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Waniakowa (2012) advocates migration of plant names together with associated folk beliefs as in the case of ‘forget-me-not’. The abundance of names, concealed secrets and wandering nature of human mind, reference to political contexts and historical backgrounds as well as healing properties and occult phenomena render the symbol of a flower multidimensional. The paper is supposed to depict the manner in which the reality is perceived via the plant’s symbolism embodied in its name. In particular, these are Slavic legends and beliefs analyzed as semantic motivation of the plant’s denomination process that constitute the paper’s main thrust. The key assumption, however, is initial verification whether Slavic associations with plants are reflected in their names in the Polish language, and whether the migration of Slavic beliefs via migration of names into the Anglo-Saxon culture has taken place. Phytonyms are presented from a diachronic and synchronic perspective. Further, an integral element of the study shall be an attempt to translate old and contemporary Polish and English plant names.

Sacrifice, as a social phenomenon, is as old as mankind and is found in almost all cultures. Related to this, the main goal of this paper is to explore the social and historical relation of women’s sacrifice in the honour of morale code, then analyzing mediatisation of this phenomenon in the present days. Cultural heritage monuments are such not just because they preserve the object, but also because they are covered with legends and stories. This paper will present three cases of Kosovo's cultural heritage monuments, which are related only to women. The first one is about the Girls’ Fortress in Prizren. The fortress took this name because of two legends which were related to women. The second monument filled up in legend is the tomb and mosque of Xhylfatyn in Peja. It is a rare example of a woman's sacrifice for her husband who was an army officer, and whose metamorphosis is on the bridge. The third monument is also related to the act of sacrifice, it represents the sacrifice of a woman who made possible constructing the Holy Bridge which links Gjakova to Rahovec; it is similar to the legend of sacrifice for objects construction which may be encountered in many cultures. All these stories about these legends are also published in the Kosovo’s media and the paper analyses the ways they are presented in media. The qualitative research based on case studies, interviews and observation constitutes researching methods for this paper.

Usmenoknjiževni oblici prikazani u ovom radu obuhvaćaju predaje koje svjedoče o turskoj vladavini (pripadaju povijesnim predajama) te demonološke predaje, u kojima su prikazana vjerovanja o vješticama i motiv pretvorbe Sotone u životinjske oblike. Prikaz crkveno-pučke baštine započinje božićnim običajima među kojima je najvažniji paljenje badnjaka na Badnju večer. Ostale blagdane: Božić, Sveti Stjepan Prvomučenik, Sveti Ivan apostol evanđelist, Mladenci, Silvestrovo i Sveta Tri Kralja karakteriziraju brojni običaji i vjerovanja koja uglavnom nalikuju onima u ostatku Dalmacije. Neki od najvažnijih običaja uskrsnog razdoblja su umivanje u cvjetnoj vodi na blagdan Cvjetnice, obavezni post na Veliki petak i blagoslov jela na Veliku subotu. Od ostalih blagdana posebno su značajni blagdan Svetog Ivana Krstitelja kada se tradicionalno pali krijes, Velika Gospa koju karakterizira tradicionalno hodočašće u Sinj te Svi Sveti i Dušni dan koji su obilježeni sjećanjem na mrtve. Svi navedeni običaji većini Hrvata u Hrvatskoj te Bosni i Hercegovini uglavnom su poznati. Pri kraju rada navedena su određena pučka vjerovanja te nekoliko molitvica. U ovom je radu prikazan samo dio usmenoknjiževne i crkveno-pučke baštine, koja je zbog suvremenog načina života prilično zapostavljena. (180 riječi), Oral-litaerture forms that are presented in this paper cover legends that witness about Turkish rule (they belong to historical legends) and demonical legends, which present beliefs in witches and motive of devil's transformation into animal shapes. The presentation of church-folk heritage begins with Christmas traditions. The most important is ignition of yule-log on Christmas Eve. The rest of holidays: Christmas, Saint Stephen, Saint John, Holy Innocents' Day, New Year's Eve and Epiphany are detectable by numerous traditions and beliefs that are common in most of Dalmatia. The most important traditions of Easter period are washing up in floral water on Palm Sunday, obligate fast on Holy Friday and meal blessing on Holy Saturday. Other significant holidays are John the Baptist, detectable by bonfire ignition,Assumption of Mary renowned for traditional pilgrimage to Sinj and All Saints' Day together with All Souls' Day that are characterized by memory for deceased. All of these traditions are well known among Croats in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Some folk beliefs and short prayers are mentioned at the end of this paper. Only small part of oral-literature and church-folk tradition is presented here due to modern lifestyle. (193 words)

