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Deux papiers à cigarettes furent préparés, qui présentaient la même masse surfacique et la même perméabilité mais se distinguaient par la structures de leurs pores. L’incidence de la structure des pores, après pyrolyse, sur le rendement de CO au niveau de la fumée principale fut analysée en soumettant ces papiers à des températures de 250 °C. La diffusivité, la perméabilité, la distribution de la taille des pores et le volume des pores de ces papiers à cigarettes furent également mesurés avant et après chauffage. Les structures des pores du papier à cigarettes totalement pyrolysé dans le cône de combustion et la zone partiellement pyrolysée à proximité de la ligne de carbonisation furent dégagées. Le rendement en CO de la fumée principale et de la fumée latérale ainsi que la distribution des températures du cône de combustion furent évalués. La diffusivité et la perméabilité des papiers à cigarettes observées après chauffage furent nettement plus élevées que celles de l’échantillon de référence après chauffage. Le volume des pores du papier à cigarettes d’une épaisseur de 0,1-8,0 μm se trouva accrue, ce qui diminua la teneur en CO de la fumée principale. Une augmentation du nombre de micropores facilite la diffusion du CO de la fumée principale vers la fumée latérale.

Summary The air permeability of cigarette paper is currently assessed according to the international standard ISO 2965 by applying a constant pressure difference of 1 kPa between the two faces of a sample and by measuring the corresponding airflow. Lower Ignition Propensity regulations have led tobacco manufacturers to use specific cigarette papers with narrow bands of low air permeability and diffusion capacity to achieve regulatory compliance. The international standard ISO 2965 was revised in 2009 to take into account the specific geometry and characteristics of the bands and to include suitable narrow measuring heads. The consequence was a significant reduction of the measured airflow levels with banded papers and a need for equipment covering specifically low airflow ranges. The well-known pressure-airflow relationship across cigarette paper enables the development of an alternative method to ISO 2965 which does not require direct airflow measurement, and therefore airflow meters which are costly parts of the current measuring devices. The alternative method is based on the measurement of the change of the pressure over time after an initial pressure difference was applied between the two faces of the paper. The consecutive analysis of the pressure difference profile, impacted by the leak across the paper, enables the derivation of the air permeability. The related theoretical aspects were developed for both viscous and inertial airflows, and experimental investigations were conducted with banded and conventional cigarette papers as well as a permeability calibration standard. Results obtained with the proposed method showed good consistency with ISO 2965 measurements and a lower repeatability, demonstrating that a leak-based method could be a simple and reliable alternative.

Summary The pore size distribution of cigarette paper determines its air permeability and diffusion capacity and thereby has a significant influence on the gas exchange of a cigarette through the cigarette paper during smoking and during smouldering. For the design of cigarettes and in particular of cigarette papers it is important to understand how the pore size distribution of the cigarette paper is affected by the paper composition and paper properties and how it influences air permeability and diffusion capacity. It was the aim of this study to investigate how the composition of the cigarette paper such as filler content, fibre type and burn additive content qualitatively influenced the pore size distribution and how the pore size distribution and, in particular, which pore size range is correlated with air permeability and diffusion capacity, respectively. To this end eight naturally porous cigarette papers were selected which differed in air permeability, diffusion capacity, fibre type, filler content and burn additive content. The pore size distributions of these papers were measured by mercury porosimetry before and after the papers had been heated to 230 °C for 30 min. The pore size distributions were investigated for qualitative differences when air permeability, fibre type and filler content of the cigarette paper are modified. Furthermore by appropriate weighting of the pore size distributions optimal correlations between a weighted pore volume and air permeability or diffusion capacity were determined. The results show a good correlation with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9 for air permeability as well as for diffusion capacity. The results indicate that large pores are better correlated with changes in air permeability, while small pores are more strongly correlated with changes in diffusion capacity and support previous theoretical results obtained from flow and diffusion models. They also demonstrate the tight relationship between pore size distribution, air permeability and diffusion capacity, which makes the pore size distribution a tool to further optimize cigarette papers, for example, with respect to carbon monoxide yields in the smoke of a cigarette. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int 26 (2015) 312-319]

Oxygen diffusion coefficients in normal and decomposed cigarette papers were measured, and oxygen transfer through the cigarette papers was estimated. The oxygen diffusion coefficient varied with the properties of the cigarette papers, however, the differences in the oxygen transfer coefficient were not very large. The oxygen diffusivity of the cigarette papers did not increase after thermal decomposition. No correlation was found between the oxygen transfer coefficient of the normal paper and the decomposed paper.

Interdisciplinary research is becoming more frequent because many contemporary issues can only be successfully addressed by integrating different perspectives. One general feature of the various scientific fields is peer review, i.e. the assessment and improvement of submissions to journals, conferences and workshops. Whilst there exist guidelines for the peer review of mono-disciplinary articles and empirical studies of how interdisciplinary research proposals are assessed, there is still a need for a summary of issues specific to the peer review of interdisciplinary research papers. This article provides an overview of relevant questions such as whether reviewers are competent to assess interdisciplinary papers even if unfamiliar with all the involved fields. We discuss the assessment of the interdisciplinarity, soundness, novelty, influence and general interest of interdisciplinary manuscripts. Further issues include the appropriateness of interdisciplinary submissions for journals, keeping the vocabulary of new interdisciplinary fields understandable to the reader and balancing the references across various fields. Constructive interdisciplinary reviewers are likely to be just as open-minded as interdisciplinary scientists and should be rewarded more than they currently are.

