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The fetish of the century is the title given by Fritz Kempe, Director of the National Education Centre, Hamburg, to his manual on photography.

This article treats two central doctrines of behaviorism, namely, peripheralism and associationism, as doctrines which place semantic and syntactical constraints on acceptable language for the discussion of human beings, and assesses the consequences of these doctrines for the description of educational goals and methods. It is shown that peripheralism and associationism are philosophical doctrines inherited from British Empiricism, and that they are more appropriately treated as part of the philosphy of psychology, rather than as testable empirical claims. It is argued that the constraints that this philosophy places on a language render it incapable of expressing some meaningful educational goals, rule out some meaningful empirical hypotheses, and undermine some important ethical distinctions.

Efforts at educational reform between 1890 and 1930 in New York were more successful in medicine than in law. This paper considers influences favoring medical reform: a rapid introduction of new knowledge and techniques; a national, even international competition for medical esteem; a visible need for expensive instructional facilities; a solid connection of schools of medicine with universities; a strong professional association; and several other forces.

If learning is to take place in the community college classroom, communication among those who share that classroom must be a prerequisite. At this point in our collective experience, two barriers to faculty-student communication confront us. First, we have what might be called the McLuhan barrier, which presents itself in the form of students and teachers whose commonality-the semantic basis of communication-of beliefs, tastes, and concept formation is less strong than in previous generations and threatens to become weaker still. Second, we have retained the long-standing authoritarian barrier, the role sets which are typified by all those devices from grades to assigned seating that create a natural adversary relationship between students and teachers, and oftenbecause of the competition involved-among the students themselves. We must understand a bit about these mutually reinforcing barriers if we are to deal with them realistically at the community college level. One way to grapple with the problem of understanding these barriers is to experience them in operation and analyze the experience to see if it will yield possible strategies for classroom application. This is the approach that was taken in a presentation of this material to community college faculty and administrators. We begin with a short burst of media artifacts that are part of most students' commonality, but are somewhat alien to most teachers. We continue with a simulation of the "win-lose"

'The study from which these findings were taken was conducted through the Stanford Center for Research and Development in Teaching by Robert D. Hess and Maria D. Tenezakis, with the assistance of Ian D. Smith, Rodney L. Brod, Henry T. Ingle, Judith B. Spellman, and Barbara G. Oppman. The fieldwork was done at Peter Burnett Junior High School in San Jose, California. The project was supported in part by funds from the U.S. Office of Education, Department of Health, Education and Welfare (Contract No. OEC-6-10-078, Project No. 5-0252-0407). The complete report: "The Computer as a Socializing Agent: Some Socioaffective Outcomes of CAI," Technical Report No. 13. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Center for Research and Development in Teaching, 1970, (ED 044 942) is now available only from ERIC Document Reproduction Service, P.O. Drawer O, Bethesda, Md. 20014 (Microfiche, $0.65; hard copy, $6.58).

One of the basic propositions tested in this study is that there is a metropolitan type that transcends the particular nation in which large cities develop. With respect to teachers, this translates into the generalization that teachers in a large city in a given country resemble teachers in large cities in other countries more than they resemble non-metropolitan teachers in their own land. Specifically, we hypothesize that teachers in large cities are very much alike and that they differ from their respective national norms in similar ways. The teacher variables considered here fall into three groups: basic vital characteristics (such as age and sex); educational characteristics (such as levels of formal education, professional training); and professional characteristics (such as job mobility and membership in professional organizations). It is predicted that, compared to their national counterparts outside the big city, metropolitan teachers are younger, more mobile, and more likely to be male. Furthermore, it is believed that they will be found to be better educated, though not necessarily in the formal/professional sense, and more likely to move out of teaching into some other career after a period of time. In this sense, therefore, they might be described as less professionally committed. However, being younger, more mobile, probably having a higher proportion of males than the national teacher cadre, they might well be more open to change not only in their personal careers but also in their teaching lives (with respect to changing posts and to being involved in educational innovations). The rationale for this expected profile of the large-city teacher is fairly clear. It is drawn from the larger picture of life in the metropolis, one of relatively high rates of geographical and economic mobility, especially among those beginning

