Search

In the present paper, I intend to systematically revisit Thomas Luckmann’s account of the relation between phenomenology and sociology and to assess its strengths and weaknesses in terms of constructive criticism. In order to achieve this aim, I will proceed in three steps. First (1), I will reconstruct the Luckmannian approach by means of an exhaustive analysis of his programmatic texts. Second (2), I will identify its strengths and merits. And finally (3), I will discuss its shortcomings and try to correct them in two ways, namely, by bringing Luckmann into a dialogue with other sociological-theoretical and phenomenological accounts, and by counteracting some of his problematic claims with alternative insights contained in his own work.

The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of ethnomethodology and explore its usefulness as a methodology for nursing. Ethnomethodology was conceived through the writings of Harold Garfinkel, an American Sociologist in 1967. The influence of phenomenology, sociology and writings of the linguistic philosopher Wittengenstein is evident in this methodology. In the 1970s, it was both heralded by some as a threat to sociology and by others as a welcome development borne out of the dissatisfaction with positivist paradigm research. It is a methodology that has been utilised not only by sociologists but also by many health care disciplines. However, its utilisation by nurse researchers has not been widespread. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. peer-reviewed

翻訳者 : 豊泉, 俊大, 「日本人論」の提唱者たちとその批判者たちとのあいだで交わされた論争は、方法論および理論にかんする根本の問いをあつかっている。ここでいう「日本人論」とは、1970年代をピークに盛んに著された、日本文化の本質にかんするポピュラーな言説として特徴づけられうるものである。本論の目的は、この論争におけるさまざまな立場を記述すること、そして、アルフレッド・シュッツの現象学的社会学にもとづいて、この論争のなかで提起されているいくつかの問いに解答を与えることである。主たる問いはつぎのふたつである。１）人間の行動、文化、社会について、わたくしたちは普遍的な理論を展開するべきだろうか。それとも、文化特定的な理論を展開するべきだろうか。あるいは、個別主義的な事例研究に従事するべきだろうか。２）ある文化を分析するのに、よりふさわしいのはだれか。すなわち、その文化の内部者か、それとも、外部者か。, The debate between the advocates of the nihonjinron—which can be characterized as a popular discourse about the essence of Japanese culture that culminated in the 1970s— and its critics involves fundamental methodological and theoretical questions. The aim of this paper is to describe the diff erent positions in this debate and off er solutions based on Alfred Schutz’s phenomenological sociology to the questions it raises. Namely, 1) should we develop universal or culturally specifi c theories or make particularistic case studies of human behavior, culture, and societies? 2) Who is more competent to analyze a given culture: insiders or outsiders?

In this paper, the authors try to test, with the help of other authors who have discussed this topic, first in terms of interpretive sociology and later within the framework of symbolic interactionism, how the self is formed. With regard to this, the self is viewed as the most important instrument of free communication and interaction in everyday relationship with the other, in which people adjust to each other and by which the subjective meanings of people's behaviour are emphasised. In the first part of the paper, entitled 'Understanding the meaning of human action within the framework of interpretive sociology', the meaning of human action plays a central role, and the basic goal of sociological analysis is to understand, that is interpret the meaning. This part gives, in brief, the analysis of the meaning of human action through three perspectives within interpretive sociology: phenomenological sociology, ethnomethodology, and symbolic interactionism. In the second part of the paper, entitled 'Symbolic interactionism: the symbolic meaning of the interaction of the self and the other in everyday life', the ability of a human being to define and interpret mutual actions is analysed. Symbolic interactionism has its origins in the philosophical pragmatism and social behaviorism of George Herbert Mead. Interaction (face to face) takes its central place and the self is the key term. In Mead's social construction of the self ('I' and 'me'), interaction and communication are crucial (learning about the self through interaction with the other). According to Herbert Blumer, who formulated the phrase of symbolic interactionism, human society is the product of a specific human interaction mediated by the use of symbols. The third part of the paper, entitled 'Erving Goffman's 'dramaturgical model' of studying social life and constituting the self', analyses the so-called dramaturgical model of the study of social life - the face-to-face interaction between people in everyday encounters and the role of the self in it (the construction of the self), where an individual as an active and creative actor performs their (social) role in a particular social situation in front of others, coined by Erving Goffman using a metaphor of a theatre performance for everyday life.

Resumo: O foco deste artigo é o esclarecimento de alguns dos principais conceitos utilizados pelo método das narrativas biográficas. Ainda que esta metodologia seja utilizada amplamente, as suas bases teóricas ainda não parecem ter sido sistematicamente elaboradas. Nesse sentido, os objetivos deste artigo são os seguintes: [i] desenvolver o método de entrevista narrativa e o método de análise de narrativas biográficas criado por Fritz Schütze; [ii] esclarecer algumas das teses teóricas que tal autor assume, no que diz respeito à tarefa da sociologia e de seu(s) objeto(s) de estudo, a partir dos conceitos de sujeito, sociedade e linguagem; [iii] explorar as influências da matriz teórica da sociologia fenomenológica de Alfred Schutz na metodologia de Schütze e realizar uma comparação entre ambas. Concluimos afirmando que a sociologia fenomenológica não pode ser considerada a única matriz teórica que fundamenta a metodologia de Schütze, o que aponta para novos questionamentos. Abstract: The aim of this paper is the clarification of some key concepts of the methodology of biographical narratives. Despite of the fact that this methodology is widely used, its theoretical underpinnings not yet appear to have been systematically compiled. Accordingly, the objectives of this paper are as follows: [i] develop the method of narrative interview and the method of analysis of biographical narratives created by Fritz Schütze; [ii] clarify some of the theoretical points that this author assumes (as the task of sociology and its object of study) through the concepts of self, society and language; and [iii] explore the influences of the theoretical framework of the phenomenological sociology of Alfred Schutz and compare both authors. Its conclusion is the statement that the phenomenological sociology cannot be considered the only theoretical framework that underlies Schütze’s methodology, which points out to new questions.

