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We use this article to introduce the Militarized Interstate Events (MIE) dataset, a new dataset for international conflict with a host of innovative features. The MIE data offers dyadic, event-level information for all militarized interstate confrontations from 1816 to 2014, including major wars as well as all threats, displays, and uses of force between two or more states. The data come with major innovations, including dyadic fatality estimates at the event level and recorded events for general conflicts alongside the battles of the wars of the last two centuries. We discuss how to use these conflict data and provide a replication that demonstrates the dataset's usefulness.

Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (REIDs) constitute significant health problems and are becoming of major importance. Up to 75% of EIDs and REIDs have zoonotic origin. Several factors such as the destruction of natural habitats leading humans and animals to live in close proximity, ecological changes due to natural disasters, population migration resulting from war or conflict, interruption or decrease in disease prevention programs, and insufficient vector control applications and sanitation are involved in disease emergence and distribution. War and natural disasters have a great impact on the emergence/re-emergence of diseases in the population. According to a World Bank estimation, two billion people are living in poverty and fragility situations. Wars destroy health systems and infrastructure, curtail existing disease control programs, and cause population movement leading to an increase in exposure to health risks and favor the emergence of infectious diseases. A total of 432 catastrophic cases associated with natural disasters were recorded globally in 2021. Natural disasters increase the risk of EID and REID outbreaks by damaging infrastructure and leading to displacement of populations. A Generic National Action Plan covering risk assessment, mechanism for action, determination of roles and responsibilities of each sector, the establishment of a coordination mechanism, etc. should be developed., This study was supported by TOBB-ETU., This study was supported by TOBB-ETU.

Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (REIDs) constitute significant health problems and are becoming of major importance. Up to 75% of EIDs and REIDs have zoonotic origin. Several factors such as the destruction of natural habitats leading humans and animals to live in close proximity, ecological changes due to natural disasters, population migration resulting from war or conflict, interruption or decrease in disease prevention programs, and insufficient vector control applications and sanitation are involved in disease emergence and distribution. War and natural disasters have a great impact on the emergence/re-emergence of diseases in the population. According to a World Bank estimation, two billion people are living in poverty and fragility situations. Wars destroy health systems and infrastructure, curtail existing disease control programs, and cause population movement leading to an increase in exposure to health risks and favor the emergence of infectious diseases. A total of 432 catastrophic cases associated with natural disasters were recorded globally in 2021. Natural disasters increase the risk of EID and REID outbreaks by damaging infrastructure and leading to displacement of populations. A Generic National Action Plan covering risk assessment, mechanism for action, determination of roles and responsibilities of each sector, the establishment of a coordination mechanism, etc. should be developed., This study was supported by TOBB-ETU., This study was supported by TOBB-ETU.

The essay illustrates the historiographical and political parable of Gioacchino Volpe and in particular the relationship between war experience and historiographical development. Engaged in the propaganda of the First World War, Volpe worked ever more intensely on the concept of nation. From the Middle Ages his historiographical interest moved more and more towards the study of the contemporary age, where the relationship between political history and social history became decisive for him. A vision of political processes as total history took shape. A leading intellectual of the fascist regime, his vision of history (Lucien Febvre would have called it histoire a partentiere) collided with the tragedy of the Second World War and the crisis of the idea of nation.

From May to October 2016 uncertainty and conflict have conditioned the scope of the global development agenda making difficult its identification in the international arena. Wars, natural and social catastrophes and even electoral processes in different countries imposed with respect to the spirit of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda during its first year of operation. This article aims to analyze the most relevant events that fostered or affected the development agenda during the designated time period, taking as main reference international cooperation exercises., De mayo a octubre del año 2016 la incertidumbre y el conflicto condicionaron los alcances de la agenda global del desarrollo, haciendo compleja su identificación en el escenario internacional. Guerra y catástrofes de origen natural y humano e incluso procesos de auscultación electoral en varios países se impusieron con respecto al espíritu de la Agenda 2030 de Desarrollo Sostenible en su primer año de vigencia. Este artículo pasa lista a los sucesos de mayor peso e impacto, ya sea en contra o a favor del desarrollo mundial durante el periodo de tiempo señalado, tomando como referente los ejercicios de cooperación internacional realizados para atender a tal propósito., Depuis Mai jusqu’à Octobre 2016 l’incertitude et de conflit ont conditionné les objectifs du programme de développement mondial, ce qui rend complexe son identification dans l’arène internationale. La guerre et les catastrophes d’origine naturelle ou humaine et même les processus d’auscultation électoraux ont été imposées dans plusieurs pays par rapport à l’esprit de l’Agenda 2030 pour le développement durable dans sa première année de fonctionnement. Cet article énumère les événements de plus de poids et de l›impact, soit contre ou en faveur du développement mondial au cours de la période désignée, en prenant comme référence des exercices de coopération internationale faits pour servir à cette fin.

From October 2017 to April 2018, the global development agenda was victim of a wide range of military, commercial and diplomatic wars. Due to this, during  this short, but significant world history period, international cooperation exercises related to the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda generated tenuous results in favor of a more secure and equitable planet. This article summarizes and analyzes the most important events whether for or against the global development agenda, during this period. The article argues that, due to the particularly adverse mentioned international context, during this semester the promotion of development suffered aggressive attacks, in particular from President Donald Trump, who constitutes the antithesis of international cooperation for development., De octubre de 2017 a abril de 2018 la agenda global del desarrollo fue víctima de guerras militares, comerciales y diplomáticas. Debido a ello, durante este corto pero significativo periodo de la historia mundial, aquellos ejercicios de cooperación internacional realizados en este periodo de tiempo generaron tenues resultados a favor de un planeta más seguro y equitativo. Este artículo resume y analiza los actos de mayor trascendencia, ya sean a favor o en contra de la agenda global del desarrollo, ocurridos en este semestre. El artículo argumenta que, debido al referido entorno internacional particularmente adverso, el fomento del desarrollo sufrió agresivos embates, en particular provenientes del presidente Donald Trump, quien se constituye como la antítesis de la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo., D’octobre 2017 à avril 2018, le programme de développement mondial a été victime de guerres militaires, commerciales et diplomatiques. Pour cette raison, au cours de cette courte mais importante période de l’histoire du monde, les exercices de coopération internationale menés pendant cette période ont donné lieu à des résultats ténus en faveur d’une planète plus sûre et plus équitable. Cet article résume et analyse les actes les plus importants, soit pour ou contre le programme de développement mondial, qui a eu lieu ce semestre. L’article fait valoir que, en raison de l’environnement international particulièrement défavorable susmentionné, la promotion du développement a subi des attaques agressives, en particulier de la part du président Donald Trump, qui est l’antithèse de la coopération internationale pour le développement.

The democratic peace theory assert that democracies never or rarely fight each other in war. It is the closest we have to an empirical law in political science and peace and conflict studies as it contains the intellectual justification that by spreading democracy abroad, we can promote world peace. The aim of this research is to broaden our knowledge on how lasting peace may be established by confirming or rejecting hypothesis ‘democracies do not fight each other’. Essentially, this research is a continuation of Dean Babst statistical testing from 1964, who analysed all major wars fought 1789-1941 and determined whether any were fought between freely elected governments (democracies). This research inherits the same working format, however testing the hypothesis to 21st century wars (2000-2020) and with different operationalization of war and democracy – Based on the Uppsala Conflict Data programme (UCDP) and Regimes of the World (RoW). The adopted research design is quantitative statistical and collects both quantitative and qualitative data to provide context to every state- based war fought and actors involved. In this research, 38 wars are identified to be fought in the 21st century but only 5 are fought between two governments (primary and secondary). 10 governmental oppositions are counted to exist within these 5 wars. 5 of them are fought between democracies and autocracies, while 5 other oppositions are between purely autocracies. The results are that 0 out of 38 wars in 2000-2020 are fought between democracies, and this research can thereby confirm hypothesis to the period and the operationalisation of war and democracy studied.