It should be stressed first of all that the didactic concept ourlined in the following article imposes quite considerable requirements on both teacher and pupils. It is unlikely that it could be undertaken with pupils other than those of the upper school. The optimum situation — and we assume that this is at present the case— is for the school itself to have a photographic club, or for some of the pupils in the class to belong to such a club. But it is essential that as many as possible have a prior knowledge of photography extending beyond basic concepts. The teacher himself, of course, must also have a good knowledge of the subject.

The Labour and Socialist Convention held at Leeds on 3 June 1917 was held expressly “to follow Russia”. It adopted four resolutions, the most celebrated of which called for the establishment of what have been termed “extra-Parliamentary Soviets with sovereign powers”. It was described shortly afterwards as “the most spectacular piece of utter folly for which [the Socialist left] during the whole war-period, was responsible – which is saying not a little”. A contemporary journal held that many of the ILP men had become “avowed Syndicalists or Bolsheviks”; and the King, in conversation with Will Thorne after the latter's visit to Russia on behalf of the government, expressed some concern about what had taken place. He “seemed greatly disturbed at the famous Leeds Conference”, Thorne recorded. Thome's reply, however, had “seemed to relieve his mind”. F. W. Jowett, a member of the group which issued invitations to the Convention, referred to it to the end of his life as the “highest point of revolutionary fervour he had seen in this country”.

India depends heavily on foreign experts to formulate its population policy because those domestic political leaders involved in policy making are alienated from the masses—they hold to Western values, lack competence in technical skills, are reluctant to come to grips with urgent social problems, and have given way to pressure from powerful vested interests. National and foreign priorities are closely identified. Policy formulators have sidetracked the fight against the basic social and economic problems of the country and have identified population planning with a birth control that masquerades under the name of family planning. This has been a fundamental and almost fatal mistake. Because of this approach, all attempts at family planning have failed to bring their intended results, and it has not been possible to make a significant dent in India's population problem. A threshold level of social and economic development must be attained before any family planning program can begin to bring about a sustained drop in the birth rate. Family planning should be part of a broadly based integrated plan of social and economic development. This will require changes at the political, administrative, social and economic levels to allow development of suitable plans to effectively and expeditiously implement the social and economic development programs.

‘Neither the African governments nor anyone else can be satisfied with the present performance of the universities on the continent. If quantitatively speaking the results are not bad, as soon as one tackles the question of all the content of education, the quality of education and, above all, the problem of the distribution of students among various faculties, the picture looks completely different.’

This article tells a story about the need for better understanding between blacks and whites and suggests how these needs can be partially met through a course in black rhetoric. The first section attempts to portray in narrative form the alienation between blacks and whites. The second portion describes the author's course in black rhetoric.

Action theory's substantive image of social organization, theory building strategy, and methodological tenets are compared with those of interactionism. Despite polemics to the contrary, action and interaction concepts denote a similar image of social organization and personality. As is argued, the principle difference between the two perspectives revolves around the issue of the most appropriate theory building and methodological strategy. The ontological implications of this fact are examined and found not to justify the continued partitioning of social theory into antagonistic metaphysical camps.

The paper highlights some areas of Vichian thought that are of interest to political scientists His views on the origin of the state and of rulership are given some attention, and the importance of his theory of “corsi” and “ricorsi” for his political thought is emphasized.

