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The literature on neighbourhood effects suggests that the lack of social mobility of some groups has a spatial dimension. It is thought that those living in the most deprived neighbourhoods are the least likely to achieve upward mobility because of a range of negative neighbourhood effects. Most studies investigating such effects only identify correlations between individual outcomes and their residential environment and do not take into account that selection into neighbourhoods is a non-random mechanism. This paper investigates occupational mobility between 1991 and 2001 for those who were employed in Scotland in 1991 by using unique longitudinal data from Scottish Longitudinal Study (SLS). We add to the existing literature by investigating neighbourhood effects on occupational mobility separately for social renters, private renters and home owners. We find that ‘neighbourhood effects’ are strongest for home owners, which is an unexpected finding. We argue that the correlation between characteristics of the residential environment and occupational mobility can be explained by selection effects: homeowners with the least resources, who are least likely to experience upward mobility, are also most likely to sort into the most deprived neighbourhoods. Social housing tenants experience less selective sorting across neighbourhoods as other than market forces are responsible for the neighbourhood sorting mechanism.

Though various measures of mobility rate for colleges, e.g., bottom-to-top mobility rate, status maintenance rate, and middle-class mobility rate, have been introduced, they have rarely been reviewed together to see the whole picture of intergenerational mobility, particularly in non-Western societies. This paper fills this gap and characterises mobility rates for 17 different college tiers in South Korea using the Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey for 36,192 graduates from 2007 to 2010. It documents two main results. First, mobility rates are higher for males than for females in all three measures, indicating colleges in South Korea are less effective as a social ladder for females. Second, many selective colleges are more likely to play a role as a glass floor than a social ladder due to their lower low-income access, and ‘selective public’ colleges are the engines of upward social mobility for students from the bottom three quintiles. Though people believe education is the single greatest hope to achieve upward social mobility, these findings cast doubt on the idea that college attendance alone can promote social mobility. This paper does not necessarily identify causal relationships that can be manipulated to improve mobility rates; however, it documents various patterns of interest to policymakers.

This paper discusses current methods for measuring and analysing occupational mobility, and the way in which methods designed for the analysis of developing countries may need to be modified when applied in other contexts. The paper discusses particular features of some developing societies, such as their large and complex agricultural and informal sectors, and the problem of 'equivalence of meaning', which arises when stratification systems involve rather different institutional arrangements, for example with respect to land tenure.

This paper studies the incidence and heterogeneity of labour informality in six Latin American countries—Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, and Peru. We divide workers into five work statuses: formal wage-employed, formal self-employed, upper-tier informal wage-employed, lower-tier informal wage-employed, and informal self-employed. We evaluate the patterns of the occupational turnover between these work statuses and assess their impact on wage dynamics. In all the countries, wages are highest for formal workers and lowest for lower-tier informal jobs. The proportion of formal workers who maintain their work status of origin or move up the job ladder is significantly higher than those who transition into lower-paying work statuses. However, despite the high labour turnover experienced by lower-tier informal wage employees, most failed to move up the wage ladder. Education plays an important role, as it increases the probability of transitioning into a better job and, within informality, the chance of better wages.

En el presente trabajo se analiza el nivel de movilidad social intrageneracional e intergeneracional de uno de los grupos migrantes más antiguos de Cataluña, el valenciano, comparándolo con el resto de los grupos migrantes del resto de España. Dicho colectivo, a pesar de compartir algunos rasgos socioculturales e históricos con la población de Cataluña y de ser el más importante en dicho territorio hasta la década de 1930, no ha sido objeto de atención por parte de los académicos. La fuente principal utilizada ha sido la Encuesta Sociodemográfica de 1991. Para el análisis de la movilidad intrageneracional, se analizan las trayectorias laborales y económicas antes y después de migrar y, para el análisis de la movilidad intergeneracional, se utilizan tablas de entrada y de salida, así como una regresión multinomial y binomial. Los resultados apuntan a un mayor ascenso social de los valencianos en comparación con el resto de grupos migrantes, aunque algunos, como los castellanoleoneses o los aragoneses, se sitúan en niveles parecidos en algunas dimensiones de la movilidad. En aquest treball s'analitza el nivell de mobilitat social intrageneracional i intergeneracional d'un dels grups migrants més antics de Catalunya, el valencià, comparant-ho amb la resta dels grups migrants de la resta d'Espanya. Aquest col·lectiu, malgrat compartir alguns trets socioculturals i històrics amb la població de Catalunya i de ser el més important en aquest territori fins a la dècada de 1930, no ha estat objecte d'atenció per part dels acadèmics. La font principal utilitzada ha estat l'Enquesta Sociodemogràfica de 1991. Per a l'anàlisi de la mobilitat intrageneracional, s'analitzen les trajectòries laborals i econòmiques abans i després de migrar i, per a l'anàlisi de la mobilitat intergeneracional, s'utilitzen taules d'entrada i de sortida, així com una regressió multinomial i binomial. Els resultats apunten a un major ascens social dels valencians en comparació amb la resta de grups migrants, tot i que alguns, com els castellanolleonesos o els aragonesos, se situen en nivells semblant en algunes dimensions de la mobilitat. In this paper, we analyse the level of intra- and intergenerational social mobility of one of the oldest migrant groups in Catalonia, the Valencians, and compare them to other migrant groups from the rest of Spain. Despite sharing some socio-cultural and historical features with the population of Catalonia and becoming the largest immigrant group until the 1930s, migrants from Valencia have not been the subject of attention for scholars. Using data from the Sociodemographic Survey of 1991, the labour and economic trajectories of this group are analysed before and after migration. For the analysis of intergenerational mobility, outflow and inflow tables as well as multinomial and binomial regression are used. The results point to a greater social ascent of the Valencians in comparison to other migrant groups, although some, such as those from Aragon or Castile-León show similar levels in some dimensions of mobility.

