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Public safety is prime concern in rail industry and driver training on hazard perception is crucial. Additionally, a new driver’s skill set determines the productivity and quality of existing driver training methods. Apprentice train drivers are required to complete massive hours under supervision of experienced drivers to attain the required skill sets causing productivity issues. Traditional driver training is paper based, and assessments are individually evaluated without any scientific rigor, resulting in quality challenges. This paper proposes a Metaverse embedded learning and training framework for drivers in rolling stock. The framework includes driver vision analysis by eye tracking and pupil dilation focusing on enhancing the productivity and quality of driver training and hazard detection for drivers in rolling stock. Metaverse embedded training and learning enhances experiential learning with unique benefits. In this paper, a metaverse-based training framework is proposed for train drivers to enhance productivity, quality, and safety aspects through case studies including: (i) driver sightline studies and (ii) vision analysis. The studies developed quantifying driver hazard perceptions and related comprehension rates based on eye tracking and vision studies. In conclusion, the overall savings on cost and time are 95% effective using Metaverse-based training method compared to traditional methods. Stakeholders need to supervise on driver tasks, knowledge retention, damage control due to the occurrence of hazards. The framework substantially reduced hazards to 50% with saving up to 3696 man-hours. The assessment was completely automated to provide real time assessment thus providing 93% more positive results compared to traditional methods.

In high-speed rail networks, train units are scheduled to periodically meet all maintenance requirements while at the same time continuing to serve all scheduled passenger trips. Motivated by the trip demand variances on the days of every week in China, this paper studies a weekly rolling stock planning (W-RSP) problem that aims to optimize the rotation plan for the train units on each day of a week, so as to minimize their operating cost, including any (un)coupling costs and maintenance costs. We model the W-RSP on a newly developed rotation network by adopting particular nodes and arcs to address the (un)coupling operations of train units, and then propose an integer linear programming formulation for the problem. To solve this formulation, we develop a customized branch-and-price algorithm, which relies on a reduced linear programming relaxation for computing the lower bound, embeds a diving algorithm for computing the upper bound, and integrates advanced branching rules for effective explorations of the solution space. Computational results validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed solution algorithm, which is able to solve large instances with up to 5034 trips to near-optimality.

The paper deals with the transport and cargo complex of the rolling shop, which is serviced in terms of the shipment of finished products by railway transport of a metallurgical enterprise. The analysis of the transport technology for the shipment of rolled metal has been carried out, the characteristic features of the material movement process have been established, the existing shortcomings have been identified, which lead to significant production losses and transport costs. The use of logistics technologies in the organization of flow processes in the production and transport systems of enterprises has been substantiated. The method of synchronization of streaming processes in transport and cargo complexes during cargo handling of the main material flow has been developed and described. On the basis of the developed algorithm for the implementation of this method, the duration of the flow process cycle in the transport and cargo complex of the cold-rolling shop, including production and transport cycles, is substantiated. For this, studies have been carried out to determine the parameters of the transport and production modules, a controlled operation has been determined that has the greatest duration and affects the duration of the material movement process as a whole. Adaptive solutions have been developed that synchronize the interaction of production and transport, as well as optimize the operation of these cycles during the phase transformation "metal flow - freight traffic - car traffic". A graphical model of the implementation of the proposed logistic method is presented. Conclusions are drawn about the prospect of using this method in the existing conditions for the shipment of finished products of metallurgical enterprises, which makes it possible to reduce the duration of the use of rolling stock in the transport and cargo complex., В работе рассматривается транспортно-грузовой комплекс прокатного цеха, обслуживание которого в части отгрузки готовой продукции осуществляется железнодорожным транспортом металлургического предприятия. Произведён анализ транспортной технологии отгрузки металлопроката, установлены характерные особенности процесса материалодвижения, выявлены существующие недостатки, которые приводят к значительным производственным потерям и издержкам транспорта. Обосновано применение логистических технологий при организации потоковых процессов в производственно-транспортных системах предприятий. Разработан и описан метод синхронизации потоковых процессов в транспортно-грузовых комплексах при грузопереработке основного материального потока. На основе разработанного алгоритма реализации данного метода обоснована продолжительность цикла потокового процесса в транспортно-грузовом комплексе цеха холодного проката, включающего производственный и транспортный такты. Для этого проведены исследования по определению параметров транспортного и производственного модулей, определена управляемая операция, имеющая наибольшую продолжительности и влияющая на продолжительность процесса материалодвижения в целом. Разработаны адаптационные решения, синхронизирующие взаимодействие производства и транспорта, а также оптимизирующие работу указанных тактов при фазовой трансформации «металлопоток – грузопоток – вагонопоток». Приведена графическая модель реализации предложенного логистического метода. Сделаны выводы о перспективе применения данного метода в существующих условиях отгрузки готовой продукции металлургических предприятий, позволяющего сократить продолжительность использования подвижного состава в транспортно-грузовом комплексе., В роботі розглядається транспортно-вантажний комплекс прокатного цеху, обслуговування якого в частині відвантаження готової продукції здійснюється залізничним транспортом металургійного підприємства. Зроблено аналіз транспортної технології відвантаження металопрокату, встановлені характерні особливості процесу матеріалоруху, виявлено існуючі недоліки, які призводять до значних виробничих і транспортних втрат. Обгрунтовано застосування логістичних технологій при організації потокових процесів у виробничо-транспортних системах підприємств. Розроблено і описано метод синхронізації потокових процесів у транспортно-вантажних комплексах при вантажопереробці основного матеріального потоку. На основі розробленого алгоритму реалізації даного методу обґрунтована тривалість циклу потокового процесу у транспортно-вантажному комплексі цеху холодного прокату, що включає виробничий і транспортний такти. Для цього проведено дослідження з визначення параметрів транспортного і виробничого модулів, визначена керована операція, що має найбільшу тривалість і впливає на тривалість процесу матеріалоруху в цілому. Розроблено адаптаційні рішення, що синхронізують взаємодію виробництва і транспорту, а також оптимізують роботу зазначених тактів при фазової трансформації «металопотік - вантажопотік - вагонопотік». Наведено графічну модель реалізації запропонованого логістичного методу. Зроблено висновки про перспективу застосування даного методу в існуючих умовах відвантаження готової продукції металургійних підприємств, що дозволяє скоротити тривалість використання рухомого складу в транспортно-вантажному комплексі.&nbsp

This paper describes implementation of a snow cannon for testing different coatings for adhesion of snow in railway applications. A spray of snow is targeted to a test plate and the accumulated mass of snow is measured. The test plate can be coated with e.g. an ice-phobic coating to test the effect of coating on adhesion of snow. Exploitation of a snow cannon for this purpose is straightforward, but certain parameters need to be measured and starts and stops of the cannon need to be precisely controlled to produce repeatable measurements. The snow cannon needs water and air supply in order to operate. These need to be measured and the flow of water and air in the cannon need to be adjusted carefully to be able to produce consistent spray of snow. The snow cannon was assembled in a cold laboratory, whose temperature could be precisely adjusted. The temperature and the humidity of the laboratory were measured. The paper describes the preliminary results of the snow cannon implemented for the described purpose.