Conflict as a social phenomenon has recently attracted more and more attention from the different social sciences each viewing it from that point which is of signifrcancefor the relevant subject. Modern interest in conflictfrom the sociological point of view is stimulated both by the prominence and high frequency of conflict in modern society and the difference of opinion within the ranks of sociologists concerning the origin, development and consequences of the process. In this paper the author tried to weigh the two most prominent models concerning conflict, the conflict model (Dahrendorf and the integration model (Mayo), in order to determine their relevance concerning the explanation of the origin, development and consequences of conflict in society. This was attained by quoting the different authors on certain pertinent and crucial elements of the different models and then deducing from four basic polarities. These statements were then examined as to their plausibility in terms of empirical ...

The federal grant strategy found in the Older Americans Comprehensive Services Amendments of 1973 represents a marked departure from earlier strategies of the Older Americans Act. While the national goal of the legislation is more clearly specified and funding has sig nificantly increased, the introduction of new substate plan ning bodies—Area Agencies on Aging—is seen here as the most important change. The new national strategy is geared toward the development of these new agencies, and its success will depend very much on their discharging the functions assigned to them. This paper argues that, because the new legislative strategy is based on a rational goal model and conceptualizes the area agencies accordingly, it neglects certain requisites of organizational life. Using, instead, a social system perspective of the area agencies and their environment, the paper suggests that these agencies will, of necessity, concern themselves with matters other than those mandated in the legislation. These other con cerns will affect both the national objectives which the area agencies choose to emphasize and the intensity of their effort. Specifically, the area agencies may view the mandate to draw-in and mobilize resources at the area level as not in their organizational interests. The paper concludes that: their engaging in this role in tentative fashion will result in either incremental or goal-displaced activities; their em barking in this role wholeheartedly may prove dangerous to them organizationally and may result in substantial mod ifications in the national strategy and their role in it.

This paper involves two objectives. Firstly, a descriptive analysis of the institutions represented at the 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, and 1973 an nual meetings of the North Central Sociological Association is presen ted. Although the sociology convention has occasionally been the object of study (e.g., Higbie and Hammond, 1966; Mintz, 1967; Hammond and Hibgie, 1968; Lin, Garvey, and Nelson, 1970, Leonard and Schmitt, 1973), it has not been examined extensively. In view of the increasing in terest in the sociology of sociology, the intrinsic concern of sociologists with formal organizations, and the role of regional, and especially, national psychology conventions in the early dissemination of research findings (Garvey and Griffith, 1971:355-58), this neglect is un warranted. Secondly, an analysis of the substantive concerns, as reflected in session, panel, topic etc. titles, is contained herein. It seems reasonable to conclude that some of the dominant and pressing considerations of the discipline are mirrored in these entries.

The rise of new participatory citizen movements for consumer and environmental protection, peace and social justice are grounded in an almost intuitive understanding of the persuasive power of information. In many affluent economies, such as those of Western Europe, the United States, Australia and Japan, the overarching strategy of these citizen movements has been to manipulate information and, in turn, to change prevailing views of what is rational. Thus, their chief mode of operation consists of assembling, restructuring, deploying and amplifying well-validated information and, then, with varying success, infusing this new data with the political power to affect social and economic decisions. Since I am a participant in, as well as a chronicler of, these movements, my observations are experientially and empirically based. Therefore, I make no claim to objectivity in this review of the innovative concepts, strategies and tactics of such citizen movements and their significant contributions to the political processes in advanced, complex societies. While such movements are now gaining strength and sophistication in many countries, this paper will focus on those in the United States—which Daniel Bell has described as the first postindustrial society—where it seems that the goals and values of the citizens are undergoing the most rapid and qualitative changes.

