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Pelvic organ prolapse affects one in three women, and cystocele accounts for 80% of the indications for surgery. Following the withdrawal of transvaginal mesh from the market, the objective of the present before-and-after study was to compare of the previous reference technique (UpholdTM (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA) mesh insertion) with anterior sacrospinous ligament fixation with suturing in terms of the outcomes 2 months after surgery. We performed a retrospective, observational, before-and-after study at Lille University Medical Center (Lille, France) by including consecutive patients operated on between 2011 and 2018 for UpholdTM mesh insertion and between 2018 to 2020 for anterior sacrospinous ligament fixation. The primary outcome was the early recurrence of prolapse, and the secondary outcomes were the occurrence of early per-operative or post-operative complications and the development of de novo stress urinary incontinence. Here, 466 patients were included in the study (382 in the UpholdTM group and 84 in the anterior sacrospinous ligament fixation group). The failure rate at 2 months was 6.0% (5 out of 84) for anterior sacrospinous ligament fixation and 1.3% (5 out of 382) for UpholdTM (p < 0.01). The prevalence of acute urinary retention was significantly lower in the anterior sacrospinous ligament fixation group (3.6%) than in the UpholdTM group (14.1%; p < 0.01), as was the de novo stress urinary incontinence rate (11.9% vs. 33.8%, respectively; p < 0.01). Anterior sacrospinous ligament fixation appears to be an effective, safe alternative to mesh insertion in the management of cystocele via the vaginal approach; the early complication rate was slightly lower, but the early failure rate was slightly higher., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published