad till digitala tekniker som en målstyrd, planerad och vuxenledd aktivitet står i stark konstrast till många exempel där det återkommande lyfts spontana aktiviteter. En sådan rigid förståelse av begreppet

Studies conducted with constructivist and sociocultural approaches have shown that teachers’ beliefs represent a filter through which teachers interpret phenomena within their practice. These beliefs significantly influence their behavior and they are linked to strategies applied in the classroom. The aim of this research was to broaden and deepen the understanding of teachers’ beliefs about student motivation. The sample comprised 30 elementary school teachers from the wider area of Belgrade. Data were collected using the focus group method and the material was analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. The results showed that teachers understood the importance of intrinsic motivation for learning and for encouraging student autonomy as one of the key motivational strategies. They were aware of their own responsibility and that motivating students is a creative act that depends on teachers’ individual qualities, skills, and their attitude towards their profession. Bearing in mind that their own professional identity is threatened by the low value attributed to education in society, it becomes clearer how these circumstances can negatively affect the teachers' sense of agency. Generally, the results indicate that teachers should acquire knowledge about students’ motivation more systematically and reflect more on their own beliefs. That is how teachers would become more flexible in relation to system demands and more confident in relying on their own resources and creativity in teaching.Keywords: elementary school; motivation; learning; motivational strategies, teachers’ beliefs.---SažetakIstraživanja provedena konstruktivističkim i sociokulturnim pristupima pokazala su da uvjerenja učitelja predstavljaju filtar kroz koji učitelji tumače pojave u svojoj praksi. Ta uvjerenja značajno utječu na njihovo ponašanje i povezana su sa strategijama koje se primjenjuju u učionici. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je proširiti i produbiti razumijevanje uvjerenja učitelja o motiva

This study aims to gain deeper insights in digital technology supported teaching in Swedish early childhood education (ECE) settings. Introduction of digital goals in Swedish ECE curriculum obliges preschool teachers to integrate digital technologies into educational practices and calls for a relevant definition and a defined content for this teaching area. By examining teachers’ perspectives, this thesis contributes to obtaining valuable experience-based knowledge that can eventually fill the existing research gap. In a curriculum context, digital technologies have traditionally been associated with technology as a teaching tool, while digital goals (i.e., training children’s digital competence) redefine technology as a teaching content. However, integrating digital technologies in educational practices is still reported to be a challenge, and preschool teachers demonstrate ambivalent attitudes towards use of digital technologies in play-based pedagogy. Previous research has shown that to embed technologies in preschool practices, teachers need to enhance their technological knowledge, which involves a complex coupling between technical knowledge and pedagogical expertise. In the study, eleven preschool teachers were interviewed. A phenomenographic approach was used to identify and analyze the teachers’ conceptions. As a result, several categories related to digital technology use were discerned in teachers’ descriptions. Teaching situations were identified within both planned and spontaneous activities whilst activities for entertainment, relaxation and staff relief were referred to as mere “media consumption”. Paradoxically, nearly all teachers define digital technology supported teaching as a goal-directed, planned and adult-led activity. However, plenty of examples given by the teachers show that situations originating from spontaneous use of digital technology, particularly tablets, play an essential role in everyday teaching practices. Such a rigid understa, Studiens syfte är att bidra med fördjupad kunskap om undervisning relaterad till digitala tekniker i förskolan. Två uppdrag i den reviderade läroplanen Lpfö18 – undervisningsuppdraget och digitaliseringsuppdraget ­­- innebär att alla förskollärare har ansvar för att organisera undervisning som inkluderar digitala tekniker. Vad som ingår i denna undervisning och hur den ska bedrivas är dock inte självklart. Genom att undersöka förskollärares perspektiv kan studien bidra med att mejsla ut professionskunskap i detta innehållområde och ge viktiga insikter för både praktiken och den fortsatta forskningen. Den digitala teknikens funktioner i förskolans läroplan formuleras på två skilda kvalitativa sätt: som ett verktyg för att nå ett visst mål eller som ett mål i sig, i syfte att utveckla barns digitala kompetens. Förskolan och digitala tekniker kan beskrivas ha en ”problematisk relation” där många förskollärare fortfarande känner sig oförberedda och tveksamma inför integreringen av digital teknik i lekbaserad pedagogik. Tidigare forskning visar att förskollärare behöver både teknisk och didaktisk kompetens kring användandet av en viss teknik. Studien utgår från den fenomenografiska ansatsen som ett sätt att närma sig fenomenet undervisning relaterad till digitala tekniker i förskolan och baseras på intervjuer med 11 förskollärare. Flera kategorier har urskilts som representerar hur undervisning och andra aktiviteter relaterade till digitala tekniker beskrivs av förskollärarna på kvalitativt olika sätt. Undervisningssituationer identifierades inom både planerade och spontana aktiviteter medan underhållande, avkopplande och avlastande aktiviteter uppfattades endast som tidsfördrift och ”konsumtion” av digital teknik. Förskollärares definition av undervisning relaterad till digitala tekniker som en målstyrd, planerad och vuxenledd aktivitet står i stark konstrast till många exempel där det återkommande lyfts spontana aktiviteter. En sådan rigid förståelse av begreppet