'We' is said in many ways. This paper investigates Kurt Stavenhagen's neglected account of different kinds of 'we', which is maintained to be one of the most sophisticated within classical phenomenology. The paper starts by elaborating on the phenomenological distinction between mass, society, and community by claiming that individuals partake in episodes of experiential sharing only within communities. Stavenhagen conceptualizes experiential sharing as a meshing of conscious experiences infused by a feeling of us-ness. The remainder of the paper focuses on Stavenhagen's distinction of various senses of us: when individual share preferences, have mutual respect, or emotionally evaluate the world according to a cultural tradition, they elicit a sense of us of different kind and, thus, form communities of different kind. Within phenomenology, Stavenhagen should be credited with the merit of having unearthed the aggregative, we-generating force of preferences, of respect, and of (certain) emotions.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to undertake a phenomenological study of the working conditions and living standards of private security guards (private police) in New Delhi. The focus here is to bring forth their lived experiences as security guards. Design/methodology/approach The paper touches briefly upon the theoretical formulations on phenomenological sociology. The principal emphasis here is on the field application of phenomenology as a methodology of social inquiry – how phenomenology was put to use, the research problems encountered and how these research conundrums were navigated. The research makes use of interview as the technique of data collection. The study uses purposive and convenience sampling. Findings The research has tried to bring forth the lived experiences of the private security guards as regards to their job and living conditions, by “bracketing off” the author’s biases to the best of the author’s capacity. From the interview responses, some higher level concepts have been formulated, called the “essence” of lived experiences. Research limitations/implications As the sample size is small, the research cannot be considered a peremptory account of the “lived experiences” applicable to all the private security guards in Delhi. Such sweeping generalizations need to be avoided. Practical implications Besides highlighting the lived experiences of the private security guards, the larger purpose of this paper to solicit critical comments from the readers so that the field application of phenomenology could be better understood and refined further. Originality/value This is an original research work carried out by the author. During the fieldwork, “reflexivity” has been the author’s constant companion, where the author has tried best to keep the author’s prejudices at bay. Its value is twofold: first, as phenomenological research works on private security guards are few in India, this study can stimulate further research works in this field and second, the research can carry forward the debate on how to improve further phenomenological research works.

The paper analyzes Max Weber’s concepts of rationality and rationalization as components of modernization processes in modern society. The author reconstructs Weber’s interpretation of “spiritual factors” of social development, which emerge in the ethos of Protestantism. The research demonstrates how Weber’s study of capitalism in terms of rationality corresponds with concepts of other classics of German sociology, such as Ferdinand Tönnies, Werner Sombart, Georg Simmel and others. The article emphasizes the relevance of Weber’s sociology for XX— XXI centuries and how its basic concepts and methodological approaches have been further developed by scholars, including Ukrainian ones. Weber’s concept of rationality is applicable not only to the mental-epistemological sphere, it also acquires a social meaning. This approach has gained recognition in phenomenological sociology, theory of social systems, communicative theory and more. In addition to the formal rationality of the economy, modern social sciences use such concepts as social, aesthetic, ethical, environmental, and practical rationality. Weber’s “diagnosis of the age” is still a component of the “diagnosis” of modern society. The gap between values and interests remains an integral feature of the “risks and threats society” in the XXI century. This situation is especially evident in international relations, when “real politics” (Realpolitik), based on interests, becomes insensitive to “value postulates”. The author also discovers ways of value (moral and ethical) reclamation of modern society, particularly in the concepts of “ethical economy”, universalist ethics of discourse, global ethos and more. Keywords: purposive rationality, rationality (formal, material, communicative, systemic), value, ethos.

Alfred Schutz is often credited with providing sociology with a firm ground derived from phenomenology of science and justifying it as a science operating within natural attitude. Although his project of social science draws extensively on Edmund Husserl’s theory of attitudes, it would be incorrect to assume that Schutz shares with the founder of phenomenology his conception of science. This paper compares Husserl’s and Schutz’s views on the structure and meaning of science and traces the roots of their radical divergence. Whereas Husserl increasingly emphasises the importance of phenomenological reduction for the genuine human science, Schutz eventually rejects reduction and restricts the social science to a specific system of relevancies within the reality of the lifeworld. This paper presents the argument that Schutz’s conception eliminates the possibility of a phenomenological justification of social science, as it implies that there are no rationally justifiable grounds to pursue science. In this way, Schutz’s views substantially differ from the phenomenological theory of science and become open to the phenomenological critique of naivety.

There is a growing recognition that nonsuicidal self-injury commonly incorporates communicative and interactional dimensions. But regardless of whether we approach self-injury within the terms of deliberate interpersonal communication, it is undeniably something that conveys a significant impact into the social and communicative field between people. As such, it is something that can be approached and analysed as communicative in this more general sense. In this paper, we draw on 13 in-depth qualitative interviews with the parents of people who self-injure, conducted for a larger pilot study, to explore some of these more general communicative processes, spaces and impacts associated with self-injury. By providing a phenomenologically informed examination of parents' experiences, we argue that self-injury is in fact a richly communicative phenomenon, albeit one that cannot be adequately mapped using the traditional sender–receiver communication paradigm. To provide a more nuanced mapping, we look beyond this paradigm to include more subtle, ambiguous, pre-reflexive and bodily forms of communication. Indeed, self-injury offers a particularly powerful case study with which to think through a more complex model of communication, one that connects the interpersonal, intersubjective and intercorporeal levels, and that, as such, is more appropriate to the sociologies of everyday life and embodiment.

Introduction. The purpose of the paper is to justify the possibility of developing ontology of augmented reality as a special sphere of social space. A comparative analysis of approaches to the interpretation of reality in philosophy and theoretical sociology is carried out. The original provisions of the conceptual model of social reality and social actuality have been formulated. The concepts of actual and virtual social actions are introduced and analyzed.Methodology and sources. The main provisions of phenomenological sociology are used as the methodological basis of the study: A. Schutz's interpretation of social reality as a fragment of being translated into the world of intersubjective, and P. Berger and T. Luckmann's characterization of the reality of society as a process of its construction in practical activities. The features of augmented reality, revealed in the works of R. Azuma, P. Milgram, A. F. Kishino, H. Papagiannis, A. M. Larsen, S. A. Glazkova, O. N. Kislova and other researchers, are taken into account. Descriptions of the characteristics of augmented reality devices are derived from reports from research center heads: the descriptions of the characteristics of augmented reality devices are derived from reports from the heads of research centers involved in the development and implementation of digital technologies: universities in London, Tokio and Toronto, Hasso-Plattner Institute in Germany, Finnish company Senseg, company Disney Research, company High Fidelity, MIT self-assembly labs, MIT Media Lab Group, San Francisco-based Detour startup, Google and Microsoft etc.Results and discussion. The environment shaped by augmented reality is much more complex than it is in its immediate perception. It includes four spaces: 1) subject world, 2) the mental world and 3) the hybrid world as a symbiosis of real and imaginary worlds, or 4) symbiosis of real-world fragments – torn in space and time and combined with technology in devices that give the individual's ability to be present when observing their combined existence.Conclusion. Augmented reality complicates virtual reality, adding to its content in addition to fictional characteristics the content of practical actions. Augmented reality, using the virtual reality resource, becomes reality as the basis of practice. Augmented reality not only “begets” the world, but is in direct practical contact with it, thus becoming a special side of social reality.

In this paper, a mathematical model based on uncertainties to describe the potential interrelation between unemployment and poverty by using the Shannon’s entropy is presented. Essentially, when social systems that are characterized by having a large number of variables and interact among them, one can expect a kind of disorder affecting the main functionalities would have to be exhibited by any modern society. Thus, Shannon’s entropy fits well the social phenomenology as to describe through uncertainties these interrelations. Moreover, it was added to this debate the idea that geographical divisions might also to be relevant as to understand the transition from unemployment to poverty. Finally, the theoretical results are discussed.