This article reflects on some of the most revolutionary proposals of the historiographical revisionism on the so-called wars of independence and the birth of the new Hispanic-American nation-states. From the one that asserts that the nations were not the cause of the wars of independence but their consequence, to the one that suggests that these battles were not wars of national liberation., Este artículo reflexiona sobre algunas de las propuestas más revolucionarias del revisionismo historiográfico sobre las llamadas guerras de independencia y el nacimiento de los nuevos Estados-nación hispanoamericanos. Desde aquella que asevera que las naciones no fueron la causa de las guerras de independencia sino su consecuencia, hasta la que propone que dichos conflictos armados no fueron de liberación nacional.

During fourteen years (from April 1905 until November 1918), the German-Argentine writer Ada María Elflein (1880-1919) published a weekly text in La Prensa´s Sunday feuilleton: a short-story, a historical note, a travel account. Her work is comprised of five hundred short pieces and, despite having received wide circulation at the time, today it is only partially accessible. Although some of her stories, and especially her travel narratives, have received considerable critical attention, nearly eighty percent of her work remains inaccessible to the public. This article analyzes a series of stories –selected among the more than four hundred that have never been republished and that we have recently rescued from the archives– where female characters are presented as participants of both the battles of Independence and the fights between unitarios and federales in today’s Argentina. In addition to revealing a literary corpus almost unknown (its neglection, undoubtedly, responds to gender issues), this article reviews some of the roles that, according to these fictions, women played in 19th century wars, proposes a place for this series within Elflein´s work and offers a possible typology for the study of this series of feisty women at war., La escritora germano-argentina Ada María Elflein (1880-1919) publicó en el folletín dominical del diario La Prensa, durante catorce años (desde 1905 hasta 1918 inclusive), un texto semanal: un cuento, una nota histórica, un relato de viajes. Su obra alcanza las quinientas piezas breves y, a pesar de haber gozado de gran difusión en la época, es hoy en día solo parcialmente accesible. Si bien algunos de sus cuentos y, sobre todo, sus relatos de viaje han recibido considerable atención crítica, cerca de un ochenta por ciento de su obra permanece aún desconocida para el público. Este artículo releva y analiza una serie de cuentos –seleccionados de entre los más de cuatrocientos hasta ahora nunca re-editados y que hemos rescatado recientemente de los archivos– en donde se presentan personajes femeninos que luchan, tanto las batallas de la Independencia como las luchas entre unitarios y federales. Además de dar a conocer este corpus textual (su olvido responde sin duda a cuestiones de género), este artículo revisa algunos de los roles que, según estas ficciones, desempeñaron las mujeres en las guerras del siglo XIX, propone un lugar para esta serie de cuentos sobre mujeres decimonónicas batalladoras dentro de la obra total de la escritora y ofrece una posible tipología para pensar internamente dicha serie.

The democratic peace theory assert that democracies never or rarely fight each other in war. It is the closest we have to an empirical law in political science and peace and conflict studies as it contains the intellectual justification that by spreading democracy abroad, we can promote world peace. The aim of this research is to broaden our knowledge on how lasting peace may be established by confirming or rejecting hypothesis ‘democracies do not fight each other’. Essentially, this research is a continuation of Dean Babst statistical testing from 1964, who analysed all major wars fought 1789-1941 and determined whether any were fought between freely elected governments (democracies). This research inherits the same working format, however testing the hypothesis to 21st century wars (2000-2020) and with different operationalization of war and democracy – Based on the Uppsala Conflict Data programme (UCDP) and Regimes of the World (RoW). The adopted research design is quantitative statistical and collects both quantitative and qualitative data to provide context to every state- based war fought and actors involved. In this research, 38 wars are identified to be fought in the 21st century but only 5 are fought between two governments (primary and secondary). 10 governmental oppositions are counted to exist within these 5 wars. 5 of them are fought between democracies and autocracies, while 5 other oppositions are between purely autocracies. The results are that 0 out of 38 wars in 2000-2020 are fought between democracies, and this research can thereby confirm hypothesis to the period and the operationalisation of war and democracy studied.

This short text tries to present an idea widely developed by Alliez & Lazzarato about wars and capital. It begins with a question about what it means to think about wars, to show that these are above all the condition of possibility for capital and that, according to historical moments, they renew their mechanisms and strategies, combining them when necessary. Wars do not appear as a circumstantial event that breaks into the temporal order of capital, rather they are a strategy and a permanent condition. Capital's war machines displace the theater of war within populations, intensifying struggles at all levels: race, sex, communication, subjectivation; flowing from bloody to non-bloody wars, as is evident in the Colombian case. To finish, an unfinished note on the importance of reading wars and the capitalist collage against the grain to access a strategic view of the world., Este pequeno texto tenta apresentar uma ideia amplamente desenvolvida por Alliez & Lazzarato sobre guerras e capital. Parte-se de uma pergunta sobre o que significa pensar as guerras, para mostrar que estas são sobretudo a condição de possibilidade para o capital e que, conforme os momentos históricos, renovam seus mecanismos e estratégias, combinando-os quando necessário. As guerras não aparecem como um evento circunstancial que irrompe na ordem temporal do capital, mas são uma estratégia e uma condição permanente. As máquinas de guerra do capital deslocam o teatro de guerra dentro das populações, intensificando as lutas em todos os níveis: raça, sexo, comunicação, subjetivação; fluindo de guerras sangrentas para não sangrentas, como é evidente no caso colombiano. Para finalizar, uma nota inacabada sobre a importância de ler as guerras e a colagem capitalista a contrapelo para acessar uma visão estratégica do mundo., Este breve texto intenta presentar una idea ampliamente desarrollada por Alliez & Lazzarato sobre las guerras y el capital. Inicia con una pregunta sobre qué significa pensar las guerras, para mostrar que éstas son ante todo la condición de posibilidad del capital y que, según momentos históricos, renuevan sus mecanismos y estrategias, combinándolas cuando sea necesario. Las guerras no aparecen como un evento circunstancial que irrumpen en el orden temporal del capital, sino que son estrategia y condición permanente. Las máquinas de guerra del capital desplazan el teatro de guerra dentro de las poblaciones intensificando las luchas en todo nivel: raza, sexo, comunicación, subjetivación; fluyendo de las guerras sangrientas a las no sangrientas, como se hace evidente en el caso colombiano. Para terminar, una nota inconclusa sobre la importancia de leer las guerras y el collage capitalista a contrapelo para acceder a una mirada estratégica del mundo.

[EN] King Charles VI madness; the kingdom of France promised to the King of England through the Traty of Troyes; the tragic death at the stake of Joan of Arc; the appear of the carácter of death in arts… Several facts that show us how far the 14th and 15th centuries make part of a crucial and problematic era. In that time it was not easy to maintain a social status, generally achieved thanks to the help of princes and the enormous expenses in the construction of imposing buildings that ensured the greatness of those characters. Jean de Montaigu went beyond the external and internal wars and struggled to achieve his goals, even if that took his own life. In the south of Paris he built his manor in which he included the parish church, a convent and his magnificent castle., [ES] La locura del rey Charles VI; el reino de Francia prometido al rey de Inglaterra por medio del tratado de Troyes; la trágica muerte en la hoguera de Juana de Arco; la aparición del personaje de la muerte en el arte… Varios hechos que nos muestran hasta qué punto los siglos XIV y XV forman parte de una época crucial y problemática. Época en la que no era nada fácil conservar un estatus social, generalmente alcanzado gracias a las ayudas de los príncipes y a los enormes gastos en la construcción de imponentes edificios que aseguraban la grandeza de estos personajes. Jean de Montagu fue más allá de las guerras externas e internas y luchó para lograr sus objetivos, aunque esto le costó la vida. Al sur de Paris edificó su señorío en el que incluyó la iglesia parroquial, un convento y su magnífico castillo.