The purpose of this work is to examine the teaching methods secondary and upper secondary teachers apply to teach grammar in the EFL classroom, as well as their perceptions about the benefits of having grammar knowledge and its benefits to students’ writing. Previous research reveals that grammar teaching is an integral part of language teaching; explicit and implicit methods along with deductive and inductive instruction are the main practices teachers use to transfer knowledge to their students. Apart from that, it is beneficial when teachers have good grammarknowledge; hence students can develop good metalinguistic awareness and writing ability. The theoretical framework is based on teacher cognition theory, as teachers’ personal experiences and knowledge affect their decisions about grammar practices in the classroom environment. A qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with six secondary and upper secondary teachers who teach English as a foreign language in different schools and municipalities in the whole of Sweden are used to conduct the current study. The results demonstrate that indeed grammar teaching is needed to teach a new language. However, factors such as age and type of groupinfluence teachers’ decisions. Above all else, teachers’ highest goal is to help students become good language users., Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka de undervisningsmetoder högstadie- och gymnasielärare tillämpar för att undervisa i grammatik i EFL-klassrummet, samt deras uppfattningar om fördelarna med att ha grammatikkunskap och dess fördelar för elevernas skriftliga förmåga. Tidigare forskning visar att grammatikundervisning är en integrerad del av språkundervisningen; de explicita och implicita metoderna tillsammans med deduktiv och induktiv undervisning är de huvudsakliga metoder som lärare använder för att överföra kunskap till sina elever. Bortsett från det är det fördelaktigt när lärare har goda grammatiska kunskaper; därför kan eleverna utveckla en god metaspråklig medvetenhet och skriftlig förmåga i målspråket. Det teoretiska ramverket bygger på lärarkognitionsteori, eftersom lärares personliga erfarenheter och kunskaper påverkar deras beslut om grammatikpraxis i klassrumsmiljön. En kvalitativ analys av semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex högstadie- och gymnasielärare som undervisar i engelska som främmande språk i olika skolor och kommuner i hela Sverige har använts för att genomföra den aktuella studien. Resultaten visar att det verkligen behövs grammatikundervisning för att undervisa ett nytt språk. Faktorer som ålder och typ av grupp påverkar dock lärares beslut. Framför allt annat är lärares högsta mål att hjälpa eleverna att bli bra språkanvändare.

The policy and mission of the Swedish upper secondary school highlight the importance of developing students’ learning. Formative assessment is commonly used for this purpose. However, a prerequisite for formative assessment is a consensus between the student and the teacher. As a result, there are challenges regarding students enrolled into the introductory programmes due to these students’ lack of motivation. The aim of this study is to examine English teachers’ experiences of formative assessment in the Swedish introductory programmes IMS and IMA. The study took a qualitative approach and was conducted by semi-structured interviews with 5 teachers. The results show that the experience differs among the teachers, but all participants recognize the benefits of formative assessment for making the students’ learning process visible. Moreover, the effects of formative assessment are particularly evident when the students receive feedback during the writing process. However, a prominent challenge regards when students lack motivation to take an active part in their own learning process. The results of this study are of importance because teachers continue to teach unmotivated students in a formative manner despite the limited effects and students’ expressed need of a more summative assessment.