Abstract This paper proposes a new phenomenological approach to social history by clarifying, critiquing and developing key insights from Husserl’s late work. First, it clarifies how Husserl began to refute phenomenology’s so-called solipsism and ahistoricality by advancing a concept of history that integrates subjective, intersubjective and communal organizations of experience. This concept, his “history of presence”, can be called a “temporal mode of oriented constitution”. Its value is to show how a single recursive series of determinations organizes a diverse set of epistemic norms, personal memories, and intersubjective apperceptions. As we analyze each moment of this series, the history of presence emerges as highly relevant to social inquiry, inasmuch as it highlights the roles of intersubjective awareness and shared “world-time”. Second, however, the paper shows that Husserl grounded his history, not in this self-other-world triad, but in metaphysical foundations. By falling back on an atemporal principle of identity, Husserl’s thirst for Cartesian certainty obscured some of his insights. To develop these, the paper concludes with a new look at Les maîtres fous, a famous and controversial ethnographic film by Jean Rouch. Much of Rouch’s film echoes Husserl’s own problems, but Rouch’s use of montage replaces metaphysics with rhythm, identity with alterity, hegemony with mimicry, harmonious perception with dissonant yet generative apperception. Thus, Rouch dramatizes Husserl’s relevance to the phenomenology of social history. This paper’s internal critique and cross-cultural juxtaposition of Husserl’s late work portrays such relevance more accurately than Derrida’s uncharitable “metaphysics of presence” critique.

Issues discussed in the paper are located on the borderline between sociology and medicine. The aim of the paper is to present expectations and motives of patients with the absence of hand with regard to their potential hand transplant surgery. These motives and expectations were studied in the context of the patients’ previous experience of the function and visual image of the fragmented body versus their future experience of the function and visual image of the reconstructed body. The empirical basis of the paper is sociological qualitative research conducted in the group of candidate recipients who were qualified for unilateral or bilateral transplantation of the upper limb in Poland (N = 5). The selected theoretical frame of reference for the thus defined research topics were elements of Alfred Schütz’s phenomenological sociology, and more precisely his theory of “in-order-to motives” and “because motives”. The analysis of the empirical material confirmed the existence of both categories of motives in the transplantation project of the investigated potential upper limb recipients. The most important “because motives” appeared to be those connected with: non-acceptance of the image of their own bodies; social perception of their disability; limitations in the bodily function. The key “in-order-to motives” for transplantation are: reconstruction of the bodily function; regaining of the aesthetic image of their own body. In conclusion to the thus formulated motives and expectations two important findings were made: despite the research subjects’ acceptance of the limited function of their fragmented body, regaining of function remains the most important motive for transplantation; despite the basic non-acceptance of the image of their fragmented body, the issue of post-transplantation aesthetic appearance of the body is relatively less significant as a motive for transplantation. Problematyka artykułu ulokowana jest na pograniczu socjologii i medycyny. Jego celem jest przedstawienie oczekiwań i motywów chorych okaleczonych deficytem ręki, które związane są z ich potencjalnym udziałem w zabiegu transplantacji kończyny. Kontekstem ich poznania ustanowiono sprawnościowe i wizualne doświadczanie w przeszłości ciała sfragmentaryzowanego oraz sprawnościowe i wizualne doświadczanie w przyszłości ciała zrekonstruowanego. Empiryczną podstawą tekstu są socjologiczne badania jakościowe przeprowadzone w grupie kandydatów na biorców, którzy przeszli pozytywnie kwalifikację do unilateralnego lub bilateralnego zabiegu transplantacji kończyny górnej w Polsce (N = 15). Za teoretyczny układ odniesienia wobec tak zakreślonej tematyki badań obrano elementy socjologii fenomenologicznej Alfreda Schütza, a ściślej jego teorię motywów typu „ponieważ” i typu „żeby”. Analiza materiału empirycznego potwierdziła istnienie obu kategorii motywów w trans-plantacyjnym projekcie badanych potencjalnych biorców kończyny. Najistotniejszymi transplantacyjnymi motywami „ponieważ” okazały się te, które wiążą się z: wizerunkową nieakceptacją własnego ciała; wizerunkowym kalectwem społecznym; ograniczeniami sprawnościowymi ciała. Kluczowymi transplantacyjnymi motywami „żeby” pozostają natomiast: rekonstrukcja sprawności ciała; uzyskanie estetycznego obrazu własnego ciała. W konkluzji tak sformułowanych kolejnych motywów i oczekiwań poczyniono dwa ważne ustalenia: mimo pogodzenia się badanych z ograniczeniami sprawnościowymi sfragmentaryzowanego ciała, to właśnie odbudowa sprawności pozostaje ich najważniejszym motywem transplantacyjnym; mimo zasadniczej nieakceptacji wizerunkowej sfragmentaryzowanego ciała, kwestia jego potransplantacyjnej estetyki jest w motywach badanych relatywnie mniej znacząca.

Edmund Husserl maintains that phenomenological thinking does not begin with the theoretical roof but with the foundations of immediate and concrete experience. Martin Heidegger claims that to begin with immediate experience is to think in moments of disruption or disturbance of the everyday. Using these positions as a starting point, this paper argues for a phenomenological approach to project management that explores the immediate and concrete experience of project managers. In doing so it attempts to address an over-emphasis on the universalised and abstracted modes of theorising that currently dominate project management practice. Eugene Gendlin’s psycho-therapeutic technique of “focusing” provides a practical example of the phenomenological approach in action through a critical dialogue between researcher and practitioner, the co-authors of this paper. This paper argues that the insight derived from such an approach can do far more for a project manager in terms of their relationship to their work, the meaning they derive from it, and their effectiveness in the role, than a dedicated adherence to the strictures of traditional project management practice.

This paper examines Alfred Schutz’s insights on types and typification. Beginning with a brief overview of the history and meaning of typification in interpretive sociology, the paper further addresses both the ubiquity and the necessity of typification in social life and scientific method. Schutz’s contribution itself is lacking in empirical application and grounding, but examples are provided of ongoing empirical research which advances the understanding of types and typification. As is suggested by illustrations from scholarship in the social studies of social science, studies of social identity associated with membership categorization analysis, and constructionist social problems theory, typification can be found to be central to social research whether it is taken up as a largely unacknowledged resource or whether it is addressed by different names. The overview and illustrations suggest the continuing, widespread, and indeed foundational relevance of Schutz’s insights into types and typification.

This paper develops a phenomenological defense of Ian Hacking's experimental realism about unobservable entities in physical science, employing historically undervalued resources from the phenomenological tradition in order to clarify the warrant for our ontological commitments in science. Building upon the work of Husserl, Merleau‐Ponty and Heelan, the paper provides a phenomenological correction of the positivistic conception of perceptual evidence maintained by antirealists such as van Fraassen, the experimental relevance of which is illustrated through a phenomenological interpretation of the 1974 discovery of the J/ψ particle generally regarded as evidence for the charmed quark. The argument then turns to address known problems in Hacking's account, demonstrating that his own instrumentalist criterion of the real is inadequately rooted in the phenomenology of perception, and as a result, passes over the true ontological significance of experimental phenomena. The paper maintains that the proper crite...

