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The ever-growing penetration of Converter-Interfaced Renewable Energy Sources (CI-RES) and the gradual decommission of synchronous generators (SGs) are posing several challenges to guarantee the stability and robustness of the electric power system. A possible solution to overcome the foreseen problems is to enable the provision of ancillary services (AS) by advanced CI-RES emulating the SG performance. However, given the fact that most of the CI-RES operate at maximum power point, it will be required to rely on energy storage systems (ESS) to deal with active power related ASs. The ESS integration can be done in a straightforward manner within the CI-RES DC bus by means of a DC/DC converter. It is required, however, an adequate DC energy management to properly control the DC bus voltage, the ESS energy and the power delivered to the grid by the primary power source. This is a major challenge which must be solved to unlock the AS provision by means of CI-RES. With this regard, the main contribution of the paper is the design of an energy management system to simultaneously regulate the CI-RES DC bus voltage using the UC and also maintain the UC voltage within their safety limits while a given AS is provided. The control strategy is validated experimentally using a prototype with results that reveal a reliable and stable operation

The ever-growing penetration of Converter-Interfaced Renewable Energy Sources (CI-RES) and the gradual decommission of synchronous generators (SGs) are posing several challenges to guarantee the stability and robustness of the electric power system. A possible solution to overcome the foreseen problems is to enable the provision of ancillary services (AS) by advanced CI-RES emulating the SG performance. However, given the fact that most of the CI-RES operate at maximum power point, it will be required to rely on energy storage systems (ESS) to deal with active power related ASs. The ESS integration can be done in a straightforward manner within the CI-RES DC bus by means of a DC/DC converter. It is required, however, an adequate DC energy management to properly control the DC bus voltage, the ESS energy and the power delivered to the grid by the primary power source. This is a major challenge which must be solved to unlock the AS provision by means of CI-RES. With this regard, the main contribution of the paper is the design of an energy management system to simultaneously regulate the CI-RES DC bus voltage using the UC and also maintain the UC voltage within their safety limits while a given AS is provided. The control strategy is validated experimentally using a prototype with results that reveal a reliable and stable operation

The ever-growing penetration of Converter-Interfaced Renewable Energy Sources (CI-RES) and the gradual decommission of synchronous generators (SGs) are posing several challenges to guarantee the stability and robustness of the electric power system. A possible solution to overcome the foreseen problems is to enable the provision of ancillary services (AS) by advanced CI-RES emulating the SG performance. However, given the fact that most of the CI-RES operate at maximum power point, it will be required to rely on energy storage systems (ESS) to deal with active power related ASs. The ESS integration can be done in a straightforward manner within the CI-RES DC bus by means of a DC/DC converter. It is required, however, an adequate DC energy management to properly control the DC bus voltage, the ESS energy and the power delivered to the grid by the primary power source. This is a major challenge which must be solved to unlock the AS provision by means of CI-RES. With this regard, the main contribution of the paper is the design of an energy management system to simultaneously regulate the CI-RES DC bus voltage using the UC and also maintain the UC voltage within their safety limits while a given AS is provided. The control strategy is validated experimentally using a prototype with results that reveal a reliable and stable operation

The ever-growing penetration of Converter-Interfaced Renewable Energy Sources (CI-RES) and the gradual decommission of synchronous generators (SGs) are posing several challenges to guarantee the stability and robustness of the electric power system. A possible solution to overcome the foreseen problems is to enable the provision of ancillary services (AS) by advanced CI-RES emulating the SG performance. However, given the fact that most of the CI-RES operate at maximum power point, it will be required to rely on energy storage systems (ESS) to deal with active power related ASs. The ESS integration can be done in a straightforward manner within the CI-RES DC bus by means of a DC/DC converter. It is required, however, an adequate DC energy management to properly control the DC bus voltage, the ESS energy and the power delivered to the grid by the primary power source. This is a major challenge which must be solved to unlock the AS provision by means of CI-RES. With this regard, the main contribution of the paper is the design of an energy management system to simultaneously regulate the CI-RES DC bus voltage using the UC and also maintain the UC voltage within their safety limits while a given AS is provided. The control strategy is validated experimentally using a prototype with results that reveal a reliable and stable operation

This paper compares three optimal hybrid energy system configurations, namely full-active, semi-active and passive, for the particular purpose of assessing the viability of utilizing the passive architecture in a three-wheel electric vehicle composed of a fuel cell (FC) and a supercapacitor. In this respect, the characteristics of these configurations are investigated through three steps. Firstly, the mathematical model of each component is developed by employing experimental data. Subsequently, the optimal size of each topology is determined by a two-step optimization approach. This approach is based on the optimized sizing of power sources, employing a metaheuristic optimization algorithm, and optimal power flow sharing between the sources with the aim of satisfying the requested power while declining the fuel consumption and enhancing the system's lifetime. Finally, the best-achieved size of each architecture is compared in terms of trip cost, capital cost, and the system weight. The obtained results show that passive topology can reduce the trip cost by 14.8% and 6.4% compared to full-active and semi-active ones, respectively. However, the active architecture results in less degradation in the FC compared to the other two topologies. Furthermore, a validation phase is done under a real driving profile and the results are further discussed. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd

A benchmark of different starting modes of a passive Fuel Cell (FC)/Ultracapacitors (UCs) hybrid source is presented. Passive hybridization consist to directly connect the FC and the UC without power electronics. Compared with active sources, passive hybridization presents some advantages: lower volume and weight, ease of implementation, and lower cost. However, the power distribution among the sources is no longer controllable. Additionally, the FC–UC passive hybrid source’s start-up could lead to high inrush currents and faster FC degradation. A FC–UC passive hybrid source start-up is evaluated by simulations and experimentally. Three starting modes for an automobile application are considered: progressive starting, short circuit, and using a resistive pre-charge device.

The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources is strongly linked to the development of voltage source converters used in their connection to the grid. As a result, in the near future of an inverter-dominated power system it will be a requirement for renewable generation to provide ancillary services in order to compensate for the absence of synchronous generation. In this scenario, the use of energy storage systems along with advanced control algorithms mimicking the dynamic behaviour of the traditional generators will be of utmost importance. This paper deals with a renewable energy source interfaced with a voltage source converter and comprising an energy storage system in the DC bus. Particularly, a new energy management algorithm for the DC-bus based on a three levels hierarchical control is proposed, which is able to simultaneously provide ancillary services, maintain the state of charge of the storage system within the permissible limits and use it to control the DC bus voltage. The control strategy is validated experimentally using a prototype with results evidencing a reliable and stable operation.