The paper examines the methods of increasing the transportation process efficiency as part of the Digital Railway project as an element of digitization of the Russian economy. It analyzes the methods of increasing the efficiency through extensive use of the intelligent train traffic management system, minimal manning of the transportation process and efficient application of permanent assets. The author cites the economic effect of innovative technologies in a number of railway regions of JSC RZD. The paper defines the future technological developments that will soon ensure a qualitatively new level of decision-making in infrastructure management., В статье рассмотрены способы повышения эффективности перевозочного процесса при реализации проекта «Цифровая железная дорога», как элемента цифровизации экономики России. Проанализированы пути повышения эффективности за счет широкого применения интеллектуальной системы управления движением поездов, реализации малолюдных технологий в перевозочном процессе и др. Приведены результаты внедрения инновационных технологий, намечена перспектива развития технических средств, обеспечивающих в ближайшей перспективе качественно новый уровень принятия решений по управлению инфраструктурой., В Ростовском государственном университете путей сообщения активно развивается направление виртуальной и дополненной реальности. Современные компьютерные комплексы и сети, программное обеспечение, позволяют студентам создавать тренажерные и игровые приложения. В частности на базе РГУПС разработаны виртуальные тренажеры для подготовки осмотрщиков вагонов, изучения и диагностирования стрелочных переводов и стрелочных электроприводов, схем управления стрелками, процесса отправления поезда со станции. Создаются виртуальные лабораторные тренажерные комплексы ВЛТК подвижного состава для подготовки инженеров железнодорожного транспорта. Они выполнены максимально идентично реальным кабинам соответствующих локомотивов. В тренажерах наглядно визуализированы процессы работы внутренних систем подвижного состава в реальном времени, что позволяет обучающимся более глубокого понять принципы функционирования систем. Необходимость виртуальных тренажерных комплексов обусловлена высокой степенью ответственности, опасностью работ и стоимостью обучения на реальных системах. В будущем планируется создание комплексов, имитирующих организацию технологических процессов инфраструктуры ОАО «РЖД», Автоматика, связь, информатика, Выпуск 5 (5) 2019, Page 43–45

To realize the design of mixed-traffic railway lines, the choice of radius must ensure a comfortable ride for passenger vehicles, safe freight transport, and acceptable maintenance costs of vehicle wheels and railway infrastructure. This is not a straightforward task, and what is worse, there is a worldwide lack of clear criteria to limit the design parameters involved in the geometric definition of high-speed railway lines. The proof of this is the great number of technical standards (or recommendations) that are applied depending on the period of time, the administrations involved, or the technicians in charge. If the line is going to be aimed at mixed-speed traffic, this indetermination is even more severe, as the different type of trains that are forecasted to use the tracks (with different loads, speeds, etc.) should affect the limits of the design parameters. To begin to solve this problem, this paper aimed (1) to analyze the design parameters and limitation defined in several technical standards that are used to design high-speed railway lines, (2) to propose a graphical method for designing the horizontal alignment (the cant, the radius, and the clothoid), and (3) to apply the method to a real example to compare our proposed design with the original project for a case study in Spain.

Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie propozycji korekty systemu zarządzania bezpieczeństwem i analizy zagrożeń oraz ryzyka, jak również wykazanie współzależności pomiędzy nimi na przykładzie wybranego przedsiębiorstwa kolejowego z branży petrochemicznej. W pracy sformułowano następujące hipotezy badawcze; 1. Właściwa identyfikacja czynników ryzyka ma kluczowe znaczenie dla bieżącej działalności przedsiębiorstwa oraz konkurencyjności przedsiębiorstwa kolejowego na rynku. 2. Niewłaściwe zarządzanie ryzykiem w transporcie kolejowym pociąga za sobą skutki ekonomiczne w przedsiębiorstwie. 3. Głównym czynnikiem ryzyka w transporcie kolejowym jest zawodność techniczna taboru kolejowego. Bazę badawczą stanowi przedsiębiorstwo kolejowe z Grupy Kapitałowej branży petrochemicznej. Podstawą do badań będzie analiza posiadanego przez przedsiębiorstwo systemu zarządzania bezpieczeństwem w transporcie kolejowym (Safety Management System / SMS). W pracy zastosowane zostały metoda opisowa oraz analiza porównawcza metod identyfikacji czynników ryzyka. Dokumentami źródłowymi analizowanych pojęć związanych z bezpieczeństwem w transporcie kolejowym są rozporządzenia i dyrektywy. Praca wykazuje że bez zarządzania ryzykiem w transporcie kolejowym, nie jest możliwe prawidłowe realizowanie bieżących działań przedsiębiorstwa, a poprawna identyfikacja czynników ryzyka ma strategiczne znaczenie dla sukcesu przedsiębiorstwa. Również niewłaściwe zarządzanie ryzykiem działalności skutkuje stratami ekonomicznymi, które mogą w znaczący sposób obciążyć wynik finansowy firmy, a w radykalnych przypadkach wpłynąć również na utratę płynności finansowej przedsiębiorstwa. Jednak jak interpretuje praktyka kluczowym czynnikiem w ocenie ryzyka jest czynnik ludzki. To od zaangażowania członków grupy oceniającej ryzyko oraz ich świadomości występowania ryzyka zależy poprawne i bezpieczne funkcjonowanie przedsiębiorstwa. The aim of this work is to present a proposal for the correction of the safety management system and analysis of hazards and risks, as well as to show the interdependencies between them on the example of a selected railway company from the petrochemical industry. The following research hypotheses were formulated in the work; 1. Proper identification of risk factors is crucial to the ongoing operations of the company and the competitiveness of the railway undertaking on the market. 2. Improper risk management in rail transport entails economic consequences in the enterprise. 3. The main risk factor in rail transport is the technical unreliability of the rolling stock. The railway company from the Capital Group of the petrochemical industry is the research base. The basis for the research will be an analysis of the railway safety management system (SMS Management) owned by the company. The paper uses a descriptive method and a comparative analysis of methods for identifying risk factors. The source documents of the analyzed concepts related to safety in rail transport are regulations and directives. The work shows that without risk management in rail transport, it is not possible to properly implement the current activities of the company, and the correct identification of risk factors is of strategic importance for the success of the company. Also improper business risk management results in economic losses that may significantly affect the company's financial result and, in radical cases, also affect the loss of the company's financial liquidity. However, as the practice interprets, the key factor in the risk assessment is the human factor. The correct and safe functioning of the company depends on the involvement of the members of the risk assessment group and their awareness of the occurrence of risk.

The electric grid is more and more under pressure. A blackout is possible. In Europe and particularly in France, during cold period the consumption reaches a share of production capacity higher and higher every year. Moreover, the increasing part of intermittent energy sources coupled with a drop of peak production sources investments are nowadays impacting the electric grid stability. With electricity market liberalization and new mechanisms, not only producers can be a part of electricity grid stability, consumers can. The most consuming industries can act and participate in these mechanisms (demand-response). In France the first consumer is the main French railway operator SNCF. Its presence all over France makes it relevant as a distributed-but-unique service provider. In a societal point of view, SNCF, as a public industry, is legitimate to make efforts towards electric grid stability avoiding home or region blackout due to unbalance between consumption and production. SNCF yearly power consumption of 8 TWh is exposed in this paper, showing a distribution of 84% for traction, 14% for buildings and stations, and 2 % for rolling stock maintenance centres. Rolling stock involvement in demand-response mechanism is meaningful. But reducing the power of a train may involve a delay at arrival that is not acceptable for passengers. Many Driver Advisory Systems (DAS) on the market owe to reduce energy consumption. The objective of this paper is to show the development of a new add-on in a DAS that will optimize power reduction of trains during a balancing period and ensure the arrival time, while controlling the energy consumed during the overall trip. A demand-response period is added in the optimisation tool to get involved in electricity market mechanisms. A virtual test is done on high speed line “LN1” between Paris and Lyon. Different scenarios are presented and show a flexibility potential between 3 to 7 MW during peak hour involving 15 High Speed Trains (HST). The economic potential of this implication is finally detailed. On a national basis, it represents a big share of electrical primary reserve and is also a matter of concern for network operators and utilities.

This paper is devoted to the development of an effective system for monitoring the technical condition of the axle boxes of rolling stock. To this end, the possibility of solving problems of fault diagnostics based on the theory of fuzzy sets is considered. This allows one note such difficult-to-formalise factors as experience and intuition of a highly qualified expert specialist. It showed that an expert system-based monitoring approach allows evaluation of the technical condition of the axle boxes, characterised by internal and external operating uncertainty. It also proposed the use of parameters such as vibration and noise for comprehensive monitoring of the technical condition of axle box units together with temperature. Furthermore, the combination of these diagnostic parameters and expert system’s possibility to receive all necessary information about the condition of the most critical components of the axle boxes in real-time and analyse the changes in their operational parameters was explored. The stages of modelling an expert system in the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox package of the MATLAB computing environment are presented.