To minimize the effect of permeability variations of tipping and plug wrap paper on the degree of filter ventilation and consequently on the smoke yields, a mathematical model for the flow through a layered structure of perforated tipping paper and porous plug wrap paper was derived. The output of the model was compared to experimental data and a very good agreement was found. A statistical investigation revealed that measured permeability values of tipping and plug wrap papers are normally distributed. Furthermore, it was shown that the statistical distribution of the total permeability of the layered structure cannot be distinguished from a normal distribution at reasonable levels of statistical significance. Based on these investigations and on the mathematical model, expressions for the expected value and the coefficient of variation of the total permeability were derived. It was shown that in spite of the non-linear model the difference between the exact expected total permeability and a simple estimate calculated from the expected permeabilities of tipping and plug wrap is sufficiently small, such that for all practical purposes this estimate can be used. The coefficient of variation of the total permeability was then minimized. The solution of this optimisation problem delivered practically applicable design rules for the permeabilities of tipping and plug wrap papers. It was shown that the minimal coefficient of variation of the total permeability is lower than the coefficient of variation of the permeability of tipping and plug wrap paper. Typically an optimal design can be achieved by choosing the tipping paper permeability between 10% and 50% higher than the total permeability. A simple example demonstrated the usefulness of this approach.

Students often express surprise at their grades on papers. This gap between expectation andachievement may stem in part from lack of facility with revision strategies. How, then, can teacherswork with their students to foster more effective revisions? This question in teaching and learninghas inspired an interdisciplinary collaboration: one of us is a management and leadership professor(Sharen), and the other is an English/communication professor (Feltham). In this essay, we describea research study from winter 2013 in which we explored how a series of interventions improvedstudents’ mindsets about the process of drafting and revising reports for a second-year-universitycourse entitled “Women and Leadership.” After outlining key aspects of this study that we feel are ofgeneral interest, we then present a series of reflective suggestions about how to teach revision derivedfrom both our experiences and a selective survey of the literature on both revision and self-regulation.

Un dispositif pour mesurer la capacite de diffusion de gaz du papier a cigarette a ete concu et evalue. Cet appareil permet de mesurer de facon semi-automatique la concentration de dioxyde de carbone diffusant a travers une petite partie du papier, et le calcul de la capacite de diffusion de l'echantillon en fonction de l'epaisseur du papier. Les mesures sont rapides et peuvent etre faites en 30 secondes environ. La mesure de la capacite de diffusion est repetable et reproductible d'environ 1%. La variabilite de la capacite de diffusion est beaucoup plus reduite que celle de la permeabilite. Pour ces raisons, l'appareil est utile pour l'evaluation de la qualite et pour des applications scientifiques. La capacite de diffusion a ete mesuree pour des papiers a cigarette d'une permeabilite inherente de 6 a 62 cm/min. Comme il etait a prevoir selon la theorie prevalente, les valeurs de la capacite de diffusion augmentent en fonction de la permeabilite. La capacite de diffusion mesuree pour des papiers perfores de facon electrostatique est seulement legerement plus elevee que celle du papier non perfore, malgre une forte augmentation de la permeabilite. Ce resultat indique que la capacite de diffusion est determinee par des petits pores dans le papier. L'appareil est capable de mesurer les parties bandees du papier concues pour reduire la propension a l'ignition. Les valeurs de la capacite de diffusion mesurees pour les parties bandees sont plus basses que celles de papiers non bandees ayant une permeabilite identique, suggerant que le materiel des bandes couvre surtout les petits pores du papier.

Dans cette etude la distribution des adhesifs entre le papier a cigarette et le papier manchette d' une cigarette est examinee. D' une part, il est bien connu que cette distribution influence les diverses proprietes d' une cigarette mais d' autre part, les methodes utilisees jusqu' a present ne permettent pas de realiser la mesure de cette distribution. Comme quantites caracteristiques de la distribution sont considerees la surface couverte et la quantite de l'adhesif ainsi que 1' epaisseur et la position de la couche d' adhesif entre le papier a cigarettes et les manchettes. La surface couverte et la quantite de l'adhesif entre les papiers ont ete evaluees par analyse d' image. L' epaisseuret la position de la couche d' adhesif ont ete determinees par spectroscopie de masse d' ions secondaires a temps de vol (TOF-SIMS) et un traitement consecutif des images obtenues a l'aide de cette methode. Ces methodes ont ete utilisees pour evaluer l'influence des divers parametres sur la distribution de l'adhesif, a savoir le degre de collage de la manchette, la viscosite de 1' adhesif et la temperature du pre-chauffage. Une analyse statistique des resultats obtenus revele l'interaction complexe de ces parametres et confirme de nombreux faits connus d' experience de la fabrication et du traitement ulterieur du papier ainsi que de la fabrication des cigarettes.

In this short note we point to an error in the proof of a theorem stated in [L. Balková, E. Pelantová, Š. Starosta, On Brlek-Reutenauer conjecture, Theoret. Comput. Sci. 412 (2011) 5649–5655]. By constructing a counterexample, we show that the assertion of the theorem is actually incorrect. Although this theorem is of a technical character, it was used in an argument leading to a corollary of a general interest to the Brlek-Reutenauer conjecture, and thus as a consequence of this note we have that the proof of the mentioned corollary is also flawed.

The effect of temperature, time and amount of enzyme on hydrolysis of wheat straw lignocellulose remaining after furfural production was studied. The residual substrate was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis at different temperatures — 45 °C, 50 °C and 55 °C. Hydrolysis time was 72 hours, and samples were taken every 24 hours. The maximum glucose yield (76.5% of the theoretically possible) was reached when hydrolysis temperature 50 °C was used. The production rate of glucose increased with a hydrolysis period of time. The yield of glucose significantly depended on the ratio of enzyme to substrate.