A benchmark of different starting modes of a passive Fuel Cell (FC)/Ultracapacitors (UCs) hybrid source is presented. Passive hybridization consist to directly connect the FC and the UC without power electronics. Compared with active sources, passive hybridization presents some advantages: lower volume and weight, ease of implementation, and lower cost. However, the power distribution among the sources is no longer controllable. Additionally, the FC–UC passive hybrid source’s start-up could lead to high inrush currents and faster FC degradation. A FC–UC passive hybrid source start-up is evaluated by simulations and experimentally. Three starting modes for an automobile application are considered: progressive starting, short circuit, and using a resistive pre-charge device.

This paper compares three optimal hybrid energy system configurations, namely full-active, semi-active and passive, for the particular purpose of assessing the viability of utilizing the passive architecture in a three-wheel electric vehicle composed of a fuel cell (FC) and a supercapacitor. In this respect, the characteristics of these configurations are investigated through three steps. Firstly, the mathematical model of each component is developed by employing experimental data. Subsequently, the optimal size of each topology is determined by a two-step optimization approach. This approach is based on the optimized sizing of power sources, employing a metaheuristic optimization algorithm, and optimal power flow sharing between the sources with the aim of satisfying the requested power while declining the fuel consumption and enhancing the system's lifetime. Finally, the best-achieved size of each architecture is compared in terms of trip cost, capital cost, and the system weight. The obtained results show that passive topology can reduce the trip cost by 14.8% and 6.4% compared to full-active and semi-active ones, respectively. However, the active architecture results in less degradation in the FC compared to the other two topologies. Furthermore, a validation phase is done under a real driving profile and the results are further discussed. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd

The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources is strongly linked to the development of voltage source converters used in their connection to the grid. As a result, in the near future of an inverter-dominated power system it will be a requirement for renewable generation to provide ancillary services in order to compensate for the absence of synchronous generation. In this scenario, the use of energy storage systems along with advanced control algorithms mimicking the dynamic behaviour of the traditional generators will be of utmost importance. This paper deals with a renewable energy source interfaced with a voltage source converter and comprising an energy storage system in the DC bus. Particularly, a new energy management algorithm for the DC-bus based on a three levels hierarchical control is proposed, which is able to simultaneously provide ancillary services, maintain the state of charge of the storage system within the permissible limits and use it to control the DC bus voltage. The control strategy is validated experimentally using a prototype with results evidencing a reliable and stable operation.

The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources is strongly linked to the development of voltage source converters used in their connection to the grid. As a result, in the near future of an inverter-dominated power system it will be a requirement for renewable generation to provide ancillary services in order to compensate for the absence of synchronous generation. In this scenario, the use of energy storage systems along with advanced control algorithms mimicking the dynamic behaviour of the traditional generators will be of utmost importance. This paper deals with a renewable energy source interfaced with a voltage source converter and comprising an energy storage system in the DC bus. Particularly, a new energy management algorithm for the DC-bus based on a three levels hierarchical control is proposed, which is able to simultaneously provide ancillary services, maintain the state of charge of the storage system within the permissible limits and use it to control the DC bus voltage. The control strategy is validated experimentally using a prototype with results evidencing a reliable and stable operation.

This paper compares three optimal hybrid energy system configurations, namely full-active, semi-active and passive, for the particular purpose of assessing the viability of utilizing the passive architecture in a three-wheel electric vehicle composed of a fuel cell (FC) and a supercapacitor. In this respect, the characteristics of these configurations are investigated through three steps. Firstly, the mathematical model of each component is developed by employing experimental data. Subsequently, the optimal size of each topology is determined by a two-step optimization approach. This approach is based on the optimized sizing of power sources, employing a metaheuristic optimization algorithm, and optimal power flow sharing between the sources with the aim of satisfying the requested power while declining the fuel consumption and enhancing the system's lifetime. Finally, the best-achieved size of each architecture is compared in terms of trip cost, capital cost, and the system weight. The obtained results show that passive topology can reduce the trip cost by 14.8% and 6.4% compared to full-active and semi-active ones, respectively. However, the active architecture results in less degradation in the FC compared to the other two topologies. Furthermore, a validation phase is done under a real driving profile and the results are further discussed. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd

A benchmark of different starting modes of a passive Fuel Cell (FC)/Ultracapacitors (UCs) hybrid source is presented. Passive hybridization consist to directly connect the FC and the UC without power electronics. Compared with active sources, passive hybridization presents some advantages: lower volume and weight, ease of implementation, and lower cost. However, the power distribution among the sources is no longer controllable. Additionally, the FC–UC passive hybrid source’s start-up could lead to high inrush currents and faster FC degradation. A FC–UC passive hybrid source start-up is evaluated by simulations and experimentally. Three starting modes for an automobile application are considered: progressive starting, short circuit, and using a resistive pre-charge device.

Energy storages take a key role in electrical energy balancing in our power grid in respect to the increasing utilization of renewable energies. Assessing the effectiveness of energy storages and finding the optimal use under varying load conditions is essential which requires accurate modelling. This study highlights the equivalent circuit modelling approach for different energy storages. The model parameters R, L, C and Ub define the storage system in question allowing us to analyse storage devices under varying load conditions. Technical assessment criteria (efficiency, response time etc.) of energy storages can also be deducted from these models. Energy storages feature non-linear characteristics which are reflected in variable model parameters., QC 20170821

Energy storages take a key role in electrical energy balancing in our power grid in respect to the increasing utilization of renewable energies. Assessing the effectiveness of energy storages and finding the optimal use under varying load conditions is essential which requires accurate modelling. This study highlights the equivalent circuit modelling approach for different energy storages. The model parameters R, L, C and Ub define the storage system in question allowing us to analyse storage devices under varying load conditions. Technical assessment criteria (efficiency, response time etc.) of energy storages can also be deducted from these models. Energy storages feature non-linear characteristics which are reflected in variable model parameters., QC 20170821

Energy storages take a key role in electrical energy balancing in our power grid in respect to the increasing utilization of renewable energies. Assessing the effectiveness of energy storages and finding the optimal use under varying load conditions is essential which requires accurate modelling. This study highlights the equivalent circuit modelling approach for different energy storages. The model parameters R, L, C and Ub define the storage system in question allowing us to analyse storage devices under varying load conditions. Technical assessment criteria (efficiency, response time etc.) of energy storages can also be deducted from these models. Energy storages feature non-linear characteristics which are reflected in variable model parameters., QC 20170821