The purpose of this study is to propose a novel hybrid dynamic probability-based failure analysis technique consisting of dynamic Bayesian discretization (DBD) and stochastic Petri nets (SPNs) for railway rolling stock (RS) failure analysis. Performing failure analysis and diagnoses for integrated RS subsystems is challenging and can lead to operational delays affecting fleet reliability and availability. This paper presents an integrated feature of updative adaptation using DBD methods to analyze prior continuous and discrete probability data—by means of evidence-based propagation to ascertain posterior faulty component states and simultaneously allowing for rapid failure notification, detection, and isolation of multiple RS subsystems using the reachability tree characteristics of SPNs. Unlike other dynamic probability methods, the DBD-SPN hybrid model presented here reduces computational time and enhances convergence accuracy using the Kullback–Leibler measure, sequential event analysis, and stable and low-entropy-error characteristics. In an extensive UK-based RS case study, it was observed that this approach is suitable for rapid failure notification, detection, and isolation of traction door interlock failure. It is also believed that the current study represents a useful contribution to the research and technology of hybrid DBD and SPNs for the failure analysis of a system consisting of multiple subsystems, since its application makes the difference between being able to evaluate realistically common cause and sequential failure analyses of complex systems.

The railway industry is one of the most important sectors driving growth of regional economies worldwide. The industry has long dealt with both infrastructure and rolling stock. Many of these have reached the end of their lives. This paper highlights the rail policy for managing end-of-life rail vehicles. Initially when manufacturing rolling stock, different materials are considered in design and manufacture such as steel, aluminum, copper, polymers, glass. Based on the high economic and carbon costs of these materials, it is worthwhile to reuse or recycle them after their end-of-life cycle. In this study, three types of trains have been evaluated for comparison: freight, passenger and high speed. The material breakdowns from rail vehicles are evaluated for feasible applications in terms of reusing or recycling train components. We consider every material, taking into account the process of production, remaining life, advantages, disadvantages and potential threats derived from using such residual materials. The key aspects are risks and uncertainty associated with chemical and physical processes, corrosion and its varieties, oxidation, impact on the environment, release of toxicity, and pollution to the soil. These negative effects can indeed harm people, children, and assets in the vicinity. This paper therefore highlights the possibilities of recycling residual materials derived from rolling stock waste and any danger to the environment and the community, so that hazardous waste management can be put in place at the right time. Such insight will better shape sustainability policy for rolling stock procurement in the future.

The relevance of the application of methods for reducing wear of wheelsets of rolling stock at railway transport enterprises is explained by the intense wear of rails and wheelsets of rolling stock on highlands with excessive gradient and on flat gradient railway. The main malfunctions of wheelsets are considered. The main malfunctions of wheelsets tyre are caused by failures as related to products parameters, errors in train operation, procedural violations when making tires and forming wheelsets. The manual and computer-aided method diagnostic methods are used to determine the main malfunctions. Results. The paper discusses the main modern methods of wear reduction of rolling stock wheels. The illustrations of plasma-based hardening technology are offered using the example of wheelsets of an electric freight locomotive of the 2ES4K Donchak series. The mode of functioning of the wheel-lathe machine for turning wheelsets of the high-speed Sapsan electric train under the conditions of the St. Petersburg-based motive-power depot (MPD-10 Metallostroy) is considered. The Rostov State Transport University has developed a production process for creating tribotechnical materials, which makes it possible to optimize the lubrication process by applying a minimum amount of tribotechnical materials, while reducing the wear of wheel flanges of the rolling stock. Application of the results. The equipment of the laboratory facilities is widely used in the research process for graduate students at “Friction and wear in machines” faculty and “Ground transport and technological means” faculty as well. The equipment of the production side was successfully tested at the site of the North Caucasus Railway Bataysk – Likhaya – Bataysk for electric freight locomotives of the VL series in 2016. The results of testing of the production side are confirmed by a test certification. Conclusion. The problem of intensive wear of rails and wheelsets of rolling stock is considered; the main malfunctions of wheelsets are described; manual and computer-aided methods for measuring the wear rate of wheelsets are highlighted. A review has been carried out. As a result, the shortcomings of modern methods for wear reduction of the flanges of wheelsets of modern rolling stock used at the enterprises of Russian Railways have been revealed. The Rostov State Transport University has developed an industrial complex for creating tribotechnical materials, which makes it possible to optimize the process of lubricating the wheels of rolling stock

The brake system of Melbourne’s High-Capacity Metro Train (HCMT) suffers from consistently extended braking distances after repeating a set of high-speed tests and the commission process. The degradation of brake system performance affects the safety of rolling stock and its conformance to the design standard. In this paper, the root cause leading to the degraded brake performance was analyzed. The brake discs and brake pads of the affected train and another train with normal working conditions were removed and a series of examinations was to determine the reason for the change of friction coefficient between friction surfaces. The results revealed that brake disc samples from the affected TS02 trainset suffered from changed transfer film and surface morphology after multiple consecutive high-speed braking applications. The factors that may affect the brake system performance were analyzed in the laboratory. It was found the brake disc surface had a lower hardness level, coefficient of friction, and smaller contacting area with the brake pad when compared to the brake disc and pad samples from another trainset. These factors harmed the performance of the braking system, and the decrease in the braking effort led to a longer braking distance than expected and failed braking tests.

Uvodni deo predstavlja opis, formulaciju i ciljeve istraživanja, sa navodom primenjenih metoda. Glavni deo rada odnosi se na definisanje strukture železničkog sistema, njegovih podsistema, njihovih međuzavisnosti. U sklopu toga izvršeno je definisanje podele rada po osnovnim izvršnim delatnostima (izvršnim službama), organizacije i hijerarhijskih nivoa upravljanja u železničkom sistemu. Posebno je izvršeno definisanje železničkih vučnih vozila kao složenog tehničkog sistema sa definisanjem strukture njihovog sastava, funkcije cilja i modela za utvrđivanje njihove pouzdanosti i raspoloživosti rada. U radu je izvršena analiza postojećeg stanja, funkcionisanja železnice Srbije i njenog položaja u odnosu na železnice zemalja Evropske Unije. Definisana je metodologija i pokazatelji za ocenu nivoa eksploatacione pouzdanosti, raspoloživosti rada vučnih vozila i funkcionisanja saobraćaja vozova. Definisan je model i parametri operativnog menadžmenta železničkih vučnih vozila u sklopu sistema operativnog upravljanja na železnici. U završnom delu rada data je analiza dobijenih rezultata preko vrednosti utvrđenih pokazatelja rada, pouzdanosti, raspoloživosti i ustanovljene korelacione zavisnosti. Na kraju rada istaknut je ostvareni naučni doprinos sa datim predlogom mera za poboljšanje postojećeg stanja i odgovarajući zaključci. Introduction presents description, formulation and the objectives of the research and allegation of methods applied. Main part of dissertation refers to the the structure of the railway system, its sub-systems and their interdependencies. The division of labor by basic industry executive (executive agencies) is also defined, as well as the organization and hierarchical levels of management in the railway system. The components of rоlling stock are described as complex systems of specific structure, participation features and models used to determine their reliability and availability. The paper analyzes existing railways of Serbia, its operation and its position compared to the railways of European Union countries. Methodologies and indicators for estimation of the exploitation reliability, availability of rolling stock to operate and functioning of railway traffic are also defined. The definition of the model and parameters of operational management of rail traction vehicles, as a part of the rail operation management system is given. The final part of paper analyzes results through the values of determined performances of work and established correlation.

International audience; In recent years, a great deal of attention has been paid to the analysis of failure modes occurring in railway infrastructure assets, e.g. bridges, rail tracks, sleepers, etc. However, there have been few attempts by researchers to develop failure criticality assessment models for railway rolling stock. A rolling stock failure may be very costly in terms of monetary loss and/or passenger inconvenience. It may also cause delays to train services or even result in catastrophic derailment accidents. In this paper, a failure mode, effects and criticality analysis approach is presented to identify, analyse and evaluate the causes and consequences of rolling stock failures. The most critical failure modes with respect to both reliability and economics are identified and potential protective measures are then proposed to prevent their recurrence. For the purpose of illustrating the proposed approach, the model is applied to a rolling stock passenger door system. The data required for the study are collected from both the literature and the maintenance information system available in a Scottish train operating company. The results of this study can be used to plan a cost-effective preventive maintenance programme for different components of rolling stock.