Can research be studied in a way that is neither logical reconstruction nor empirical psychology or sociology of science? In contemporary philosophy of science this is usually denied—in spite of the recent 'paradigm shift' there. A system-philosophy approach in theory of research is outlined by means of some models: a research enterprise is viewed as a productive, innovative system, the research process as a transformation of complexes of knowledge-problems-instruments (software and hard ware). The direction this development takes is guided by preconceptions about the subject matter and a programmatic conception of the discipline based on them ('internal steering factors'). The dynamics of the research process are schematized as a co-agency of 'theoretical and 'empirical' moments, which is viewed as a flow of problems, information, and conceptual frameworks. Empirically discovered pieces of knowledge may resist all attempts to explain them: the flow is disturbed, and only an extraordinary innovation on the 'theoretical' level can restore the balance. This involves a shift in perspective: a shift in the 'internal steering factors'. (In this way one type of 'scientific revolution' (Kuhn's type) is conceptualized). After a perspectival shift one will ask 'Does it constitute progress ?' Types of criteria are suggested. Although they do not apply to all research situations, they over-arch research-traditions. Eventually the above models are applied in the reflection of Research Theory on itself. Research Theory should improve our knowledge about knowledge-production. This knowledge should contribute to improving our image of science and the researcher's sensitivity—by providing better tools for concept ualizing research situations and for imagining possible alternatives.

In this paper the attempt is made at a critical analysis of the phenomenon of world communism. The rise of this phenomenon is shown against its historical background, i.e., against the changing circumstances of life. The various doctrines of Marxism that give rise to various theories of communism are shown to have their origin in the changing circumstances of life, i.e., the changing social conflicts and the changing human needs arising from these conflicts. It is because of this that Lenin, Stalin, Mao and the neo-Marxists were compelled to readjust Marx's doctrine to the prevailing conditions of their respective historical situation, thus seeking to cope with the problem of man's alienation in an ever newform. This led to the paradoxical situation that the teachings of the neo-Marxists stood in flagrant contradiction to the fundamental principles of Karl Marx. It is hoped that the above method of dealing with world communism as a dynamic world phenomenon will bring out its controversial charact...

Fred Cottrell's contributions to political sociology and demography consist largely in his herculean efforts to trace out the impact on society of the transition from low energy technology to a high energy technology. Energy and Society (1955) is basically a treatise on the evolution of a new species of society ? one that is fundamentally different from the species that preceded it in terms of family structure, social structure and organization, spatial organization, values and ideology, population size and diversity, and politics. Almost nothing is left unchanged in the process of this evolution. In the realm of political sociology, Cottrell's contributions primarily consist of his tracing out of the impact of high energy technology on the evolution of the political state, and his recognition of the impact high energy technology has on international affairs. In another paper, Tibbitts has discussed Cottrell's contributions to the politics of aging. Departing from the Darwinist model of evolution, Cottrell pointed out that man's ability to transform nonhuman energy to suit his own pur poses disrupted whatever "natural" forces were operating in the en vironment to keep a balance in the ecology. Where the flow of energy in a habitat is greatly enlarged, culture thus becomes more and more contrived; that is, its continuity depends increasingly on man's ability consciously to understand how (culture) works and to be effectively able to manipulate the elements that make it work. As a consequence, discontinuity in culture becomes more common because much of what was there was never understood, verbalized, or integrated by conscious process. (1972, p.29) There are two important implications of this shift to a more active culture-building role for man. First, everyday life involves more con scious choices and fewer situations can be handled routinely, especially at the societal level. This means that the processes of decision-making assume a much more important role in the dynamics of culture than was

"Rebellion arises equally from objective and subjective conditions. The rebel perceives an imbalance in the allocation of resources or access to power, and is outraged to find that imbalance sanctified by a definition of himself as unworthy of or, more subtly, as unready for those resources or power. Relative scarcity and racist justification are thus conjoined in the rebellious upheavals of the Third World." Yet both the advantaged and disadvantaged are socialized to accept the legitimacy of the status quo. According to the author, the truly committed social or behavioral scientist must become aware of the contradictions evident in the theories he has been trained to believe in and the concrete social conditions of oppressed people. He must lead the way in rethinking the concepts of Authority and Equality for man. He must build new "conceptual mansions" that will transform Man and bring about a new Society of useful individuals and nurturing institutions.