Teachers’ beliefs about students’ errors are influenced by structural factors and by other beliefs towards education and students that teachers may hold. The literature on this topic has provided some evidence and some mixed results. Furthermore, some structural aspects related to errors have not been considered in framing teachers’ beliefs about errors, such as the use of grades as a classroom assessment practice, which is strongly related to errors in testing situations. Based on these premises, this study aimed to explore teachers’ beliefs about errors and the practices teachers report using to deal with students’ errors in the classroom and teachers’ beliefs about the interdependence between grades and errors. Italian teachers (N = 33) from primary, middle, and secondary schools had been interviewed and the qualitative data were analysed through reflexive thematic analysis. The results showed that, according to teachers, errors acquire different meanings in the learning process, which are related to the roles they play in fostering or not learning. Furthermore, in describing these roles teachers reported to use specific practices to deal with students’ errors. Finally, teachers acknowledged that classroom assessment based on grades has a negative interdependency with errors that makes it difficult to present errors as a fruitful part of learning both in learning and testing situations. Our results reveal the ambivalence of teachers’ beliefs about errors and shed light on the challenges the grading evaluation system poses to teachers., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Pre-service teacher professional development could assume an urgent part in raising teaching quality and learning outcomes. Evolving technologies allow for new and different forms of professional development. However, teacher professional development opportunities are limited and outcomes are controversial. In this study, to capture the challenges of a technology-based professional development, the researchers examined teachers’ perceptions of the barriers to technology integration and instructional practices. Three hundred participants were recruited through an online survey- Technology-Based Professional Development Questionnaire. Through employing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the researchers analysed the data. The results of the study indicated that the gap between information and the use of technology-based apparatuses was viewed as related with the difficulties confronting teachers with technology-based directions. Technology-literate teachers knew how to integrate their insight into their commonsense instructing and had higher students’ commitment and inspiration. In any case, technology-illiterate teachers had mechanical troubles that reduced their education. A few ramifications can be drawn from the review, for example, the requirement for teacher instruction projects to further develop teacher consciousness of new educational innovative learning strategies, and the significance of giving chances to get computerized proficiency. Our findings have both theoretical and practical implications for pre-and in-service teacher training programs. Based on these discoveries, suggestions for the plan of online professional development and gaps for future examinations are discussed., El desarrollo profesional de los profesores de pre-servicio podría asumir un papel urgente en el aumento de la calidad de la enseñanza y los resultados del aprendizaje. La evolución de las tecnologías permite nuevas y diferentes formas de desarrollo profesional. Sin embargo, las oportunidades de desarrollo profesional de los docentes son limitadas y los resultados son polémicos. En este estudio, para capturar los desafíos de un desarrollo profesional basado en la tecnología, los investigadores examinaron las percepciones de los profesores de las barreras a la integración de la tecnología y las prácticas instruccionales. Trescientos participantes fueron reclutados a través de una encuesta en línea - cuestionario de desarrollo profesional basado en la tecnología. Mediante el empleo de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM), los investigadores analizaron los datos. Los resultados del estudio indicaron que la brecha entre la información y el uso de aparatos basados en la tecnología estaba relacionada con las dificultades que enfrentan los profesores con las direcciones basadas en la tecnología. Los maestros alfabetizen tecnología sabían cómo integrar su percepción en su sentido común de la instrucción y tenían un mayor compromiso e inspiración de los estudiantes. En cualquier caso, los profesores analfabetos en tecnología tenían problemas mecánicos que reducían su educación. Se pueden extraer algunas ramificaciones de la revisión, por ejemplo, el requisito de los proyectos de instrucción de los maestros para desarrollar aún más la conciencia de los maestros de las nuevas estrategias educativas innovadoras de aprendizaje, y la importancia de dar oportunidades para obtener dominio computarizado. Nuestros hallazgos tienen implicaciones tanto teóricas como prácticas para los programas de capacitación de maestros antes y durante el servicio. Sobre la base de estos descubrimientos, las sugerencias para el plan de desarrollo profesional en línea y las lagunas para los exáme

This dissertation focused on mathematics instruction in early grades (Pre-K - 3rd grade) by exploring teachers’ beliefs about mathematics teaching and the teaching practices of one teacher. I specifically examined teachers’ beliefs and one teacher’s practices that reflect asset-based views of students and support mathematics learning with understanding. This work contributes to early mathematics education research by documenting teachers’ beliefs about mathematics, documenting one accomplished teacher’s practices, and comparing that teacher’s practices when teaching in-person and online. In my analysis of teachers’ beliefs (Chapter 2), Early Grades Teachers’ Beliefs About Mathematics, Language, and Emergent Bilinguals, I explored the research question: what are early grades teachers’ professed beliefs about mathematics, language, student thinking, students’ out-of-school experiences, and students’ home and everyday language practices, in particular for EBs? I documented teachers’ professed beliefs related to mathematics and EBs through one survey and one interview. I was particularly interested in characterizing teachers’ beliefs about mathematics (Schoen & LaVenia, 2019) and their beliefs about language (Fernandes, 2020). Through analysis of teachers’ beliefs, I found that the 20 teachers in this study held varying degrees of asset-based views of EBs. All the teachers responded to the survey with at least 74% of their non-neutral responses in ways that reflect an asset-based view. I identified and sorted teachers’ total percentage of asset-based responses on the survey across four categories which include 1) some asset-based views, 2) many asset-based views, 3) most asset-based views, and 4) all asset-based views. In addition to what I found in the survey responses, the interviews clarified and provided more detailed descriptions of their beliefs. From the interviews, I found that teachers held beliefs about students’ assets and teaching mathematics with EBs re