ObjectiveTypically, attention focuses on how nutrition affects physical health. The present study investigated the importance that parents attach to the impact of diet on mental performance when choosing food for their child.DesignQuestionnaire.SettingFour European countries.SubjectsParents of children aged 4–10 years (n 1574): England (n 397), Germany (n 389), Hungary (n 398) and Spain (n 390).ResultsMost parents (80–85 %) considered the effect of food on four elements of mental performance (child’s ability to learn, attention, behaviour, mood) to be moderately, very, extremely (v. slightly, not at all) important in food choices; over 90 % considered healthiness of food and making food appealing to their child important; 79·8 % cost; 76·8 % convenience. Belief that food affects mental performance was 57·4 % (ability to learn), 60·5 % (attention); less than 40 % of parents agreed they were aware which foods had an effect. Parents with lower general interest in healthy eating were less likely to consider the effect of food on mental performance elements as important. Respondents from Germany were more likely to rate mental performance as important (except behaviour); those in Hungary less likely. The most important influence on parents’ decisions about feeding their child was their own experience, except Spain, where family/friends/health professionals were more important.ConclusionsNutrition affects brain development and cognitive functioning. Low prioritisation of the effect of food on mental performance indicates potential for educating parents.

Triethyl citrate (TEC) was applied in the preparation of cigarette filter rods by two approaches. One was to utilize TEC as a plasticizer sprayed onto the surface of cellulose acetate (CA) fibers. The other was to apply TEC as an additive coated onto the cellulosic paper of acetate-paper dual filters. Three types of cigarette filter rods, namely, triethyl citrate-cellulose acetate (TEC-CA) filter rods, triethyl citrate-cellulose acetate-paper (TEC-CA-paper) dual filter rods and cellulose acetate-paper-triethyl citrate (CA-paper-TEC) dual filter rods, were manufactured. In order to promote the curing of CA rods, high-frequency radiation was introduced into the procedure of filter manufacture. Then Virginia type cigarettes, combined with the three kinds of prepared filter rods were manufactured and the removal efficiency of phenols from the cigarette mainstream smoke was investigated. The results revealed that no matter where the triethyl citrate was applied as plasticizer or coating additive, the content of phenol, o-, m-and p-cresol in cigarette mainstream smoke could be greatly reduced. The optimal removal efficiency for phenol was 50% compared with the control. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 176-182]

L'analyse à filtre partiel est une méthode utilisée pour évaluer l'exposition des tissus buccaux (mouth level exposure, MLE) des fumeurs de cigarettes aux constituants de la fumée principale. Nous avons évalué la capacité de l'analyse à filtre partiel à effectuer une comparaison de l'exposition des tissus buccaux à la nicotine et au goudron chez des populations de fumeurs et lors d'un étalonnage. A trois reprises, trois groupes de sujets ont fumé deux lots de la même marque de cigarettes hongroises avec un rendement en goudron de 1-mg ISO. Dix-huit courbes d'étalonnage furent tracées par trois opérateurs utilisant trois machines à fumer. Pour chaque lot de cigarettes, aucune différence significative de l'exposition des tissus buccaux ne fut observée ni parmi les trois groupes de fumeurs ni après répétition de la consommation au sein des groupes. L'exposition des tissus buccaux lors de la consommation du premier lot de cigarettes fut marginalement supérieure à l'exposition observée pour le deuxième lot. Aucune différence significative ne fut observée entre les pentes et les points d'intersection des courbes d'étalonnage produites à l'aide des différentes machines à fumer par les différents opérateurs. L'analyse à filtre partiel propose une approche reproductible permettant d'estimer l'exposition des tissus buccaux des fumeurs à la nicotine et au goudron dans le cadre d'études à grande échelle dans des environnements normaux de tabagisme.

La présente analyse porte sur les caractéristiques de rétention et de filtration de la nicotine, du phénol, du benzo[a]pyrène (B[a]P), de la nitrosamine NNK (4- (méthylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone), du crotonaldéhyde, de l’acide cyanhydrique (HCN) et de l’ammoniaque dans les filtres conventionnels en fibres d’acétate de cellulose. Par le truchement d’une analyse quantitative des contenus libérés dans la fumée principale et des contenus retenus dans les filtres, les performances de filtration, exprimées par le rapport entre le contenu de rétention du filtre et l’addition du contenu de rétention du filtre et du rendement de fumée principale, furent examinées selon les paramètres de fumage de l’Organisation internationale de Normalisation (ISO) et du Health Canadian Intense (HCI). A l’aide d’un découpeur au laser de précision, les filtres furent soit découpés transversalement en 5 à 7 segments en vue d’un examen du schéma de répartition longitudinale, soit découpés transversalement en trois segments qui furent ensuite chacun découpés de façon concentrique en trois sections en vue d’un examen du schéma de répartition spatiale. La composition des constituants de fumée susnommés retenus dans ces segments de filtres fut soumise à une analyse quantitative. Les données furent calibrées et ensuite traitées par interpolation et ajustement polynomial. Les schémas de répartition longitudinale pour l’ensemble des composants susmentionnés ainsi que les schémas de répartition spatiale pour la nicotine, le phénol, l’acide cyanhydrique, l’ammoniaque et le crotonaldéhyde purent être obtenus. Les performances de filtration des divers constituants de fumée varièrent respectivement de 24% à 15% pour l’acide cyanhydrique et de 87% à 92% pour le phénol selon les paramètres de fumage de l’ISO et du HCI. Les performances de filtration de tous les constituants relevées suivant les paramètres du HCI furent, à des degrés divers, inférieures aux performances relevées suivant les paramètres de l’ISO, à l’exception du phénol qui suivit une tendance opposée. Différents constituants de fumée principale présentent leur propre comportement de rétention et leurs propres caractéristiques de répartition, qui sont déterminés par les propriétés chimiques et physiques du constituant et son interaction avec la fibre d’acétate de cellulose et le triacétate de glycéryle contenus dans le filtre. La diversité des schémas de répartition et de rétention des différents constituants atteste de la grande complexité du processus de filtration de la fumée de cigarette dans les filtres. [Beitr. Tabakforsch Int. 26 (2014) 121-131]