This paper offers reflections on the use of a phenomenological method in the exploration of the experience of taking part in extreme sport. A phenomenological method was chosen in an attempt to gain some understanding of the meaning and significance of an embodied experience. The paper presents a brief account of the process and outcome of the research. This is followed by a discussion of the researcher's experience of conducting phenomenological research and the kind of knowledge that was produced as a result. Reflections revolve around the openness of the method and its ability to reveal a phenomenon, the degree to which it is able to capture uniqueness and specificity, problems around translation and language, recruitment of participants, and, finally, issues around the relationship between description and interpretation. The paper concludes with some recommendations for phenomenological research practice.

The present paper attempts to accomplish the following: (1) to clarify and critically discuss the phenomenology of “belief” as we find it in Husserl’s Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy, First Book (1913) (henceforward, Ideas I); (2) to clarify and critically discuss the manner in which the phenomenological method treats beliefs; (3) to clarify and critically discuss the manner of belief justification as described by the phenomenological method; and (4) to argue that, just as the phenomenological method can be used to validate scientific hypotheses, it can likewise be practised in our everyday worldly comportment to justify our everyday, commonsense beliefs. The paper proceeds from the idea that the phenomenological method is not the static descriptive method some make it out to be, but, rather, a living method at the service of life. The author begins with some preliminary remarks about Husserl’s concerns with unfounded or presupposed beliefs and their necessary “suspension” as dictated by the phenomenological reduction and epoche (“the method”). He then engages the text of Ideas I, especially sections 101 to 106, where Husserl presents a phenomenological conception of the character of belief. The paper concludes by treating the nature of belief justification, or “rational positing”, and puts forward the view that the phenomenological method in everyday practice can aid us in the realization of responsible epistemic conduct and, ultimately, lead toward responsible conduct towards ourselves and, hence, authentic being. Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, Volume 7, Edition 2 September 2007

In the early days of the Internet, significant researchers on sociological aspects relating to the Internet thought that online and off life worlds were somewhat disconnected as if they were parallel universes. Cyberculture emphasized a more contingent, flexible and fluid experience of selfhood. Those approaches produced a strong influence in early postmodern Internet studies (Hayward, 1991; Stone, 1996; Mosco, 2004; Talbot, 1995). Reading those earlier papers, it seems that the Internet has opened the way for the full realization of political utopias that conceived cyberspace as having an inherently democratic structure (Barlow, 1996). The web of our days is far from being the same of earlier stages. Dominated not just by Google, Twitter, YouTube, and Wikipedia, it has recently been shaped by WikiLeaks and the so-called Facebook and Twitter revolutions in North Africa and the Middle East. Over the years, perspectives on identities and social interactions have very much changed. Today, Internet studies follow a path based on the empirical research of the effective social interactions performed in the digital environment. Most of these perspectives derive its theoretical framework from important currents of social thought such as phenomenological sociology and symbolic interactionism. The purpose of this paper is to discuss complex literature on the issue of the autonomy of the self with relevance to understanding the meaning of political activism and mobilization., Nos primeiros tempos da Internet, investigadores proeminentes dos aspectos sociológicos relacionados com a Internet pensaram que os mundos da vida on-line e off eram desligados entre si, como se fossem paralelos. A cibercultura enfatizou uma experiência mais contingente, flexível e fluida de individualidade. Tais abordagens produziram uma forte influência nos primeiros estudos pós-modernos sobre Internet (Hayward, 1991; Stone, 1996; Mosco, 2004; Talbot, 1995). Lendo essas primeiras contribuições parece que a Internet abriu o caminho para a plena realização das utopias políticas que conceberam o ciberespaço como tendo uma estrutura inerentemente democrática (Barlow, 1996). A Internet dos nossos dias está longe de ser a mesma de fases anteriores. Dominada pelo Google, Twitter, YouTube e Wikipedia, foi, adicionalmente, sendo moldada pela WikiLeaks e pelas chamadas revoluções do Facebook e Twitter no norte da África e no Médio Oriente. Ao longo dos anos, perspectivas sobre as identidades e interações sociais têm mudado muito. Hoje, os estudos do Internet seguem um caminho baseado na investigação empírica das interações sociais eficazes executadas no ambiente digital. A maioria dessas perspectivas deriva o seu quadro teórico de importantes correntes do pensamento social, tais como a sociologia fenomenológica e o interacionismo simbólico. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a complexa literatura sobre a questão da autonomia individual com relevância para a compreensão do significado do ativismo e mobilização política.

This paper aims to clarify the proper position of time as sociology’s basic concept in relation to meaning ( Sinn). In sociology, the inseparable relationship between time and meaning has been clearly shown by Schutz’s phenomenological sociology and Luhmann’s social systems theory. Referring to the respective theories of Bergson and Husserl, Schutz argued that the problem of meaning in Weber’s interpretative sociology is a problem of time. The meaning of an action that an actor subjectively thinks of is determined not by a common normative value for example, but rather through her/his own inner time: the meaning of an ongoing action ( Handeln) is the act ( Handlung) projected as an aim in the stream of consciousness. Similarly, Luhmann considered self-referential social systems as temporal subjects that cognize their own reality of the external world. Phenomena appearing to a social system through communicative intentionality are weighted by the system’s own past and future, and are thereby selectively (not randomly) actualized as meaningful units in the present. System order (or social order) is thus temporally organized in the atemporal, chaotic world of meaning. “Self-reference” is to refer to a system’s own eigen time ( Eigenzeit), which provides the basis for a system’s autonomy or freedom.

The present paper discusses the phenomenological approach to art-therapy and suggests an operational terminology for its main theoretical concepts. First we present the general assumptions that underline art therapy. Definitions, leading approaches, and the therapeutic effect of artwork are considered. Next we indicate the need for relevant and particular theories of art therapy. Phenomenological theory is examined as a case in point because of its popularity among art therapists. Despite its philosophical appeal, however, we find phenomenological theory lacking the operational terminology that is essential to form a coherent and distinct school of therapy. In the present paper, we extract from phenomenological theory operational principles, which can be followed and applied by art therapists. In this analysis, we take into consideration Betensky's pioneer attempt to create the bridge between phenomenological theory as applied in verbal psychotherapy and art therapy. We end by discussing the urgent need to operationalize other verbal psychotherapeutic theories so they are relevant for art-therapy practice and may help create greater similarities among art therapists of the same school of psychotherapy.