En aquest treball s’analitza el nivell de mobilitat social intrageneracional i intergeneracional d’un dels grups migrants més antics de Catalunya, el valencià, comparant-ho amb la resta dels grups migrants de la resta d’Espanya. Aquest col·lectiu, malgrat compartir alguns trets socioculturals i històrics amb la població de Catalunya i de ser el més important en aquest territori fins a la dècada de 1930, no ha estat objecte d’atenció per part dels acadèmics. La font principal utilitzada ha estat l’Enquesta Sociodemogràfica de 1991. Per a l’anàlisi de la mobilitat intrageneracional, s’analitzen les trajectòries laborals i econòmiques abans i després de migrar i, per a l’anàlisi de la mobilitat intergeneracional, s’utilitzen taules d’entrada i de sortida, així com una regressió multinomial i binomial. Els resultats apunten a un major ascens social dels valencians en comparació amb la resta de grups migrants, tot i que alguns, com els castellanolleonesos o els aragonesos, se situen en nivells semblant en algunes dimensions de la mobilitat., In this paper, we analyse the level of intra- and intergenerational social mobility of one of the oldest migrant groups in Catalonia, the Valencians, and compare them to other migrant groups from the rest of Spain. Despite sharing some socio-cultural and historical features with the population of Catalonia and becoming the largest immigrant group until the 1930s, migrants from Valencia have not been the subject of attention for scholars. Using data from the Sociodemographic Survey of 1991, the labour and economic trajectories of this group are analysed before and after migration. For the analysis of intergenerational mobility, outflow and inflow tables as well as multinomial and binomial regression are used. The results point to a greater social ascent of the Valencians in comparison to other migrant groups, although some, such as those from Aragon or Castile-León show similar levels in some dimensions of mobility., En el presente trabajo se analiza el nivel de movilidad social intrageneracional e intergeneracional de uno de los grupos migrantes más antiguos de Cataluña, el valenciano, comparándolo con el resto de los grupos migrantes del resto de España. Dicho colectivo, a pesar de compartir algunos rasgos socioculturales e históricos con la población de Cataluña y de ser el más importante en dicho territorio hasta la década de 1930, no ha sido objeto de atención por parte de los académicos. La fuente principal utilizada ha sido la Encuesta Sociodemográfica de 1991. Para el análisis de la movilidad intrageneracional, se analizan las trayectorias laborales y económicas antes y después de migrar y, para el análisis de la movilidad intergeneracional, se utilizan tablas de entrada y de salida, así como una regresión multinomial y binomial. Los resultados apuntan a un mayor ascenso social de los valencianos en comparación con el resto de grupos migrantes, aunque algunos, como los castellanoleoneses o los aragoneses, se sitúan en niveles parecidos en algunas dimensiones de la movilidad.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of an increase in the relative supply of immigrants on natives’ task reallocation, with a focus on Germany. Specifically, it investigates whether natives, as a response to increased immigration, re-specialise in communication-intensive occupations, where they arguably have a comparative advantage due to language proficiency. Design/methodology/approach The analysis uses regional data from the German Labour Force Survey between 2002 and 2014. To derive data on job tasks requirements, it employs the US Department of Labor’s O*NET database, the results of which are tested through a sensitivity analysis using the European Working Condition Survey and the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies data sets. Findings The paper finds that indeed German workers respond to increasing immigration by shifting their task supply and providing more communication relative to manual tasks. Importantly, the decrease in the supply of communication tasks is stronger and more robust than the increase in the supply of manual tasks, pointing to a potential displacement effect taking place between natives and immigrants, alongside task reallocation. This would suggest that countries with relatively more rigid labour markets are less responsive to immigration shocks. Moreover, it suggests that labour market rigidity can minimise the gains from immigration and exacerbate employment effects. Originality/value The paper not only investigates task reallocation as a result of immigration in a different institutional context and labour market functioning, but the results feed into broader policy and scholarly discussions on the effects of immigration, including questions about how the institutional context affects labour market adjustment to immigration, worker occupational mobility in a more rigid labour markets and the fine balance needed between flexibility and rigidity.

Over the past 50 years, occupational segregation by gender has markedly declined in the United States. This paper uses data from the decennial censuses and the National Longitudinal Surveys from 1967 to 2013 to explore how trends over time in the occupational gender composition of women’s jobs vary according to educational attainment. The paper also examines the relative contributions of inter-generational and intra-generational occupational mobility to changes in occupational gender composition over time for high school educated women and women with a bachelor’s degree. The findings indicate that for women with a bachelor’s degree, declines in the likelihood of working in a female dominated occupation are primarily due to changes across cohorts. High school educated women experience smaller changes across cohorts but are more likely than women with a bachelor’s degree to move to gender integrated occupations over the course of their careers. Fixed effects models show that the changes over the life course reflect changes in the gender composition of individual women’s occupations rather than changes in the composition of the labor force. Both occupational mobility across and within broad groups of occupations contribute to changes in the occupational gender composition for high school educated women; for women with a bachelor’s degree, mobility across broad groups of occupations is most important.

Most studies of intergenerational mobility focus on adjacent generations, and there is limited knowledge about multigenerational mobility—that is, status transmission across three generations. We examine multigenerational educational and occupational mobility in India, using a nationally representative data set, the Indian Human Development Survey, which contains information about education and occupation for three generations. We find that mobility has increased over generations for education, but not for occupation. We also find that there are stark differences across social groups, with individuals belonging to socially disadvantaged communities in India lagging behind in social progress. Multigenerational mobility for Muslims in education and occupation have decreased in comparison to Hindus over the three generations. While we find that there is an increase in educational mobility for other disadvantaged groups such as Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes compared to General Castes, we do not find evidence of increased occupational mobility over the three generations.