Inherently porous cigarette paper consists of an interlocking network of cellulose fibres interspersed with chalk particles. Spaces in this matrix are of the order of 1 AAµm wide which is small compared to the paper thickness (usually 20 AAµm to 40 AAµm). However, when cigarette paper is perforated after the paper-making process, e.g. by an electrostatic or mechanical process, the perforation holes are relatively large, usually having mean diameters of the same order of magnitude as the paper thickness. The total flow of air through perforated cigarette paper thus consists of two components: viscous flow through the porous structure of the paper inherent from the paper-making process, and inertial flow through the perforation holes. Since the air flow / pressure relationships due to these two components of flow differ and since the two components are additive, the total flow through perforated paper may be expressed as: Q = Z A P + Z’ A Pn, where Q is the air flow (cm3 min-1), A is the area of paper (cm2) exposed to the flowing air, P is the pressure difference across the paper (kilopascal), Z is the base permeability of the paper due to viscous flow through the spaces inherent from the paper-making process (cm min-1 kPa-1 or Coresta unit), Z’ is the permeability of the paper due to inertial flow through the perforation holes (cm min-1 kPa-1/n) and n is a constant for a given set of perforation holes. This equation adequately describes gas flow through a variety of perforated cigarette and tipping papers. By using different gases, it is confirmed that Z depends on viscous forces and Z’ depends on inertial forces. By examining the flow of air through a large number of papers with perforation holes of different sizes, it is shown that Z’ is dependent on the total area of perforation holes, and that a jet-contraction effect occurs as the air travels through the paper. The parameter n is shown to have a value between 0.5 and 1.0, and this value is related to mean perforation-hole size. The permeability of cigarette paper is defined as the flow of air through the paper when the pressure across the paper is 1 kilopascal. Thus from the above equation the “total permeability” of perforated cigarette paper is equal to Z + Z'.

The present paper shows and discusses microphotographs of fibres used for the manufacture of cigarette papers as well as such photographs disclosing the composition of cigarette papers.

The influence of air permeability of cigarette paper on the yield of condensate and on its composition was examined. Total particulate matter and nicotine in the smoke decrease with increasing permeability of the paper. The decrease results from the smaller quantity of tobacco burnt in the mainstream. Higher combustion cannot be obtained by paper of greater permeability. The content of condensate of 3,4-benzopyrene is constant. Total particulate matter and nicotine in the smoke - measured in per cent of the tobacco smoked in the mainstream - are also constant.

s of papers in the field of freshwater biology published in British journals in 1 954 BARBARA DOUGLAS, T. T. MACAN and JEAN C. MACKERETH The following journals have been scrutinized, some, indicated by (b) or (z), only by the botanist or the zoologists respectively . The contractions are those in World List of Scientific Publications (London: Butterworth) . Ann. appl . Biol.; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist . ; Biol. Rev .; Endeavour; Entomologist (z) ; Ent. Gaz . (z) ; Ent. mon. Mag. (z) ; Irish Nat . (b) ; Irish Nat. Y. (z) ; Y. Anim. Ecol.; J. Ecul.; J. exp. Biol . ; Y. exp. Bot . (b) ; J. gen. Microbiol. ; Y. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) & (Zool.); ,7. Mar. biol . Ass . U.K.; Y. R. micr. Soc .; J. Quekett. micr. Cl . ; Y. Soc. Brit. Ent . (z) ; Naturalist, Lond. (b) ; Nature, Lond.; New Phytol. (b) ; Northw . Nat.; Phil. Trans . ; Proc . R . ent. Soc. Lond . (z); Proc. R. Irish Acad . ; Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond.; Proc. roy. Soc . B .; Proc. roy. Soc. Edinb .; Quart . Y. micr. Sci.; Scot. Nat . (b); Trans. Brit. bryol . Soc. (b) ; Trans. Brit. mycol. Soc. (b) ; Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond . (z) ; Trans . Norf. Norw. Nat. Soc .; Trans. roy. Soc. Edinb. (b) ; Trans. Soc. Brit . Ent . (z) ; also The Phycological Bulletin too recently founded to be in the World List . It is not always easy to decide whether a paper should be included, for, in the first place, the limits of fresh water itself in bogs and fens and estuaries is not always clear . We have not included reviews which do no more than make passing reference to one or two freshwater organisms, and we have had, therefore, to make arbitrary decisions about how much reference to how many organisms qualify an article for inclusion . We consider it undesirable to load the list with papers of little general interest for the sake of completeness, and accordingly local lists and records which may fill a hole in the known range of a species but do not extend it have been omitted . Only those physiological papers which deal with problems arising from life in fresh water

Ten sorts of cigarette paper with differing physical properties, made of the raw materials Iinen, sulphate cellulose and “viskose”, which had been impregnated with citrate, phosphate or nitrate, were examined. The cigarettes made from these, which all contained the same blend of tobacco, were 7.95 × 80 mm and had an average weight of 1.070 g at 11.5 % moisture, were compared with each other in taste and in laboratory tests. A variation of the surface weight between 20.5 g/m2 and 24.5 g/m2 had no noteworthy influence on the properties of the cigarette. For the impregnation of the paper citrate is more desirable than the other salts investigated. The cigarettes made with paper impregnated with citrate provide the best looking ash and were favoured by the smokers of the taste panel. Cigarettes made with paper impregnated with nitrate and phosphate are stronger and more mordant and, furthermore, they have a bitter “after taste”, except those made with “viskose” paper. As the porosity of the paper increases the totaI condensate amount decreases. The “smouldering speed” of the cigarette increases somewhat. The members of the taste panel in each case preferred the milder cigarettes with the more porous paper. Paper made from linen, the most usual raw material nowadays for making cigarette paper, was compared with sulphate cellulose and “viskose” paper. Paper of sulphate cellulose is by comparison not very porous and gives the cigarette's taste tart qualities. “Viskose”, on the other hand, can be used to make very porous paper, the physical qualities of which come up to or even exceed those of linen paper. It was not possible to prove by the tests whether “viskose” paper negatively influences the taste of the cigarettes.