[EN] King Charles VI madness; the kingdom of France promised to the King of England through the Traty of Troyes; the tragic death at the stake of Joan of Arc; the appear of the carácter of death in arts… Several facts that show us how far the 14th and 15th centuries make part of a crucial and problematic era. In that time it was not easy to maintain a social status, generally achieved thanks to the help of princes and the enormous expenses in the construction of imposing buildings that ensured the greatness of those characters. Jean de Montaigu went beyond the external and internal wars and struggled to achieve his goals, even if that took his own life. In the south of Paris he built his manor in which he included the parish church, a convent and his magnificent castle., [ES] La locura del rey Charles VI; el reino de Francia prometido al rey de Inglaterra por medio del tratado de Troyes; la trágica muerte en la hoguera de Juana de Arco; la aparición del personaje de la muerte en el arte… Varios hechos que nos muestran hasta qué punto los siglos XIV y XV forman parte de una época crucial y problemática. Época en la que no era nada fácil conservar un estatus social, generalmente alcanzado gracias a las ayudas de los príncipes y a los enormes gastos en la construcción de imponentes edificios que aseguraban la grandeza de estos personajes. Jean de Montagu fue más allá de las guerras externas e internas y luchó para lograr sus objetivos, aunque esto le costó la vida. Al sur de Paris edificó su señorío en el que incluyó la iglesia parroquial, un convento y su magnífico castillo.

[EN] King Charles VI madness; the kingdom of France promised to the King of England through the Traty of Troyes; the tragic death at the stake of Joan of Arc; the appear of the carácter of death in arts… Several facts that show us how far the 14th and 15th centuries make part of a crucial and problematic era. In that time it was not easy to maintain a social status, generally achieved thanks to the help of princes and the enormous expenses in the construction of imposing buildings that ensured the greatness of those characters. Jean de Montaigu went beyond the external and internal wars and struggled to achieve his goals, even if that took his own life. In the south of Paris he built his manor in which he included the parish church, a convent and his magnificent castle., [ES] La locura del rey Charles VI; el reino de Francia prometido al rey de Inglaterra por medio del tratado de Troyes; la trágica muerte en la hoguera de Juana de Arco; la aparición del personaje de la muerte en el arte… Varios hechos que nos muestran hasta qué punto los siglos XIV y XV forman parte de una época crucial y problemática. Época en la que no era nada fácil conservar un estatus social, generalmente alcanzado gracias a las ayudas de los príncipes y a los enormes gastos en la construcción de imponentes edificios que aseguraban la grandeza de estos personajes. Jean de Montagu fue más allá de las guerras externas e internas y luchó para lograr sus objetivos, aunque esto le costó la vida. Al sur de Paris edificó su señorío en el que incluyó la iglesia parroquial, un convento y su magnífico castillo.

[EN] King Charles VI madness; the kingdom of France promised to the King of England through the Traty of Troyes; the tragic death at the stake of Joan of Arc; the appear of the carácter of death in arts… Several facts that show us how far the 14th and 15th centuries make part of a crucial and problematic era. In that time it was not easy to maintain a social status, generally achieved thanks to the help of princes and the enormous expenses in the construction of imposing buildings that ensured the greatness of those characters. Jean de Montaigu went beyond the external and internal wars and struggled to achieve his goals, even if that took his own life. In the south of Paris he built his manor in which he included the parish church, a convent and his magnificent castle., [ES] La locura del rey Charles VI; el reino de Francia prometido al rey de Inglaterra por medio del tratado de Troyes; la trágica muerte en la hoguera de Juana de Arco; la aparición del personaje de la muerte en el arte… Varios hechos que nos muestran hasta qué punto los siglos XIV y XV forman parte de una época crucial y problemática. Época en la que no era nada fácil conservar un estatus social, generalmente alcanzado gracias a las ayudas de los príncipes y a los enormes gastos en la construcción de imponentes edificios que aseguraban la grandeza de estos personajes. Jean de Montagu fue más allá de las guerras externas e internas y luchó para lograr sus objetivos, aunque esto le costó la vida. Al sur de Paris edificó su señorío en el que incluyó la iglesia parroquial, un convento y su magnífico castillo.

Three years after the arrival in Bogotá of the first religious women of the French congregation of active life, the Sisters of Charity of the Presentation, the civil war of 1876 broke out. The Sisters offered themselves as assistants to those wounded in the fighting. Based on this initiative, they continued caring for the wounded in the following civil wars and in the Colombian-Peruvian war of 1933, at the request of the government. They left written records on these activities in letters, diaries, and other documents that allow us to present their experiences in the introduction of humanitarian care in Colombia, as well as its formalization., A los tres años de la llegada a Bogotá de las primeras mujeres religiosas de la congregación francesa de vida activa Hermanas de la Caridad de la Presentación, se desencadenó la guerra civil de 1876. Las Hermanas se ofrecieron a auxiliar a los heridos de los combates y, a partir de esa iniciativa, siguieron atendiendo los heridos en las siguientes guerras civiles y en la guerra colombo-peruana, en 1933, por solicitud de los gobiernos. Sobre estas actividades dejaron registros escritos en cartas, diarios y otros documentos que nos permitirán presentar sus experiencias en la introducción de la atención humanitaria en Colombia, así como en la formalización de este servicio.

Three years after the arrival in Bogotá of the first religious women of the French congregation of active life, the Sisters of Charity of the Presentation, the civil war of 1876 broke out. The Sisters offered themselves as assistants to those wounded in the fighting. Based on this initiative, they continued caring for the wounded in the following civil wars and in the Colombian-Peruvian war of 1933, at the request of the government. They left written records on these activities in letters, diaries, and other documents that allow us to present their experiences in the introduction of humanitarian care in Colombia, as well as its formalization., A los tres años de la llegada a Bogotá de las primeras mujeres religiosas de la congregación francesa de vida activa Hermanas de la Caridad de la Presentación, se desencadenó la guerra civil de 1876. Las Hermanas se ofrecieron a auxiliar a los heridos de los combates y, a partir de esa iniciativa, siguieron atendiendo los heridos en las siguientes guerras civiles y en la guerra colombo-peruana, en 1933, por solicitud de los gobiernos. Sobre estas actividades dejaron registros escritos en cartas, diarios y otros documentos que nos permitirán presentar sus experiencias en la introducción de la atención humanitaria en Colombia, así como en la formalización de este servicio.