The objective of this study has been to investigate the beliefs of Swedish middle school teachers in supporting the development of students’ reading comprehension of literature. The study is based on two central research questions that include what motivates teachers in choosing literature for reading comprehension instruction as well as considerations of reading strategy instruction aimed towards developing the reading comprehension of Swedish middle school students in grades 4 – 6. The theoretical basis of the study is grounded in teacher cognition regarding teachers’ beliefs in addition to reader-response theory as it relates to methods of literature reading comprehension instruction. The study method consists of directed qualitative content analysis of semi-structured interviews with six teachers alongside document analysis of teaching materials used by the informants. Teachers were selected to emulate a representative sample of the teacher population with a variation in professional experience. The results show a consensus among teachers in the literature selection criteria that involve appropriate language complexity in addition to opportunities for students to appeal to and identify with familiar thematic content. Furthermore, personal experiences and interests influence teachers in the literature selection process. Moreover, the results indicate that the teachers make use of a content-focused approach and that reading strategies are applied to a varying extent in reference to influential instructional models, professional experience as well as school structures. The teachers convey insecurities in providing adequate equal support for students, which demonstrates a need for improved structural professional development. Suggestions for future research in reading strategies instruction development are also discussed., Studiens syfte har varit att undersöka uppfattningar hos lärare i årskurs 4 – 6 om arbetet medutvecklingen av elevers läsförståelse av skönlitteratur. Undersökningen genomfördes utifrån tvåcentrala frågeställningar om lärarnas val av skönlitteratur i undervisning i läsförståelse och hur lärareväljer att arbeta med lässtrategier för att utveckla läsförståelsen av skönlitteratur hos elever i årskurs 4 – 6. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter utgörs av lärarkognition gällande lärares uppfattningar såvälsom receptionsteori i anslutning till beskrivningar av arbetet med läsförståelse av skönlitteratur.Studiens datainsamling har utgjorts av riktad kvalitativ innehållsanalys av semistrukturerade intervjueri anslutning till dokumentanalys av undervisningsmaterial med sex lärare som valts för att efterliknaett representativt tvärsnitt av lärarpopulationen utifrån yrkeslivserfarenhet och skolform. Resultatet avstudien visar att lärarna uttrycker en samstämmighet i motiveringar till skönlitteratur och att verk väljsutifrån kriterier gällande böckernas språkliga nivå och tematiskt innehåll som eleverna identifierar sigmed och engageras av. Lärarna baserar även litteraturvalen på sina personliga övertygelser ocherfarenheter. Resultatet visar dessutom att lärarna fokuserar på läsningens innehåll och undervisar ilässtrategier i varierad omfattning med hänvisning till enstaka strategiprogram, erfarenheter ochskolans strukturer. Lärarna uppvisar osäkerheter i likvärdighetsarbetet och ger uttryck för ett behov avett kontinuerligt fortbildningsarbete. Förslag på vidare forskning inom området för utvecklingen avarbete med lässtrategier presenteras.

This research aims to determine how prospective pre-school teachers' epistemological beliefs and nature of science (NoS) views predict their science teaching attitudes, and to interpret which sub-dimensions of NoS views and epistemological beliefs are more influence science teaching attitudes using the Topological Analysis of Correlations (TACO) model proposed in this study. The research was conducted with 388 (310 females, 78 males) prospective pre-school teachers in the 2018/2019 academic year. Analysis results revealed that preservice pre-school teachers' epistemological beliefs and NoS views predicted the variation in science teaching attitudes by 47% (F = 169.681, p = .000). It was determined that the "methodological approach" and "scientific attitude" sub-dimensions of epistemological beliefs and the "characteristics of science" sub-dimension of NoS have strong correlations with the science teaching attitudes. The TACO model showed that epistemological beliefs are a lowered altitude that begins from the nature of scientific knowledge and continues across all dimensions of NoS. Findings of this study could be significant to develop educational materials in prospective pre-school teacher education and we believe that TACO, with its holistic assessment structure that includes all the variables in the study, has the potential to be an alternative analysis method for further research on teacher views on the NOS and their epistemological beliefs that impact on their science teaching in pre-schools.

This exploratory case study seeks to examine the role that specific factors exert on the evolution of beliefs in preservice English teachers during their final teaching practicum. Data were collected through reflections, interviews, focus groups, and observations. The findings revealed that three groups of factors affect belief evolution during the practicum: participant subjectivity, contextual circumstances, and university support community. Subjectivities encompassed preservice teachers’ fears, reactions to real-life teaching challenges, and enthusiasm to become teachers. Contextual circumstances incorporated classroom circumstances and cooperating teachers. The university support community concerned their peers and the university tutor. Implications discuss the relevance of curricular and reflective agendas that enrich the education of future teachers through beliefs exploration.

The present study analyzes teachers' beliefs by looking at the value teachers give to the languages embodying multilingualism in the south of the Basque Country (Basque, Spanish, English and French). The research has a mixed methods design. On the quantitative side, the sample consists of 1093 in-service, pre-service and university teachers who completed an online questionnaire about multilingualism. On the qualitative side, 20 in-service teachers participated in several focus group discussions. The study revealed that the participants hold strong positive beliefs about a Basque-focused trilingualism. The data confirm protective beliefs toward the minority language, Basque, but also reaffirm the integrative and supportive beliefs of teachers toward multilingualism and the inclusion of other languages, especially English. Although these teachers connect multilingualism with natural, positive and enriching characteristics, our data show that they do not seem to value French. A major implication of the findings is that teachers' beliefs align with the current school of thought supporting up-to-date multilingual approaches in a context where a minority language under revitalization process coexists with a national-state language and a lingua franca.

This exploratory case study seeks to examine the role that specific factors exert on the evolution of beliefs in preservice English teachers during their final teaching practicum. Data were collected through reflections, interviews, focus groups, and observations. The findings revealed that three groups of factors affect belief evolution during the practicum: participant subjectivity, contextual circumstances, and university support community. Subjectivities encompassed preservice teachers’ fears, reactions to real-life teaching challenges, and enthusiasm to become teachers. Contextual circumstances incorporated classroom circumstances and cooperating teachers. The university support community concerned their peers and the university tutor. Implications discuss the relevance of curricular and reflective agendas that enrich the education of future teachers through beliefs exploration.