The present article show the research that led to the design and construction of a bench or arrangement with ultra-capacitors (BUC) that is put into operation with an electronic controller. These modules are powered by photovoltaic solar energy -responsible for the supply and supply of electric current- to increase the autonomy in a lighting system. Describes the performance of the ultracapacitors in series and parallel circuit, in order to determine the energy stored in the bank, to integrate it to the electronic controller in charge of the load, provision, visualization and adjustment of the passage of the energy current solar photovoltaic to BUC and the load made up of Leds. Storage of the Ragone diagram is fulfilled; which by means of the BUC is able to supply -in a short time- high energy density, contrary to the rechargeable battery used that is responsible for delivering for a longer time lower density of electric energy., El presente artículo describe la investigación que condujo al diseño y construcción de un banco de ultracondensadores (BUC) puesto en funcionamiento con un controlador electrónico. Estos módulos son alimentados por energía solar fotovoltaica —responsable del suministro y abastecimiento de corriente eléctrica— para aumentar la autonomía en un sistema de iluminación. Se describe el desempeño de los ultracondensadores en serie y paralelo para determinar la energía almacenada en el banco e integrarla al controlador electrónico encargado de la carga, provisión, visualización y ajuste del paso de corriente de la energía solar fotovoltaica al BUC y a la carga conformada por bombillas ledes. Al cumplirse el diagrama de Ragone, el BUC es capaz de suministrar, a corto tiempo, gran densidad de energía, de manera que se explote en el funcionamiento de las luminarias led, contrario a lo que sucede con la batería recargable que, aunque entrega por mayor tiempo carga, lo hace a menor densidad de energía eléctrica

The present article show the research that led to the design and construction of a bench or arrangement with ultra-capacitors (BUC) that is put into operation with an electronic controller. These modules are powered by photovoltaic solar energy -responsible for the supply and supply of electric current- to increase the autonomy in a lighting system. Describes the performance of the ultracapacitors in series and parallel circuit, in order to determine the energy stored in the bank, to integrate it to the electronic controller in charge of the load, provision, visualization and adjustment of the passage of the energy current solar photovoltaic to BUC and the load made up of Leds. Storage of the Ragone diagram is fulfilled; which by means of the BUC is able to supply -in a short time- high energy density, contrary to the rechargeable battery used that is responsible for delivering for a longer time lower density of electric energy., El presente artículo describe la investigación que condujo al diseño y construcción de un banco de ultracondensadores (BUC) puesto en funcionamiento con un controlador electrónico. Estos módulos son alimentados por energía solar fotovoltaica —responsable del suministro y abastecimiento de corriente eléctrica— para aumentar la autonomía en un sistema de iluminación. Se describe el desempeño de los ultracondensadores en serie y paralelo para determinar la energía almacenada en el banco e integrarla al controlador electrónico encargado de la carga, provisión, visualización y ajuste del paso de corriente de la energía solar fotovoltaica al BUC y a la carga conformada por bombillas ledes. Al cumplirse el diagrama de Ragone, el BUC es capaz de suministrar, a corto tiempo, gran densidad de energía, de manera que se explote en el funcionamiento de las luminarias led, contrario a lo que sucede con la batería recargable que, aunque entrega por mayor tiempo carga, lo hace a menor densidad de energía eléctrica

Carbon nanotube/metal oxide based hybrids are envisioned as high performance electrochemical energy storage electrodes since these systems can provide improved performances utilizing an electric double layer coupled with fast faradaic pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanisms. In this work, we show that high performance supercapacitor electrodes with a specific capacitance of ∼192 F/g along with a maximum energy density of ∼3.8 W h/kg and a power density of ∼28 kW/kg can be achieved by synthesizing zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NWs) directly on top of aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). In comparison to pristine MWCNTs, these constitute a 12-fold of increase in specific capacitance as well as corresponding power and energy density values. These electrodes also possess high cycling stability and were able to retain ∼99% of their specific capacitance value over 2000 charging discharging cycles. These findings indicate potential use of a MWCNT/ZnO NW hybrid material for future electrochemical energy storage applications.

Energy storages take a key role in electrical energy balancing in our power grid in respect to the increasing utilization of renewable energies. Assessing the effectiveness of energy storages and finding the optimal use under varying load conditions is essential which requires accurate modelling. This study highlights the equivalent circuit modelling approach for different energy storages. The model parameters R, L, C and Ub define the storage system in question allowing us to analyse storage devices under varying load conditions. Technical assessment criteria (efficiency, response time etc.) of energy storages can also be deducted from these models. Energy storages feature non-linear characteristics which are reflected in variable model parameters., QC 20170821

Energy storages take a key role in electrical energy balancing in our power grid in respect to the increasing utilization of renewable energies. Assessing the effectiveness of energy storages and finding the optimal use under varying load conditions is essential which requires accurate modelling. This study highlights the equivalent circuit modelling approach for different energy storages. The model parameters R, L, C and Ub define the storage system in question allowing us to analyse storage devices under varying load conditions. Technical assessment criteria (efficiency, response time etc.) of energy storages can also be deducted from these models. Energy storages feature non-linear characteristics which are reflected in variable model parameters., QC 20170821

The article deals with a reversible DC-DC designing as energy–saving fvd with storage system element.The functional diagrams for power part of DC-DC converter as a part of frequency-controlled electric drive are described. The final part of the article presents the simulations results., В статье рассматриваются вопросы построения реверсивного DC-DC преобразователя как элемента энергосберегающего электропривода с системой хранения энергии. Приводятся структурные схемы для описания силовой части DC-DC преобразователя в составе частотно-регулируемого электропривода. В заключительной части статьи приводятся результаты моделирования.