This paper scrutinises residents’ perceptions of political legends on tourism growth in the Eastern Cape (EC) Province, South Africa (SA). The paper specifically focuses on the King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality (KSDLM) which covers Mthatha and Mqanduli. Furthermore, it needs to be borne in mind that the EC Province is home to political legends. These legends include some famous South African personalities inter alia, Nelson Mandela, Govan and Thabo Mbeki, Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, Chris Hani, Griffiths Mxenge, Steve Biko, and several other luminaries. Interestingly, these legends waged a protracted war of liberation against the apartheid regime. On the other hand, the EC province is one of the poorest in the country and poverty has reached unprecedented levels in the region. This paper employed a stratified random sampling approach. Moreover, face-to-face surveys were applied among the residents in the area of KSDLM. Additionally, a total of one hundred and fifteen (n=115) questionnaires were completed. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used to capture and analyse the quantitative data. Whereas the qualitative data were analysed by means of categorising and conceptualising the terms and concepts used. Lastly, the key findings reveal that the vast majority of the respondents were aware of the political legends who had been raised in the area, and that there was a general development of local infrastructure resulting from the political legends’ influence in the area.

Ovaj rad govori o kulturnoj baštini, tradiciji i obiĉajima koji su karakteristiĉni za Sinjsku i Imotsku krajinu. Rad obuhvaća legende, priĉe, predaje, razne obiĉaje, ali i sve one prirodne ljepote i bogatstva koja krije ova krajina. Rad prikazuje i proslave svetaca te obiĉaje vezane za slavlja pojedinih od njih, a sve je obraĊeno kronološki. Tako se u radu moţe proĉitati o Adventu, Korizmu, vremenu kroz godinu, postu i hodoĉašćima, mjesnim i ţupnim proslavama, demonološkim i etiološkim predajama prisutnim u ovim krajevima i sliĉno. Uz pomoć kazivaĉa zapisani su obiĉaji kojih danas više nema ili su prisutni u manjoj mjeri. TakoĊer, osvrnut ćemo se detaljnije na slavlja svetaca poput Antuna Padovanskog, Nikole, Lucije, Ivana, Jure i Marka, ali i na blagdane drugih manje spominjanih svetaca poput svetih Barbare, Jakova i Ane. U ovom radu prikazan je i znaĉaj blagdana Boţića, Uskrsa, Tijelova, Spasova, Bezgrješnog Zaĉeća Blaţene Djevice Marije, a posebice blagdana Velike Gospe koja se na poseban naĉin štuje i slavi u viteškom gradu Sinju., This work is about cultural heritage, tradition and customs which are characteristic of regions of Sinj and Imotski. The work includes legends, stories, traditions, various customs, but also all the natural beauty and richness that hides this region. The work also presents the celebrations of saints and customs related to the celebrations of some of them and everything is written chronologically. In the paper one can read about Advent, Lent, the time of year, fasting and pilgrimages, local and parish celebrations, demonological and etiological traditions present in these areas and similar facts. With the help of narrators were recorded some customs which are no longer there today or they are less present. We will also review specifically at the celebrations of saints such as Anthony of Padua, Nicholas, Lucia, John, George and Mark, but also at the feasts of other lesser-mentioned saints such as Saints Barbara, James and Anna. This paper also shows the significance of the feasts of Christmas, Easter, Corpus Christi, Ascension Day, the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and especially the feast of the Assumption of the Madonna, which is especially celebrated in the knights’ city of Sinj.

Mitovi i legende zapravo proučavaju priče nekakvog nazovimo to fantastičkog sadržaja u kojem su junaci bogovi, polubogovi i slično, a sve u svrhu kako bi objasnili povijest, prirodu i običaje. Važno je napomenuti da je mitologija jedna od važnih karakteristika svake kulture. Mitovi zapravo sadrže različite kulture te personificiraju istinite prirodne pojave i povijesne događaje te objašnjavaju na neki način postojeće rituale. Mitologija pomaže kulturama da prenesu osjećaj pripadnosti, religijsko iskustvo, model ponašanja, moralnu i praktičnu vrijednost. U ovom radu obrađeni su mitovi i legende Istre koje su na neki način neiskorišteni resurs ovog područja jer se mogu iskoristiti u kulturnom, a i u turističkom smislu, odnosno u kreiranju turističkog proizvoda. U ovom radu obrađena je tematika, odnosno mitovi, počevši od nastanka grada Pule, odnosno mit o Argonautima, zatim o Histrima i posljednjem histarskom kralju, zatim o vješticama i zanimljivim i neobičnim stvorenjima u Istri te je obrađeno nekoliko legendi o Rovinju i legenda o kruni kralja Tomislava i ljubavnicima s Brijuna. Gotovo svako mjesto na svijetu ima svoje mitove, odnosno legende, a neke su, poput rimske i grčke, postale općeprihvaćene i popularne. Myths and legends study stories of fantastic content. Heroes are gods, demigods with the purpose of clarifying history, nature and heritage. It is important to note that mythology is one of the most important characteristics of any culture. Myths contain different cultures and personify true natural phenomena and historical events and explain existing rituals. Mythology helps cultures convey a sense of belonging, religious experience, a model of behavior, moral and practical value. This paper deals with the myths and legends of Istria, which are an unused resource of this area because they can be used in cultural as well as in touristic terms, or in the creation of some kind of tourist product. In this paper, various myths are addressed such as the origin of the city of Pula and the myth of the Argonauts, then the Histrians and the last Histrian king, the witches and interesting and unusual creatures in Istria, several legends about Rovinj the legend of King Tomislav and forgotten crown and myth about lovers from Brijuni island. Almost every place in the world has its own myths and legends, and some, such as Roman and Greek mythologies have become widely accepted and popular.