This article aims to reveal the indigenous agencies in the conflicts between Portuguese, Dutch, English and Irish over the conquest of the Northern Cape (part of the current State of Amapá) in the first half of the 17th century. From the historical and anthropological reading of the sources, it was noticed how the Amerindians created survival tactics in unfavorable contexts, and how Europeans were dependent on those societies that knew the Amazon very well, especially in the wars for control of the territory. It shows how the alliances with the native populations and the uses of their warriors in combat were decisive for the victories or defeats of the colonizers, Este artigo tem objetivo de desvelar as agências indígenas nos conflitos entre portugueses, holandeses, ingleses e irlandeses pela conquista do Cabo do Norte (parte do atual Estado do Amapá) na primeira metade do século XVII. A partir da leitura histórica e antropológica das fontes, percebeu-se como os ameríndios criaram táticas de sobrevivência em contextos desfavoráveis, e como os europeus foram dependentes dessas sociedades que conheciam muito bem a Amazônia, sobretudo, nas guerras por controle do território. Demonstra-se como as alianças com as populações nativas e os usos de seus guerreiros em combates foram decisivas para as vitórias ou derrotas dos colonizadores

La seguridad humana como categoría analítica es relativamente reciente, surge a finales del siglo XX. Los acontecimientos mundiales, como las invasiones, ataques e incursiones militares de Estados Unidos a Irak, Afganistán, Siria e Irán, y los desplazamientos masivos provocados por las incursiones militares visibilizaron la fragilidad del entorno internacional, y a cambio de la seguridad nacional de Estados Unidos se vulneran la seguridad humana y los derechos humanos de civiles en regiones del mundo. El retiro de Estados Unidos de las agendas globales en materia climática y migratoria, sumado a la política anti-migratoria de Norteamérica y la Unión Europea, están produciendo desequilibrios que, en un futuro cercano, podrían atentar contra la seguridad humana global, de ahí que la reflexión en torno al concepto cobra especial relevancia; sobre todo, cuando el discurso de seguridad nacional de Donald Trump legitima acciones en detrimento de la seguridad humana internacional; a pesar de que esta es inherente al ser humano e incorpora la importancia de cubrir necesidades básicas. Por ello, el artículo analiza los factores que vulneran la seguridad humana de migrantes que por motivos diversos se desplazan fuera de sus naciones. Examina los alcances y limitaciones de las medidas de organismos internacionales encaminadas a salvaguardar la seguridad humana de migrantes de África y Medio Oriente que van a la Unión Europea, o aquellos que desde México, Centroamérica y Sudamérica se dirigen a Estados Unidos. El fenómeno será analizado con un enfoque holístico considerando los factores que obligan a los migrantes a desplazarse en un contexto de (in)seguridad humana, tales como guerras e invasiones, cambio climático, pandemias, neoliberalismo y violencia., Human security as an analytical category is relatively recent, it emerged at the end of the 20th century. World events, such as the US military invasions, attacks and incursions into Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria and Iran, and the massive displacements caused by the military incursions made the fragility of the international environment visible, and in exchange for the national security of the United States, they violate the human security and human rights of civilians in regions of the world. The withdrawal of the United States from global climate and migration agendas, added to the anti-migration policy of North America and the European Union, are producing imbalances, which in the near future could threaten global human security, hence, reflection on the concept takes on special relevance; above all, when Donald Trump’s national security speech legitimizes actions to the detriment of international human security; despite the fact that this is inherent to the human being and incorporates the importance of meeting basic needs. For this reason, the article analyzes the factors that violate the human security of migrants who for various reasons move outside their nations. It examines the scope and limitations of the measures of international organizations aimed at safeguarding the human security of migrants from Africa and the Middle East who go to the European Union, or those who from Mexico, Central and South America go to the United States. The phenomenon will be analyzed with a holistic approach considering the factors that drive migrants to move in a context of (in) human security, such as wars and invasions, climate change, pandemics, neoliberalism and violence.

[ES] Este proyecto consiste en hacer una mezcla entre fotografía, video y pintura como técnica. La historia que se va a narrar en este proyecto se centra en los refugiados árabes (mujeres, hombres, niños, jóvenes...). Lo normal, cuando se habla de refugiados pues, pensamos en guerras, desahucios, muertos, hambre, miseria, etc. Algo que no se puede negar y es real, sin embargo, en este trabajo se pretende mostrar aquellas historias de refugiados que hayan conseguido salir de esas guerras, miserias, crisis y decidieron empezar sus vidas desde cero, dejando el pasado atrás. También en el video contarás sus experiencias vividas en la guerra. Tanto en las fotografías como el video van a aparecer aquellos y aquellas guerreros y guerreras, hablando su idioma materno, que hayan logrado estabilizar sus vidas y apoderarse de las situaciones anteriores. Personas expulsadas en busca de un futuro que merezca ser vivido. Sin embargo, en las ilustraciones y pintura no se va a plasmar el mismo contenido que en las dos anteriores (fotografías y video), sino que se va a hablar de la palabra en sí de "refugiados" (guerras, hambre, muertos, desahucios, trabajos ilegales, abusos y explotación). Con esto se pretende que llegue un mensaje. Y es focalizar una noticia que llega al resto del mundo a diario y a la que se le presta poca atención o creer en noticias que no son reales, ya sea a través de la televisión o los medios de comunicación. Para enfrentar estas políticas y gobiernos, cualquier apoyo social y manifestación parecen ser pocos, pero las diferentes noticias culturales dieron una enorme visibilidad contando otras historias, las cuales algunas son reales y otras son falsas. Para muchos los refugiados no son mas que un problema de los gobiernos del país a resolver, así que mediante el arte o este en concreta se va a dar voz a todo aquello ocultado, ya sea bueno o malo., [EN] This project consists of making a mix between photography, video, illustration and painting as a technique. The story to be told in this project focuses on Syrian refugees (women, men, children, youth...). normally when talking about refugees, we think of wars, evictions, dead, hunger, misery, etc. Something that cannot be denied and is real. However, this work aims to show those stories of refugees who have managed to get out of these wars, miseries, crises and decided to start their lives from scratch, leaving the past behind. Both the photographs and the video will appear those and those warriors, speaking their mother tongue, who have managed to stabilize their lives and take over the previous situations. People expelled in search of a future that deserves to be lived. However, the same content will not be reflected in the illustrations and painting as in the previous two (photographs and video), But the word itself is about "refugees" (wars, hunger, deaths, evictions, illegal work, abuse and exploitation). This is intended to arrive a message. And it is to focus a piece of news that reaches the rest of the world on a daily basis and to which little attention is paid or to believe in news that is not real news, whether through television or the media. To face these policies and governments, any social support and manifestation seem to be little, but the different cultural news gave enormous visibility telling other stories, some of which are real, and others are false. For many, refugees are nothing more than a problem for the governments of the country to solve, so through art or this one in particular, everything hidden, whether good or bad, will be given a voice.