In 1994, the European Smoking Tobacco Association (ESTA) commissioned and reported a study undertaken in the Netherlands to determine the making habits of roll-your-own smokers. The study included laboratory smoking of the collected smoking articles for the determination of tar and nicotine. In 1997, ESTA commissioned a similar study for Germany involving German fine-cut smokers. This paper reviews the data produced from the German study and compares the data with that produced in the Netherlands. An independent market research agency recruited known smokers of fine-cut tobacco. They were given the most popular brand of tobacco and the most popular brand of booklet paper. The consumers were instructed to make a fine-cut smoking article for testing each time they wanted to smoke. These smoking articles were placed in protective tins and collected by the research agency for analysis. An independent laboratory in Germany undertook the smoking and analysis. This study shows that a German roll-your-own smoker uses an average of 830 mg tobacco and makes a product that is 7.6 mm in diameter. German booklet paper is slightly shorter than Dutch paper. German products are more cylindrical than Dutch products and this probably accounts for the much reduced variability of German products compared with Dutch products. The mean tar yield of these articles was 12 mg and the mean nicotine yield was 0.9 mg.

An investigation is described concerning the effect of tipping perforations on the yield of a variety of smoke components. The degree of ventilation covered the 20-70 % range. Tipping ventilation reduces the amount of air drawn past the cone during the puff and thereby compresses the thermaI profile of the cone. The yield of gaseous smoke components which have unique precursors is a function of time-at-temperature conditions in and near the cone and the effect on the yield differs between precursors as the amount of air flow is varied. Compounds that depend on distillation or sublimation to get into mainstream smoke are much less affected by tipping ventilation, i.e., condensation of these materials onto smoke particles becomes more efficient as the air flow past the cone is reduced and less particulate smoke is produced

While technological innovations are sometimes published in methods papers, theyoften are partof a research paper and thus not apparent to people outside of the specific research area. To enhance the dissemination of generally useful technological advances and transgenic lines, Zebrafish is introducing TechnoFish, which will highlight these innovations for the general zebrafish community. The advantagefor thecommunity is that it willhighlight technological advances inpapers that many people might otherwise miss, and the advantage for authors is that it will draw broad attention to their paper. Authors who feel that this is appropriate for their work will submit a short (150 word or less) description, written in the third person, which highlights why their method or transgenic line is of general interest. Afigure should be included to draw interest, which is attractive in both black and white (for the printed version) and in color (for the online version). The submission will be rapidly reviewed to ensure that the technology is of general interest and is clearly described. By submitting this, authors are also agreeing that all relevant plasmids, transgenic lines, etc., will be made available to all who request it. We are accepting submissions or inquiries for your TechnoFish — please address to David Kimelman (kimelman@uw.edu). FIG. 1. The Dual Fucci transgene, which uses the ubiquitin promoter to drive expression, produces both a Cerulean-tagged degron, which is detectable during the S/G2/M phases of the cell cycle, and a Cherry-tagged degron, which is only detectable during the G1 phase. Color image available online at www.liebertpub.com/zeb

This paper invites us to rescue the debates over the use of border check technologies from the twin paradoxes of "excessive visibility" and "low visibility". With this aim, it stresses the importance of considering border check technologies from a consumer perspective. From this point of view, it questions the modes of implementation of some of the most relevant technologies already operating at the borders: body scanners, biometrics, registered travellers' programs, and passenger name records. Finally, the authors propose to combine insights and solutions of both consumer and data protection law, to offer travellers a more "consumer friendly" approach to border check technologies. Such a move would probably pave the way to citizens' debates freed from the "visibility" paradoxes of technology.

The presence of stems in cut tobacco is detrimental to cigarette quality, resulting in problems during production particularly on today's high-speed makers. Incomplete threshing and the use of unthreshed semi-Oriental tobaccos can increase the stem content in the cut tobacco considerably. The percentage of stems present in cut tobacco was investigated by HauniMaschinenbau AG specifically for semi-Oriental tobacco. Their findings show that not all stems present in the strips or lamina after cutting are classified as “objectionable”. However, the percentage of objectionable stems in the cut tobacco is not inconsiderable and depends on the thickness of the stems present. Reducing the objectionable stem contingent in cut tobacco is therefore a crucial concern of many cigarette manufacturers who set great store on ensuring high-quality product. HauniMaschinenbau AG offers a cut tobacco separator which has been specially designed for this purpose and also used as a cooler. A corresponding model is available in the HauniMaschinenbau AG pilot plant in Hamburg for tests using the customers’ own tobacco.

There is a proportional dependence between pressure difference and air stream of porous cigarette papers. In the case of perforated papers, however, the said relationship conforms to a non-linear function. It is therefore important to measure the permeability to air of these papers under a pressure difference that corresponds to the actual pressure conditions in cigarettes, i.e. approximately 0.25 dm water column gauge. With identical air permeability and identical degree of ventilation the yields of condensate, nicotine and phenols in the mainstream smoke of cigarettes made with porous paper decrease to a larger extent than the yields of the mentioned substances in the mainstream smoke of cigarettes made with perforated paper.