With the purpose of designing the electric powertrain of a high performance electric vehicle capable of running a quarter mile in 10 seconds, firstly it is necessary to calculate the required energy, torque, and power in order to size and select the suitable storage components and electric motors. Secondly, an assessment of the powertrain arrangement is needed to choose the best internal configuration of the vehicle and guarantee the highest efficiency possible. Finally, a design of the power conversion stages, specifically the DC-DC converter that interfaces the storage unit with the electric motors, is required as well. This paper shows the energy calculation procedure based on a longitudinal dynamic model of the vehicle and the selection method of the storage components and motors needed for this application, as well as the design of two 100kW interleaved boost converters with coupled inductors. In addition, a novel operation of the interleaved boost converter is proposed in order to increase the efficiency of the converter. As a result, the designed converter achieved a power density of 24,2kW/kg with an efficiency of 98 %, which was validated by experimental tests of a low power prototype., Para diseñar el tren de potencia de un vehículo eléctrico de alto desempeño capaz de correr un cuarto de milla en 10 segundos, primero es necesario calcular la potencia y energía necesarias para dimensionar y seleccionar los componentes de almacenamiento y los motores adecuados. Segundo, se requiere una evaluación de varios trenes de potencia para seleccionar la mejor configuración interna del vehículo con el propósito de garantizar la mayor eficiencia posible. Finalmente, se necesita un diseño del convertidor de potencia DC-DC que haga la interfaz entre la unidad de almacenamiento y los motores eléctricos con sus respectivos inversores. Este artículo presenta el procedimiento para el cálculo de la energía necesaria para correr el vehículo con base en un modelo dinámico longitudinal. Así mismo, se presenta el método de selección de los componentes de almacenamiento de energía necesarios. Finalmente, se presenta el diseño de dos convertidores intercalados con inductores acoplados de 100kW operando bajo una novedosa operación propuesta para incrementar la eficiencia del convertidor. Como resultado, el convertidor diseñado logró una densidad de potencia de 24,2kW/kg y una eficiencia de 98%, la cual es validada con pruebas experimentales de un prototipo de baja potencia.

With the purpose of designing the electric powertrain of a high performance electric vehicle capable of running a quarter mile in 10 seconds, firstly it is necessary to calculate the required energy, torque, and power in order to size and select the suitable storage components and electric motors. Secondly, an assessment of the powertrain arrangement is needed to choose the best internal configuration of the vehicle and guarantee the highest efficiency possible. Finally, a design of the power conversion stages, specifically the DC-DC converter that interfaces the storage unit with the electric motors, is required as well. This paper shows the energy calculation procedure based on a longitudinal dynamic model of the vehicle and the selection method of the storage components and motors needed for this application, as well as the design of two 100kW interleaved boost converters with coupled inductors. In addition, a novel operation of the interleaved boost converter is proposed in order to increase the efficiency of the converter. As a result, the designed converter achieved a power density of 24,2kW/kg with an efficiency of 98 %, which was validated by experimental tests of a low power prototype., Para diseñar el tren de potencia de un vehículo eléctrico de alto desempeño capaz de correr un cuarto de milla en 10 segundos, primero es necesario calcular la potencia y energía necesarias para dimensionar y seleccionar los componentes de almacenamiento y los motores adecuados. Segundo, se requiere una evaluación de varios trenes de potencia para seleccionar la mejor configuración interna del vehículo con el propósito de garantizar la mayor eficiencia posible. Finalmente, se necesita un diseño del convertidor de potencia DC-DC que haga la interfaz entre la unidad de almacenamiento y los motores eléctricos con sus respectivos inversores. Este artículo presenta el procedimiento para el cálculo de la energía necesaria para correr el vehículo con base en un modelo dinámico longitudinal. Así mismo, se presenta el método de selección de los componentes de almacenamiento de energía necesarios. Finalmente, se presenta el diseño de dos convertidores intercalados con inductores acoplados de 100kW operando bajo una novedosa operación propuesta para incrementar la eficiencia del convertidor. Como resultado, el convertidor diseñado logró una densidad de potencia de 24,2kW/kg y una eficiencia de 98%, la cual es validada con pruebas experimentales de un prototipo de baja potencia.

With the purpose of designing the electric powertrain of a high performance electric vehicle capable of running a quarter mile in 10 seconds, firstly it is necessary to calculate the required energy, torque, and power in order to size and select the suitable storage components and electric motors. Secondly, an assessment of the powertrain arrangement is needed to choose the best internal configuration of the vehicle and guarantee the highest efficiency possible. Finally, a design of the power conversion stages, specifically the DC-DC converter that interfaces the storage unit with the electric motors, is required as well. This paper shows the energy calculation procedure based on a longitudinal dynamic model of the vehicle and the selection method of the storage components and motors needed for this application, as well as the design of two 100kW interleaved boost converters with coupled inductors. In addition, a novel operation of the interleaved boost converter is proposed in order to increase the efficiency of the converter. As a result, the designed converter achieved a power density of 24,2kW/kg with an efficiency of 98 %, which was validated by experimental tests of a low power prototype., Para diseñar el tren de potencia de un vehículo eléctrico de alto desempeño capaz de correr un cuarto de milla en 10 segundos, primero es necesario calcular la potencia y energía necesarias para dimensionar y seleccionar los componentes de almacenamiento y los motores adecuados. Segundo, se requiere una evaluación de varios trenes de potencia para seleccionar la mejor configuración interna del vehículo con el propósito de garantizar la mayor eficiencia posible. Finalmente, se necesita un diseño del convertidor de potencia DC-DC que haga la interfaz entre la unidad de almacenamiento y los motores eléctricos con sus respectivos inversores. Este artículo presenta el procedimiento para el cálculo de la energía necesaria para correr el vehículo con base en un modelo dinámico longitudinal. Así mismo, se presenta el método de selección de los componentes de almacenamiento de energía necesarios. Finalmente, se presenta el diseño de dos convertidores intercalados con inductores acoplados de 100kW operando bajo una novedosa operación propuesta para incrementar la eficiencia del convertidor. Como resultado, el convertidor diseñado logró una densidad de potencia de 24,2kW/kg y una eficiencia de 98%, la cual es validada con pruebas experimentales de un prototipo de baja potencia.

With the purpose of designing the electric powertrain of a high performance electric vehicle capable of running a quarter mile in 10 seconds, firstly it is necessary to calculate the required energy, torque, and power in order to size and select the suitable storage components and electric motors. Secondly, an assessment of the powertrain arrangement is needed to choose the best internal configuration of the vehicle and guarantee the highest efficiency possible. Finally, a design of the power conversion stages, specifically the DC-DC converter that interfaces the storage unit with the electric motors, is required as well. This paper shows the energy calculation procedure based on a longitudinal dynamic model of the vehicle and the selection method of the storage components and motors needed for this application, as well as the design of two 100kW interleaved boost converters with coupled inductors. In addition, a novel operation of the interleaved boost converter is proposed in order to increase the efficiency of the converter. As a result, the designed converter achieved a power density of 24,2kW/kg with an efficiency of 98 %, which was validated by experimental tests of a low power prototype., Para diseñar el tren de potencia de un vehículo eléctrico de alto desempeño capaz de correr un cuarto de milla en 10 segundos, primero es necesario calcular la potencia y energía necesarias para dimensionar y seleccionar los componentes de almacenamiento y los motores adecuados. Segundo, se requiere una evaluación de varios trenes de potencia para seleccionar la mejor configuración interna del vehículo con el propósito de garantizar la mayor eficiencia posible. Finalmente, se necesita un diseño del convertidor de potencia DC-DC que haga la interfaz entre la unidad de almacenamiento y los motores eléctricos con sus respectivos inversores. Este artículo presenta el procedimiento para el cálculo de la energía necesaria para correr el vehículo con base en un modelo dinámico longitudinal. Así mismo, se presenta el método de selección de los componentes de almacenamiento de energía necesarios. Finalmente, se presenta el diseño de dos convertidores intercalados con inductores acoplados de 100kW operando bajo una novedosa operación propuesta para incrementar la eficiencia del convertidor. Como resultado, el convertidor diseñado logró una densidad de potencia de 24,2kW/kg y una eficiencia de 98%, la cual es validada con pruebas experimentales de un prototipo de baja potencia.