[ES] Este proyecto consiste en hacer una mezcla entre fotografía, video y pintura como técnica. La historia que se va a narrar en este proyecto se centra en los refugiados árabes (mujeres, hombres, niños, jóvenes...). Lo normal, cuando se habla de refugiados pues, pensamos en guerras, desahucios, muertos, hambre, miseria, etc. Algo que no se puede negar y es real, sin embargo, en este trabajo se pretende mostrar aquellas historias de refugiados que hayan conseguido salir de esas guerras, miserias, crisis y decidieron empezar sus vidas desde cero, dejando el pasado atrás. También en el video contarás sus experiencias vividas en la guerra. Tanto en las fotografías como el video van a aparecer aquellos y aquellas guerreros y guerreras, hablando su idioma materno, que hayan logrado estabilizar sus vidas y apoderarse de las situaciones anteriores. Personas expulsadas en busca de un futuro que merezca ser vivido. Sin embargo, en las ilustraciones y pintura no se va a plasmar el mismo contenido que en las dos anteriores (fotografías y video), sino que se va a hablar de la palabra en sí de "refugiados" (guerras, hambre, muertos, desahucios, trabajos ilegales, abusos y explotación). Con esto se pretende que llegue un mensaje. Y es focalizar una noticia que llega al resto del mundo a diario y a la que se le presta poca atención o creer en noticias que no son reales, ya sea a través de la televisión o los medios de comunicación. Para enfrentar estas políticas y gobiernos, cualquier apoyo social y manifestación parecen ser pocos, pero las diferentes noticias culturales dieron una enorme visibilidad contando otras historias, las cuales algunas son reales y otras son falsas. Para muchos los refugiados no son mas que un problema de los gobiernos del país a resolver, así que mediante el arte o este en concreta se va a dar voz a todo aquello ocultado, ya sea bueno o malo., [EN] This project consists of making a mix between photography, video, illustration and painting as a technique. The story to be told in this project focuses on Syrian refugees (women, men, children, youth...). normally when talking about refugees, we think of wars, evictions, dead, hunger, misery, etc. Something that cannot be denied and is real. However, this work aims to show those stories of refugees who have managed to get out of these wars, miseries, crises and decided to start their lives from scratch, leaving the past behind. Both the photographs and the video will appear those and those warriors, speaking their mother tongue, who have managed to stabilize their lives and take over the previous situations. People expelled in search of a future that deserves to be lived. However, the same content will not be reflected in the illustrations and painting as in the previous two (photographs and video), But the word itself is about "refugees" (wars, hunger, deaths, evictions, illegal work, abuse and exploitation). This is intended to arrive a message. And it is to focus a piece of news that reaches the rest of the world on a daily basis and to which little attention is paid or to believe in news that is not real news, whether through television or the media. To face these policies and governments, any social support and manifestation seem to be little, but the different cultural news gave enormous visibility telling other stories, some of which are real, and others are false. For many, refugees are nothing more than a problem for the governments of the country to solve, so through art or this one in particular, everything hidden, whether good or bad, will be given a voice.

[ES] Este proyecto consiste en hacer una mezcla entre fotografía, video y pintura como técnica. La historia que se va a narrar en este proyecto se centra en los refugiados árabes (mujeres, hombres, niños, jóvenes...). Lo normal, cuando se habla de refugiados pues, pensamos en guerras, desahucios, muertos, hambre, miseria, etc. Algo que no se puede negar y es real, sin embargo, en este trabajo se pretende mostrar aquellas historias de refugiados que hayan conseguido salir de esas guerras, miserias, crisis y decidieron empezar sus vidas desde cero, dejando el pasado atrás. También en el video contarás sus experiencias vividas en la guerra. Tanto en las fotografías como el video van a aparecer aquellos y aquellas guerreros y guerreras, hablando su idioma materno, que hayan logrado estabilizar sus vidas y apoderarse de las situaciones anteriores. Personas expulsadas en busca de un futuro que merezca ser vivido. Sin embargo, en las ilustraciones y pintura no se va a plasmar el mismo contenido que en las dos anteriores (fotografías y video), sino que se va a hablar de la palabra en sí de "refugiados" (guerras, hambre, muertos, desahucios, trabajos ilegales, abusos y explotación). Con esto se pretende que llegue un mensaje. Y es focalizar una noticia que llega al resto del mundo a diario y a la que se le presta poca atención o creer en noticias que no son reales, ya sea a través de la televisión o los medios de comunicación. Para enfrentar estas políticas y gobiernos, cualquier apoyo social y manifestación parecen ser pocos, pero las diferentes noticias culturales dieron una enorme visibilidad contando otras historias, las cuales algunas son reales y otras son falsas. Para muchos los refugiados no son mas que un problema de los gobiernos del país a resolver, así que mediante el arte o este en concreta se va a dar voz a todo aquello ocultado, ya sea bueno o malo., [EN] This project consists of making a mix between photography, video, illustration and painting as a technique. The story to be told in this project focuses on Syrian refugees (women, men, children, youth...). normally when talking about refugees, we think of wars, evictions, dead, hunger, misery, etc. Something that cannot be denied and is real. However, this work aims to show those stories of refugees who have managed to get out of these wars, miseries, crises and decided to start their lives from scratch, leaving the past behind. Both the photographs and the video will appear those and those warriors, speaking their mother tongue, who have managed to stabilize their lives and take over the previous situations. People expelled in search of a future that deserves to be lived. However, the same content will not be reflected in the illustrations and painting as in the previous two (photographs and video), But the word itself is about "refugees" (wars, hunger, deaths, evictions, illegal work, abuse and exploitation). This is intended to arrive a message. And it is to focus a piece of news that reaches the rest of the world on a daily basis and to which little attention is paid or to believe in news that is not real news, whether through television or the media. To face these policies and governments, any social support and manifestation seem to be little, but the different cultural news gave enormous visibility telling other stories, some of which are real, and others are false. For many, refugees are nothing more than a problem for the governments of the country to solve, so through art or this one in particular, everything hidden, whether good or bad, will be given a voice.

[ES] Este proyecto consiste en hacer una mezcla entre fotografía, video y pintura como técnica. La historia que se va a narrar en este proyecto se centra en los refugiados árabes (mujeres, hombres, niños, jóvenes...). Lo normal, cuando se habla de refugiados pues, pensamos en guerras, desahucios, muertos, hambre, miseria, etc. Algo que no se puede negar y es real, sin embargo, en este trabajo se pretende mostrar aquellas historias de refugiados que hayan conseguido salir de esas guerras, miserias, crisis y decidieron empezar sus vidas desde cero, dejando el pasado atrás. También en el video contarás sus experiencias vividas en la guerra. Tanto en las fotografías como el video van a aparecer aquellos y aquellas guerreros y guerreras, hablando su idioma materno, que hayan logrado estabilizar sus vidas y apoderarse de las situaciones anteriores. Personas expulsadas en busca de un futuro que merezca ser vivido. Sin embargo, en las ilustraciones y pintura no se va a plasmar el mismo contenido que en las dos anteriores (fotografías y video), sino que se va a hablar de la palabra en sí de "refugiados" (guerras, hambre, muertos, desahucios, trabajos ilegales, abusos y explotación). Con esto se pretende que llegue un mensaje. Y es focalizar una noticia que llega al resto del mundo a diario y a la que se le presta poca atención o creer en noticias que no son reales, ya sea a través de la televisión o los medios de comunicación. Para enfrentar estas políticas y gobiernos, cualquier apoyo social y manifestación parecen ser pocos, pero las diferentes noticias culturales dieron una enorme visibilidad contando otras historias, las cuales algunas son reales y otras son falsas. Para muchos los refugiados no son mas que un problema de los gobiernos del país a resolver, así que mediante el arte o este en concreta se va a dar voz a todo aquello ocultado, ya sea bueno o malo., [EN] This project consists of making a mix between photography, video, illustration and painting as a technique. The story to be told in this project focuses on Syrian refugees (women, men, children, youth...). normally when talking about refugees, we think of wars, evictions, dead, hunger, misery, etc. Something that cannot be denied and is real. However, this work aims to show those stories of refugees who have managed to get out of these wars, miseries, crises and decided to start their lives from scratch, leaving the past behind. Both the photographs and the video will appear those and those warriors, speaking their mother tongue, who have managed to stabilize their lives and take over the previous situations. People expelled in search of a future that deserves to be lived. However, the same content will not be reflected in the illustrations and painting as in the previous two (photographs and video), But the word itself is about "refugees" (wars, hunger, deaths, evictions, illegal work, abuse and exploitation). This is intended to arrive a message. And it is to focus a piece of news that reaches the rest of the world on a daily basis and to which little attention is paid or to believe in news that is not real news, whether through television or the media. To face these policies and governments, any social support and manifestation seem to be little, but the different cultural news gave enormous visibility telling other stories, some of which are real, and others are false. For many, refugees are nothing more than a problem for the governments of the country to solve, so through art or this one in particular, everything hidden, whether good or bad, will be given a voice.