Cet article analyse des interactions écrites se déroulant en temps réel sur internet dans le cadre des webchats. S’inspirant de l’ethnométhodologie et de la sociologie phénoménologique, il interroge les identités et les formes de relation qui s’y constituent. Comment les utilisateurs se dotent-ils d’une identité fondée sur la seule écriture électronique ? Comment des relations peuvent-elles se nouer, se développer, se maintenir durablement dans ce contexte et quelle en est la spécificité ? L’analyse articule deux types de données : des récits de pratique et des discussions enregistrées sur les chats. La première partie établit le lien entre le cadre spatio-temporel du dispositif de communication et la forme des interactions qui s’y déploient. La deuxième partie est consacrée aux typifications mises en œuvre par les participants pour construire leurs identités et leurs relations. En conclusion, la forme des relations dans les chats est caractérisée par une tension entre les catégories d’intimité et d’anonymat. Using ethnomethodology and phenomenological sociology, this paper analyses identities and relations arising through real time written interactions in webchats. How do users constitute identities based only on electronic writing? How can relations form, develop and last in this context? What is specific about such electronic relations? Two kinds of data are analysed: interviews with active webchat users and discussions recorded in the chats. First of all, the paper establishes the link between the space-time framework of the communication device and the form of interactions taking place. Then, the typifications used by participants to construct their identities and relations are examined. In conclusion, the relations in the chats are characterized by a tension between intimacy and anonymity.

Although attempts to complement the concept of reflexivity with social embeddedness have been made by many sociologists, theoretical tools for coming to grips with ‘temporally embedded’ aspects of reflexive activity have yet to make an entrance in the sociological arena. This paper intends to rectify this deficiency by spelling out how laypeople’s reflexive orientations draw on past lived experiences in the social world. Margaret Archer’s celebrated approach to reflexivity struggles to accommodate this dimension of reflexive agents since its clear ‘subjective–objective distinction’ is hostile to any talk of reflexivity as being historically constituted. A complementary account that allows us to map out and systematize temporal processes concerning reflexivity is, therefore, apt, an account that must address the fact that: reflexive activity does not start from scratch, in a vacuum, each time it operates; and, effects of previous lived experiences are at the heart of the mediatory process of reflex...

The paper is based on 82 open-ended interviews conducted by as many students during 2006–2013. The respondents were presented with pictures of two artworks, The Persistence of Memory (1931) by Salvador Dalí and Which Link Fails First? (1992) by Teemu Mäki, a Finnish contemporary artist. They were asked to comment and compare the two pictures and tell which one they liked better. The respondents’ spontaneous comments show different aspects of how an artwork is perceived and evaluated. The interviews were analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. As the result of in vivo coding, 40 variables were created for use in a content analysis. The respondents focused on different things when evaluating the two artworks. When commenting Dalí’s painting, they paid attention on its affective and sensory characteristics, while Mäki’s work was discussed primarily in terms of its message and perceived lack of professional quality. In parallel, a selection of interviews was analysed in order to reveal the temporal sequence of discussing and evaluating different aspects of the paintings. The analysis showed three ways of discussing, which were called naïve, scholarly, and deliberative. The temporally structured model of aesthetic appreciation and judgement suggested in 2004 by Leder and his co-workers was used as a heuristic device for an analysis of the shifts of attention that take place when a discourse is created and anchored in perception. Both cognitive psychology and phenomenological sociology emphasize the dependence of perception on context and intention; there is reason to take that theoretical starting point seriously.

The paper explores the complex history of quality and quantity from Aristotle’s doctrine of categories up to current discussions of the status of qualia in the mind-body problem in modern analytic philosophy. In the first part of the paper we trace the progressive mechanisation, mathematisation and quantification of the natural sciences, processes which spread to the humanities and medicine as early as the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and later culminated in the logical positivism of the Vienna and Berlin Circle. The second part discusses the renaissance of qualitative research methods in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in the humanities and the social sciences (hermeneutics, descriptive psychology, phenomenological sociology; the Chicago and Frankfurt School). It describes the origin of the terms “quality of life”, “quality of the environment”, “qualitative growth”, etc., and brings out the quite unexpected fact that qualitative research methods are nowadays also in vogue in mathematics, physics and artificial intelligence. The paper is based on a comprehensive search of the databases of several libraries via the keywords “quality” and “quantity”. It contains a bibliography of some 200 items.

Background:\ud Phenomenology can often be used as a general approach in studies exploring ‘experience’. However, social phenomenology can be seen as a distinct methodological approach for nursing research.\ud Aim: To provide a reflective account of adopting social phenomenology as a preferred methodology in nursing research.\ud Discussion: Personal identity and philosophical viewpoints are not fixed and can change over time, in part due to evolving debates and influences in nursing. People construct meaning in the context in which they are situated and can contribute to researchers’ standpoints at a particular point in time. This paper reflects a personal journey through various research influences to culminate in adopting a qualitative research methodology that draws on social and hermeneutic forms of phenomenology.\ud Conclusion: The importance of continually revisiting our own positions as nurse researchers is proposed, to justify our chosen study approaches in a critical and transparent way.\ud Implications for practice: Exploring and understanding patients’ experiences and their perspectives is fundamental to evidence-based nursing practice. Social phenomenology can provide a framework to explore the intersubjective dimensions of care, valuing the socio-historical and cultural aspects that influence behaviours, thoughts and actions.

Celem artykułu jest zarysowanie problematyki krytycznej analizy dyskursu (KAD) w odniesieniu do ram teoretycznych socjologii fenomenologicznej. Kluczowym zadaniem podjętych rozważań jest ukazanie teoretycznego zaplecza krytycznej analizy dyskursu w świetle Schützowskiej tradycji myślenia, z której w pewnym zakresie czerpią współcześni badacze KAD-u, jak również omówienie najważniejszych dylematów, jakie wiążą się z badaniem tak zwanego świata społecznego, stanowiącego nie tylko podstawowe pojęcie socjologii fenomenologicznej, lecz także hasło wywoławcze współczesnych studiów nad dyskursem w odmianie krytycznej. The aim of this paper is to outline the problem of critical discourse analysis in relation to theoretical framework of phenomenological sociology. The main task undertaken here is to show contemporary CDA assumptions from the perspective of Schützian tradition. The goal of the paper is also to discuss the major dilemmas associated with “social world,” which is not only the basic concept of phenomenological sociology but also a keyword of contemporary critical discourse studies.