Transport and logistics infrastructure is a critical determinant of the competitiveness of a country's producers and exporters. Well-functioning transport and logistics infrastructure relies not just on hardware, but critically on the operating environment that emerges from the interaction between private sector operators; national policies and regulatory regimes; and, in many countries, state-owned owners and operators of core infrastructure. This paper looks at the case of South Africa, where constraints in access, pricing, reliability, and network interfaces, particularly in the port and rail network, are eroding the competitiveness of South African exporters. The paper draws on interviews with a wide range of exporters along with secondary research to examine South Africa's port and rail network, and explores the underlying factors contributing to these constraints, including chronic underinvestment, an inadequate regulatory environment, insufficient private sector participation, and weak regional integration. The paper concludes with a review of the reforms needed to deliver a more broadly accessible and competitive rail and port sector based on international case examples. It highlights the need for institutional reforms to promote competitive pricing; private sector participation to increase investment and improve service delivery; information and coordination to address market failures and improve access; and cooperation to improve intermodal, interregional, and institutional interfaces.

Bogies are key subsystems for rolling stock safety and, therefore, meaningful and objective data concerning their condition is of paramount importance for railway operation. These subsystems experience severe service conditions causing wear, damage and degradation of components and affecting the vibrations to which the passengers are exposed. As such, safe and reliable operation, together with a high level of comfort for the passengers, can only be assured by an in-depth, data-based and comprehensive maintenance of the bogie components. In this perspective, advanced health monitoring of the running gear plays a fundamental role as the enabler for condition-based maintenance strategies. This paper reports about work performed in the RUN2Rail project aimed at formulating new concepts for the condition monitoring of the running gear. Three case studies are addressed: wheelsets, powertrain and suspension components. For these cases, the suitable choice and location of sensors is investigated and innovative fault detection and fault classification methods are proposed and preliminarily validated by means of numerical experiments and laboratory tests. A concise outline of the impacts and benefits of each proposed condition monitoring application is also provided.

[EN] This paper presents the application of machine learning systems based on neural networks to model the energy consumption of electric metro trains, as a first step in a research project that aims to optimise the energy consumed for traction in the Metro Network of Valencia (Spain). An experimental dataset was gathered and used for training. Four input variables (train speed and acceleration, track slope and curvature) and one output variable (traction power) were considered. The fully trained neural network shows good agreement with the target data, with relative mean square error around 21%. Additional tests with independent datasets also give good results (relative mean square error = 16%). The neural network has been applied to five simple case studies to assess its performance - and has proven to correctly model basic consumption trends (e.g. the influence of the slope) - and to properly reproduce acceleration, holding and braking, although it tends to slightly underestimate the energy regenerated during braking. Overall, the neural network provides a consistent estimation of traction power and the global energy consumption of metro trains, and thus may be used as a modelling tool during further stages of research., The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Grant number TRA2011-26602).

Due to increasing railway use, the capacity at railway yards and maintenance locations is becoming limiting to accommodate existing rolling stock. To reduce capacity issues at maintenance locations during nighttime, railway undertakings consider performing more daytime maintenance, but the choice at which locations personnel needs to be stationed for daytime maintenance is not straightforward. Among other things, it depends on the planned rolling stock circulation and the maintenance activities that need to be performed. This paper presents the Maintenance Location Choice Problem (MLCP) and provides a Mixed Integer Linear Programming model for this problem. The model demonstrates that for a representative rolling stock circulation from the Dutch railways a substantial amount of maintenance activities can be performed during daytime. Also, it is shown that the location choice delivered by the model is robust under various time horizons and rolling stock circulations. Moreover, the running time for optimizing the model is considered acceptable for planning purposes., 16 pages, 5 figures

The paper describes developed by authors information-measuring system of diagnosing damping characteristics of rolling stock dampers. The system includes the hardware for gathering and digital processing of vibration accelerations and software for accelerometer sensor signal processing. It suggests testing procedure to determine the damping characteristics and algorithms to calculate damping parameters, namely the logarithmic decrement and natural oscillation frequency of the structure. It proposes to use an alternative error-correcting method, which lies in calculating the logarithmic decrement in the frequency domain.The advantage of this method is the high determination accuracy of damping parameters and the absence of high-frequency noise effect on the calculation result since the frequency and quality factor determination proceeds in the low frequency signal range and noise is of high-frequency nature. The paper also proposes software, developed in the LabVIEW graphical programming environment that implements the standard and the suggested algorithms and presents the comparative analysis of the experimental data processing results. It also shows the results of system approbation during testing the locomotive CHS-8 and passenger cars., В работе описана разработанная авторами информационно-измерительная система диагностики демпфирующих характеристик гасителей подвижного состава. Приведена методика проведения испытаний по определению демпфирующих характеристик и алгоритмы расчета параметров демпфирования. Представлены результаты апробации системы в ходе испытаний локомотива ЧС-8 и пассажирского вагона., В роботі описано розроблену авторами інформаційно-вимірювальну систему діагностики демпфірувальних характеристик гасників рухомого складу. Наведено методику проведення випробувань по визначенні демпфірувальних характеристик та алгоритми розрахунку параметрів демпфірування. Представлено результати апробації системи в ході випробувань локомотиву ЧС-8 та пасажирського вагону.

This paper appears also as Serie: Working paper series in economics ; No. 61, September 2014. ISSN 2190-9806; International audience; We analyse the potential for shifting freight transports to the railways in Western and Central Europe. This potential arises for large and concentrated freight flows over long distances of about 300 km or more. However, we show that there are only few such freight flows in Europe, and that they are concentrated or connected to the central European population centers, sometimes called the "Blue Banana". As a consequence, the European railway freight corridors according to EU Regulation 913/2010 should be divided into two distinct groups: first tier and second tier corridors. Substantial innovations should be introduced on the first tier corridors first, in order to increase efficiency and reduce noise. This refers to core innovations for rolling stock like the introduction of automatic couplings, electronic or electro-pneumatic brakes, and modern bogies.

In this paper, a life cycle costing (LCC) framework for effective maintenance management is investigated and developed for use in a railway rolling stock environment. The framework consists of combining typical mission-critical components together with their failure and maintenance history. All costs related to the operation and maintenance of these components throughout their life cycle are also determined. The next step involves considering different scenarios under which the components can be used in relation to operations, maintenance, and replacements. The decision about which scenario to take is based on the one with the most favourable net present value after life cycle costing is performed over a specified period of time. A typical railway rolling-stock maintenance organisation in South Africa was used to highlight the practical implications of such a framework and how the company could make informed and appropriate decisions. The conclusion of this study is that such a framework is useful, and that it can be used as a basis for estimating LCC across a spectrum of critical assets found in the rolling stock environment.

Railyards are one of the most challenging and complex workplace environments in any industry. Railyard workers are constantly surrounded by dangerous moving objects, in a noisy environment where distractions can easily result in accidents or casualties. Throughout the years, yards have been contributing 20&ndash, 30% of the total accidents that happen in railroads. Monitoring the railyard workspace to keep personnel safe from falls, slips, being struck by large object, etc. and preventing fatal accidents can be particularly challenging due to the sheer number of factors involved, such as the need to protect a large geographical space, the inherent dynamicity of the situation workers find themselves in, the presence of heavy rolling stock, blind spots, uneven surfaces and a plethora of trip hazards, just to name a few. Since workers spend the majority of time outdoors, weather conditions also play an important role, i.e., snow, fog, rain, etc. Conventional sensor deployments in yards thus fail to consistently monitor this workspace. In this paper, the authors have identified these challenges and addressed them with a novel detection method using a multi-sensor approach. They have also proposed novel algorithms to detect, classify and remotely monitor Employees-on-Duty (EoDs) without hindering real-time decision-making of the EoD. In the proposed solution, the authors have used a fast spherical-to-rectilinear transform algorithm on fish-eye images to monitor a wide area and to address blindspots in visual monitoring, and employed Software-Defined RADAR (SDRADAR) to address the low-visibility problem. The sensors manage to monitor the workspace for 100 m with blind detection and classification. These algorithms have successfully maintained real-time processing delay of &le, 0.1 s between consecutive frames for both SDRADAR and visual processing.