This paper studies wage effects and job mobility as a result of skill mismatch in worker- occupation pairs. I develop a Roy model in which learning on the job induces workers to shift more time towards job-specific activities. Using a short task panel containing data on worker's time allocation of job tasks, I test the model's implications and present three main findings. First, workers who are overqualified in their initial occupation in regards to abstract tasks are more likely to switch to another job by up to 19 pp. Second, task-based learning only pays off with respect to acquisition of abstract skills and is associated with a return of up to 2-3% with each year of experience. Third, gains from task-based learning are heterogenous and benefit primarily workers in abstract-intensive occupations. My findings highlight the effects of investments in job-specific skills on wage growth and job mobility. In diesem Beitrag werden die Lohnauswirkungen und die Arbeitsplatzmobilität als Folge des Missverhältnisses zwischen den Qualifikationen von Arbeitnehmern und Berufen untersucht. Ich entwickle ein Roy Modell, in dem das Lernen am Arbeitsplatz die Arbeitnehmer dazu veranlasst, mehr Zeit für berufsspezifische Tätigkeiten aufzuwenden. Anhand eines kurzen Task-Panels, das Daten über die zeitliche Zuordnung von Arbeitsaufgaben durch Arbeitnehmer enthält, prüfe ich die Implikationen des Modells und präsentiere drei Hauptergebnisse. Erstens sind Arbeitnehmer, die in ihrem ursprünglichen Beruf in Bezug auf abstrakte Aufgaben überqualifiziert sind, um bis zu 19 Prozentpunkte wahrscheinlicher in einen anderen Beruf zu wechseln. Zweitens zahlt sich aufgabenbezogenes Lernen nur im Hinblick auf den Erwerb abstrakter Fähigkeiten aus und ist mit jedem Jahr Erfahrung mit einer Rendite von bis zu 2-3 % verbunden. Drittens sind die Gewinne aus aufgabenbasiertem Lernen heterogen und kommen vor allem Arbeitnehmern in abstraktionsintensiven Berufen zugute. Meine Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die Auswirkungen von Investitionen in berufsspezifische Qualifikationen auf das Lohnwachstum und die berufliche Mobilität.

We examine the intergenerational mobility of women relative to men, using paired mother-daughter and father-son data on occupation and education for Cameroon. We find that both in occupation and education, intergenerational mobility is higher for sons than for daughters. The intergenerational transmission of occupation is particularly strong for women in low-paid occupations as compared with men. In the case of educational mobility, the effect of the mother's education on the daughter's education is strongest at the post-primary levels.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss recent dynamics of the Brazilian labour market, by analysing occupational mobility patterns, specially the transitions between formal and informal labour, and verify the earnings mobility resulting from these transitions, separately by gender. Design/methodology/approach The changes in the mobility patterns are analysed by performing an estimation of the transition probabilities between different occupational status between 2002 and 2012, using a multinomial logit model and the microdata from the Monthly Employment Survey (PME). The earnings mobility is analysed by using quantile regressions. Findings The results indicate a high degree of mobility from unemployment to formal employment in the period but suggest the persistence of mobility patterns. Women are better off in the period, but only among individuals with better attributes. The earnings mobility results, for women and men, suggest an increase in valuation of the formal labour relatively to informality (informal salaried employment and self-employment), especially at the bottom of the earnings distribution. Originality/value The paper contributes to a better understanding of recent changes in occupational mobility patterns between formal and informal labour and the earnings mobility underlying these patterns, accounting for the differences along the earnings distribution and gender issues. That is, it allows identify which groups of workers benefited more from the formalisation process to infer about trends in formal–informal dynamics over the period and discuss the challenges in conducting policies to promote inclusive and quality employment.

Using IHDS-II (2011–2012), the main issue addressed in the present paper is: to what extent the choice regarding the sectors of employment has changed across two generations for different social groups. The job reservation policy is termed as effective if the chances of representation in public sector jobs increase for those individuals who belong to the Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes category. Using the mobility measures and Altham Statistics (Long and Ferrie in American Economic Review, 103(4):1109–37, 2013), we found sons belonging to the scheduled caste (SC) are significantly more mobile than the sons belonging to the General category or scheduled tribe (ST). Between SC and ST, the latter shows greater persistence in father’s sector of employment if father is a public sector employee. We have performed regression analyses to examine the extent of mobility between sectors of employment and study the effectiveness of job reservation policy. Ours findings are as follows: sons are more likely to be in business sector if father is also in business sector rather than jobs sector, the chances of representation in public sector jobs increases for Scheduled Tribe sons. This indicates that job reservation policy is partially effective for ST sons. We also found that the likelihood of sons being employed in different sector than that of their fathers’ increases with the increase in education of son and for those sons who lives in urban household.

New and emerging technologies pose a serious challenge for the future of employment. As machines learn to accomplish increasingly complex production tasks, the concern arises that automation will wipe out a great number of jobs. This paper investigates the relationship between the risk posed by the automation of jobs and individual-level occupational mobility using a representative German household survey. It provides an overview of current trends and developments on the labor markets due to the automation of jobs. It also describes the most recent dynamics of self-employment and relates it to the risk of the automation of jobs.The results suggest that the expected occupational changes such as losing a job, demotion at one’s current place of employment, or starting a job in a new field are likely to be driven by the high occupation-specific risk of automation. However, the switch to self-employment, both with and without employees, is more likely to occur from paid employment in occupations with a low risk of automation. Hence, the rising level of entrepreneurial activities is less likely due to jobs becoming obsolete over the course of automation, but rather due to the high number of opportunities offered by the digital age.The issues addressed within the paper provide room for further investigation. Particularly, an important question concerns which additional skills workers in jobs with a high risk of automation should acquire in order to make themselves less susceptible to the negative consequences of such a change. More research is needed in order to develop educational strategies to make workers less susceptible to job loss due to automation.

This paper discusses current methods for measuring and analysing occupational mobility, and the way in which methods designed for the analysis of developing countries may need to be modified when applied in other contexts. The paper discusses particular features of some developing societies, such as their large and complex agricultural and informal sectors, and the problem of 'equivalence of meaning', which arises when stratification systems involve rather different institutional arrangements, for example with respect to land tenure. The paper concludes with a discussion of absolute and relative mobility in Chile, China, Egypt, and India, bringing out both the similarities and the differences between these countries in their absolute and relative rates of mobility and intersectionality with gender.