The objective of this study has been to investigate the beliefs of Swedish middle school teachers in supporting the development of students’ reading comprehension of literature. The study is based on two central research questions that include what motivates teachers in choosing literature for reading comprehension instruction as well as considerations of reading strategy instruction aimed towards developing the reading comprehension of Swedish middle school students in grades 4 – 6. The theoretical basis of the study is grounded in teacher cognition regarding teachers’ beliefs in addition to reader-response theory as it relates to methods of literature reading comprehension instruction. The study method consists of directed qualitative content analysis of semi-structured interviews with six teachers alongside document analysis of teaching materials used by the informants. Teachers were selected to emulate a representative sample of the teacher population with a variation in professional experience. The results show a consensus among teachers in the literature selection criteria that involve appropriate language complexity in addition to opportunities for students to appeal to and identify with familiar thematic content. Furthermore, personal experiences and interests influence teachers in the literature selection process. Moreover, the results indicate that the teachers make use of a content-focused approach and that reading strategies are applied to a varying extent in reference to influential instructional models, professional experience as well as school structures. The teachers convey insecurities in providing adequate equal support for students, which demonstrates a need for improved structural professional development. Suggestions for future research in reading strategies instruction development are also discussed., Studiens syfte har varit att undersöka uppfattningar hos lärare i årskurs 4 – 6 om arbetet medutvecklingen av elevers läsförståelse av skönlitteratur. Undersökningen genomfördes utifrån tvåcentrala frågeställningar om lärarnas val av skönlitteratur i undervisning i läsförståelse och hur lärareväljer att arbeta med lässtrategier för att utveckla läsförståelsen av skönlitteratur hos elever i årskurs 4 – 6. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter utgörs av lärarkognition gällande lärares uppfattningar såvälsom receptionsteori i anslutning till beskrivningar av arbetet med läsförståelse av skönlitteratur.Studiens datainsamling har utgjorts av riktad kvalitativ innehållsanalys av semistrukturerade intervjueri anslutning till dokumentanalys av undervisningsmaterial med sex lärare som valts för att efterliknaett representativt tvärsnitt av lärarpopulationen utifrån yrkeslivserfarenhet och skolform. Resultatet avstudien visar att lärarna uttrycker en samstämmighet i motiveringar till skönlitteratur och att verk väljsutifrån kriterier gällande böckernas språkliga nivå och tematiskt innehåll som eleverna identifierar sigmed och engageras av. Lärarna baserar även litteraturvalen på sina personliga övertygelser ocherfarenheter. Resultatet visar dessutom att lärarna fokuserar på läsningens innehåll och undervisar ilässtrategier i varierad omfattning med hänvisning till enstaka strategiprogram, erfarenheter ochskolans strukturer. Lärarna uppvisar osäkerheter i likvärdighetsarbetet och ger uttryck för ett behov avett kontinuerligt fortbildningsarbete. Förslag på vidare forskning inom området för utvecklingen avarbete med lässtrategier presenteras.

Using a self-reporting measure, the study examined IBA-related beliefs of Czech preschool teachers (n = 1,004). In addition, it explored the beliefs of teachers who strongly agreed (n = 564) and those who strongly disagreed (n = 67) with the implementation of IBA in preschool classes. The findings show that teachers within the full sample, as well as those within the contrasting subsamples, hold considerably strong beliefs about the potential of IBA for children ' s cognitive development. At the same time, teachers are aware of the challenges associated with implementing IBA. Teachers who strongly favour IBA have significantly stronger beliefs in the benefits that IBA bring to children and also have stronger beliefs about the knowledge and skills teachers need for IBA planning and implementation than has the group that strongly rejects IBA. In contrast, teachers who strongly reject IBA have stronger beliefs that IBA cause problems in preschool classes. The group of teachers who strongly favour IBA have higher levels of education and fewer years of practice than the contrasting group. They are mostly younger teachers who received a modern professional education and who are more open to newer instructional strategies such as IBA.

Information and Communication Technologies and Digital Educational Resources have undergone a rapid evolution and have been swiftly introduced into educational contexts. Teachers play a key role in integrating these technological resources into the classroom. The objective of the present study was to determine the value that teachers attribute to digital resources in their educational practice. Based on a qualitative methodology, the necessary information was obtained via an open-ended interview, in which a Spanish school’s Early Childhood and Primary Education teachers participated. The results revealed that teachers value the integration of digital resources into the classroom, though no consensus was reached as to the suitable level of integration. Use satisfaction was mainly related to student motivation. Certain problems or limitations also came to light, however, linked to students’ digital training. An important conclusion according to the perception of teachers is that the integration of digital resources in their educational practice was significant and improved the quality of the educational process.

Initiatives for preventing radicalization and violent extremism through education (PVE-E) have become a feature of global educational policy and educational institutions across all phases, from early childhood to universities, also in Finland. If schools may be regarded as safe spaces here for identity and worldview construction and experiences of belonging, the specific subject matter of PVE-E is also dangerous territory. Not least because of PVE-E's focus on radicalization, but above all because of perceptions of schools being used as an adjunct of governmental counter-terrorism policy. We argue that understanding young people's views on issues related to radicalization and violent extremism is critical in order to develop ethical, sustainable, contextualized, and pedagogical approaches to prevent hostilities and foster peaceful co-existence. After providing some critical framing of the Finnish educational context in a broader international setting, we thus examine young people's views (n = 3617) in relation to the safe spaces through online survey data gathered as a part of our larger 4-year research project Growing up radical? The role of educational institutions in guiding young people's worldview construction. Specifically focused on Finland but with potentially wider international implications, more understanding about the topic of PVE-E is needed to inform teacher education and training, to which our empirical data makes some innovative contribution.