The rail network is an integral part of the modern transport system. Railway transportation accommodates the mobility of both passengers and goods cost-effectively and in an environmentally friendly way at large scale. Thus, the contribution of railway transportation to the global economy, sustainable growth and mitigation of climate change effects is profound. Rail operations have become more intense, with traffic density continuously increasing. At the same time rolling stock speed and axle loads have also increased. This has led to strong interest in re-evaluating the fundamentals of the way rail infrastructure and rolling stock are currently inspected and maintained. Recent attention has focused on the development of advanced remote condition monitoring techniques for the assessment of the structural integrity of critical rail infrastructure and rolling stock components. The widespread implementation of effective and proven remote condition monitoring technologies can result in the meaningful reduction of the demand for conventional time-consuming and costly inspection methodologies, helping increase the availability and hence capacity factor of the rail network. This paper presents the most recent developments and results obtained from the experimental work carried out by the authors on remote condition monitoring of rail infrastructure and rolling stock components using acoustic emission and vibration analysis techniques under laboratory and field conditions.

The electromagnetic compatibility research can be considered in two aspects - emission and immunity. The harmonized standards disclose required concerning immunity and emission. In immunity emission case the harmonized standards disclose required frequency range in which the research should be done, legal emission level and specify the research methodology. Both cases have defined curse of work for object during the time of certification research and criteria of conformity assessment which help during the evaluation of the research results.The paper studies the evaluation of electromagnetic of railway stok, the emissions generated by rolling disorders in relation to acceptable levels recorded in the dedicated standards. The paper presents results of measurements of emissson radiated by train EMU type 22WE 4*500 kW. Presented results of measurements conducted emission in the on-board low voltage network. The paper also describes a method for estimating the uncertainty in the emissions testing problems of rolling stock. The measurement of radiated and conducted emission disturbances is always a measurement a mistake ensuing from measurement specifici-ty and precision test equipment which was used. It’s shown that a correct evaluation of these results forced to estimate the uncertainty of measurement. The most important element of conformity and unconformity with permissible level of radio electric disturbance is to take into account the uncertainty of measurement of test equipment (according to requirement of Polish Centre for Accreditation documents). The examination which had been conducted, showed that tested EMU, didn’t exceed permissible levels., Исследования в области электромагнитной совместимости можно рассматривать в двух аспектах - излучение и защита. Существуют стандарты, касающиеся этих двух аспектов. В случае исследования защиты объектов от электромагнитного излучения стандарты устанавливают необходимый диапазон частот, в котором исследование должно быть сделано, нормированный уровень электромагнитного излучения и определяют методологию исследования. В обоих случаях определяются принципы проведения испытаний на объекте во время сертификации и критерии оценки соответствия, которые используются при оценке результатов испытаний.В статье представлена оценка электромагнитной совместимости железнодорожного подвижного состава, излучения, образующегося при этом по отношению к нормированному уровню, установленному в стандартах. В статье представлены результаты измерения эмиссии, которая излучается при движении поезда EMU типа 22WE 4 х 500 кВт. Представлены результаты измерений излучения в бортовой сети низкого напряжения. В статье также описывается метод оценки неопределенности при тестирования подвижного состава. Измерения такого рода всегда имеют ошибку, которая обуславливается спецификой измерений и точностью измерительной аппаратуры, которая использовалась. Показано, что правильная оценка этих результатов требует оценки неопределенности измерений. Наиболее важными элементами в оценке неопределённости измерений являются оценка соответствия с допустимым уровнем радиопомех, оценка неопределенности измерения испытательного оборудования (в соответствии с требованиями Польского центра по аккредитации). Экспертизы, которые были проведены, показали, что излучения проверенных EMU не превышали допустимых уровней., Дослідження в області електромагнітної сумісності можна розглядати у двох аспектах - випромінювання і захист. Існують стандарти, що стосуються цих двох аспектів. У разі дослідження захисту об'єктів від електромагнітного випромінювання стандарти встановлюють необхідний діапазон частот, в якому повинні виконуватись дослідження, нормований рівень електромагнітного випромінювання і визначають методологію дослідження. В обох випадках визначаються принципи проведення випробувань на об'єкті під час сертифікації та критерії оцінки відповідності, які використовуються при оцінці результатів випробувань.У статті представлена оцінка електромагнітної сумісності залізничного рухомого складу, випромінювання, що утворюються при цьому по відношенню до нормованого рівня, встановленого в стандартах. Представлені результати вимірювання емісії, яка випромінюється при русі поїзда EMU типу 22WE 4 х 500 кВт. Представлено результати вимірювань випромінювання в бортовій мережі низької напруги. У статті також описується метод оцінки невизначеності при тестування рухомого складу. Вимірювання такого роду завжди мають помилку, яка обумовлюється специфікою вимірювань і точністю вимірювальної апаратури, яка використовувалась. Показано, що правильна оцінка цих результатів вимагає оцінки невизначеності вимірювань. Найбільш важливими елементами в оцінці невизначеності вимірювань є оцінка відповідності із допустимим рівнем радіоперешкод, оцінка невизначеності вимірювання випробувального обладнання (у відповідності з вимогами Польського центру з акредитації). Експертизи, які були проведені, показали, що випромінювання перевірених EMU не перевищували допустимих рівнів.

В статье проведен анализ существующих магнитолевитационных технологий на транспорте и пред­ложена идея создания железной дороги на основе технологии работы подвижного состава на постоянных магнитах с применением соленоида. Создана оригинальная физическая модель железной дороги на маг­нитной тяге., The paper analyses the existing magnetic levitation transport technologies. We have proposed the idea of creating a railway based on the technology of the rolling stock operation on a permanent magnet with the use of the solenoid. An original physical model has been created for the railway on a magnetic traction., №4(37) (2019)

Developed at the request of the Mexican G20 Presidency for consideration by the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors at the G20 Leaders' Summit in Mexico, and jointly prepared with the Asian Development Bank, this policy paper positioned green transport in the context of cities development. Urban transport determines the shape of a city and its ecological footprint. Many cities in low and middle income countries are at a crossroads. Policy decisions taken now, while car use is still relatively low and cities retain a relatively transit friendly, compact urban form, will affect how people will live in their cities for many decades into the future. A new paradigm of urban transport can be part of the solution to reversing the deteriorating situation in some cities of developing countries, and supporting others to embark on a sustainable, low carbon, green growth path: developing a city for people rather than cars, and including public and mass transport as a major component of the modal structure. Implementing such a new paradigm can be truly transformational. This joint World Bank and Asian Development Bank paper lays out six aspects, which are most difficult to align, yet, are critical to ensure the sustainability of urban transport systems, visionary leadership, integrated strategy for land use and urban transport, coordination among agencies, domestic capacity, adequate cost recovery, and private participation in the operation and construction of urban transport systems. The paper proposes a set of new initiatives for G20 leaders' consideration, including the development of an umbrella toolkit to guide policy makers in charge of urban planning to make transport decisions best suited to their local contexts.

The influence of design parameters of mining rail transport on safety indicators is defined in the paper. The mining locomotive ESHK-10 is studied. Substantiated, that during constant locomotive speed V, variation of the tangential component Qx occurs when the increment speed of the boundary layers of friction pair materials δV leads to energy loss in the contact area. This provokes unstable state of the electromechanical system. To increase stability and safety, reduce the load on the bogie, as well as on the rail track, additional movability of the kinematic connection of its links can be used. Basing on the thrust forces equations subject to adhesion and permissible power for definite conditions, we can determine the values of engine voltage Uc as a function of the locomotive speed.