The new social reality increased public interest in the issues of occupational mobility of the youth. The research objective was to determine the tendencies of social practices in this sphere. The author analyzed and generalized scientific publications on the problems of occupational mobility of young population and the related labor market. The paper introduces various interpretations of the concept of "social practices" and systematizes them. The author identified four trends in the social practices: 1) an increase in the flexibility of social practices, 2) an expansion of channels of professional mobility, 3) the development of the Internet industry, and 4) a change in the attitude of young people to employment. The research results can improve the management of the occupational mobility of young people in modern society, as well as provide targeted management impact on social facilities by revealing their resources and potential. By taking into account modern trends in social practices of occupational mobility of young population, organizations can ensure professional growth and competitiveness of young employees in the labor market.

La posibilidad de movilidad ascendente de la población inmigrante es un factor importante a la hora de explicar su integración social. Asimismo, a nivel individual, la expectativa de movilidad puede contribuir a aumentar o disminuir la incertidumbre socioeconómica. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la movilidad ocupacional vertical de la inmigración. Tratamos de explicar cuales son las variables clave en el acceso de los inmigrantes a los salarios altos. Una regresión logística nos permite ver como interactúan las variables individuales, como la antigüedad y el nivel de estudios, con las variables estructurales, como el tamaño de la empresa y el sector de actividad. Además, un análisis factorial de correspondencias múltiples nos permite agrupar todas las variables y ofrecer una tipología que clasifica las trayectorias laborales con arreglo a la segmentación del mercado de trabajo., Possibilities for occupational mobility are an important factor in the explanation of the integration of immigrant workers into receiving societies. Moreover, at the individual level, the prospects for upward occupational mobility determine the uncertainty facing immigrant workers. In this paper, we examine the upward occupational mobility of immigrant workers in Spain. We attempt to explain the key variables determining immigrants’ access to high wages. A multinomial logistic regression examines the interaction between individual variables such as age and education level, and structural variables such as company size and sector. In addition, a factor analysis allows us to group these variables into a typology that classifies career paths according to labour market segmentation.

espanolEste trabajo analiza los cambios en la movilidad ocupacional intergeneracional durante un periodo crucial en la historia economica de Espana. Para ello utilizamos nueva evidencia empirica en Valencia, una region que siguio un patron de crecimiento basado en el capitalismo agrario centrado en los mercados internacionales. Nuestros resultados muestran que la movilidad ocupacional mejoro entre 1841 y 1850, situacion que se revirtio durante las siguientes decadas. Las oportunidades ofrecidas a los individuos procedentes de familias pobres desaparecieron rapidamente. Puestos en perspectiva internacional, los niveles de movilidad ocupacional en Valencia eran significativamente menores que en otros paises europeos, que experimentaron movilidad hacia abajo y especialmente hacia arriba mucho mas altas. En 1870 Valencia se habia convertido en una sociedad polarizada, donde la parte mas baja de la distribucion de ingresos sufrio una creciente pauperizacion y movilidad hacia abajo. EnglishThis paper sheds light on a crucial period of Spanish economic history, analysing changes in intergenerational occupational mobility. We use newly collected empirical evidence from Valencia, a region that followed a path of growth based on agrarian capitalism focused on international markets. We show that occupational mobility improved between 1841 and 1850, but that this situation reversed during the following decades. The opportunities offered to individuals from poorer families quickly disappeared. Put in international perspective, occupational mobility in Valencia was far lower than in other European countries, where both downward and especially upward mobility were considerably higher. By 1870, Valencia had become a polarised society, where the lowest part of the income distribution suffered increasing pauperisation and downward mobility.

This paper reveals the scope and patterns of mobility on the labour market in the Czech Republic in between 2002 and 2013. Occupational and sectoral mobility are analysed using the data from the Labour Force Survey. The LFS data were adjusted into a form of longitudinal data enabling to follow an individual in four consecutive quarters. The frequency of mobility on the Czech labour market and its development during different phases of business cycle is studied. The level of mobility is examined in the entire population of the employed as well as among subgroups defined predominantly by socioeconomic characteristics. Patterns of labour mobility revealed by this paper are discussed in the light of similarly focused studies from abroad and theoretical approaches toward labour mobility.

This paper examines the impact of international migration on the occupational mobility of workers over the three phases of labour migration—pre-emigration, emigration and post-return—by constructing mobility matrices using the sample of return emigrants from the Kerala Migration Survey 2011. The study finds that a large proportion of emigrants from Kerala take up occupations in the service sector while abroad irrespective of their pre-emigration occupation or training. Most emigrants return, while they are still in the labour force, and the major reason for returning is adverse labour market conditions at the destination. Though around half of the return emigrants report the inclination to take up entrepreneurial activities, only about 10% are engaged in self-employment, suggesting that there is no real evidence of a rapid boost to entrepreneurship. The study finds that there is moderate mobility between the pre-emigration occupation and the occupation abroad as well as between the occupation abroad and post-return, but not between occupations in the pre-emigration–post-return phases, indicating that workers move out of their traditional occupations while abroad, but most likely return to their original occupation post-return. Work experience abroad does not cause any significant upward mobility in any occupational groups except among professionals, who move to managerial positions post-return.

This paper investigates the relationship between location, agglomeration, access to credit, informality, and productivity across cities and industries in Cameroon. Emphasizing the link between micro-foundations and the data, the paper develops and estimates a structural model of occupational choice in which heterogeneous agents choose between formal entrepreneurship, informal entrepreneurship, and non-entrepreneurial work. Their decision-making process is driven by institutional constraints such as entry costs, tax enforcement, and access to credit. The model predicts that agglomeration has a non-monotonic effect on formalization, and entrepreneurial profits increase with agglomeration effects. Estimating the model by the generalized method of moments, the paper finds that the returns to capital and labor are not uniform across sectors and cities. Manufacturing industries are highly constrained in capital and the elasticity of capital is higher in Yaoundé and Douala, whereas labor elasticity is higher in Kribi. Counterfactual simulations show that an increase in roads provision can have a substantial impact in terms of output, formalization, and productivity. A reduction in the current interest rate has a large and significant impact on formalization and no significant effect on business creation. Likewise, while the current tax rate is suboptimal for most cities, a tax reduction policy would have a much greater impact on formalization than on business creation. These effects differ substantially across cities and sectors, suggesting that those policy instruments could be implemented accordingly to support formalization and business creation.