First in this paper, after discussing the changes in knowledge in 1960-70's, the development of philosophical thought of Japan in this period is discussed from the perspective of phenomenology. And next, the relationship of these thoughts to Japanese sociological theory in 1960-70's and in 1980's are investigated.Among these changes in knowledge are several typical trends including inquiries into science and positivism in general, questions about the essence and functions of language such as studies on speech-act theory and language-game theory and the re-interpretation of Saussure's linguistics, problems raised by structuralism on Western modernity, reinterpretations of Marxism, and new developments in phenomenological philosophy by Husserl and Merleau-Ponty. While focusing briefly on the opposing views between Marxian sociology and sociological functionalism, and between sociological functionalism and phenomenological sociology, it is demonstrated by bibiographical reference that during the process of change in philosophical thought inquiries into the problem of subjectivity inevitably reached its fundamental level, that is, the level of intersubjectivity. Above all, the studies in fundamental interaction at the intersubjective pre-linguistic level, argued by Japanese philosophers in 1960-70's, are dealt with at §. 2 in this paper.However, investigations into the problem of intersubjectivity in Japanese sociological theory did not develop sufficiently until the 1990's. Today, there exists a rift between those sociologists who support sociological theory which chooses not to study this problem and those sociologists who support sociological investigations (including phenomenological sociology) which choose to study intersubjectivity and life-world at the fundamental level. Finally, the importance of the latter point of view is asserted in this paper.

This paper outlines key ideas in phenomenology and phenomenological psychology in order to clarify some of the processes which are used in ecosystemics. Occasionally writers take the view that a phenomenological approach indicates simply that we are concerned with an individual's experiences or that we are dealing with subjective perspectives. This paper shows that the important theoretical perspectives and specific techniques of phenomenological psychology provide the basis for important aspects of the ecosystemic approach.

The aim of this paper is the clarification of some key concepts of the methodology of biographical narratives. Despite of the fact that this methodology is widely used, its theoretical underpinnings not yet appear to have been systematically compiled. Accordingly, the objectives of this paper are as follows: [i] develop the method of narrative interview and the method of analysis of biographical narratives created by Fritz Schutze; [ii] clarify some of the theoretical points that this author assumes (as the task of sociology and its object of study) through the concepts of self, society and language; and [iii] explore the influences of the theoretical framework of the phenomenological sociology of Alfred Schutz and compare both authors. Its conclusion is the statement that the phenomenological sociology cannot be considered the only theoretical framework that underlies Schutze’s methodology, which points out to new questions.

The field of interorganizational studies is not currently known for applying qualitative methodologies with the same enthusiasm as statistically‐based survey techniques. A review of recent developments in qualitative methodologies reveals several techniques which can be fruitfully applied to the study of interorganizational (IO) networks. This paper extends the meaning‐based social definitionist perspective to the study of IO networks, by drawing upon the relevant theoretical aspects of social phenomenology, symbolic interactionism, and ethnomethodology. The social definitionist perspective is concerned with theories and methodologies relevant to the social definition and construction of meaning in multiple actor settings. Such a meaning‐based perspective would facilitate the application of qualitative methodologies to IO networks, in parallel with similar developments in organizational behavior. The paper identifies four specific types of qualitative analyses for IO studies: phenomenological typification, domain analysis, componential analysis, and conversational analysis.

This paper discusses phenomenological structures relevant to tangible and embedded interaction through a phenomenological interpretation of an interactive art piece. This discussion distinguishes between two basic traditions in phenomenological philosophy, the Husserlian and the Heideggerian. In addition, it illustrates the notions of Lichtung, intentionality, Verhalten, ready-to-hand and present-at-hand. The paper concludes with some implications of a Heideggerian phenomenological framework.

The research area of Computer-Supp orted Cooperative Work (CSCW) aims at developing digital technologies that may support cooperating actors in coordinating and integrating their work. In this effort, it is crucial to identify and understand the very coordinative practices through which orderly inter- action is achieved. For these reasons, phenomenological sociology plays a central role in CSCW. Based on this approach, the present paper argues that in order to understand what it is like to be a member, to grasp the urgencies and constraints under which members act and interact, the analyst must identify the systemic features of the situation. Arguing that for these purposes the systemic concept of 'complexity' is indispensable, the paper discusses the concept of complexity and its relevance for CSCW and examines the implications of this suggestion. RESUME: L'objectif du champ de recherche portant sur le Travail Cooperatif Assiste par Ordinateur (TCAO) est de developper des technologies numeriques qui puissent aider des agents cooperants a coor- donner et a integrer leur travail. Dans cette perspective, il est crucial d'identifier et de comprendre la nature des pratique de coordination par lesquelles une interaction ordonnee peut etre mise en oeuvre. Pour ces raisons, la contribution de la sociologie phenomenologique est centrale dans le TCAO. Nous inscri- vant dans cette approche, nous soutiendrons dans cet article que pour comprendre le contenu experientiel d'un membre d'un collectif, pour saisir les necessites et les contraintes auxquelles les acteurs doivent faire face quand ils agissent et interagissent, l'analyste doit identifier les elements systemiques de la si- tuation consideree. A partir d'une argumentation qui pose que a cette fin le concept systemique de "com- plexite" est indispensable, l'article discute ce concept et sa pertinence pour le TCAO, et examine les implications de cette proposition.

El presente artículo se propone reconstruir sistemáticamente la —conocida pero poco estudiada a fondo— recepción schutziana de la fenomenología de Husserl. Con este objetivo, se procede en cuatro pasos. En primer lugar (1), se bosquejan los lineamientos fundamentales del acercamiento inusual de Schutz al pensamiento husserliano; en segundo término (2), se examina la lectura schutziana del proyecto fenomenológico-trascendental; luego (3), se expone la distinción husserliana entre psicología fenomenológica y fenomenología trascendental; y, finalmente (4), se explicitan las razones que impulsan a Schutz a optar por la primera en detrimento de la última. La conclusión fundamental del análisis realizado es que existen dos tipos de motivos que mueven al pensador vienés a tomar posición por la psicología fenomenológica, a saber: (a) motivos programáticos y (b) filosóficos. In this paper, I intend to systematically reconstruct Schutz's reading of Husserl's phenomenology. In order to do so, I will proceed in four steps. First (1), I will sketch Schutz's unusual approach to Husserl's thought; second (2), I will examine his reading of the Husserlian transcendental phenomenology; third (3), I will scrutinize Husserl's distinction between phenomenological psychology and transcendental phenomenology; and finally (4), I will reconstruct the reasons why Schutz opts for the former over the latter. The main conclusion is that two different kinds of motives impel him to practice phenomenological psychology, namely, (a) programmatic and (b) philosophical ones.

‘Social phenomenology’ (Schütz, 1970; 1978) and its concept of the ‘lifeworld’ has received limited attention in the research methods literature. Few contemporary researchers, with the exception of Aspers (2006a; 2006b; 2009) and Svensson (2007) have developed procedures for undertaking social phenomenological research in occupational settings.I developed a social phenomenological approach to explore, from an emotional labour perspective, how public relations (PR) consultants experienced, practised and understood their everyday interactions with clients, colleagues and journalists (Hochschild, 1983). If emotion is understood as a relational practice, the analysis of socially-constructed discourse is essential to access emotional meaning structures within occupational cultures such as public relations.I adopted an iterative analytical process whereby I interviewed, twice, a sample of six participants. From transcript analysis I produced a ‘description of practice’ document for participants to check (Aspers, 2006a; 2009). ‘Bracketing’ (Husserl, 1963/1913) involved writing self-memos throughout the research process, and finally, a self-reflexive account. Thematic analysis of findings resulted in a rich understanding of emotion management and identity work in public relations.This paper demonstrates that an iterative and reflexive analytical process that involves participants in cocreating social reality, is a compelling approach to understand the ‘lifeworld’ of social actors in occupational settings.