The article examines the main areas for implementing urgent transport and transit projects based on Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in Russia. This paper continues the study of theory and practice of using PPP to implement the investment projects aimed at developing and realizing the transport and transit potential of Russia. The authors used the methodological basis of the evolutionary and institutional theory, historical approach, system analysis, and theory of the rm to examine the ongoing projects aimed at developing the transport and transit system in Russia based on PPP, such as construction of high-speed Moscow — Kazan highway with its subsequent extension to the Chinese border, functioning of transport and logistics system in the Chelyabinsk region, infrastructural support for transit cargo shipments along the Northern Sea Route (NSR), participation of foreign investors in the development of Russian sea ports and approaches to them. It is shown that the provision of competitive advantages offered by transit shipping operations on a particular route requires a high speed of cargo transportation with a minimum of stops, handling, and transshipments along the route. The revenues from realizing transport and transit potential can be compared with the amount of resource rent only when Russia builds not just a transit sector but the production and transit sector in its economy. In this regard, the authors focused on defining the opportunity and necessity of organizational transformations associated with building a large public-private transport company that would be able to compete with global sea container companies on Asia—Europe routes. The article elaborated the main areas and measures under the proposed national project “Developing the Transit Economy in Russia: Uniting Eurasia” and its subprogram “Developing the Innovative Rolling Stock for Container and Multimodal Shipping Operations.” The finding of the study presented in the article may be used for preparing the state programs and projects that include a system of measures to develop and realize the transport and transit potential of Russia based on institutional and organizational transformations. The article has been prepared with the support of Russian Science Foundation (Project № 16–18–10149).

Rolling stock is the most maintenance intensive part of the railway system and therefore, the most vulnerable if maintenance is neglected. It is therefore, essential to have an efficient maintenance schedule for rolling stock components. A decision support model can be used to achieve this. However, selecting the appropriate model to achieve this is vital to the success of the decision support model. In this paper a practical way of selecting the appropriate model to develop a decision support for scheduling of rolling stock maintenance, is presented. A case study is used as a numerical example for the proposed framework.

Purpose. The paper is devoted to dynamic characteristics e valuation of the locomotive with prospective design and determination the feasibility of its use on the Ukrainian railways. Methodology. The methods of mathematical and computer modeling of the dynamics of railway vehicles, as well as methods for the numerical integration of systems of ordinary nonlinear differential equations were used to solve the problem. Findings. The calculated diagram of a locomotive on three-axle bogies was built to solve the problem, and it is a system of rigid bodies connected by various elements of rheology. The mathematical model of the locomotive movement, allowing studying its spatial vibrations at driving on straight and curved sections of the track with random irregularities in plan and profile was developed with use of this calculated diagram. At compiling the mathematical model took into account both geometric (nonlinearity profile of the wheel roll surface) and physical nonlinearity of the system (the work forces of dry friction, nonlinearity characteristics of interaction forces between wheels and rails). The multivariate calculations, which allowed assessing the dynamic qualities of the locomotive at its movement along straight and curved sections of the track, were realized with the use of computer modeling. The smoothness movement indicators of the locomotive in horizontal and vertical planes, frame strength, coefficients of vertical dynamics in the first and second stages of the suspension, the load factor of resistance against the derailment of the wheel from the rail were determined at the period of research. In addition, a comparison of the obtained results with similar characteristics is widely used on the Ukrainian railways in six-axle locomotive TE 116. The influence of speed and technical state of the track on the locomotive traffic safety was determined. Originality. A mathematical model of the spatial movement of a six-axle locomotive with prospective design, taking into account the peculiarities of its design was developed. Evaluation of dynamic characteristics at the carriage movement along a track of arbitrary shape was made. Practical value. The developed mathematical model of the six-axle locomotive movement can be used at conducting research on development of advanced locomotives designs.

The purpose of the paper is to explore the current state of the railway engineering industry in the world, the problems of its development prospects, especially the introduction of the modular process technology and economic impact of its introduction. Methodology. The research is based on statistical information from public sources, which is used to confirm the veracity of the thesis put forward about the feasibility of further implementation of the principle of modularity in the railway engineering sector. Data was also obtained from the websites of manufacturers of railway equipment. Also, in the study of the issue, analytical articles on the economic development of the sector of railway engineering in the world were used. Results of the research showed that today, in transport engineering industry, in particular – in the railway engineering, there is a problem of inefficient implementation and use of technological developments, which are used in the manufacture of railway rolling stock. Many technical solutions are duplicated, leading to more time and financial costs. At the same time, there is no free access to information about existing technical solutions, which significantly slows down the development of rail transport. One of the main solutions to the problem is the use of modular technology in the design and manufacture of rolling stock. Leading global manufacturers have already begun to use the modules in the production of their rolling stock, but the technology is not yet sufficiently developed and finds its realization only in reducing the costs of production of rolling stock by specific manufacturers. The full benefits of the new technology have not yet been obtained by producers and operators. Thus, there is a considerable margin for the implementation of modular technology in the production of railway vehicles, which will result in further reducing both production costs and the costs of maintenance, operation and repair of rolling stock. Practical implications. The introduction of a modular system in the design, manufacture and operation of rolling stock will lead to a significant breakthrough in the development of the railway sector, reduce the cost of production and maintenance of railway equipment. Together with the inter-company exchange of technology and experience it will contribute to intensification of production and the development of new trends in the railway sector. Value/originality. These data show that the modular technology of the production construction has broad application prospects, while it does not require a significant capital investment. This approach can be applied to various types of rolling stock, as well as, potentially, to other industries. The achievements obtained in the railway sector will find their application in other fields of transport engineering.

NedTrain is the Netherlands Railway's subsidiary responsible for rolling stock maintenance. Train sets are brought in for short-term routine maintenance after set intervals of some 75 to 120 days. When a major defect occurs, train sets are allocated to one of the three maintenance depots and are diagnosed and repaired. Removal from active service causes large amounts of withdrawal of trains. In the traditional production concept, major defects could not be repaired on spot by the service organization. A lack of knowledge and equipment forced the National Fleet Control Centre to send the trains to the maintenance depots. This led to the insight that an upgrade of the service process could lead to a substantial improvement of the availability of the fleet.NedTrain re-modelled the traditional production concept and decided to invest 25 million euros in 4 additional Technical Centres, strategically placed on major nodes in the train service operations. In these new Centres, major defects are repaired during the night. Also, the routing of empty trains to the depots is prevented. The Utrecht Technical Centre was opened in Spring 2014; the other Centres will start operations shortly. This investment will lead to an improvement of the fleet availability by over thirty cars (worth 60 million euros), savings that can be cashed in the next round of ordering rolling stock. This paper describes both the preparation of the service processes and the first results, measured in the Utrecht-case.

The purpose of the paper is to explore the current state of the railway engineering industry in Ukraine, the prospects of its development, current threats and possibilities; to propose incentives for the railway industry development. Methodology . The research was based on open sources of statistical information which was compared by years in relation to events in political and economic spheres. Data was also received from producers’ web-sites. Analytical economic articles have been also used to obtaine the full scope of information regarding the railway industry in Ukraine. Results of the research showed that today Ukraine had a grea demand for the rolling stock as the current rolling stock is obsolete and 98% of it reached their lifecycle end. Currently Ukraine has six car building plans and two plans for construction of locomotives and they offer a variety of units of the rolling stock. The main customer for all those plants is the State Railway Administration of Ukraine “Ukrzaliznytsya”, that, for recent years, almost had not ordered new rolling stock. The problem is that Ukrzaliznytsya does not have own funds to pay for the rolling stock renewal, and credit funds are almost unachievable due to economic crisis and structural reorganization of the railway operator. That’s why the plants went abroad with their products, and Russia became the main customer abroad. Due to the events of 2013-2015, Russia closed its market for Ukrainian rolling stock by non-issuance of technical certificates for the rolling stock. However, in the period of political and economic instability, together with the recent cancellation of import duties to the EU countries, Ukrainian rolling stock producers have now a real chance to diversify their customers and explore new markets. Practical implications . Thus, to overcome the current difficulties, Ukrainian government has to introduce a special program to renew the rolling stock, to encourage governmental-private enterprise, and the producers should explore new markets as they have products to offer in Europe and other regions. Value/originality . The received data show that the Ukrainian railway industry has perspectives in case of finding new markets for its products. The technical level of the produced rolling stock is on the high level and can be easily improved.

This paper describes the use of big data analytics for understanding the Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) phenomena at the High Speed Line (HSL Zuid) in The Netherlands. The authors developed a data model to investigate the impacting parameters in train-track interaction. This has been done to gain more insightabout the circumstances under which RCF occurs and to conclude why some track sections are severely affected and others not.To evaluate the worst affected areas by RCF, the methodology proposes a bottom-up approach. By focusing on the worst affected sections with RCF, a set of characteristic parameter values are defined to describe different types of hotspots. Then, a comparison between the hotspots is performed. Themethodology has been applied using real-life data of the Dutch High-speed line, where certain sections had been heavily affected by RCF. Findings concluded that slow running traffic through curves on a highspeed line is likely to contribute to the appearance of RCF.