In the fragile Somali state, there is a research imperative to effectively guide health systems recovery, which is crucial in the national rebuilding process for societal stability and peace. Our collaboration has its roots in the early 1980's, was cut short by the civil war and revived in 2014 to meet the need for health research capacity in Somalia today. Somali universities, representing different regions (East Africa University, University of Hargeisa, Galkayo University, Benadir University, Puntland Health Science University, Amoud University, and recently Somali National University) formed a consortium with Swedish universities (Umeå, Lund, Uppsala, Karolinska Institutet and Dalarna) and Somali diaspora professionals. Most recently we joined forces with the Public Health Agency of Sweden, linking us to the National Institute of Health Somalia (NIHS). A joint action programme for capacity building in health research has been developed, as outlined in the article “Rebuilding research capacity in fragile states: the case of a Somali-Swedish global health initiative” (Glob Health Action, 2017;10:1;1348693). We have a model for working collaboratively across regions and cultural barriers, creating hope for real change. As a first step, priority was given to research capacity development of faculty staff at the Somali universities' health faculties and Ministries of Health. A 'training of trainers' course in health research methodology was carried out during 2016-2018, supported by WHO-based Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research. This has fostered health research as an integral component of these universities' academic development process. Institutional and research capacity in public health has a key role in rebuilding national health services for better health and wellbeing and to reach the SDGs (goals 3, 5, 10, 16).

In the fragile Somali state, there is a research imperative to effectively guide health systems recovery, which is crucial in the national rebuilding process for societal stability and peace. Our collaboration has its roots in the early 1980's, was cut short by the civil war and revived in 2014 to meet the need for health research capacity in Somalia today. Somali universities, representing different regions (East Africa University, University of Hargeisa, Galkayo University, Benadir University, Puntland Health Science University, Amoud University, and recently Somali National University) formed a consortium with Swedish universities (Umeå, Lund, Uppsala, Karolinska Institutet and Dalarna) and Somali diaspora professionals. Most recently we joined forces with the Public Health Agency of Sweden, linking us to the National Institute of Health Somalia (NIHS). A joint action programme for capacity building in health research has been developed, as outlined in the article “Rebuilding research capacity in fragile states: the case of a Somali-Swedish global health initiative” (Glob Health Action, 2017;10:1;1348693). We have a model for working collaboratively across regions and cultural barriers, creating hope for real change. As a first step, priority was given to research capacity development of faculty staff at the Somali universities' health faculties and Ministries of Health. A 'training of trainers' course in health research methodology was carried out during 2016-2018, supported by WHO-based Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research. This has fostered health research as an integral component of these universities' academic development process. Institutional and research capacity in public health has a key role in rebuilding national health services for better health and wellbeing and to reach the SDGs (goals 3, 5, 10, 16).

In the fragile Somali state, there is a research imperative to effectively guide health systems recovery, which is crucial in the national rebuilding process for societal stability and peace. Our collaboration has its roots in the early 1980's, was cut short by the civil war and revived in 2014 to meet the need for health research capacity in Somalia today. Somali universities, representing different regions (East Africa University, University of Hargeisa, Galkayo University, Benadir University, Puntland Health Science University, Amoud University, and recently Somali National University) formed a consortium with Swedish universities (Umeå, Lund, Uppsala, Karolinska Institutet and Dalarna) and Somali diaspora professionals. Most recently we joined forces with the Public Health Agency of Sweden, linking us to the National Institute of Health Somalia (NIHS). A joint action programme for capacity building in health research has been developed, as outlined in the article “Rebuilding research capacity in fragile states: the case of a Somali-Swedish global health initiative” (Glob Health Action, 2017;10:1;1348693). We have a model for working collaboratively across regions and cultural barriers, creating hope for real change. As a first step, priority was given to research capacity development of faculty staff at the Somali universities' health faculties and Ministries of Health. A 'training of trainers' course in health research methodology was carried out during 2016-2018, supported by WHO-based Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research. This has fostered health research as an integral component of these universities' academic development process. Institutional and research capacity in public health has a key role in rebuilding national health services for better health and wellbeing and to reach the SDGs (goals 3, 5, 10, 16).

This Senior Honors Thesis explores the social and cultural impact of confessional musical composition and performance on the French Wars of Religion (1562-1598). Because Huguenots and Catholics identified with and were widely identifiable by their respective musical styles, cultural divisions between each confession were emphasized by differences in music. This capacity of sacred and confessionally-influenced secular music to highlight and reinforce societal divides is evidenced by the interconfessional violence that accompanied the public performance of sacred music in cities as well as the pressures imposed on composers to create music which clearly aligned with their respective confessions. As the wars increased in intensity before their conclusion, the French monarchy used religious music to expedite the consolidation of France’s national identity around the Catholic Church. This transition of the social role of music toward unification and consolidation reached a climax during the reign of Louis XIV (r. 1638-1715), who closely controlled the composition and performance of music in order to ensure it remained a unifying and stabilizing cultural institution.

In the fragile Somali state, there is a research imperative to effectively guide health systems recovery, which is crucial in the national rebuilding process for societal stability and peace. Our collaboration has its roots in the early 1980's, was cut short by the civil war and revived in 2014 to meet the need for health research capacity in Somalia today. Somali universities, representing different regions (East Africa University, University of Hargeisa, Galkayo University, Benadir University, Puntland Health Science University, Amoud University, and recently Somali National University) formed a consortium with Swedish universities (Umeå, Lund, Uppsala, Karolinska Institutet and Dalarna) and Somali diaspora professionals. Most recently we joined forces with the Public Health Agency of Sweden, linking us to the National Institute of Health Somalia (NIHS). A joint action programme for capacity building in health research has been developed, as outlined in the article “Rebuilding research capacity in fragile states: the case of a Somali-Swedish global health initiative” (Glob Health Action, 2017;10:1;1348693). We have a model for working collaboratively across regions and cultural barriers, creating hope for real change. As a first step, priority was given to research capacity development of faculty staff at the Somali universities' health faculties and Ministries of Health. A 'training of trainers' course in health research methodology was carried out during 2016-2018, supported by WHO-based Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research. This has fostered health research as an integral component of these universities' academic development process. Institutional and research capacity in public health has a key role in rebuilding national health services for better health and wellbeing and to reach the SDGs (goals 3, 5, 10, 16).

In the fragile Somali state, there is a research imperative to effectively guide health systems recovery, which is crucial in the national rebuilding process for societal stability and peace. Our collaboration has its roots in the early 1980's, was cut short by the civil war and revived in 2014 to meet the need for health research capacity in Somalia today. Somali universities, representing different regions (East Africa University, University of Hargeisa, Galkayo University, Benadir University, Puntland Health Science University, Amoud University, and recently Somali National University) formed a consortium with Swedish universities (Umeå, Lund, Uppsala, Karolinska Institutet and Dalarna) and Somali diaspora professionals. Most recently we joined forces with the Public Health Agency of Sweden, linking us to the National Institute of Health Somalia (NIHS). A joint action programme for capacity building in health research has been developed, as outlined in the article “Rebuilding research capacity in fragile states: the case of a Somali-Swedish global health initiative” (Glob Health Action, 2017;10:1;1348693). We have a model for working collaboratively across regions and cultural barriers, creating hope for real change. As a first step, priority was given to research capacity development of faculty staff at the Somali universities' health faculties and Ministries of Health. A 'training of trainers' course in health research methodology was carried out during 2016-2018, supported by WHO-based Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research. This has fostered health research as an integral component of these universities' academic development process. Institutional and research capacity in public health has a key role in rebuilding national health services for better health and wellbeing and to reach the SDGs (goals 3, 5, 10, 16).