It is a premise of this paper that phenomenological social science is not nor aspires to be phenomenological philosophy. Phenomenological social science has more than sufficient tasks before it to dissuade it from extending itself into philosophical domains of inquiry. Furthermore, it is our assumption, or rather, the goal of demonstration that phenomenological social scientific reflection does not need to be paradoxical; but that the way out of the paradox presupposes the validity and the effectiveness of the transcendental orientation. The following analysis is abbreviated; it merely sketches some of the main points for clarification. The paper has two sections. The first attempts to demarcate the domain of social scientific reflection and provides a listing of significant theoretical and semantic considerations pertinent to the lifeworld grounding of social scientific inquiry. The section draws attention to the systematic function of transcendental reflection in phenomenological social science.

In the first place, I discuss the main papers and books on Durkheim published in recent years, where no attention is given to the phenomenological interpretations of his work. Then I expose different phenomenological readings of Durkheim, some of them positive (for instance, Tyriakian’s), some negative (Monnerot and others), some ambivalent (like Schutz’s). Later I find that there is in Durkheim an implicit practice of phenomenology, inspired by Descartes’ Meditations on first philosophy. Consequently, I support Tyriakian’s thesis that there is in Durkheim an implicit phenomenological approach, despite his positivism. Then I wonder whether this tacit approach produces a phenomenological ontology of the social world. I find that it actually does, especially in what regards to social facts considered as things. I argue that Durkheim’s conception of social things is consistent with Husserl’s notion of ideal objectivities. I conclude that Durkheim’s rule of considering social facts as things is part of his phenomenological legacy and that it does not contradict the idea that they also are “states lived”. Fil: Belvedere, Carlos Daniel. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Phenomenological social psychology is an approach that seeks to apply some of the principles of the phenomenological perspective to social psychology, focusing on people's lived experiences. Taking a critical perspective to mainstream psychology, phenomenologists seek to create qualitative methodologies in order to achieve rich descriptions of individual human experiences. Being part of the phenomenological movement, the contemporary French philosophers Jean-Paul Sartre and Paul Ricoeur developed their own perspectives, with their primary concern being to emphasize the human capacity to create meaning for temporal experience, constituting various types of narratives. From a survey of literature, this paper seeks to develop a discussion on the relationship between subjectivity, temporality, and narrativity in the works of Jean-Paul Sartre and Paul Ricoeur, pointing out these authors’ contributions to the field of phenomenological social psychology.

This paper examines Moore’s account of Husserl in chapter 17 of The Evolution of Modern Metaphysics . I consider in particular the threat of a gap between natural sense-making, which takes place within what Husserl calls the “natural attitude,” and phenomenological sense-making, which is made from within the perspective afforded by the phenomenological reduction. Moore’s concerns are an echo, I suggest, of the radical account of Husserlian phenomenology developed by Husserl’s student and final assistant, Eugen Fink, in his Sixth Cartesian Meditation . Fink’s account shows just how wide a gap there is between natural and phenomenological sense-making. Given that gap, I argue that it is not clear whether phenomenological sense-making really can make sense of natural or ordinary sense-making, nor is it clear that we can even make sense of that kind of sense-making at all .

This paper presents evolving guidelines for undertaking phenomenological study in entrepreneurship. Building on the review of philosophical ideas that could inform the choice of methodology in a specific discipline, the paper unearths the essential tenets of two phenomenological schools of thought – descriptive and interpretive phenomenology, and describes how those tenets served as a guide to undertake a research activity in entrepreneurship. This paper, therefore, proposes a phenomenological research design, which has been used to undertake entrepreneurship study that shed more understanding on the link between institutions and entrepreneurship, for consideration in future entrepreneurship research using the phenomenological approach.

This paper describes the mathematics classroom from the perspective of social phenomenology. Here the classroom is seen as an environment of signs, comprising things and people, which impinge on the reality of the individual child. The paper introduces a framework through which mathematical work is seen as taking place in the imagined world through the filter of the world in immediate perception. This provides an approach to structuring evolving mathematical understanding. It is suggested that mathematical ideas are contained and shaped by the child's personal phenomenology, which evolves through time. Further, I argue these ideas are never encountered directly but rather are met through a circular hermeneutic process of reconciling expectation with experience.

Islamic studies, as a discipline, are carried out according to various methodological commitments and hermeneutic presuppositions. This includes traditional conservative and apologetic perspectives, as well as Orientalist and revisionist, more or less historical-critical approaches to Islamic religious life. Interpretation of Islamic faith and practice is to be understood accordingly. Notwithstanding such methodological commitments, one can reasonably ask if and how a phenomenological clarification of ‘the Qur’an’ might add to this understanding. Phenomenological methods vary, in which case phenomenological description is dependent on the methodological guideline adopted, e.g., that which follows Edmund Husserl or, alternatively, the approach offered by Martin Heidegger. This paper reviews these methodological issues with a view to illuminating an alternative comportment that sees the Qur’an as a phenomenon open to clarification, yet without commitment to epistemological or empirical methods of analysis.

Entitled merely “On the Object of Thought,” Chapter 8 of Gurwitsch’s Studies in Phenomenology and Psychology (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1966) has the following note attached to its title: “Paper read at the meeting of the Phenomenological Society, April 27, 1946, at Hunter College, New York City. It was not possible to include here all the discussion. The original version was published in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research VII (1947).” What seems the integral script read at the International Phenomenological Society meeting has, however, survived in the Nachlass. It is 596 lines long and 291 lines of it, i.e. practically half, correspond closely to the published version. The following, however, was added to the previously published version: and I must also forsake surveying the elaboration of concepts analogous to that of the “object of thought” in several contemporary psychological sciences. I have in view the abandonment of the constancy hypothesis in Gestalt theory, the studies of the late Gelb and Prof. Goldstein on the psychical effects of brain injuries, the late Levy-Bruhl’s account of mental functions in primitive societies, the views of the phonological school in linguistics, Max Weber’s verstehende Soziologie and especially his distinction between objektiver and subjektiver Sinn.

The concept ofépreuve, literally translated as ‘challenge’, was developed by the French sociologist Danilo Martuccelli, who was inspired by Sartre's existential philosophy, phenomenological sociology and its concern for analysing modern experiences, and Charles Wright Mills’ conviction that it is necessary to relate personal problems to the social structures that generate or amplify them. The concept has been used in the sociology of ageing in France to characterise theépreuveof ageing and four domains ofépreuvehave been identified: activities, identity, autonomy and relationship to the world. This paper applies this template to a corpus of 27 interviews with people at mild to moderate stages of Alzheimer's disease, in order to characterise theépreuveof ageing with the disease. Theépreuveof ageing during the earlier stages of the disease is similar to the experience of people who age without a cognitive disorder. However, as the disease progresses the analysis reveals that it tends to exacerbate issues: identity seems especially threatened, simultaneously raising the question of self-presentation and self-definition; although most interviewees strive to retain autonomy, a few delegate it to a close confidante with whom they build a relationship of strong dependence; and weakened communication accentuates the feeling that the world is foreign and strange.