This paper describes the use of big data analytics for understanding the Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) phenomena at the High Speed Line (HSL Zuid) in The Netherlands. The authors developed a data model to investigate the impacting parameters in train-track interaction. This has been done to gain more insightabout the circumstances under which RCF occurs and to conclude why some track sections are severely affected and others not.To evaluate the worst affected areas by RCF, the methodology proposes a bottom-up approach. By focusing on the worst affected sections with RCF, a set of characteristic parameter values are defined to describe different types of hotspots. Then, a comparison between the hotspots is performed. Themethodology has been applied using real-life data of the Dutch High-speed line, where certain sections had been heavily affected by RCF. Findings concluded that slow running traffic through curves on a highspeed line is likely to contribute to the appearance of RCF.

This paper describes the use of big data for analysing Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) phenomena at the High Speed Line (HSL Zuid) in The Netherlands. The authors developed a data model to investigate the impacting parameters in train-track interaction. This has been done to gain more insight in the circumstances where RCF occurs and to conclude why some track sections are severely affected and others not.To evaluate the worst affected areas by RCF, the methodology included a bottom-up approach which focuses at the worst affected areas by RCF, developing a set of characteristic parameter values regarding different types of hotspots. The methodology has been applied for the Dutch High-speed line, where certain sections had been heavily affected by RCF. Findings concluded that slow running traffic through curves on a high-speed line is likely to contribute to the appearance of RCF.

This paper describes the use of big data for analysing Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) phenomena at the High Speed Line (HSL Zuid) in The Netherlands. The authors developed a data model to investigate the impacting parameters in train-track interaction. This has been done to gain more insight in the circumstances where RCF occurs and to conclude why some track sections are severely affected and others not.To evaluate the worst affected areas by RCF, the methodology included a bottom-up approach which focuses at the worst affected areas by RCF, developing a set of characteristic parameter values regarding different types of hotspots. The methodology has been applied for the Dutch High-speed line, where certain sections had been heavily affected by RCF. Findings concluded that slow running traffic through curves on a high-speed line is likely to contribute to the appearance of RCF.

U radu se daju korelacije između tvrdoće u različitim točkama kočionih papuča, u skladu s odredbama i normama, i sadržaja ugljika, mangana i silicija fosfornog lijevanog željeza od kojeg su izrađene. Korelacije se daju i u analitičkom i grafičkom obliku. One omogućuju određivanje optimalnih područja varijacije za nezavisne parametre (sadržaj ugljika, mangana i silicija)., The paper introduces the correlations between the hardness at various points of the braking shoes, according to provisions and standards, and the carbon, manganese and silicon content of the phosphorous cast iron they are made of. The correlations are given both in analytical and graphical form. They allow the determination of the optimal variation domains for the independent parameters (the content of carbon, manganese and silicon).

As the existing train communication network transmission rate is low, large capacity status and fault diagnosis data, the event log data, passenger information which are stored in different vehicles equipments, it is difficult to realize fault diagnosis and intelligent maintenance efficiently and timely. Based on the train level and vehicle level Ethernet network, this paper will focus on network construction technology and real-time performance of mass volume onboard security detection network. The research results will improve control and network function of train.

The railway system represents one of the most resource-efficient answer to our ever-growing demand for transport service and the development trends for the following years forecast a substantial increase in this sector. Considering the European Union, rolling stock realizes a significant share of both goods and passengers carriage while it is responsible for a derisory quota of environmental impact and energy consumption involved by transportation. Contrary to the low environmental impact, the amount of End-of-Life (EoL) waste generated by rolling stocks in relation to the number of vehicles is notable, much greater than in the case of road vehicles. As railway vehicles are constituted by many heterogeneous components, the EoL rolling stock is a precious source of materials, whose recycling brings measurable economic benefits and needs to be appropriately debated. The paper presents calculation of recoverability/recyclability rate for different typologies of vehicles representative of railway transport; calculation is performed on the basis of primary data and according to the recyclability and recoverability calculation method issued by UNIFE in the context of Product Category Rules (PCR). The typologies of railway vehicles taken into account are electric metro, diesel commuter train and high-speed electric train. The analysis envisages also to replicate the calculation in case innovative materials and manufacturing technologies are adopted in the construction of car-body structure. Results show that recyclability/recoverability rates are abundantly over the quota of 90% for each one of the three trains, these latter being made in major part of metals that benefit from very efficient recovery processes. The adoption of innovative materials and manufacturing technologies for car-body structure involves a scarce reduction of recyclability and recoverability rates (about 2% and 0.2% respectively) due to the introduction of components and materials characterized by critical dismantlability and low efficiency recovery processes; recoverability results less affected by lightweighting because post-shredding thermal recovery treatments are roughly independent with respect to dismantlability. A sensitivity analysis based on different dismantling scenarios reveals that the effectiveness of dismantling has a moderate influence on recyclability/recoverability rate (the variation does not exceed 3%). The low variability of recyclability/recoverability rate can be explained by the following reasons: predominance of metals in trains material composition, efficiency of metals separation processes close to 100%, post-shredding recycling processes of metals characterized by recovery factors equal to the ones of post-dismantling recycling processes.

The paper proposes a scientific approach to solving the problem of forming the knowledge base and effective support system for decision-making by operational railway employees in the allocation of rolling stock depending on its merchantability.Analysis of existing regulations has shown the lack of a clear and unambiguous definition of merchantability of the rolling stock in regulatory documents, so contentious issues arise between the carrier and the shipper, especially in the reallocation of the rolling stock for loading. In this regard, almost complete lack of the formalized selection technology of rolling stock for loading was revealed.The results of solving the problem of merchantability assessment of the rolling stock allow to improve the quality of management decisions, primarily through the optimal use of internal resources, and the proposed solution methods based on fuzzy DSS can be used in conjunction with other control methods. It is important that the presented approach allows a more thorough merchantability assessment of the rolling stock by reducing the uncertainty of this matter in both regulatory, and technological terms. This issue is an integral part of the range of problems that arise when forming the system of logistics centers of Ukrainian railways., В работе предложен подход к решению задачи формирования базы знаний и эффективной системы поддержки принятия решений оперативными работниками железнодорожного транспорта. Изложенный подход направлен на повышение качества, конкурентоспособности, ресурсосбережения и уровня сервиса при обслуживании грузовладельцев. Результат достигнут за счет принятия решения о пригодности в коммерческом отношении подвижного состава при его распределении. Рассмотрены решения данной задачи с точки зрения использования нечетких множеств., В роботі запропоновано підхід до рішення задачі формування бази знань та ефективної системи підтримки прийняття рішень оперативними працівниками залізничного транспорту. Викладений підхід спрямований на підвищення якості, конкурентоспроможності, ресурсозбереження та рівня сервісу при обслуговуванні вантажовласників. Результат досягнуто за рахунок прийняття рішення щодо придатності у комерційному відношенні рухомого складу при його розподілі. Розглянуто рішення даної задачі з точки зору використання нечітких множин.

In the paper the methods of estimation of the accrued operating times perceived by the rolling stock supporting structures during their operation are considered; the concrete examples of their use are presented.

The purpose of this paper is to present the latest accomplishments at the Regional Division Brasov regarding the modernisation of stock depot for passengers but also future programs that will continue this process. The rolling stock used in passenger transport was followed: passenger wagons, sleeping wagons, diesel engines, electric engines. Passenger transport organization should aim the accomplishment of the following requirements: ensuring passengers’ security on the route and in stations; reducing travel time (by increasing trains’ speed, choosing the best routes, reducing stops at stations, ensuring certain fast links at railway junctions); intensive usage of rolling stock, of fixed installations; the appropriate combination of freight with passenger transport, passengers’ good serving at stations and trains, especially by ensuring a timetable which would provide convenient hours and reliable connections at railway junctions.