Na temelju Matejeva, Markova, Lukina i Ivanova evanđelja, Djela apostolskih te hagiografske zbirke Legenda aurea aut vitae sanctorum Jakoba de Voragine, ali i druge relevantne literature u radu se govori o dvanaestorici Isusovih učenika i apostola. Posebna pozornost posvećuje se (re)konstrukciji života apostola sv. Filipa i sv. Jakova. Juraj Šižgorić i Marko Marulić u svojim pjesmama opjevali su apostole među koje su uvrstili i sv. Pavla koji je sam sebe nazivao apostolom. Sv. Filip propovijedao je među Skitima. Razapet je i dotučen kamenjem u Hijerapolu. Dvije njegove kćeri mučeničkom smrću posvjedočile su vjeru u Isusa Krista. Sv. Jakov Alfejev nazivan je i Jakov Mlađi, Jakov Pravedni te brat Gospodinov jer je iznimno sličio Isusu pa su ih zamjenjivali. Bio je prvi biskup u Jeruzalemu, gdje je mučen i umoren. Relikvije apostola sv. Jakova Alfejeva nalaze se u rimskoj crkvi Dodici apostoli uz apostola Filipa. Stoga ih Katolička crkva slavi istoga dana. Spomendan sv. Filipa i sv. Jakova Alfejeva do 1955. godine slavio se 1. svibnja. Papa Pio XII. te godine odredio je taj dan kao spomendan sv. Josipa radnika, a svetkovina sv. Filipa i Jakova premještena je na 3. svibnja., Paper discusses the twelve disciples and apostles of Jesus based on the Gospels of St. Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, Acts of the Apostles and Jacobus de Varagine’s work Aurea legenda aut vitae sanctorum, as well as other relevant literature. Special attention is paid to the (re)construction of the life of the apostles St. Philip and St. James. Juraj Šižgorić and Marko Marulić wrote about the apostles in their poems, among whom they included St. Paul. St. Philip preached among the Scythians. He was crucified and stoned to death in Hierapolis. His two daughters testified to their faith in Jesus Christ by suffering a martyr’s death. St. James, son of Alphaeus, was also known as James the Less, James the Just, and the Brother of the Lord because he was remarkably similar to Jesus, so they were misrecognized. He was the first bishop of Jerusalem where he was tortured and murdered. Relics of the apostle St. James, son of Alphaeus, are in the Roman church of Dodici apostoli next to the apostle St. Philip. Therefore, Catholic Church celebrates them on the same day. The memorial of St. Philip and St. James, son of Alphaeus, was celebrated on May 1st up to 1955. That year pope Pius XII designated May 1st as a memorial of St. Joseph the Worker and the memorial of St. Philip and James was moved to May 3rd.

This paper aims to present a qualitative analysis of the most important results of a doctoral thesis, in which the perceptions of teachers and students about Central American children's legends in Language and Literature classes in a school in the Community of Madrid are analyzed. Regarding the methodology, the author used a descriptive action-research type, in which it is possible to demonstrate the importance of this narrative genre for linguistic, literary, and sociocultural competencies. Among the techniques and instruments used are: the interview, the questionnaire with open and closed questions, participatory observation, and document analysis. It is determined that legends in primary classrooms have great benefits for students, both for aesthetic enjoyment, learning, and reading comprehension. La investigación presenta un análisis cualitativo de los resultados más importantes de una tesis doctoral, en el cual se analizan las percepciones del profesorado y el estudiantado acerca de las leyendas infantiles centroamericanas en las clases de Lengua y Literatura de una escuela de la Comunidad de Madrid. La metodología que se utiliza es la investigación-acción descriptiva y se demuestra la importancia que tiene este género narrativo para las competencias lingüísticas, literarias y socioculturales. Entre las técnicas e instrumentos que se utilizan están: la entrevista, el cuestionario con preguntas abiertas y cerradas, la observación participativa y el análisis de documentos. Se determina que las leyendas en las aulas de primaria tienen grandes beneficios en el estudiantado, tanto para el goce estético, el aprendizaje y la comprensión lectora.