With the purpose of designing the electric powertrain of a high performance electric vehicle capable of running a quarter mile in 10 seconds, firstly it is necessary to calculate the required energy, torque, and power in order to size and select the suitable storage components and electric motors. Secondly, an assessment of the powertrain arrangement is needed to choose the best internal configuration of the vehicle and guarantee the highest efficiency possible. Finally, a design of the power conversion stages, specifically the DC-DC converter that interfaces the storage unit with the electric motors, is required as well. This paper shows the energy calculation procedure based on a longitudinal dynamic model of the vehicle and the selection method of the storage components and motors needed for this application, as well as the design of two 100kW interleaved boost converters with coupled inductors. In addition, a novel operation of the interleaved boost converter is proposed in order to increase the efficiency of the converter. As a result, the designed converter achieved a power density of 24,2kW/kg with an efficiency of 98 %, which was validated by experimental tests of a low power prototype., Para diseñar el tren de potencia de un vehículo eléctrico de alto desempeño capaz de correr un cuarto de milla en 10 segundos, primero es necesario calcular la potencia y energía necesarias para dimensionar y seleccionar los componentes de almacenamiento y los motores adecuados. Segundo, se requiere una evaluación de varios trenes de potencia para seleccionar la mejor configuración interna del vehículo con el propósito de garantizar la mayor eficiencia posible. Finalmente, se necesita un diseño del convertidor de potencia DC-DC que haga la interfaz entre la unidad de almacenamiento y los motores eléctricos con sus respectivos inversores. Este artículo presenta el procedimiento para el cálculo de la energía necesaria para correr el vehículo con base en un modelo dinámico longitudinal. Así mismo, se presenta el método de selección de los componentes de almacenamiento de energía necesarios. Finalmente, se presenta el diseño de dos convertidores intercalados con inductores acoplados de 100kW operando bajo una novedosa operación propuesta para incrementar la eficiencia del convertidor. Como resultado, el convertidor diseñado logró una densidad de potencia de 24,2kW/kg y una eficiencia de 98%, la cual es validada con pruebas experimentales de un prototipo de baja potencia.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы построения математической модели силовой части DCDC преобразователя, который используется для подключения суперконденсаторов в звено постоянного тока частотно-регулируемого электропривода. Рассматривается принцип действия DC-DC преобразователя, режимы его работы, приводятся уравнения и структурная схема для описания силовой части преобразователя в составе частотно-регулируемого электропривода. В заключительной части статьи приводятся результаты моделирования., The article deals with a mathematical model of the power part of the DC-DC converter, which is used to connect the supercapacitors into the DC link of frequency-controlled electric drive. The operating principle and boost and buck modes of the DC-DC converter are considered. The functional diagram and equations for power part of DC-DC converter as a part of frequency-controlled electric drive are described. The final part of the article presents the simulations results.

Various types of layered double hydroxides, a type of clay, were synthesised. They were then electrochemically tested to determine whether the samples would be suitable to store energy as supercapacitors. A manganese aluminium layered double hydroxide was electrochemically tested for the first time and found to have a large capacitance.

Flexible energy storage devices are essential for the development of flexible and wearable electronics. Flexible supercapacitors (also known as electrochemical capacitors or ultracapacitors) have attracted increasing attention for advanced energy storage because of their high capability, long cycle life, low cost, and easy fabrication. Carbon nanomaterials, including 1D carbon nanotubes, 2D graphene, and 3D mesoporous carbon, are promising as electrode materials for flexible supercapacitors due to their extremely large surface area, excellent mechanical and electrical properties, and high electrochemical stability. Much effort has been devoted to developing flexible, carbon-based, all-solid-state supercapacitors with different structure/performance characteristics, including conventional planar, ultrathin in-plane, wearable fiber-shaped, stretchable, transparent, and integrated devices with aesthetic appeal. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of recent progress towards the development of advanced flexible supercapacitors based on carbon nanomaterials. The challenges and perspectives in this emerging field are also discussed., Published in Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2014.

Due to Internal Combustion Engines’ (ICE) significant share in global energy demand, primarily through the transportation sector, great efforts are invested in research for solutions that will increase the fuel economy of ICE-powered vehicles. The main objective of the study presented in this paper has been to perform a comparative study of a conventional and a parallel hybrid electric transit bus employing an ultracapacitors-based energy accumulator. A high-fidelity simulation model of the vehicle has been designed in the AMESim multi-domain system analysis software. The conventional powertrain model has been calibrated using data obtained during an acquisition experiment conducted in realworld traffic conditions on a transit bus. This data also served as the basis for defining the driving cycle on which the numerical analyses will be conducted. A simple, sub-optimal control law has been implemented in the hybrid powertrain simulation model. Also, an advanced energy management law based on Dynamic Programming has been derived to assess the ultimate fuel economy improvement potential of the hybrid solution and to make design decisions. Initial study shows that considerable fuel consumption reduction in excess of 30% could be achieved by implementing a regenerative hybrid system employing an ultracapacitor-based accumulator.

Due to Internal Combustion Engines’ (ICE) significant share in global energy demand, primarily through the transportation sector, great efforts are invested in research for solutions that will increase the fuel economy of ICE-powered vehicles. The main objective of the study presented in this paper has been to perform a comparative study of a conventional and a parallel hybrid electric transit bus employing an ultracapacitors-based energy accumulator. A high-fidelity simulation model of the vehicle has been designed in the AMESim multi-domain system analysis software. The conventional powertrain model has been calibrated using data obtained during an acquisition experiment conducted in real-world traffic conditions on a transit bus. This data also served as the basis for defining the driving cycle on which the numerical analyses will be conducted. A simple, sub-optimal control law has been implemented in the hybrid powertrain simulation model. Also, an advanced energy management law based on Dynamic Programming has been derived to assess the ultimate fuel economy improvement potential of the hybrid solution and to make design decisions. Initial study shows that considerable fuel consumption reduction in excess of 30% could be achieved by implementing a regenerative hybrid system employing an ultracapacitorbased accumulator.