Purpose. The paper is devoted to dynamic characteristics evaluation of the locomotive with prospective design and determination the feasibility of its use on the Ukrainian railways. Methodology. The methods of mathematical and computer modeling of the dynamics of railway vehicles, as well as methods for the numerical integration of systems of ordinary nonlinear differential equations were used to solve the problem. Findings. The calculated diagram of a locomotive on three-axle bogies was built to solve the problem, and it is a system of rigid bodies connected by various elements of rheology. The mathematical model of the locomotive movement, allowing studying its spatial vibrations at driving on straight and curved sections of the track with random irregularities in plan and profile was developed with use of this calculated diagram. At compiling the mathematical model took into account both geometric (nonlinearity profile of the wheel roll surface) and physical nonlinearity of the system (the work forces of dry friction, nonlinearity characteristics of interaction forces between wheels and rails). The multivariate calculations, which allowed assessing the dynamic qualities of the locomotive at its movement along straight and curved sections of the track, were realized with the use of computer modeling. The smoothness movement indicators of the locomotive in horizontal and vertical planes, frame strength, coefficients of vertical dynamics in the first and second stages of the suspension, the load factor of resistance against the derailment of the wheel from the rail were determined at the period of research. In addition, a comparison of the obtained results with similar characteristics is widely used on the Ukrainian railways in six-axle locomotive TE 116. The influence of speed and technical state of the track on the locomotive traffic safety was determined.Originality. A mathematical model of the spatial movement of a six-axle locomotive with prospective design, taking into account the peculiarities of its design was developed. Evaluation of dynamic characteristics at the carriage movement along a track of arbitrary shape was made. Practical value. The developed mathematical model of the six-axle locomotive movement can be used at conducting research on development of advanced locomotives designs., Цель. Работа посвящена оценке динамических качеств локомотива перспективной конструкции и определению возможности его использования на железных дорогах Украины. Методика. Для достижения поставленной цели использованы методы математического и компьютерного моделирования динамики железнодорожных транспортных средств, а также методы численного интегрирования систем обыкновенных нелинейных дифференциальных уравнений. Результаты. Для решения поставленной задачи построена расчетная схема локомотива на трехосных тележках, которая представляет собой систему твердых тел, соединенных элементами различной реологии. С использованием этой расчетной схемы разработана математическая модель пространственного движения локомотива, позволяющая исследовать его пространственные колебания при движении по прямолинейным и криволинейным участкам пути со случайными неровностями в плане и профиле. При составлении математической модели принимались во внимание как геометрические (нелинейность профиля поверхности катания колеса), так и физические нелинейности системы (работа сил сухого трения, нелинейность характеристик сил взаимодействия колес и рельсов). С помощью компьютерного моделирования проведены многовариантные расчеты, позволившие оценить динамические качества локомотива при его движении по прямолинейным и криволинейным участкам пути. При этом определялись показатели плавности хода локомотива в горизонтальной и вертикальной плоскостях, рамные силы, коэффициенты вертикальной динамики в первой и второй ступенях подвешивания, коэффициенты запаса устойчивости против схода колеса с рельса. Кроме того, проведено сравнение полученных результатов с аналогичными характеристиками широко используемого на железных дорогах Украины шестиосного тепловоза ТЭ116. Определено влияние скорости движения и технического состояния пути на безопасность движения локомотива.Научная новизна. Разработана математическая модель пространственного движения шестиосного локомотива перспективной конструкции, учитывающая особенности его конструкции, и сделана оценка динамических характеристик при движении экипажа по пути произвольного очертания. Практическая значимость. Разработанная математическая модель движения шестиосного локомотива может быть использована при проведении научных исследований по созданию перспективных конструкций локомотивов., Мета. Робота присвячена оцінці динамічних властивостей локомотива перспективної конструкції та визначенню можливості його використання на залізничних коліях України. Методика. Для досягнення поставленої мети використані методи математичного та комп’ютерного моделювання динаміки залізничних транспортних засобів, а також методи числового інтегрування систем звичайних нелінійних рівнянь. Результати. Для розв’язання поставленої задачі побудована розрахункова схема локомотива на тривісних візках, яка представляєсобою систему твердих тіл, з’єднаних элементами різної реології. З використанням цієї розрахункової схеми розроблено математичну модель просторового руху локомотива, яка дозволяє проводити дослідження його просторових коливань при русі по прямолінійним та криволінійним ділянкам колії із випадковими нерівностями в плані та профілі. При складанні математичної моделі приймались до уваги як геометричні (нелінійність профілю кочення колеса), так і фізичні нелінійності системи (робота сил сухого тертя, нелінійність характеристик взаємодії коліс та рейок). За допомогою комп’ютерного моделювання проведено багатоваріантні розрахунки з метою оцінки динамічних властивостей локомотива при його русі по прямолінійним та криволінійним ділянкам колії. При цьому визначались показники плавності ходу локомотива в горизонтальній та вертикальній площинах, рамні сили, коефіцієнти вертикальної динаміки в першій та другій ступенях підвішування, коефіцієнти запасу стійкості проти сходу коліс із рейок. Крім того, проведено порівняння отриманих результатів із аналогічними характеристиками широко використовуваного на залізницях України шестивісного тепловоза ТЭ116. Визначено вплив швидкості руху та технічного стану залізничної колії на безпеку руху локомотива.Наукова новизна. Розроблена математична модель просторового руху шестивісного локомотива перспективної конструкції, що враховує особливості його конструкції, та наведена оцінка динамічних характеристик при русі екіпажа по колії довільного обрису. Практична значимість. Розроблена математична модель руху шестивісного локомотива може бути використана при проведені наукових досліджень по створенню перспективных конструкцій локомотивів.

According to the papers of the German and French specialists, the rail corrugation stimulates increasing the rail sound radiation intensity. Besides, the consideration of the rail corrugation actually explains the high-frequency noise spectrum. The rail corrugation is characterized by two key parameters — the corrugation amplitude and spacing. The corrugation occurrence leads to the high-frequency impact on the rail under the rolling stock operation, since the influence frequency represents motion speed/corrugation spacing ratio. Lagrange equations are used to define the force impact on the rail under the rolling stock operation. Rail vibration velocities are obtained from the differential equations of the bending oscillations for various methods of the rail laying: on the slab track, on timber and concrete sleepers. It is shown that the motion speed effects to a greater extent on the noise level increase involving the corrugation.

The Croatian Railways rolling stock is much characterized by diversity of types, models and series. This kind of system generates high maintenance costs and the most vehicles are obsolete and unavailable. Although Croatian Railways endeavored in the last few years in acquiring some new vehicles and modernizing some old series, the most of the rolling stock is more than 30 years old. The worldwide economic crisis has brought rail cargo transport to stagnation, but on the other hand passenger transport, especially in the urbansuburban service, offers much better perspective. Old, unreliable and uncomfortable rolling stock poses a strong set back to competitiveness towards other rail operators or even more, other modes of passenger transport. Therefore factors like quality of service, punctuality, price and comfortable journey will be the key for attracting passengers. These requirements are to be met by acquisition of new multiple-unit trains for urban-suburban and regional transport. The paper is analyzing the productivity of the old multiple unit trains in the past period. On the basis of transport demand and passenger transport prognosis for the next period the acquiring of new sets of multiple-unit trains is proposed. There are also determined the technical characteristics for the new multiple-units as well as the needed structure of the trains.

The purpose of this paper is to describe Sweden’s recent reforms to open the railway passenger markets to entry, and to addresses four critical issues for the success of the reforms; the allocation of infrastructure capacity, the provision of maintenance and terminal facilities, the access to rolling stock and the provision of information and ticketing to travelers. The analysis shows that the legislation and regulatory tools that are needed to handle these challenges to a large extent remain to be developed.

В работе рассматриваются современные проблемы транспортной логистики в Украине и пути их решения. The current problems of transport logistics in Ukraine and ways of their solution are described in the present paper.

The purpose of this paper is to describe Sweden’s recent reforms to open the railway passenger markets to entry, and to addresses four critical issues for the success of the reforms; the allocation of infrastructure capacity, the provision of maintenance and terminal facilities, the access to rolling stock and the provision of information and ticketing to travelers. The analysis shows that the legislation and regulatory tools that are needed to handle these challenges to a large extent remain to be developed.