Information and Communication Technologies and Digital Educational Resources have undergone a rapid evolution and have been swiftly introduced into educational contexts. Teachers play a key role in integrating these technological resources into the classroom. The objective of the present study was to determine the value that teachers attribute to digital resources in their educational practice. Based on a qualitative methodology, the necessary information was obtained via an open-ended interview, in which a Spanish school’s Early Childhood and Primary Education teachers participated. The results revealed that teachers value the integration of digital resources into the classroom, though no consensus was reached as to the suitable level of integration. Use satisfaction was mainly related to student motivation. Certain problems or limitations also came to light, however, linked to students’ digital training. An important conclusion according to the perception of teachers is that the integration of digital resources in their educational practice was significant and improved the quality of the educational process.

This study explores how 33 student teachers’ reflections during 106 ‘bumpy moments’ while in an international student teaching internship reveal their professional beliefs, and how the moments make the student teachers reflect upon their subjective educational theories. Student teachers described four themes of professional beliefs: (1) pedagogical content knowledge, (2) school context, (3) organisational skills and (4) self-reflection. Their reflections highlighted aspects of their subjective educational theories when they perceived they lacked an appropriate practical teaching strategy or they had pedagogical interactions with pupils or supervisors. The student teachers’ reflections on pedagogical interactions in a cross-cultural context made them aware of moral dimensions in teaching and their own position during normative (inter)actions. The findings of this study indicate that teacher educators should focus on everyday teaching details that occur during bumpy moments in a student’s teaching practice to explicate larger concepts such as the student teachers’ beliefs.

[EUS] GRAL honen helburu nagusia irakaslegoak hezkuntza emozionalarekiko dituen sinesmenak, hau da, adierazten duen jarrera, eta ezagutzak aztertzea da. Horretarako, irakasle-talde batek irakaslegoak hezkuntza emozionalari buruz dituen sinesmenak ezagutzeko galdetegi baterantzun du, non hezkuntza emozionalaren programazioaren aurrean, irakaslegoaren erosotasunari, konpromezuari eta ikastetxeetako zuzendaritzak adierazten duen jarreraren inguruan galderak planteatzen diren. Aldi berean, galdetegi horretan hezkuntza emozionala zer den ere definitudute. Emaitzetan ikusten denaren arabera, irakaslegoak sinesmen handiak ditu gai honekiko. Hala ere, bakarrik % 6’18a izan da gai kontzeptu honen inguruko definizio sakona emateko., [ES] El objetivo principal de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado (TFG) es analizar las creencias, es decir, la actitud, así como el conocimiento del profesorado respecto a la educación emocional. Para ello, un grupo de docentes ha completado un cuestionario en donde se evalúan dichas creencias, planteándose cuestiones en relación a la comodidad y compromiso del profesorado y la actitud de la dirección del centro ante la programación relacionada con la educación emocional. Al mismo tiempo, por medio de este cuestionario, los docentes han definido lo que ellos consideran que es la educación emocional. Conforme a lo que se ve en los resultados, el profesorado muestra unas creencias altas respecto a este tema. No obstante, sólo un 6’18% ha sido capaz de dar una definición en profundidad sobre dicho concepto., [EN] The main purpose of this End of Degree Project is to analyze teachers’ beliefs, that is to say, their attitude, as well as their knowledge regarding emotional education. In order to do so, a group of teachers has completed a questionnaire in which widely-held beliefs about emotional education are evaluated, raising questions regarding the comfort and commitment of the teachers and the support of the schools management towards the programming related to this topic. In addition, through this questionnaire, the teachers that have completed this dissertation have defined what they consider to be emotional education. According to the results, the teaching staff shows high beliefs regarding this issue. Nevertheless, only a 6’18% is able to give an in-depth definition of this concept.

© 2019 The Authors. Dyslexia published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd The present study explored knowledge and beliefs about reading instruction of Chinese teachers teaching English as a foreign language (EFL). Theoretical Orientation to Reading Profile and the Survey of Basic Language Constructs Related to Literacy Acquisition were administered to 262 EFL teachers in the south-eastern part of China. Additionally, three teachers were interviewed, and their instructional practices were observed. The results showed that there was no correlation between teachers' self-efficacy beliefs and the performance on the knowledge of basic language construct survey. However, it was found that teachers' knowledge, beliefs, and instructional practices were mediated by the Chinese EFL contextual factors. Educational and practical implications are discussed.