The goals of the research program in the Center for Autonomous Solar power are to conduct research and development in thin film solar cells on flexible substrates for low cost fabrication on roll-to-roll manufacturing. The materials chosen for the cells are earth abundant and nontoxic. The expected outcome is very low cost solar cells that will be competitive in performance and well below current market prices in dollars/watt. Flexible solar cells are useful in building integrated photovoltaic voltaic systems and in military applications in austere environments. A related research program focuses on ultracapacitors using new materials as well. With sufficiently high energy densities, ultracapacitors can replace batteries for energy storage and offer other advantages in lifetime and in tolerating a wider operating temperature range.

Due to the significant share of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) in global energy demand, primarily through the transportation sector, great efforts are invested in research for solutions that will increase the fuel economy of ICE-powered vehicles. Several directions, most prominently that of Hydraulic Hybrid Technology, are considered for achieving pronounced powertrain efficiency breakthroughs on heavy vehicles in the near and mid-term. However, even simpler hybrid solutions, such as those employing an ultracapacitor-based energy accumulator, may provide significant fuel economy improvements at diminished implementation costs. In this paper, considerations regarding the use of such a system are laid out. A data acquisition on a transit bus circulating on Belgrade’s transportation system has been performed in order to evaluate the real driving cycle and obtain the powertrain parameters necessary for calibrating a high-fidelity AMESim model of the vehicle. Initial study shows that considerable fuel consumption reduction in excess of 15% could be achieved by implementing a regenerative hybrid system employing an ultracapacitor-based accumulator.

Symmetric ultracapacitors have been fabricated considering nanometric 3-layered films made of alternated layers of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (external and internal layers) and polypyrrole (intermediate layer) deposited on steel uncoated and coated with octanethiol self-assembled monolayer. The highest electrochemical and capacitance parameters (i.e. electroactivity, doping level, stored charge, specific capacitance, Coulomb efficiency, energy density and power density) correspond to the ultracapacitor derived from the assembly of 3-layered films deposited on pre-treated steel. Thus, the interface separating the octanethiol monolayer and the most internal layer of the 3-layered film produces a very favorable interaction, which promotes important electrochemical benefits similar to those found for the interfaces in conventional multilayered films. Moreover, the pre-treatment of the steel electrode enhances the roughness and porosity of the film deposited on it, transmitting this effect layer-by-layer. Structural and morphological characteristics, which have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, have been related with the electrochemical and capacitance properties of the ultracapacitors., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Contemporary telecommunication systems are rapidly growing. High transmission speed and power consumption in such networks are an increasing concern. Therefore, building blocks of such networks need improvements in different aspects of their characteristics. In this paper we present an Open Source low power router which supports renewable energy by using an ultracapacitor based energy compatibility module. The described router achieves a packet rate of 580 kpps and a maximum throughput of 2.8 Gbps, consuming approximately 25 Watts. The energy compatibility module consists of a scalable design with low maintenance requirements. Our measurements show that the mentioned energy module has an efficiency of above 90%., QC 20140915

The Supercapacitor Technology Investment Fund (TIF) project aimed to develop improved supercapacitor performance through the design of better electrode materials. This will ultimately yield devices with elevated power and energy densities and/or performance tailored to the needs of the Canadian military. This report deals with the development of electrochemical supercapacitors based on MnO2 and binary manganese and ruthenium oxides with the use of various current collectors. The binary oxides were prepared and characterized by physicochemical and electrochemical techniques. The effect of the heat-treatment on the capacitance of the binary oxides was investigated as well as the effect of the supporting electrolyte, the current collector, and the composition of the composite electrode. Carbon nanotubes were coated on a carbon paper and used as support for the binderless spontaneous formation of MnO2. A correlation is drawn between pore size and capacitor performance for the combinations of active material, binder, and conductive carbon. New results are presented along with a summary of results from the previous two years of the project, and the performance of these new electrode materials is highlighted., Text in English; Abstract and Executive Summary in English and French.

In this paper the current technologies of Hybrid Electrical Buses (HEB) are presented and assessed, according to the reports from studies carried out to fleets in operation. Each study deals with a different commercial model of HEB, revealing their strengths and weaknesses, in contrast with other conventional technologies existing in the same geographic space. When a swept of the documented experiences is made, the options with the best environmental and economic results are identified, the frequency and costs of used batteries replacement are analyzed, as special feature of this technology, benefits of the regenerating braking are quantified. Necessary fits are supposed to operation in cities placed at high altitude to rate the operation and maintenance costs of the HEB. This research provide analysis criterion to validate or reject the implementation of HEB in Bogota., En el presente artículo se exponen y analizan las tecnologías actuales de Buses Híbridos Eléctricos (HEB), según los reportes de estudios realizados a flotas en operación. Cada estudio trata un modelo comercial diferente de HEB, mostrando sus fortalezas y debilidades en contraste con otras tecnologías convencionales existentes en el mismo espacio geográfico. Al hacer un barrido de las experiencias documentadas, se identifican las opciones con mejores resultados ambientales y económicos, se analizan la frecuencia y los costos de reemplazo de las baterías utilizadas; y como particularidad de esta tecnología, se cuantifican los beneficios del frenado regenerativo. Se suponen ajustes necesarios para la operación en terrenos con gran altura sobre el nivel del mar y se valoran los costos de operación y mantenimiento de los HEB. Este trabajo busca brindar criterios de análisis para validar o desechar la implementación de HEB en Bogotá. Copyright © 2007 UPB.