This paper compares the intergenerational mobility of educational and occupational attainment of men from disadvantaged groups (Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST)) in India with the intergenerational mobility of men outside these groups during 1983-2009. Although there has been a modest convergence in mobility rates of non-SC/ST and SC/ST men in educational attainment, there has been no significant convergence in the mobility rates of occupational attainment. Upward mobility of SC/ST men remains much lower compared to non-SC/ST men. Additionally, the former are more susceptible than the latter to moving down the intergenerational ladder. The mobility gap varies over a large range across states, but the cross-state variation has declined, with convergence being higher in states with larger gaps initially. The paper finds no evidence of higher convergence in states with higher economic growth. As such, policies that focus on growth may not necessarily deliver convergence in outcomes across social groups.

This paper studies the cyclical behaviour of earnings risk and career changes. We document that the procyclical skewness of the earnings growth distribution arises mostly from the earnings changes of employer and occupation switchers. To uncover their relative importance in driving cyclical earnings changes and whether this arises from changes in the returns to mobility or mobility shocks, we propose a multi-sector business cycle model with on-the-job search and endogenous occupational mobility. Idiosyncratic occupational mobility is the main driver of cyclical earnings risk, mainly due to cyclical shifts in the returns to this mobility. This is the main reason why the sullying effects of recessions are long-lasting. These effects manifest themselves through a collapse of the job ladder and forgone lifetime earnings gains, especially for low-paid workers, and through large lifetime earnings losses among high-paid workers who experience forced occupational mobility and poor re-employment outcomes.

This paper will explore whether and to what extent the (legal) rules of coordination that originated and developed in the EU can be transposed to SADC – a region characterized by high levels of migration, weakly developed social security systems and the absence of suitable portability arrangements. The principle of coordination of social security is primarily aimed at eliminating restrictions that national social security schemes place upon the rights of migrant workers to such social security. One of the fundamental principles of social security coordination is that of portability, which is the ability to preserve, maintain, and transfer vested social security rights or rights in the process of being vested, independent of nationality and country of residence. The best practice around the world to ensure portability of social security entitlements consists of multilateral and bilateral social security agreements. These agreements originated and developed in the EU, and EU coordination arrangements arguably still represent the most sophisticated and developed system of its kind, and one that is worth emulating. In this paper, it is argued that any future attempts at coordinating social security schemes in SADC should start with employment injury chemes, which is the only social security scheme common to all SADC member states. The paper onsiders some of the issues that should be taken into account in designing social security greements in SADC along the lines of the EU model.

The paper, a study of Baspur village in Rajasthan, spans a period of five years. It argues that changes in the village economy of Baspur have been guided by a greater integration of the village with the outside world, facilitated by improved modes of communication and transport. Over the years, the increase in non-farm employment, mostly casual and informal in nature in nearby towns, has emerged as a major driver of growth and distribution of income in the village economy. This, coupled with already existing migration streams, considered essential to support livelihood, has greatly reduced the dependence of rural households on agriculture. This is evident in the reluctance of male workers towards preforming farming tasks, a decline in the incidence of land-leasing in the village and a steep rise in farm wages over the years.

In this article, we focus on the transformations imposed on schools by individual parents, arguing that schools as modern organisations change not only through top-down pressures orchestrated by an array of international organisations, for-profit companies and media as shown in previous research, but also through the agency of mobile parents, who seek to import reforms from elsewhere, based on their previous schooling experiences abroad. We focus on a specific group of middle class parents, who are continuously mobile, moving between global cities for employment. This paper brings into the discussion the role of individual parental strategies as they seek to promote education policy-borrowing. By applying the theoretical lens of stakeholder identification and salience, using a multi case study research design, we suggest that parents express high levels of power, legitimacy and a sense of urgency, thus being able to successfully advocate for change. We argue that while exploring organisational reform occurring due to the globalisation of education, we must view parents as central actors in this new space.

The system of higher education of USA is characterized by a liberal system of university management and based on the absolute priority of institutional autonomy and minimal state intervention. The specialists’ training in physical education and sports field is no exception. Examining of the practice of a realization of the competency approach in different states of America has made it possible to build a nine-level flowchart that presents the professional skills, knowledge and abilities needed to be successful in a specific sphere of physical education or sports.

This paper explores the changes in intergenerational mobility seen in Spain during the last century. It examines educational and occupational mobility, paying particular attention to the existence of a differentiated gender effect. The magnitude of the historical changes that have taken place in Spain during the twentieth century and the scarcity of studies in this field increase the value of this paper. More specifically, the paper seeks to describe how the situation has changed with the social–economic and education policy developments in democratic Spain, especially with regards to women. The main results show that while educational mobility has improved, there has been no such significant change in occupational mobility.

This paper studies the impact of the construction of hydropower facilities on labor market outcomes in Norway at the turn of the twentieth century (1891–1920). The sudden breakthrough in hydropower technology provides a quasi-experimental setting, as not all municipalities had suitable natural endowments and the possible production sites were often located in remote areas. We find that hydropower municipalities experienced faster structural transformation and displayed higher occupational mobility. We interpret this as evidence that this early twentieth-century technology was skill biased, as workers in the new skilled jobs were recruited from a broad segment of the population.

The impact of legal status on economic outcomes has been well documented in the literature with most research focused on labor market outcomes such as wages and occupational mobility. In this paper, I utilize the exogenous variation created the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 to estimate the effect of amnesty polices on homeownership among undocumented immigrants. Using a regression discontinuity framework, the results suggest that the IRCA increased homeownership rates of eligible immigrants by around 4 percentage points relative to ineligible immigrants. Moreover, an extension to the main analysis suggests that immigrants ineligible for the IRCA adjusted their household formation by increasing the rates of coresidency. (JEL J61, R23, R31)

This paper provides descriptive information regarding the composition of the Latinx population of the United States. I note differences in educational attainment and occupational mobility confirmin...