Det står ingenstans i styrdokumenten att skolan ska vara rolig och att det är det undervisningen ska fokusera på. Men det är oftast mer intressant för elever att lära om undervisningen är rolig. Ämnesintegrerat arbete beskrivs i den här kunskapsöversiktens artiklar som ett roligt sätt både att undervisa på och att ta in nya kunskaper. Vidare står det i Läroplanen för grundskolan, förskoleklassen och fritidshemmet (Lgr11) (Skolverket 2011, rev. 2019, s. 8) att ”alla som arbetar i skolan ska organisera och genomföra arbetet så att eleven får möjlighet att arbeta ämnesövergripande.” Kunskapsöversiktens syfte är att undersöka lärares tankar kring ämnesintegrerat arbetssätt. Det här syftet mynnade ut i frågeställningen ”Vad är grundskollärares inställningar till ämnesintegrerat arbete?”. Inställningar syftar till lärarnas åsikter, känslor och attityder till att arbeta ämnesintegrerat. Efter att vi identifierat kunskapsöversiktens syfte kunde vi ta fram nyckelord med hjälp av syftet. Nyckelord nummer ett var ämnesintegrering och vi försökte sedan finna synonymer och begrepp på engelska. Anledningen till att vi ville finna synonymer var för att bredda vår möjlighet till urval av sökresultat. Ämnesintegrering kan benämnas som exempelvis ämnesövergripande vilket det gör i Lgr11 (Skolverket 2011, rev. 2019). Nyckelorden sökte vi på i databaser och de artiklar vi fick fram läste vi titeln på. I de artiklar vars titlar som var relevanta till syftet läste vi sedan abstract. Ansåg vi fortfarande att artikeln besvarade syftet läste vi igenom hela artikel. Resultatet visade att majoriteten av lärarna ansåg att den främsta anledningen till att arbeta ämnesintegrerat är den vinst som det ger eleverna. Eleverna får ett meningsfullt lärande genom att de får ett helhetsperspektiv på området och kan göra vardagsanknytningar till sitt liv utanför skolan. Vi kunde också finna att lärarna hade två olika sätt att se på begreppet ämnesintegrerat arbetsätt. Det ena sättet var att arbeta integr

The National Curriculum in Sweden states that students should be given the opportunity todevelop understanding of digital tools. However, based on previous international research onthe subject, teachers rarely find that they have enough digital competence and knowledge ofthe tools to implement them properly in their teaching practises. This study aims atdiscovering what active teachers’ experiences are with Computer Assisted LanguageLearning (CALL) and how well they implement it in Sweden. This paper provides anoverview of the previous research done on teachers’ beliefs and their tendencies to implementCALL. Directly accessed primary data was collected through a survey and semi-structuredinterviews with five teachers in years K-6. Analysis of this data showed that teachers doimplement CALL on a regular basis, however, some of them find it difficult to utilize fully. Itwas also found that the age of the teachers might play a part in how well they understand the CALL software. Furthermore, after analysing the policy documents from Skolverket, it wasfound that teachers in general feel they lack the necessary digital competence to teach digitalcompetence to their students. The main conclusions of this study are thus that (i) teachersimplement CALL on a regular basis, (ii) teachers feel that they lack basic digital knowledgeand thus struggle in using the digital tools efficiently in their teaching practises, somethingthat should be included in the teacher training programs, (iii), that the age of the teachersseem to play a part in how well the they implement CALL in their teaching practises, and(iiii), that whilst teachers find CALL useful and convenient, it can never replace the role of a teacher.

Understanding teachers’ beliefs is critical to improving educational practice. There is a significant need for research on foreign language teachers’ pedagogical beliefs, as these can exert an influence on students’ learning outcomes. This study draws on Kember’s (1997) theorization of teaching beliefs to explore the beliefs of Spanish language teachers regarding their pedagogy in Chinese universities. Twenty teachers from the Spanish departments in eight Chinese universities were recruited as participants, and a Q-methodology analysis with supplementary interview data identified three types of pedagogical beliefs: “integrated capacity-building”, “ELE learning outcome-focused”, and “social interaction-focused”. The findings suggest that ELE teachers in China no longer subscribe to the traditional teaching methodology which places themselves at the class center, and have instead progressed along a continuum from teacher-centeredness to student-centeredness. With a novel focus on Spanish teachers’ beliefs in Chinese universities, this study provides insights into the teaching of languages other than English (LOTEs) in China, and helps to expand the methodological repertoire in the field of linguistic research.