In this paper the current technologies of Hybrid Electrical Buses (HEB) are presented and assessed, according to the reports from studies carried out to fleets in operation. Each study deals with a different commercial model of HEB, revealing their strengths and weaknesses, in contrast with other conventional technologies existing in the same geographic space. When a swept of the documented experiences is made, the options with the best environmental and economic results are identified, the frequency and costs of used batteries replacement are analyzed, as special feature of this technology, benefits of the regenerating braking are quantified. Necessary fits are supposed to operation in cities placed at high altitude to rate the operation and maintenance costs of the HEB. This research provide analysis criterion to validate or reject the implementation of HEB in Bogota., En el presente artículo se exponen y analizan las tecnologías actuales de Buses Híbridos Eléctricos (HEB), según los reportes de estudios realizados a flotas en operación. Cada estudio trata un modelo comercial diferente de HEB, mostrando sus fortalezas y debilidades en contraste con otras tecnologías convencionales existentes en el mismo espacio geográfico. Al hacer un barrido de las experiencias documentadas, se identifican las opciones con mejores resultados ambientales y económicos, se analizan la frecuencia y los costos de reemplazo de las baterías utilizadas; y como particularidad de esta tecnología, se cuantifican los beneficios del frenado regenerativo. Se suponen ajustes necesarios para la operación en terrenos con gran altura sobre el nivel del mar y se valoran los costos de operación y mantenimiento de los HEB. Este trabajo busca brindar criterios de análisis para validar o desechar la implementación de HEB en Bogotá. Copyright © 2007 UPB.

Ultra-capacitors in multi kilo-farad ranges are now starting to be considered as alternatives or complimentary to batteries for products ranging from toys to hybrid vehicles as well as for space applications. Combining their superb specific power of 2-5kW/kg, high efficiency and very long cycle life with the high energy density of Li-Ion batteries, practical solutions to a variety of applications can be foreseen. To determine the optimum utilization of ultra-capacitors in applications where high power density and high energy density are required, an optimized Li-Ion/Ultra-capacitor Hybrid Energy Module (HEM) is presented in this paper. The optimized HEM takes into account both the power profile of the application and the power and energy densities of available energy and power devices. Finally, this paper presents a simulation and some experimental results., The original document contains color images.

This work addressed five key issues related to effective use of electric energy by dismounted troops, working both at the individual level and at the squad level, with the fundamental goal of reducing the total mass of the electric power sources carried by a Marine in the Expeditionary Forces while still meeting all of his electric power demands. To achieve that goal, this work investigated the effectiveness of hybrid power sources composed variously of batteries, fuel cells, and super capacitors, it developed control algorithms for those hybrid power sources, it assessed the value of recovering energy from partially spent primary cells, it developed more-efficient methods of capturing energy from photovoltaic sources, and it developed simulation-based tools for planning the carriage of sufficient electric energy to power specific suites of equipment as necessary to accomplish specific missions.

In this Phase I effort we developed a conformal stacked ultracapacitor for MKV based on the system requirements established with Lockheed Martin. The conformal ultracapacitor power source will be attached to the inside available surface of the individual miniature kill vehicle, The ultracapacitor will be charged through a charging system in the carrier vehicle using a reserve battery located in the booster interstage. The reserve battery is placed in the booster interstage because it has less stringent requirements for space and weight. The reserve battery will charge up the individual ultracapacitor during the fly out and the charged ultracapacitor will provide the required power to operate the individual MKV once it is deployed from its carrier vehicle. During system test the ultracapacitor can be charged up with an external battery to perform individual MKV check out. The ultracapacitor stack will be placed in parallel with the reserve battery the ultracapacitor will remain charged to the operational voltage and any interruption in the power such as MKV separation and deployment will be seen as a load condition. As a result the ultracapacitor will discharge filling in the missing power and ensuring a continuous supply of power to the MKV to fulfill its mission requirement., The original document contains color images.

The science and technology of ultracapacitors are reviewed for a number of electrode materials, including carbon, mixed metal oxides, and conducting polymers. More work has been done using microporous carbons than with the other materials and most of the commercially available devices use carbon electrodes and an organic electrolytes. The energy density of these devices is 3¯5 Wh/kg with a power density of 300¯500 W/kg for high efficiency (90¯95%) charge/discharges. Projections of future developments using carbon indicate that energy densities of 10 Wh/kg or higher are likely with power densities of 1¯2 kW/kg. A key problem in the fabrication of these advanced devices is the bonding of the thin electrodes to a current collector such the contact resistance is less than 0.1 cm2.Special attention is given in the paper to comparing the power density characteristics of ultracapacitors and batteries. The comparisons should be made at the same charge/discharge efficiency.

The science and technology of ultracapacitors are reviewed for a number of electrode materials, including carbon, mixed metal oxides, and conducting polymers. More work has been done using microporous carbons than with the other materials and most of the commercially available devices use carbon electrodes and an organic electrolytes. The energy density of these devices is 3¯5 Wh/kg with a power density of 300¯500 W/kg for high efficiency (90¯95%) charge/discharges. Projections of future developments using carbon indicate that energy densities of 10 Wh/kg or higher are likely with power densities of 1¯2 kW/kg. A key problem in the fabrication of these advanced devices is the bonding of the thin electrodes to a current collector such the contact resistance is less than 0.1 cm2.Special attention is given in the paper to comparing the power density characteristics of ultracapacitors and batteries. The comparisons should be made at the same charge/discharge efficiency.

The program objectives are as follows: Synthesize and characterize the chemistry and structure of a new class of tin-based amorphous oxides suitable for use as anode material in rechargeable Li-ion batteries. Provide a fundamental understanding of the intercalation mechanism of Li in this type of anode material during redox reactions. Examine the evolution of the electronic and atomic structure of electrodeposited nickel oxide thin films on graphite substrates and LiNiO2 cathode materials during electrochemical oxidation and reduction reactions. Establish structure-property relationships, which can be used as a guide to enhance the energy and power densities as well as stability of batteries and ultracapacitors., End of the year report.

Tato práce se zabývá návrhem DC/DC měniče určeného pro nabíjení superkapacitoru a pro následnou transformaci napětí na požadovanou hodnotu. V textu jsou uvedeny snižující a zvyšující spínaný měnič napětí včetně výpočtu jednotlivých součástek a také schéma měniče, který kombinuje oba dva typy. Pomocí simulačních programů byla ověřena funkce jednotlivých zapojení, které mohou posloužit jako záložní zdroj elektrické energie menšího výkonu., This paper describes the design of DC/DC converters designed for charging supercapacitors and subsequent transformation of voltage to the desired value. In the text are presented decreasing and increasing switched-mode voltage converter including the calculation of the individual components and also the design of converter that combines both types. Using simulation software has been verified the function of each circuits, which can serves as a lower power backup supply.