Occupational segregation is a central contributor to the gap between male and female earnings worldwide. As new sectors of employment emerge, a key question is whether this pattern is replicated. This paper examines this question by focusing on the emerging information and communications technology sector in Nigeria. Using a randomized control trial, the paper examines the impacts of an information and communications technology training intervention that targeted university graduates in five major cities. The analysis finds that after two years the treatment group was 26 percent more likely to work in the information and communications technology sector. The program appears to have succeeded only in shifting employment to the new sector, as it had no average impact on the overall likelihood of being employed. However, viewed through the lens of occupational segregation, the program had a surprising effect. For women who at baseline were implicitly biased against associating women with professional attributes, the likelihood that the program induced switching into the information and communications technology sector was more than three times as large than that of unbiased women. These results suggest that training programs can help individuals overcome self-defeating biases that could hamper mobility and reduce efficiency in the labor market.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of temporary migration on the upward occupational mobility by using a novel database from Estonia.Design/methodology/approach– The authors use a unique data set of the online job search portal of Estonia that includes thousands of employees with foreign work experience. The authors study whether the presence of temporary migration in ones working career is associated with upward movement in the occupational ladder, defined either in terms of wages or required human capital.Findings– The authors did not find any positive effect of temporary migration on upward occupational mobility and in case of females the effect was negative. The results could be related to the short-term nature of migration and the occupational downshifting abroad as well as the functioning of home country labour market.Research limitations/implications– While the uniqueness of the data set is of value, one needs to acknowledge its weaknesses: the job-seekers work histories are self-reported and the authors do not know what information was left out as undesired by applicant.Practical implications– The findings imply that the benefits of temporary migration from Eastern to Western Europe on the sending country via the returnees’ labour market performance might be limited, yet it does not exclude the benefits of return migration through other mechanism.Originality/value– The literature on return migration is not big and there are only a few papers dealing with occupational change or mobility of the return migrants. Compared to earlier studies we have looked at wider set of occupations ranked by different ladders. Using the unique data set the authors have included in the study ca 7,500 return migrants while earlier studies have been based on rather small samples.

The paper compares the regimes of intergenerational occupational mobility in Chile between 2001 and 2009. Data for the study considers published mobility tables for 2001 as well as original data for 2009 from the National Survey of Social Stratification (ENES). The analysis of mobility patterns replicates the constant fluidity model proposed by Erikson and Goldthorpe (1992), considering also special parameters for Chile as proposed by Torche (2005). His depiction of Chilean society as “unequal but fluid” is challenged by the 2009 data in two special respects: First, we find a stronger hierarchical effect and a larger sectoral barriers to mobility than previously reported. Secondly, the latter yields a less fluid mobility regime. The paper also explores the hierarchical dimension of mobility by testing a “vertical” model (RCII), which provides an adequate fit in both samples. Finally, the paper compares the vertical dimension of occupational mobility with income distribution for occupational groups. These findings open a new agenda for the study of the opportunities that Chilean society offers to its inhabitants.El diagnóstico de la sociedad chilena como "desigual pero fluida" (Torche 2005) que caracteriza la visión actual de la movilidad social fue contrastado con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Estratificación Social (ENES) aplicada en 2009, lo cual permite apreciar la evolución de la movilidad social intergeneracional a lo largo de la década. El artículo modela las pautas de movilidad ocupacional replicando el modelo de fluidez constante de Erikson y Goldthorpe (1992), así como su adaptación a Chile por Torche. Los resultados que se presentan discrepan de los obtenidos por él pues nuestro análisis muestra mayor rigidez en el régimen de movilidad, especialmente por el peso de las barreras jerárquicas y sectoriales. Dado el peso de la jerarquía y la superposición de ésta con las barreras sectoriales se explora un modelo de movilidad “vertical”, el cual proporciona un ajuste satisfactorio en ambas muestras. Finalmente el artículo explora la asociación entre la dimensión vertical y los ingresos de los grupos ocupacionales. Estos hallazgos abren una nueva agenda de investigación respecto a las oportunidades que ofrece la sociedad chilena a sus integrantes.

This paper presents new evidence on the evolution of job polarisation over time and across skill groups in the UK between 1979 and 2012. The UK has experienced job polarisation in each of the last three decades, with growth in top jobs always exceeding that in bottom ones. Overall, top occupations have gained over 80% of the employment shares lost by middling occupations. The decline of middling occupations is entirely accounted for by non-graduates who have seen their relative numbers decrease and the distribution of their employment shift towards the bottom of the occupational skill distribution. The increase at the top is entirely accounted for by compositional changes, as a result of the increase in the number of graduates since the 1990s. Employment has not polarised for graduates, but has become less concentrated in top occupations, especially in the 2000s. The paper also documents that job polarisation has not been matched by wage polarisation across the occupational distribution in any decade and discusses how these new findings relate to the existing evidence for the US and to the prevailing technology-based explanation for job polarisation. Overall, the importance of occupational changes between skill groups and the performance of occupational wages over time cast doubts on the role of technology as the main driver of polarisation in the UK. In particular, the evidence suggests that supply-side changes are likely to be important factors in explaining why high-skill occupations continued to grow in the 2000s even as they stalled in the US.

This paper uses Norwegian census data on occupational associations among grandfathers, fathers and sons from 1865 to 2011 and finds significant grandparental influence throughout the period. There is increasing evidence that intergenerational transmission of economic characteristics goes beyond what can be measured by parent-child associations. However, existing studies are based on samples from small geographic areas or particular time periods, making it hard to know to what extent these multigenerational processes can be generalized across space and time, and how they depend on the measurement of economic outcomes. This paper uses Norwegian census data on occupational associations among grandfathers, fathers and sons from 1865 to 2011 and finds significant grandparental influence throughout the period. In particular, the additional grandparental influence is strong for white-collar occupations. The findings are robust to alternative ways of measuring the characteristics of the parent generation, and to the use of income rather than occupation as a measure of economic status. Multigenerational persistence is found to have been stronger early in the period, before the establishment of a modern welfare state, suggesting that institutions play a part in how economic characteristics are transmitted across generations. Persistence is strong also in subpopulations where generations grew up in different parts of the country. This shows that the grandparental effect is not exclusively driven by direct interpersonal interaction between individuals across generations.