Ziel dieser Studie war, Vorstellungen von Geographielehrkräften über Schülervorstellungen zu erfassen und Einblicke in den Umgang mit ihnen in der Unterrichtspraxis zu erhalten. In einer explorativen Studie wurden 17 Geographielehrkräfte bayerischer Realschulen und Gymnasien befragt. Das Modell der Professionellen Kompetenz von Lehrkräften nach Baumert und Kunter (2006) bildete den theoretischen Rahmen dieser Studie. Zur Datenauswertung wurde die qualitative Inhaltsanalyse eingesetzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen u.a., dass Lehrkräfte hauptsächlich aufgrund ihrer Berufserfahrung und weniger auf der Basis ihres Professionswissens Vorstellungen über Schülervorstellungen entwickelt haben. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse sollen einen Beitrag zur besseren Verknüpfung von Fachdidaktik und Schulpraxis leisten., This study primarily aimed at capturing ideas of Geography teachers about students’ conceptions. Its second objective was to gain insight into the handling of students’ conceptions in teaching practice. In an exploratory study, we interviewed 17 Geography teachers from Bavarian lower and upper secondary schools. The model of general action competence according to Baumert and Kunter (2006) formed the theoretical framework of this study. Qualitative content analysis served to analyze data. The results show–among others–that teachers have developed theory-like ideas about students’ conceptions mainly of their professional experience and less on the grounds of their professional knowledge. Th study, thus links research in Geography education with school practice, Este estudio tuvo como objetivo principal obtener las ideas de los profesores de Geografía sobre las concepciones de los estudiantes. Su segundo objetivo fue recabar información sobre el manejo de las concepciones de los estudiantes en la práctica docente. En un estudio exploratorio, entrevistamos a 17 profesores de Geografía de secundaria y primaria de Baviera. El modelo de competencia de acción general según Baumert y Kunter (2006) constituye el marco teórico de este estudio. El análisis cualitativo sirvió para analizar los datos. Los resultados muestran, entre otros, que los docentes han desarrollado ideas similares a la teoría sobre las concepciones que tienen los estudiantes, principalmente sobre su experiencia profesional y menos sobre la base de su conocimiento profesional. El estudio, por lo tanto, vincula la investigación en educación en Geografía con la práctica escolar.

[EUS] GRAL honen helburu nagusia irakaslegoak hezkuntza emozionalarekiko dituen sinesmenak, hau da, adierazten duen jarrera, eta ezagutzak aztertzea da. Horretarako, irakasle-talde batek irakaslegoak hezkuntza emozionalari buruz dituen sinesmenak ezagutzeko galdetegi baterantzun du, non hezkuntza emozionalaren programazioaren aurrean, irakaslegoaren erosotasunari, konpromezuari eta ikastetxeetako zuzendaritzak adierazten duen jarreraren inguruan galderak planteatzen diren. Aldi berean, galdetegi horretan hezkuntza emozionala zer den ere definitudute. Emaitzetan ikusten denaren arabera, irakaslegoak sinesmen handiak ditu gai honekiko. Hala ere, bakarrik % 6’18a izan da gai kontzeptu honen inguruko definizio sakona emateko., [ES] El objetivo principal de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado (TFG) es analizar las creencias, es decir, la actitud, así como el conocimiento del profesorado respecto a la educación emocional. Para ello, un grupo de docentes ha completado un cuestionario en donde se evalúan dichas creencias, planteándose cuestiones en relación a la comodidad y compromiso del profesorado y la actitud de la dirección del centro ante la programación relacionada con la educación emocional. Al mismo tiempo, por medio de este cuestionario, los docentes han definido lo que ellos consideran que es la educación emocional. Conforme a lo que se ve en los resultados, el profesorado muestra unas creencias altas respecto a este tema. No obstante, sólo un 6’18% ha sido capaz de dar una definición en profundidad sobre dicho concepto., [EN] The main purpose of this End of Degree Project is to analyze teachers’ beliefs, that is to say, their attitude, as well as their knowledge regarding emotional education. In order to do so, a group of teachers has completed a questionnaire in which widely-held beliefs about emotional education are evaluated, raising questions regarding the comfort and commitment of the teachers and the support of the schools management towards the programming related to this topic. In addition, through this questionnaire, the teachers that have completed this dissertation have defined what they consider to be emotional education. According to the results, the teaching staff shows high beliefs regarding this issue. Nevertheless, only a 6’18% is able to give an in-depth definition of this concept.

Teacher beliefs research has focused on basic level teachers and teachers in training, with a great tendency to use Likert scales. On the other hand, research on teachers’ emotions, from valuation theories, argues that these valuations are carried out based on beliefs, goals, etc. of the teachers. The objective of our research was to use this relationship between emotion-belief to identify, in addition to professed beliefs, beliefs implicit in the appraisal cognitive reported in daily self-reports on the class experiences of two higher-level teachers. We identified two types of implicit beliefs: referring to learning and management in the classroom. In addition, 22 mathematical beliefs professed by the teachers that we organize into five categories: mathematics is, learning mathematics is, to learn mathematics, you must teach mathematics, and to teach mathematics, you must. We present some practical implications and some recommendations for future research., Las investigaciones de creencias de profesores se han centrado en el nivel básico y en el de formación, con una gran tendencia al uso de las escalas Likert. Por otro lado, investigaciones sobre emociones de profesores desde las teorías de valoración, sostienen que esas valoraciones son realizadas en función de las creencias, metas, etc. de los profesores. El objetivo de nuestra investigación fue utilizar esta relación entre emoción-creencia para identificar, además de creencias profesadas, creencias implícitas en las valoraciones cognitivas reportadas en auto-informes diarios sobre las experiencias de clase de dos profesores de nivel superior. Identificamos dos tipos de creencias implícitas: referidas al aprendizaje y a la gestión en el aula. Además, 22 creencias matemáticas profesadas por los profesores que organizamos en cinco categorías: matemáticas es, aprender matemáticas es, para aprender matemáticas se debe, enseñar matemáticas es, y para enseñar matemáticas se debe. Presentamos algunas implicaciones prácticas y algunas recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones.