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ilustraciones, fotografías, gráficas, tablas This thesis deals with the presence of a sacred object in a modern institution. For this, I take a naturally-occurring metaphor seriously, during my ethnographic passage through this institution between August and December of 2019. According to this metaphor, a file is sacred because it is a public document. I ask how a technology of legal knowledge -an inscription- such as the file becomes a sacred object in the hands of its holders. For this, I focus on the practices of touching tutela files in their reviewing. I analyse how the sacred speaks of two different ways of touching and relating with the file: as a working document and as the history of a case. One in which writing and touch are part of the business-as-usual of the Court, and the other in which writing and the touch on files are restricted and forbidden in their circulation. I focus on the transformation of one version of the file into another, in which the Court and the file become a macro actor (a Wholly-other entity), while other actors are absent from their representational practices. Thus, I show how the file organizes the Court and how, in the same movement, it becomes touchy and touching: something delicate that must be protected, being endowed with the risky capacity to record everything in its path. In this, the file is also granted the capacity to touch, producing an emotional witnessing of the Court. Esta tesis se ocupa de un objeto sagrado en una institución moderna. Para esto, tomo en serio una metáfora naturalmente ocurrida durante mi paso etnográfico por la Corte Constitucional entre agosto y diciembre de 2019, según la cual un expediente es sagrado al ser un documento público. Me pregunto cómo una tecnología de conocimiento jurídico -una inscripción- como el expediente se convierte en un objeto sagrado en manos de quienes lo manejan y, para ello, me centro en las prácticas de tocar los expedientes de tutela en su revisión. Analizo cómo lo sagrado habla de dos formas diferentes de tocar y relacionarse con esta tecnología: como documento de trabajo y como historia de un caso. En una de estas, la escritura y el tacto de expedientes forman parte del funcionamiento habitual de la Corte y, en la otra, la escritura y el tacto del expediente están restringidos y prohibidos en su circulación. Me centro en la transformación de una versión del expediente en otra, donde la Corte y el expediente se convierten en un macro actor (uno totalmente-otro), mientras que otros actores son invisibilizados en sus prácticas de representación. Así, muestro cómo el expediente organiza la Corte y cómo, en el mismo movimiento, éste se vuelve sensible y envolvente: algo delicado que debe ser protegido, siendo dotado con la riesgosa capacidad de registrar todo a su paso. En esto, al expediente también le es concedida la capacidad de tocar, produciendo un testimonio emocional de la Corte. (Texto tomado de la fuente). Incluye anexos Maestría Magíster en Estudios Sociales de La Ciencia

Today's internet is shaped largely by privately operated platforms of various kinds. This paper asks how the various commercially operated communication, market, consumption and service platforms can be grasped as a distinct organizational form of enterprise. To this end, we make a basic distinction between (1) the platform-operating companies as organizing and structuring cores whose goal is to run a profitable business, and (2) the platforms belonging to these companies as more or less extensive, rule-based and strongly technically mediated social action spaces. While platform companies are essentially organizations in an almost archetypical sense, the internet platforms they operate constitute socio-technically structured social, market, consumption or service spaces in which social actors interact on the basis of detailed and technically framed rules, albeit, at the same time, in a varied and idiosyncratic manner. The thesis of this paper is that the coordination, control and exploitation mechanisms characteristic of the platform architectures are characterized by a strong hierarchical orientation in which elements of co-optation and the orchestrated participation of users are embedded. In this hybrid constellation, the platform companies have a high degree of structure-giving, rulesetting and controlling power-in addition to exclusive access to the raw data material generated there. While this power may manifest, at times, as rigid control, direct coercion or enforceable accountability, for the majority of rule-obeying users it unfolds nearly imperceptibly and largely silently beneath the surface of a (supposed) openness that likewise characterizes the platforms as technically mediated spaces for social and economic exchange. Das heutige Internet wird durch privatwirtschaftlich betriebene Plattformen der unterschiedlichsten Art geprägt. Dieser Aufsatz fragt danach, wie sich diese verschiedenartigen kommerziellen Kommunikations-, Markt-, Konsum- und Serviceplattformen als distinkte Unternehmensform fassen lassen. Dazu wird eine basale Unterscheidung zwischen (1) den plattformbetreibenden Unternehmen als organisierenden und strukturierenden Kernen und (2) den ihnen gehörenden Plattformen als mehr oder minder ausgreifenden sozialen Handlungsräumen vorgenommen. Während sich Plattformunternehmen als Organisationen in einem geradezu klassischen Sinne darstellen lassen, konstituieren die von ihnen betriebenen Internetplattformen soziotechnisch strukturierte Sozial-, Markt-, Konsum- oder Serviceräume, in denen soziale Akteure zwar auf der Grundlage detailliert ausgestalteter und technisch eingefasster Regeln, aber zugleich variantenreich und eigenwillig interagieren. Die für solche Plattform-Architekturen charakteristischen Koordinations-, Kontroll- und Verwertungsmechanismen zeichnen sich durch eine starke hierarchische Ausrichtung aus, in die Elemente der Kooptation und des orchestrierten Mitwirkens der Nutzer eingelagert sind. Die Plattformunternehmen haben in dieser hybriden Konstellation ein hohes Maß an strukturgebender, regelsetzender und kontrollierender Macht - und verfügen überdies über den exklusiven Zugriff auf das dort produzierte Rohmaterial an Daten. Diese Macht äußert sich in vielen Fällen, aber längst nicht immer als rigide Kontrolle, als direktiver Zwang oder einklagbare Rechenschaftspflicht, sondern entfaltet sich für die große Zahl regel-konformer Nutzer weitgehend geräuschlos unter der Oberfläche einer (vermeintlichen) Offenheit, die die Plattformen als Markt- und Sozialräume auch auszeichnet.