In a globalised world with an increasing division of labour, the competition for highly skilled individuals—regardless of their origin—is growing, as is the value of such individuals for national economies. Yet the majority of studies analysing the economic integration of immigrants shows that those who are highly skilled also have substantial hurdles to overcome: their employment rates and salaries are lower and they face a higher education-to-occupation mismatch compared to highly skilled natives. This paper contributes to the paucity of studies on the employment patterns of highly skilled immigrants to Sweden by providing an overview of the socio-demographic characteristics, labour-market participation and occupational mobility of highly educated migrants in Sweden. Based on a statistical analysis of register data, we compare their employment rates, salaries and occupational skill level and mobility to those of immigrants with lower education and with natives. The descriptive analysis of the data shows that, while highly skilled immigrants perform better than those with a lower educational level, they never catch up with their native counterparts. Our regression analyses confirm these patterns for highly skilled migrants. Furthermore, we find that reasons for migration matter for highly skilled migrants’ employment outcomes, with labour migrants having better employment rates, income and qualification-matched employment than family reunion migrants and refugees.

Este artículo aborda la igualdad de oportunidades y la movilidad profesional de los universitarios catalanes en el acceso a su graduación y su inserción profesional en comparación con la de sus padres. El análisis se realiza en base a una encuesta realizada por la AQU del Gobierno catalán sobre la situación en 2008 de los graduados en 2004., This article addresses the equal opportunity and professional mobility of Catalan university students by comparing their graduation rates and employability to those of their parents. This analysis is based on a survey carried out by AQU of the Catalan Government in 2008, pertaining to the situation of graduates in 2004.

During the first ten years in the labor market, male university graduates experience a faster wage growth than their female counterparts in the Swedish labor market. This paper investigates the rol ...

This paper examines masculinity, migration and the changing occupational status of nursing through the lens of therapeutic mobilities; health related mobilities of people (nurses) and products (cre...

For square contingency tables with ordered categories, there may be some cases that one wants to analyze them by considering collapsed tables with some adjacent categories combined in the original table. This paper proposes three kinds of new models which have the structure of point-symmetry (PS), quasi point-symmetry and marginal point-symmetry for collapsed square tables. This paper also gives a decomposition of the PS model for collapsed square tables. The father's and his daughter's occupational mobility data are analyzed using new models.

Using panel data from the 2010 Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey, this paper estimates the incidence and impact of horizontal and vertical mismatches on labour mobility among Korean female college graduates at the early stages of their careers. Unlike most previous studies, this study proposes three types of educational mismatch status: (1) vertically mismatched only; (2) horizontally mismatched only; and (3) both vertically and horizontally mismatched. The findings show that the share of educationally mismatched workers is non‐negligible in the Korean labour market (approximately 30 per cent). However, the data also points to an improvement in job matching over time. Regardless of the type of educational mismatch, the results provide evidence consistent with many previous studies: educational mismatch is significantly and positively associated with job turnover. In particular, vertically and horizontally mismatched workers are more likely to switch jobs than their vertically or horizontally mismatched counterparts. These findings indicate that educationally mismatched graduates are more likely to change jobs—suggesting that educational mismatch can be viewed as an investment in human capital at the beginning of a career.

Data reveal that individuals experience a high number of occupational switches. Over 40% of high school graduates transition between white and blue collar occupations more than once between the ages of 18 and 28. This paper develops a life cycle model of occupational choices based on workers learning about their type and sorting themselves to the best job match. Documenting life cycle patterns of occupational choices using data from the NLSY79 supports key predictions from the model. Initial characteristics are predictive of future patterns of occupational switching, including the timing and number of switches. In addition, the average time to the first occupational switch is longer than the time to the second switch for individuals with multiple occupational transitions.

Recent migrations occur in a world deeply transformed by the digital revolution. The technological context of XXIst century is profoundly changing the nature of distant social relations. Nowadays, new migrants’ generations can practice daily a biography liberated from territorial constraints, being “here and there” at the same time and able to take decision and act over the borders. Information and communication technologies (ICT) are intrinsically related to new networked ways of being, generating new patterns of transnational action. They facilitate both a transnational mobilization around local and specific aims, and local actions based on more universal principles. In addition, the use of ICTs by highly skilled migrants, endowed with high human, social and cultural capital, give place to innovative collaborative strategies. This paper aims to approach and explain some outcomes of the Romanian scientific migration by integrating this new reality. First, a short theoretical review will highlight the recent renewal of brain migration approaches, with specific focus on “diaspora networks”. Then, the study of a website and a related virtual network (www.ad-astra.ro) of Romanian scientists scattered around the world will enable the analysis of the role of e-practices in the emergence of a transnational space in which migrants and non-migrants meet and act jointly in a new transnational public sphere. In this way, this paper will account for the emergence of a Romanian scientific e-diaspora, its impact on the scientific and research reform in Romania and its contribution to transnationally enable local change and reverse brain drain.

The first part of the paper presents the evolution of Romanian educated migration during the last years with a special emphasis on the case of Romanian educated migrants in France. We analyze the reasons that lie behind this migration and the strategies employed in order to leave Romania. Furthermore, we proceed at a description of the problems encountered in France and of the changes that occur in the lives of migrants once at destination. We identify three overlapping dimensions that undergo important transformations due to mobility: the spatial dimension, the temporal dimension and the relational dimension. Mobility transforms the way people conceive space, time and relations to others. These transformations are further deepened by the new ICT developments. The second part of the paper puts forward the relations maintained with family and kin in the origin country. The low cost of transportation and its high speed enable migrants to make trips home more often and their family and kin to come and visit them at destination. However, in recent years immaterial flows have gained ground over material ones. Networks built between migrants and their kin and family in the home country are analysed in terms of recent developments in ICTs which affect both the nature and the frequency of the contacts. They enable migrants to act as agents of change in the origin society allowing them to be virtually present while physically absent. These relations of co-presence engender an important two – way flow of information, values and ideas. This flow enables migrants to keep informed of the events occurring in their home country and at the same time brings changes in the lives of those who remained behind.