International audience; Evidence from researches emanating from Nigeria in the field of mathematics education has revealed an over-reliance on broad methods of empirical inquiry. There seem to be a general stereotypical restriction on approaches to conducting investigation across the noble discipline, thereby stifling the spirit of innovation, open-mindedness and scholarly inquisitiveness. This discourse is premised on the possibility that obtaining better answers to inquiries may rest largely in qualitative approaches that rely more on the subjects of the inquiries than on the pre-conceptions of the inquirer. Phenomenology as a qualitative approach to research in mathematics education seek to interpret the multiple constituents of consciousness and the numerous cognitive and affective dimensions of the contending issues, trends, progress, prospects and challenges of the profession. In phenomenology, the aim of the researcher is to describe as accurately as possible the phenomenon, reframing from any pre-given framework, but remaining true to the essence as seen from the perspectives of the people involved. The fundamental submission of this paper therefore, is the need to extensively adopt empirical phenomenology to unearth and interpret the growth and development of mathematics education in Nigeria.

Spanish Abstract: Efectuamos en este articulo una integracion de la narratologia cognitiva, el interaccionismo dramatistico, y la teoria evolucionista. Definimos los conceptos de cartografia narrativa y anclaje narrativo, y desarrollamos el marco conceptual constructivista definido por Schutz, Luckmann y Berger en sus estudios de fenomenologia social. La teoria de los marcos de Goffman tambien se trata y se incorpora al modelo, asi como diversos modelos narratologicos que van desde la poetica aristotelica a la hermeneutica de Ricœur, o los estudios bajtinianos de Morson y Bernstein sobre las patologias del tiempo. Sostenemos que la narracion y las operaciones mentales narrativizadoras son un fenomeno emergente de importancia crucial para la construccion del nicho cultural humano; que de hecho son nada menos que la operacion cognitiva fundamental que sirve como base para la emergencia del tiempo considerado como una dimension compleja y multiestratificada de la realidad. English Abstract: This paper effects an integration of cognitive narratology, dramatistic interactionism, phenomenology, and evolutionary theory. It defines the concepts of narrative mapping and narrative anchoring, and builds up from the constructivist conceptual framework established by Schutz, Luckmann, and Berger in their studies in social phenomenology. Goffman's frame theory is also dealt with and integrated into the model, as well as a number of narratological approaches ranging from Aristotle's poetics to Ricœur's hermeneutics and Morson and Bernstein's Bakhtinian studies of the pathologies of time. A case is made for narrative and narrativizing mental operations as a major emergent phenomenon in the construction of the human cultural niche, and as nothing less than the major cognitive operation resulting in the emergence of time as a complex multi-layered dimension of reality.

Este artículo aborda la comprensión de las vivencias de padres comprometidos con su paternidad acerca del distanciamiento físico y emocional de sus hijos, tras un proceso de separación de pareja. Es un trabajo de relevancia social, pues culturalmente la madre es quien se vincula afectiva y físicamente con los hijos, mientras el padre suele ser considerado el proveedor material de la familia, debiendo alejarse de su prole -por el mandato social- ante la inminente separación de pareja. Al abordar este estudio (desde la fenomenología social) con cinco hombres de la Octava Región, Chile, pudimos concluir que para ellos, dicho distanciamiento, se ha constituido en vivencias estables y dolorosas. Manifestaron el deseo de ser padres y afirmaron poseer cualidades prácticas para cuidar a los hijos a pesar de los obstáculos socio-jurídicos que limitan la continuidad de su paternidad y de sus esfuerzos por mantenerse cerca; esto trae a menudo consecuencias en su vida personal y social, abordadas en este trabajo This paper focuses on the understanding of the experiences of fathers committed to their paternity facing the physical and emotional distance from their children after a partner separation process. From a cultural perspective, it is assumed that the mother is the one who establishes a strong affective and physical bond with the children, while the father is often considered the material provider for the family and is expected to get away from his offspring once the couple disintegrates. The analysis of the cases of five men from the Eighth Region (Chile), from a social phenomenology perspective, shows that for these men the distancing has become a stable painful experience. These men also expressed the desire to be fathers and reported to possess the required qualities to care for their children despite the socio-legal obstacles that limit the continuity of their paternity and their efforts to stay close. This often brings consequences in their personal and social life, which are addressed in this study

This article explores the practical application of interpretive and transcendental philosophy by giving examples of Heideggarian and Husserlian phenomenological approaches, respectively. The paper provides an historical context for the philosophical basis of phenomenological approaches to research in the healthcare sciences and frames this within the context of the need for a robust approach to evidence based qualitative research. Two examples of phenomenology are used to illustrate the differing approaches to the discipline and their relative usefulness to healthcare practice. A consideration of the association of scientific rigour and discipline is discussed in relation to the worth of research and a discussion of the willingness to depart from ‘sedimented’ views as an integral part of Gestalt methodology is briefly described. The progression of phenomenology from philosophy to method is demonstrated through an engagement with modern implementers of phenomenological research methods such as Benner and Greatrex-White. It concludes with a discussion of the concept of a knowledge society.

El presente artículo se propone reconstruir sistemáticamente la -conocida pero poco estudiada a fondo- recepción schutziana de la fenomenología de Husserl. Con este objetivo, se procede en cuatro pasos. En primer lugar (1), se bosquejan los lineamientos fundamentales del acercamiento inusual de Schutz al pensamiento husserliano; en segundo término (2), se examina la lectura schutziana del proyecto fenomenológico-trascendental; luego (3), se expone la distinción husserliana entre psicología fenomenológica y fenomenología trascendental; y, finalmente (4), se explicitan las razones que impulsan a Schutz a optar por la primera en detrimento de la última. La conclusión fundamental del análisis realizado es que existen dos tipos de motivos que mueven al pensador vienés a tomar posición por la psicología fenomenológica, a saber: (a) motivos programáticos y (b) filosóficos. In this paper, I intend to systematically reconstruct Schutz's reading of Husserl's phenomenology. In order to do so, I will proceed in four steps. First (1), I will sketch Schutz's unusual approach to Husserl's thought; second (2), I will examine his reading of the Husserlian transcendental phenomenology; third (3), I will scrutinize Husserl's distinction between phenomenological psychology and transcendental phenomenology; and finally (4), I will reconstruct the reasons why Schutz opts for the former over the latter. The main conclusion is that two different kinds of motives impel him to practice phenomenological psychology, namely, (a) programmatic and (b) philosophical ones.