Armed conflict is a perennial problem that has plagued Africa for decades, resulting in flagrant human rights abuse. The central problem this paper seeks to address is identifying the laws establishing institutions and agencies for protecting human rights in Africa and examining how well-adapted these institutions are to protect human rights in times of armed conflict in Africa. This research employs the doctrinal research method, which entails an examination of the relevant primary sources of the law as laid down in the statutes and treaties and interpreted by the courts as well as secondary source materials, including journal articles, reports, and other relevant sources materials. It is contended that though human rights institutions were not established with the goal of interventions in times of armed conflict to protect human rights, they can be adapted to meet this challenge to stem the tide of gross human rights violations during armed conflicts. The paper concludes by recommending the expansion in the practice of the mandate of these human rights institutions to accommodate mechanisms for the protection of human rights in times of armed conflicts.

In den Debatten um Digitalisierung, Künstliche Intelligenz und das Verhältnis zwischen Mensch und Maschine nehmen Vertreter:innen des Transhumanismus immer wieder radikale Positionierungen ein und sind somit wichtige und nicht selten provokante Akteure innerhalb des technikfuturistischen Diskurses. Während es in der For- schung zahlreiche ideologietheoretische Analysen zu den transhumanistischen Welt- anschauungen gibt, wissen wir bislang nur wenig über den organisierten Transhumanismus, also über die Vernetzung von ökonomischen Akteuren wie Tech-Firmen und Investor:innen, zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen wie Think-Tanks, Parteien und Vereinigungen sowie akademischen Akteuren wie Forschungsinstituten oder (Fach-)zeitschriften. Angesichts des immer stärker auftretenden Diskurses über soge- nannte "emerging technologies" verlangt es nach einer theoretischen und empirischen Analyse, um den Phänomenbereich ganzheitlich zu erschließen. Aufbauend auf Andreas Hepps Konzept der Pioniergemeinschaft, widmet sich diese Arbeit einer historisch-soziologischen Rekonstruktion der organisationalen Genese des Transhumanismus und zeichnet die Entwicklung einer Pioniergemeinschaft nach. In the debates about digitalization, artificial intelligence and the relationship between man and machine, representatives of transhumanism repeatedly take radical positions and are thus important and often provocative actors within the techno-futurist discourse. While there are numerous ideological-theoretical analyses of transhumanist world-views in research, we know little about organized transhumanism, i.e., about the networks of economic actors such as tech companies and investors, civil society organizations such as think tanks, political parties and associations, and academic actors such as research institutes or journal editors. In view of the increasing discourse on so-called "emerging technologies," a theoretical and empirical analysis is needed in order to holistically explore this phenomenon. Building on the concept of the pioneer community as developed by Andreas Hepp, this paper is dedicated to a historical-sociological reconstruction of the organizational genesis of transhumanism and traces the development of a pioneer community.

Exercise-at-work programmes have been identified as venues to decrease inequalities in physical activity and exercise between socioeconomic groups and to improve employees' health and wellbeing. Drawing on a multiple institutional logics perspective and adopting a mixed-methods approach, this paper investigates how employees, exercise-ambassadors and managers at five Danish workplaces experience Covid-19 induced changes to a 1-year exercise-at-work project, and how these changes impacted upon the workplace. Our results suggest that Covid-19 and the altered format of exercise and delivery polarized employees' opportunities for exercise at work. However, the generally positive experiences of exercise-at-work activities and their influence on social environment and collaboration (identified prior to Covid-19 lockdown) remained among those employees who continued with activities. Self-organized adaptions and models of employee exercise which emerged suggest that community logic endured despite the crisis. We show how Covid-19 induced organizational changes led to interplays between institutional logics, with family and state logics becoming more prominent. Specifically, the exercise-at-work programme changed from an aligned model, with complementary logics and minimal conflict, to a model where logics of profession and corporation became dominant at the expense of community logic (exercise-ambassadors activities), but constrained by a state and a family logic.

Teams play a vital role in achieving an organization's goals, so achieving high levels of team familiarity is regarded as essential to HRM strategies. This paper aims to stimulate the debate on team familiarity: the effectiveness, antecedents, outcomes, and theoretical underpinnings. Our systematic literature review uses a VOSviewer-based bibliometric analysis, combined with qualitative thematic analysis. The current dominant viewpoint is that team familiarity leads to positive performance outputs at work, higher team performance and organizational success. Existing studies also agree that familiarity enhances team cognition and takes time to develop. However, we reveal that existing studies use a limited range of theoretical underpinnings, remain vague on the meaning of “time” and “how long it takes for teams to become familiar”, and avoid critical discussions on potential counterproductive outcomes that may lead to a decline in team performance. Based on these gaps, we suggest advancing the team familiarity literature and provide ideas for future research. Overall, we argue that whereas team familiarity is favorable for routine and structured contexts, it might be less effective for innovative task environments. Our future research agenda also suggests 1) advancing the theoretical underpinnings around team relationships, social roles, and team formation; 2) engaging in discussion on the key antecedent “time”, with longitudinal studies to reveal which moments matter most in devolving team familiarity; 3) considering positive social outcomes for individuals and groups; and importantly, 4) contributing fresh knowledge on potential counterproductive outcomes and U-shaped developments in innovation work.