La societat és un ens canviant, dinàmic, que evoluciona i s’adapta a l’entorn com els éssers vius als diferents ecosistemes. I l’aprenentatge, com a part fonamental d’aquella, ha de ser el motor del canvi que generi en els estudiants la curiositat i el plaer d’aprendre. La taula periòdica ens brinda la possibilitat d’endinsar-nos en històries de guerres que van canviar el món, en ficcions literàries basades en propietats químiques, enverinaments de personatges del món de la música, la ciència o les arts. Prenent com a base la taula periòdica, es pot explicar la història de la humanitat. I, a més, pot fer-se de manera que els estudiants aprenguin a estimar la química.paraules clau: Elements químics, aprenentatge significatiu, transversalitat, projectes, guerres, enverinaments., Society is a changing, dynamic entity that evolves and adapts to the environment as living beings to different ecosystems. And learning, as a fundamental part of it, must be the engine of change that generates in students the curiosity and pleasure of learning. The periodic table gives us the possibility of entering in stories of wars that changed the world, in literary fictions based on chemical properties, poisonings of characters of music, science or the arts. Based on the periodic table, the history of humanity can be explained. And, in addition, doing it so that students learn to love chemistry.keywords: Chemical elements, meaningful learning, transversality, projects, wars, poisoning., La sociedad es un ente cambiante, dinámico, que evoluciona y se adapta al entorno como los seres vivos a los distintos ecosistemas. Y el aprendizaje, como parte fundamental de la misma, ha de ser el motor del cambio que genere en los estudiantes la curiosidad y el placer de aprender. La tabla periódica nos brinda la posibilidad de adentrarnos en historias de guerras que cambiaron el mundo, en ficciones literarias basadas en propiedades químicas, envenenamientos de personajes del mundo de la música, la ciencia o las artes. Tomando como base la tabla periódica, puede explicarse la historia de la humanidad. Y, además, puede hacerse de manera que los estudiantes aprendan a amar la química.palabras clave: Elementos químicos, aprendizaje significativo, transversalidad, proyectos, guerras, envenenamientos.

The aim of the study is to investigate the role of foreign intervention in the doctrinal wars in France from 1579 to 1588 via comparative qualitative research methods. As a result, the king did not want the Guise’s to return to the royal court, so he tried to push away Henri de Guise especially when the interest between them has ended. In conclusion, Guise was looking forward to being in this place as a reward for defeating the Germans and the Swiss so he decided to request for privileges as compensation for the wages of war.

Conflict minerals are those which are mined quickly and simply in conflict areas and sold at high prices. They generally contain tin, tantalum, tungsten, and gold. Armed groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo and neighbouring states are mostly financed by this artesanal mining, which is often carried out by children in unsafe conditions. Discussion is presented of national and international regulations on conflict minerals, including the Regional Initiative against the Illegal Exploration of Natural Resources framework for Central African regions, the US Dodd-Frank Act, and the OECD Guidelines and Regulation (EU) 2017/821. The initiatives discussed include steps such as the adoption of a traceability manual, traceability certification, and other due diligence. Some of the measures, however, also represent a trade embargo for exports from the DRC and some companies switch suppliers to avoid due diligence. The challenge in the supply chain is to find a system that eliminates forced labour and human rights violations while minimising environmental impact. With the help of blockchain technology, a monitorable supply chain could be created which transparently records every step of the process; this could help bring DRC products back on to the market., Conflict minerals are those which are mined quickly and simply in conflict areas and sold at high prices. They generally contain tin, tantalum, tungsten, and gold. Armed groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo and neighbouring states are mostly financed by this artesanal mining, which is often carried out by children in unsafe conditions. Discussion is presented of national and international regulations on conflict minerals, including the Regional Initiative against the Illegal Exploration of Natural Resources framework for Central African regions, the US Dodd-Frank Act, and the OECD Guidelines and Regulation (EU) 2017/821. The initiatives discussed include steps such as the adoption of a traceability manual, traceability certification, and other due diligence. Some of the measures, however, also represent a trade embargo for exports from the DRC and some companies switch suppliers to avoid due diligence. The challenge in the supply chain is to find a system that eliminates forced labour and human rights violations while minimising environmental impact. With the help of blockchain technology, a monitorable supply chain could be created which transparently records every step of the process; this could help bring DRC products back on to the market.

In civilised countries in the world, the greatest value of every family is children. It is the parents and families who take care of their upbringing, education and, if necessary, their adult lives, according to their needs, provide the necessary help.The fact that there are countries in the XXIst century which tolerate children soldiers and, in extreme cases, suicide children, should be met with the protest of everyone whose primary good is their successors.The fact that ten-year-olds or even teenagers are being used in armed combat should never happen, above all for moral, cultural and demographic reasons.

The aim of our study is to trace the conclusions made by the English-speaking researchers regarding the Smolensk war.

The aim of our study is to trace the conclusions made by the English-speaking researchers regarding the Smolensk war.

Details are given of the various companies' formation and of quarrying and militry port construction operations at Garelochhead (Louden quarry), Loch Ewe assembly point for the Arctic convosy at Poolewe (Riverside, Lochside and Point quarries), in Northern Ireland (Carrowdore and White Mountain quarries), and in the Faroe Islands (seven quarries). Also discussed are the contributions of military geologists Fred Shotton and David Linton; the future Professor Shotton pioneered military applications of hydrogeology in the Western Desert campaign and prepared for (and participated in) the liberation of Normany, while David Linton's experience in air photographic reconnaissance prepared him for later interpretative work on identifying the V1 and V2 rocket launch sites in northern France, where he realised how the Germans were using the stronger chalk horizons as roofs for artificial caves., Details are given of the various companies' formation and of quarrying and militry port construction operations at Garelochhead (Louden quarry), Loch Ewe assembly point for the Arctic convosy at Poolewe (Riverside, Lochside and Point quarries), in Northern Ireland (Carrowdore and White Mountain quarries), and in the Faroe Islands (seven quarries). Also discussed are the contributions of military geologists Fred Shotton and David Linton; the future Professor Shotton pioneered military applications of hydrogeology in the Western Desert campaign and prepared for (and participated in) the liberation of Normany, while David Linton's experience in air photographic reconnaissance prepared him for later interpretative work on identifying the V1 and V2 rocket launch sites in northern France, where he realised how the Germans were using the stronger chalk horizons as roofs for artificial caves.

This article proposes to explore crises from seemingly different backgrounds and periods (the madness of Charles VI of France and the French Wars of Religion) to demonstrate how these elements were used by authors in order to create emotional narratives in support of the failing monarchy. In the two situations, the French community was constructed as an entity which duty was to support the king. However, the authors use different methods to transmit their messages. While Christine de Pizan and the chroniclers advocate for the building of an integrating, all encompassing community around the love of and for the king, Ronsard’s France is tasked at differentiating the Catholics and the Protestants, in an effort to construct France also as a monarchy loving community, of which the protestants are presented as the enemies., This article proposes to explore crises from seemingly different backgrounds and periods (the madness of Charles VI of France and the French Wars of Religion) to demonstrate how these elements were used by authors in order to create emotional narratives in support of the failing monarchy. In the two situations, the French community was constructed as an entity which duty was to support the king. However, the authors use different methods to transmit their messages. While Christine de Pizan and the chroniclers advocate for the building of an integrating, all encompassing community around the love of and for the king, Ronsard’s France is tasked at differentiating the Catholics and the Protestants, in an effort to construct France also as a monarchy loving community, of which the protestants are presented as the enemies.