A method for the determination of aromatic amines in mainstream smoke of mechanically smoked cigarettes has been developed. The fast reaction of aromatic amines with other smoke constituents formed during the combustion process can be significantly reduced by the addition of an excess of p-toluidine to the acidic collecting solution. From this point the p-toluidine as intercept reactant immediately stabilizes the originally formed amines and results in high recovery rates. The method allows the gas chromatographic determination of aniline, o- and m-toluidine, 1- and 2-aminonaphthalene, 2- and 4-aminobiphenyl, 1-, 2- and 4-aminofluorene, 3-aminofluoranthene, 1-aminopyrene and 6-aminochrysene in the mainstream smoke of a single cigarette. d5-Aniline, d7-2-aminonaphthalene, d9-4-aminobiphenyl as well as fluoranthene and chrysene were used as internal standards. By this new method, 21 ng of 2-aminonaphthalene and about 3,6 ng of 4-aminobiphenyl have been detected in the mainstream smoke of a common blend filter cigarette. As expected, these contents were higher in cigarettes manufactured from alkaline tobacco.

Air-, flue-, fire-, and sun-cured, tobacco types require post-harvest curing of green leaves to produce optimum subjective and objective qualities for storage and subsequent processing and manufacture. Materials for construction of curing barns vary widely between countries. The major use of heating fuels within such structures is for flue-cured tobacco. Choice of energy sources, coal, wood, oil or gas depends on local availability, cost, and relative efficiencies. The vital importance of reducing such materials to a minimum has been recognised for many years by research into improving barn and furnace design and construction. Consumption of wood for curing has been shown to represent a minute proportion of total world wide consumer use. To ensure local availability, the growing of trees by flue cured farmers on a personal, self-sufficient, sustainable basis is well underway in parts of Africa, Asia, and South and Central America. Tobacco production, within an environmental farming system, on an economic basis, is discussed and strongly stressed.

The importance of determining not only the nominal permeability of papers, but also the nature of the flow resistance was confirmed, for cigarette wrapper and for papers used in constructing ventilated filters. For perforated papers, for which the flow is not proportional to pressure drop, it was shown that logarithmic plotting and the use of the form V = k (D P)n is satisfactory and convenient. In applying this principle to ventilated filters it was found that limited, but significant, lateral flow occurs between the tipping and porous plug wrap papers, although the flow does not extend over the entire unglued area. With the use of small perforations and extremely porous plug wrap paper, the resistance of the plug wrap paper plays a very minor part in controlling dilution flow.

New methods and the necessary equipment are described by which the porosity of relatively long strips of cigarette paper can be determined in a rapid and simple way. For the first time, the percentage of the total puff volume penetrating through the cigarette paper can be measured directly. The authors give several examples of application and at the same time they describe two new methods for determining the by-passing air.

Treatment of cigarette paper with ammonium sulfamate was found to cause changes in the composition of cigarette smoke, in the concentrations of components of both the gas and particulate phases. The concentrations of several polycyclic hydrocarbons were reduced by over 25 %, though benzo[a]pyrene was virtually unchanged. The concentrations of two nitrosamines were also reduced more than 25 %, while indole and skatole concentrations were reduced about 15 %. Among the gas phase components, acetaldehyde, acrolein and formaldehyde were reduced about 20 %; only carbon monoxide was moderately increased. Since these tests explored only small segments of the spectrum of cigarette smoke components, it is not known which of the observed reductions, if any, contributed to the reduction of biological activity of the smoke of treated cigarettes reported by Bock et al. (8). The tests indicate only that the nature of the smoke has been modified in several respects. The tar and nicotine yield of the treated cigarette was higher than that of the control cigarette, but this can be compensated for by reducing the diameter or length of tobacco rod available to be smoked

The phase diagrams of two mixtures of chemically similar smectogenic mesogens strongly differing in molecular length were investigated. In these mixtures the nematic phase present in the pure short mesogen disappeared rapidly on the addition of the longer mesogen, while the smectic state was preserved. In the smectic state the smectic A phase was the much more stable phase as the smectic C phase disappeared quite rapidly as well. In these compounds the loss of the smectic C phase is accompanied by a decrease in smectic translational order and very small tilt angles. This leads to a concentration induced smectic C to smectic A transition. Thus smectic A seems to be the most stable phase to accommodate mesogenic molecules of substantially different length. These surprising results are of general interest for the understanding of the structure and dynamics of smectic phases, as the structure of these bidisperse smectics is signified by extensive out-of-layer fluctuations.

WE have recently developed a simple method for quantitative assay of amino-acids on the paper partition chromatogram. The method is in all probability applicable to any class of substance which can be readily located by means of a sensitive colourreaction on paper. Several technical points of general interest have arisen in the course of the work.

1. Air permeability1.1 Porosity1.2 Perforation2. Coefficient o fair permability oft he paper3. Degree of ventilation of cigarettes

Online learning is becoming a commonplace in different settings starting from elementary, secondary and higher levels of education. Different educational institutions use different communication tools to promote learning because the expansive nature of the Internet and the accessibility of technology have generated a surge in the demand for web-based teaching and learning across the nations (Chaney, 2010). The online teaching and learning have become a necessity for education around the globe during COVID 19-pandemic. There are several challenges which are faced during online classes because the students must have strong self-motivation skills and be very disciplined to achieve the desired learning results. This paper presents and analyzes the data on the benefits and challenges of online teaching at South East European University (SEEU) during COVID 19 pandemic. The participants of the study are students of the BA level majoring in English Language and Literature and German Language and Literature at SEEU in Tetovo, North Macedonia. To answer the research questions, we have used a student questionnaire, interviews, and student reflection papers written during the online courses. Overall, the research indicates that benefits of online coursework outweigh the challenges that students face during the online classes. From a safety perspective, this study emphasizes the need to consider the impact of online teaching on student motivation and the paper raises important questions about how to best support students enrolled in online courses. Further research is needed in order to better evaluate the benefits, challenges, and useful strategies of successful students enrolled in online courses.