"This paper examines the macroeconomic consequences of the diversion of migration flows away from Germany towards the UK in the course of the EU Eastern Enlargement. The EU has agreed with the new member states from Central and Eastern Europe transitional periods for the free movement of workers. The selective application of migration restrictions during the transitional periods has resulted in a reversal of the pre-enlargement allocation of migration flows from the new member states across the EU: Germany as the main destination before enlargement attracts only modest immigration flows since 2004, while the UK and Ireland which have been only marginally affected by immigration prior to enlargement absorb about 60Prozent of the inflows in the post-enlargement period. The macroeconomic effects of this diversion process is analysed in this paper on the basis of a CGE model which considers wage rigidities. We find that higher migration is associated with larger GDP and employment gains, but also with a smaller wage increase and a smaller decline of the unemployment rate. The diversion of migration flows away from Germany towards the UK yields thus a higher GDP and employment growth in the UK. The joint GDP of Germany and the UK declines by 0.1 per cent as a consequence of the migration restrictions." (author's abstract) Der Beitrag untersucht die makroökonomischen Auswirkungen der Umlenkung der Migrationsströme im Laufe der EU-Osterweiterung von Deutschland weg in Richtung Großbritannien. Mit den neuen osteuropäischen Mitgliedsländern wurden Übergangsfristen bis zur kompletten Freizügigkeit vereinbart. Die selektive Anwendung von Migrationsrestriktionen während dieser Übergangsfristen führte zu einer Umkehrung der Verteilung der Migrationsströme aus Osteuropa: Während Deutschland vor der EU-Osterweiterung das wichtigste Einwanderungsland für Osteuropäer war, kommen seit 2004 nur noch wenige Einwanderer nach Deutschland. Großbritannien und Irland hingegen, die vor der EU-Osterweiterung nur gering von Einwanderung betroffen waren, nehmen jetzt sechzig Prozent der auswandernden Osteuropäer auf. Die makroökonomischen Auswirkungen dieses Umlenkungsprozesses werden in dem Beitrag mittels eines CGE-Modells, das auch Lohnstarrheiten mit einbezieht, untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, dass Migration auf der einen Seite mit einem höheren Bruttoinlandsprodukt und mit einer positiven Beschäftigungsentwicklung verbunden ist, auf der anderen Seite mit geringeren Lohnzuwächsen und geringerem Rückgang der Arbeitslosenquote. Die Umlenkung der Migrationsströme führt demnach in Großbritannien zu einem höheren Bruttoinlandsprodukt und zu Beschäftigungswachstum. Das gemeinsame Bruttoinlandsprodukt von Deutschland und Großbritannien sinkt um 0,1 Prozentpunkte infolge der Migrationsrestriktionen. (IAB)

Este artículo examina los patrones de movilidad laboral de las mujeres brasileñas residentes en España desde una perspectiva de género. El objetivo de la investigación es identificar cuáles son las principales características de estas mujeres, así como analizar, desde una aproximación cualitativa, los principales factores (externos e internos, estructurales y personales) que condicionan sus trayectorias de movilidad ocupacional en España. El análisis se enmarca dentro de un proyecto de investigación más amplio, titulado Los inmigrantes brasileños en la estructura socioeconómica española financiado por el Observatorio Permanente de Inmigración (Ministerio de Trabajo e Inmigración) y realizado durante el período 2008-2009. This paper focuses on the study of occupational mobility of Brazilian immigrant women in Spain from a gender perspective. The goal of the research is to establish the main characteristics among this group of migrants, as well as consider, through a qualitative approach, the factors (ex-ternal and internal; structural and personal) that condition their occupational mobility trajectories within Spanish society. The results presented are part of a wider research project Los inmigrantes bra-sileños en la estructura socioeconómica española financed by Permanent Observatory for Immigration(Ministry of Labour and Immigration), carried out during 2008-2009.

This paper analyzes whether occupational polarization takes place within workers or due to changes in the composition of workers by using comprehensive panel data from Finland. The decomposition analysis shows that the decrease in mid-level routine occupations and the simultaneous increase in high-level abstract occupations is largely a within-worker phenomenon. In contrast, the share of low-skilled nonroutine manual tasks has largely increased through entry dynamics. Data on plant closures are used to identify involuntary separations from routine occupations. These results demonstrate a strong, uneven adjustment pattern, with routine cognitive workers being more able to move to abstract tasks and adjust with smaller wage costs than routine manual workers.

This paper examines how Peruvian migrants fare economically in two historically and culturally distinct host countries, Japan and the US, drawing upon a survey and interviews conducted in both countries. Peruvian migrants surveyed share similar socio-economic backgrounds and migrated to both countries for similar reasons roughly around the same time. Yet, over time, they achieved more occupational upward mobility in the US than in Japan. Japan has not done quite as well as the US in providing immigrants with occupational opportunities due to its less diversified immigrant labor market, limited entrepreneurship opportunities, and restricted modes of immigrant incorporation. Does it mean, however, that Peruvian migrants are less successful in Japan than the US? Although occupational mobility is a commonly used measure of social mobility, the definitions and meanings of “success” are context-dependent. Peruvians in the US do experience more occupational mobility, but diverge more greatly in economic achievement amongst themselves. In Japan, on the other hand, while they experience little occupational mobility, they have had more economic equality with relatively stable and high wages. The paper examines Peruvian migrants’ distinct economic trajectories over time, focusing on their occupational mobility. We conclude that occupational mobility matters, not necessarily because it accompanies higher income, but because it shapes migrants’ aspirations. In the context where immigrants’ destinations have become more diverse in the world, the paper provides insights into how immigrants “make it” and what it means to “make it” in recent destinations, such as Japan, in comparison to more traditional immigrant countries, such as the US.