This article examines the relationship between conscription (the compulsory enlistment of civilians for military service) and democracy. Using the best available cross-country comparable data on the history of conscription and democracy, we demonstrate that there is an empirical relationship between conscription and democratization, but the relationship is more complicated than commonly believed. Specifically, we find that conscription increases the likelihood of male suffrage extensions, but only in wartime (when the conscript army is mobilized). We find no relationship between conscription and democratization apart from extensions of suffrage. Nor do we find support for the hypothesis that conscription shelters democracies from coups.

The colonial territories of European powers on the African continent were forced to participate in the war effort between 1914 and 1918. A large number of men were thus sent to Europe to fight alongside European soldiers, or then to serve as workers to replace the Frenchmen or the Englishmen sent to fight their common ennemy... The mobilization and participation in the fighting of the non-European populations did not only have the effect of reinforcing the military power of the colonial powers. More insidiously, they were an opportunity for combatants to become aware of their singularity as non-citizens mobilized in defense of a cause that was not theirs. Slowly but surely a feeling of unease has developed because of the existing gap between the war effort demanded of the colonized and the little gratitude expressed in return by the European colonial empires. In the inter-war period, this will, on the first hand, feed the ideas of emancipation and, on the second hand, of independence... To account for this slow but inescapable erosion of European domination in the colonial territories, this article proposes to see to what extent the rise of the written press, in the hands of Africans, can usefully illustrate both the emancipation of the natives and the rise of political demands, that will eventually spell the end of any European claim to continue to rule the world., Ej belagd 190118

This course covers the history of American foreign policy since 1914, current policy questions, and the future of U.S. Policy. We focus on policy evaluation. What consequences did these policies produce for the U.S. and for other countries? Were/are these consequences good or bad?

This course covers the history of American foreign policy since 1914, current policy questions, and the future of U.S. Policy. We focus on policy evaluation. What consequences did these policies produce for the U.S. and for other countries? Were/are these consequences good or bad?

This course covers the history of American foreign policy since 1914, current policy questions, and the future of U.S. Policy. We focus on policy evaluation. What consequences did these policies produce for the U.S. and for other countries? Were/are these consequences good or bad?

The work presents a discourse analysis of two focus groups composed by experts, after viewing the documentary " 20 years of Bosnia ". There appears a general panoramic of the questions that are provoked in the spectators of an audio-visual documentary of violence and human suffering. Results show a reception from the “situated” perspective of the spectators, the recognition of a great variety of violence and of their prototypes, a testimonial value of the reality, a moral evaluation of the presented facts and of the intentions of the emitters and a rich production of emotions on the persons who appear in the images, principally the empathy and identification. Therefore, documentaries possess an enormous potential of transformation of spectators attitudes, El trabajo presenta un análisis de discurso de dos grupos de discusión compuestos por expertos, tras el visionado del documental “20 años de Bosnia”. Se presenta una panorámica general de las cuestiones que se suscitan en los espectadores de un documental audiovisual de violencia y sufrimiento humano. Los resultados muestran una recepción desde la perspectiva situada de los espectadores, el reconocimiento de una gran variedad de violencia y de sus prototipos, un valor confirmativo y testificativo de la realidad, una evaluación moral de los hechos presentados y de las intenciones de quienes los emiten y una variada producción de emociones sobre las personas que aparecen en las imágenes, principalmente la empatía e identificación. Por lo tanto, poseen un enorme potencial de transformación de las actitudes de los espectadores.

The regular clergy played a major role in conflicts in Castile during the Lower Middle Ages. This article analyses the part played by religious communities in the internal conflicts and foreign wars affecting the Crown, in terms of their presence on the side of one of the warring parties and their role as mediators in disputes. We will also address the financial contribution of monasteries and convents to the war effort, as well as the interceding role played by some priests or liturgical objects stored in certain monasteries. Lastly, we refer to the use of monastery and convent buildings as places of refuge and shelter during times of conflict, the agreements signed within their walls and their use in the building of fortresses and other military infrastructure needed to carry out campaigns., La clerecía regular desempeñó un papel de primer orden en los conflictos de la Castilla bajomedieval. Este artículo analiza el papel de las comunidades religiosas en los conflictos internos y guerras exteriores de la Corona, tanto su presencia en las mismas del lado de uno de los dos bandos en litigio, como su papel de árbitros en las disputas. Abordaremos también la contribución económica de los monasterios y conventos a la causa bélica, así como el papel intercesor que desempeñaron algunos religiosos u objetos litúrgicos albergados en ciertos monasterios. Finalmente, nos referiremos al empleo de los edificios monásticos y conventuales como lugares de refugio y asilo durante las contiendas, la firma de acuerdos en sus muros o su empleo para la construcción de bastidas y otras infraestructuras bélicas necesarias para llevar a cabo las campañas.

The regular clergy played a major role in conflicts in Castile during the Lower Middle Ages. This article analyses the part played by religious communities in the internal conflicts and foreign wars affecting the Crown, in terms of their presence on the side of one of the warring parties and their role as mediators in disputes. We will also address the financial contribution of monasteries and convents to the war effort, as well as the interceding role played by some priests or liturgical objects stored in certain monasteries. Lastly, we refer to the use of monastery and convent buildings as places of refuge and shelter during times of conflict, the agreements signed within their walls and their use in the building of fortresses and other military infrastructure needed to carry out campaigns., La clerecía regular desempeñó un papel de primer orden en los conflictos de la Castilla bajomedieval. Este artículo analiza el papel de las comunidades religiosas en los conflictos internos y guerras exteriores de la Corona, tanto su presencia en las mismas del lado de uno de los dos bandos en litigio, como su papel de árbitros en las disputas. Abordaremos también la contribución económica de los monasterios y conventos a la causa bélica, así como el papel intercesor que desempeñaron algunos religiosos u objetos litúrgicos albergados en ciertos monasterios. Finalmente, nos referiremos al empleo de los edificios monásticos y conventuales como lugares de refugio y asilo durante las contiendas, la firma de acuerdos en sus muros o su empleo para la construcción de bastidas y otras infraestructuras bélicas necesarias para llevar a cabo las campañas.

The work presents a discourse analysis of two focus groups composed by experts, after viewing the documentary " 20 years of Bosnia ". There appears a general panoramic of the questions that are provoked in the spectators of an audio-visual documentary of violence and human suffering. Results show a reception from the “situated” perspective of the spectators, the recognition of a great variety of violence and of their prototypes, a testimonial value of the reality, a moral evaluation of the presented facts and of the intentions of the emitters and a rich production of emotions on the persons who appear in the images, principally the empathy and identification. Therefore, documentaries possess an enormous potential of transformation of spectators attitudes, El trabajo presenta un análisis de discurso de dos grupos de discusión compuestos por expertos, tras el visionado del documental “20 años de Bosnia”. Se presenta una panorámica general de las cuestiones que se suscitan en los espectadores de un documental audiovisual de violencia y sufrimiento humano. Los resultados muestran una recepción desde la perspectiva situada de los espectadores, el reconocimiento de una gran variedad de violencia y de sus prototipos, un valor confirmativo y testificativo de la realidad, una evaluación moral de los hechos presentados y de las intenciones de quienes los emiten y una variada producción de emociones sobre las personas que aparecen en las imágenes, principalmente la empatía e identificación. Por lo tanto, poseen un enorme potencial de transformación de las actitudes de los espectadores.