In the last period, especially during the COVID-19 pandemics, individuals as well as institutions globally and in North Macedonia particularly, have failed to correctly respond to the new challenges related to cyber security, online attacks, and fake news. Being that in a state of isolation and quarantine most governmental institutions have heavily relied on online tools to communicate among each other and with the public, it is quite evident that they have not been well prepared to adopt new technologies. This paper aims to bridge together the needs for technology during the COVID-19 pandemics versus the security challenges that many forget to mention. The primary focus of this paper is to elaborate on the security challenges associated with technology with several examples from incidents around the world and from North Macedonia. As such, it represents a perspective paper with focus on current and emerging advances on IT security for running the “new normal” world.

In this paper the authors present the psychological consequences of social isolation on domestic violence during the Covid-19 pandemic as well as the legal framework in the RNM on addressing the phenomenon of domestic violence. In this age of globalization and drive for material conformity, family life is quite difficult to cope with. This “war” for material comfort during the pandemic, has strained and stressed many families as a result of the created circumstances. Public safety measures, including physical distance and social isolation, which have also been implemented in the RNM have contributed in making family problems even more pronounced. Social distance and staying at home are very effective in reducing the transmission of Covid-19 virus, but these safeguards disrupt the routines of spouses and families. Domestic violence affects a large number of families, and it is estimated that in times of social isolation, all forms of violence have been inflicted against family members regardless of their gender and age. The most common forms of domestic violence during Covid-19 pandemic in our country are psychological, physical and economic violence. Some countries affected by Covid-19 have seen increases in levels of domestic violence, including violence against children, violence against partners, and violence against the elderly. This paper presents the results of research conducted which highlight the fact that during the Covid-19 pandemic, there has been an increase in levels of domestic violence in the Republic of North Macedonia in the first six months of 2020. The authors give their recommendations on the need for action by state institutions during the Covid-19 pandemic in order to adapt methods and circumstances towards the protection of victims of domestic violence.

Considering that in times of state of emergency or civil emergency (such as the pandemic caused by COVID 19), governments in many countries around the world have restricted human rights and freedoms through legally binding government decrees. These restrictive measures increasingly raise dilemmas about their effect and possible violations by the government of international norms guaranteeing human rights. The paper aims to analyze whether these restrictive measures set out in the decisions of the Government of the Republic of Northern Macedonia (RNM) are in compliance with the derogations allowed under the European Convention on Human Rights and Freedoms (ECHR) and the positive laws in power. In the framework of this paper is analyzed whether these measures have the sole purpose of protecting the health of citizens or not. The work is limited in terms of time (as long as the state of emergency lasted three months) and territory (government decrees with the force of law). Descriptive, historical, analytical, comparative and citizen survey methods are used in this paper. Government decrees have been analyzed in order to assess whether they were prudent, in accordance with international standards and consequences that they have caused to citizens. The conclusions provide data on whether the management of the situation has been appropriate or not and to what extent it has been effective, as well as how much it has been within the international framework and how they have affected the quality of life of citizens.

Resumen El propósito de este artículo es determinar si los derechos que derivan de un contrato de concesión minera se encuentran protegidos ante medidas estatales que vacíen de contenido las prerrogativas que otorgan dichos contratos, sin ser expropiatorias stricto sensu. Para el desarrollo de este objetivo se lleva a cabo un estudio general del concepto de propiedad privada, de derechos adquiridos y de su función social y ecológica con apoyo en la doctrina, en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Constitucional y en la del Consejo de Estado. En particular, se evidencia que dicha función social y ecológica se puede materializar mediante actos administrativos distintos a la expropiación, afectando así la propiedad privada o los derechos adquiridos. La actividad regulatoria del Estado ha incidido sobre la posibilidad de titulares mineros de ejercer los derechos derivados de un contrato de concesión minera, sin que hayan sido expropiados ni indemnizados previamente. Se concluye que el amparo de derechos derivados de un contrato de concesión minera en estos casos, implica emprender la más onerosa vía de la jurisdicción administrativa para que se reconozca una indemnización, lo cual atenta contra el interés general del Estado y contra los derechos del particular. Abstract The purpose of this paper is to determine whether rights that derive from a mining concession are protected when governmental measures, that are not expropriatory per se, are adopted; but that nevertheless encroach upon the rights that derive from a mining concession. To this end, this article conducts a general study of the concepts of private property, acquired rights, and their social and environmental functions, based on a review of scholarly research and the case-law of the Corte Constitucional (Constitutional Court) and the Consejo de Estado (Council of State). In particular, this paper analyses how the social and environmental functions of property can be pursued with government measures that are not expropriations, and which thus affect private property or acquired rights indirectly. The State's regulatory activity has affected the rights that derive from mining titles, limiting the title holders' rights, without a previous formal expropriation procedure nor an indemnity. The paper concludes that the protection of these rights under Colombian law, implies, for the title holder, the costly procedure of resorting to administrative litigation to seek compensation, which goes against the general interest of the State and the rights of the title holder.