Práce se zabývá relativně novými součástkami umožňujícími akumulaci elektrické energie - ultrakapacitory. Zaměřuje se na jejich aplikaci v dopravní technice - v elektrických vozidlech nezávislé trakce. Byl navržen a ověřen systém ultrakapacitor + DC/DC přizpůsobovací měnič, jehož řízení novým způsobem velmi příznivě modifikuje časový průběh proudu trakčního akumulátoru během jízdního cyklu. Navržené zapojení ultrakapacitoru a DC/DC měniče zakomponované do struktury pohonu experimentálního elektrického vozidla s asynchronním motorem přispělo ke zvýšení dojezdu cca o 16% (zjištěno experimentálními zkouškami). Toho bylo dosaženo zejména omezením odběru proudových špiček z akumulátorové baterie, a také zefektivněním ukládání energie získané při rekuperačním elektrodynamickém brzdění vozidla. Jádrem systému je řízení přizpůsobovacího měniče za účelem aktivní filtrace proudu akumulátoru na jeho dlouhodobou střední hodnotu tj. odstranění proudových (výkonových) špiček způsobených akcelerací z nenulové počáteční rychlosti nebo rekuperačním brzděním. Toto je realizováno podřízenou proudovou smyčkou. Té je ještě ovšem nadřazena napěťová regulační smyčka, která nastavuje z dlouhodobého hlediska napětí ultrakapacitoru na vhodnou velikost - nepřímo úměrnou rychlosti vozidla. Tak je zajištěn vhodný energetický management ultrakapacitoru. Dále byly ověřeny vlastnosti souboru ultrakapacitorů, a shrnuty a kriticky zhodnoceny metody pro omezení vlivu rozdílnosti kapacit při sériovém zapojení., The work deals with relatively new components allowing electric energy accumulation – ultracapacitors. It focuses on their application in traffic systems – in independent electric vehicles. Design and verification of a system with ultracapacitor and DC/DC adaptive converter was done. Control of the adaptive converter modifies very positively the time wafeform of the traction accumulator current during the drive cycle. The designed connection of ultracapacitor and DC/DC converter implemented in the drive structure of experimental electric vehicle with induction machine contributes to increment the action radius of the vehicle by 16% (determined by experimental verification). This result was achived particularly by limitation of traction accumulator current peaks, And by more effective storage of energy gained by recuperative braking of the vehicle as well. The core of the system is a control of the adaptive converter in order to provide an active filtration of the accumulator’s current to its long-period mean value, i.e. elimination of current (power) peaks. These are caused by acceleration from non-zero initial vehicle speed or by recuperative braking. This is done by a subsidiary current loop. The converter has a superior voltage regulation loop, which sets in long-time period the voltage of ultracapacitors to the proper value – indirectly dependent on the speed of the vehicle. This ensures the appropriate energy management of the ultracapacitor. In the following, properties of test set of ultracapacitors were verified. Finally, methods of suppression of capacity variability influence in series connection of these components were compiled and critically reviewed.

Práce se zabývá relativně novými součástkami umožňujícími akumulaci elektrické energie - ultrakapacitory. Zaměřuje se na jejich aplikaci v dopravní technice - v elektrických vozidlech nezávislé trakce. Byl navržen a ověřen systém ultrakapacitor + DC/DC přizpůsobovací měnič, jehož řízení novým způsobem velmi příznivě modifikuje časový průběh proudu trakčního akumulátoru během jízdního cyklu. Navržené zapojení ultrakapacitoru a DC/DC měniče zakomponované do struktury pohonu experimentálního elektrického vozidla s asynchronním motorem přispělo ke zvýšení dojezdu cca o 16% (zjištěno experimentálními zkouškami). Toho bylo dosaženo zejména omezením odběru proudových špiček z akumulátorové baterie, a také zefektivněním ukládání energie získané při rekuperačním elektrodynamickém brzdění vozidla. Jádrem systému je řízení přizpůsobovacího měniče za účelem aktivní filtrace proudu akumulátoru na jeho dlouhodobou střední hodnotu tj. odstranění proudových (výkonových) špiček způsobených akcelerací z nenulové počáteční rychlosti nebo rekuperačním brzděním. Toto je realizováno podřízenou proudovou smyčkou. Té je ještě ovšem nadřazena napěťová regulační smyčka, která nastavuje z dlouhodobého hlediska napětí ultrakapacitoru na vhodnou velikost - nepřímo úměrnou rychlosti vozidla. Tak je zajištěn vhodný energetický management ultrakapacitoru. Dále byly ověřeny vlastnosti souboru ultrakapacitorů, a shrnuty a kriticky zhodnoceny metody pro omezení vlivu rozdílnosti kapacit při sériovém zapojení., The work deals with relatively new components allowing electric energy accumulation – ultracapacitors. It focuses on their application in traffic systems – in independent electric vehicles. Design and verification of a system with ultracapacitor and DC/DC adaptive converter was done. Control of the adaptive converter modifies very positively the time wafeform of the traction accumulator current during the drive cycle. The designed connection of ultracapacitor and DC/DC converter implemented in the drive structure of experimental electric vehicle with induction machine contributes to increment the action radius of the vehicle by 16% (determined by experimental verification). This result was achived particularly by limitation of traction accumulator current peaks, And by more effective storage of energy gained by recuperative braking of the vehicle as well. The core of the system is a control of the adaptive converter in order to provide an active filtration of the accumulator’s current to its long-period mean value, i.e. elimination of current (power) peaks. These are caused by acceleration from non-zero initial vehicle speed or by recuperative braking. This is done by a subsidiary current loop. The converter has a superior voltage regulation loop, which sets in long-time period the voltage of ultracapacitors to the proper value – indirectly dependent on the speed of the vehicle. This ensures the appropriate energy management of the ultracapacitor. In the following, properties of test set of ultracapacitors were verified. Finally, methods of suppression of capacity variability influence in series connection of these components were compiled and critically reviewed.

Tato práce se zabývá návrhem DC/DC měniče určeného pro nabíjení superkapacitoru a pro následnou transformaci napětí na požadovanou hodnotu. V textu jsou uvedeny snižující a zvyšující spínaný měnič napětí včetně výpočtu jednotlivých součástek a také schéma měniče, který kombinuje oba dva typy. Pomocí simulačních programů byla ověřena funkce jednotlivých zapojení, které mohou posloužit jako záložní zdroj elektrické energie menšího výkonu., This paper describes the design of DC/DC converters designed for charging supercapacitors and subsequent transformation of voltage to the desired value. In the text are presented decreasing and increasing switched-mode voltage converter including the calculation of the individual components and also the design of converter that combines both types. Using simulation software has been verified the function of each circuits, which can serves as a lower power backup supply.