During the first half of the twentieth century, many philosophers of memory opposed the postulation of memory traces based on the claim that a satisfactory account of remembering need not include references to causal processes involved in recollection. However, in 1966, an influential paper by Martin and Deutscher showed that causal claims are indeed necessary for a proper account of remembering. This, however, did not settle the issue, as in 1977 Malcolm argued that even if one were to buy Martin and Deutscher’s argument for causal claims, we still don’t need to postulate the existence of memory traces. This paper reconstructs the dialectic between realists and anti-realists about memory traces, suggesting that ultimately realists’ arguments amount to inferences to the best explanation. I then argue that Malcolm’s anti-realist strategy consists in the suggestion that causal explanations that do not invoke memory traces are at least as good as those that do. But then, Malcolm, I argue that there are a large number of memory phenomena for which explanations that do not postulate the existence of memory traces are definitively worse than explanations that do postulate them. Next, I offer a causal model based on an interventionist framework to illustrate when memory traces can help to explain memory phenomena and proceed to substantiate the model with details coming from extant findings in the neuroscience of memory.

In this paper is examined the acceleration of convergence of alternative and non-alternative numerical and power series by means of an Euler-Abel type operator, that is defined earlier by G.A.Sorokin and I.Z.Milovanovic. Through this type of linear operator of generalized difference of sequence is achieved that alternative and non-alternative numerical and power series to be transformed into series with higher speed of convergence than the initial series. At the end of this paper is given the implementation of this method through a numeric example.

The main aim of this paper is to analyze the electronic banking services in Kosovo’s banking net profit during the period 2013 - 2017. The paper discusses the role that these services have played in the development of the banking industry, modernization of e-commerce, and economic growth. These services provide higher security, faster and easier access by reducing transaction costs, access to more distant markets, and access to many products and services. The main paper results have shown that E-banking services have the highest positive impact in banking net profit, while automated teller machine services have shown a slight positive impact. The highest positive correlation results have been seen in point-of-sale services, whereas automated teller machine services showed a negative correlation in banking net profit in Kosovo during the research period. The constant increase of demand for these services has enabled banks to increase their profits in the banking market of Kosovo. Therefore, the paper finds that commercial banks in Kosovo should increase their focus on the advancement and development of electronic banking services (particularly, E-Banking services which are very practical and can be easily used anywhere and anytime).

Compounding is one of the most productive word-formation processes in contemporary Standard English. Hence, new patterns occur regularly. Productivity is one of the characteristic features of human language which implies the ability to create and understand new word forms by the speaker of a language. This was the starting point and motivation of this paper. The main aim of this paper was to investigate the morphological productivity of nominal and verb compounds in English as a foreign language in terms of the most productive and the least productive patterns of compounds in a written English corpus (consisted of 60073 words) by 75 students enrolled in undergraduate studies at the Law Faculty at SEEU. The quantitative measure used for the evaluation of the productivity of compounding patterns was according to hapax legomenon [P = n1 / N]. Findings from the empirical approach show that the most productive compounds in the analyzed corpus (professional /Legal English context) are verb compounds, followed by special noun compounds, whereas the least productive were noun compounds. The analysis of the corpus showed that morphological productivity in compounding increased in the writing of students with higher degree of competence and proficiency of English.

Withdrawal is an act by which a member state of an international organization willingly terminates its membership. The right to withdraw from international organizations is explicitly mentioned in the constitutions of most of them and the circumstances regarding to the right of withdrawal vary depending on the organization. The purpose of this paper is to explain the right and procedures of withdrawal, and the reasons that result with the will of states to withdraw from international organizations. For the realization of this research are used qualitative methods, based on the bibliography that is related to international organizations, with special emphasis with the right and procedures of the withdrawal of states from international organizations. Furthermore, some informations are also collected from the credible internet sources, which have valuable data about the withdrawals of states from international organizations and the reasons that result with such decisions. The results of the research have shown that since the appearance of international organizations until today, there were and there are decisions of states to withdraw from international organizations, coming from the reluctance of states to hand over to international organizations parts of their sovereignty. The conclusions of this paper aim to increase knowledge about the real meaning of the processes of withdrawals of states from international organizations.

The ''porosity'' or ''air permeability'' of cigarette tissue is measured by many different instruments, is expressed in various units and it is frequently impossible to correlate such measurements and the readings of such instruments. The property of a paper whereby it allows air and gases to pass through it while still containing the burning tobacco rod is of great and increasing interest in both the Research Laboratory and Raw Material Control Laboratory of the cigarette and filter rod manufacturer. Interest in papers of higher air permeability continues to grow, particularly in regard to the so-called ''Health Hazards of Smoking", and thus the effect of smoke dilution. Such interest by the cigarette and filter rod manufacturer necessarily means that the paper manufacturer must pay especial attention to this property during paper manufacture and in development work. He also requires to define and measure the property in his control and research laboratories. Unfortunately, there is no common language to describe this property and as interest in higher porosities grows so the shortcomings of some methods of measurement are highlighted. The situation is further complicated by the need of control laboratories for robust, simple to operate instruments, while a research laboratory might be more interested in accuracy and precision, while being less affected by the demands of careful operation and manipulation. Likely sample sizes can also vary, from small spills cut from individual cigarettes or rods, through long narrow skeins to the papermakers' sheets. A standard definition of air permeability of a sheet of paper has therefore been proposed and an instrument has been designed, using this definition, to meet the requirements of all interested parties. A number of these instruments have been built and proved by practical usage

Commentaries are informative essays dealing with viewpoints of statistical practice, statistical education, and other topics considered to be of general interest to the broad readership of The American Statistician. Commentaries are similar in spirit to Letters to the Editor, but they involve longer discussions of background, issues, and perspectives. All commentaries will be refereed for their merit and compatibility with these criteria.