The paper examines some real personalities in the Early Modern-Age Czech history who appear in legends as revenants (Jiří Tunkl of Brníčko and Zábřeh, Zdeněk senior Kavka Říčanský of Říčany, Rudolf Karel Rašín of Rýzmburk). The paper presents, interprets and evaluates selected legends about these protagonists, describes their common stereotypes and the specificities they characterise, and outlines the legends’ genesis.

Rad je nastao iz želje za boljim upoznavanjem otoka Korčule, njegove nematerijalne baštine i njenih baštinika, posebice Velolučana i Blaćana koji su me, na otoku na koji me dovela i za koji me veže samo ljubav, prihvatili kao svoju. Tu istu ljubav im zahvalno uzvraćam čuvanjem od zaborava njihovih pjesmi, predaja, legendi i pričanja iz života. Zapisi zabilježeni u radu prethodno su snimljeni u audio obliku u svibnju 2016. godine. Čitajući rad može se vidjeti kako su Velolučani i Blaćani nekoć živjeli. Saznajemo kako se kantalo svom sokolu i svojoj golubici, o pomorcima i njihovim zgodama, o veloluškim praljudima - prababi i pradidu i o nekadašnjem kopnenom jedinstvu Hvara, Korčule i Pelješca. Otkrili smo tko je bila principessa Mafalda iz grada Bradata, gdje je nalazište Slova, kakva je to loza Čičak, odakle su Surjani, zašto na Korčuli ni bilo kuge, kako se prin nosila pošta, koliko je značio tovar, što se sve činilo zbog ljubavi i još mnogo toga. Iz generacije u generaciju priče su mijenjale svoj oblik, ali ono što je u njima ostalo netaknuto i živo je plamen i duh prošlog vremena. Stoga je, kako profesor Dragić ističe, čuvanje tradicijske kulture i usmene književnosti civilizacijski čin kojim čuvamo identitet svog naroda., This paper was borne out of a desire to get to know the island of Korčula, its intangible heritage and its heirs, especially the people of Vela Luka and Blato who, on an island to which I was brought and bound to by love, took me in as their own. This same love I gratefully return by preserving their songs, oral traditions, legends and stories from everyday life from oblivion. The logs noted down in this paper were previously recorded in audio format in May 2016. Reading this paper one can get a sense of how the people of Vela Luka and Blato once lived. We learn how they sang to their falcons and doves, of seafarers and their adventures, of the early inhabitants of Vela Luka – great-grandmother and father and of the former terrestrial unity of Hvar, Korčula and Pelješac. We discover who principessa Mafalda of the town of Bradat was, where Slova can be found, what the Čičak vintage is like, where the Surjans come from, why there was no plague in Korčula, how mail used to be delivered, of the importance of donkeys, of the things done for love, and much more. Generation to generation, the stories slowly transformed, but that in them which remained unchanged and alive is the spirit and flame of times gone by. Therefore, as professor Dragić likes to put it, the preservation of traditional culture and oral literature is a civilizational act through which we preserve the identity of our people.

The purpose of this essay is to analyze the exaggerations that Arabic sources contain concerning the treasures captured from the submitted peoples. To the exaggerated treasures obtained by Tariq bn Ziyad’s armies in the Iberian peninsula, is added the ma’ida Sulayman (Solomon’s table), famous not only because of its wealth, but also because it played a major role, according to the legend, or the historical reality, during the submission of an account of the activities of Tariq bn Ziyad and Musa Ibn Nusayr to the caliph in Damascus. This paper also analyzes the problem of Arabic sources dealing with the trip of the conquerors of al-Andalus to Damascus. In the first place even who the caliph was at the time when they received the order to go to Damascus is open to debate. Secondly, who the Amir al-Mu’minin was who heard their account of their activities in the conquest of al-Andalus. In the third place who the caliph was who punished them remains unclear. Arabic sources even contain different information concerning the types of punishments meted out to the Muslim conquerors of Iberia. Concerning these issues the legends are abundant, as well as the historical accounts. This paper also deals with these issues. The major thread for the explanations of these events is the analysis of the legends and the historical accounts. El propósito de este ensayo es analizar las exageraciones que contienen las fuentes árabes respecto de los tesoros capturados a los pueblos sometidos. A esas abundantísimas riquezas obtenidas por los ejércitos conquistadores de Tariq bn Ziyad se suma la ma’ida Sulayman (la mesa de Salomón), que no solo fue de gran relevancia por su riqueza, sino también porque jugó un papel importante, según la leyenda o la realidad histórica, durante la rendición de cuentas de los conquistadores de al-Andalus, Tariq bn Ziyad y Musa Ibn Nusayr. En este trabajo también se discuten los problemas que presentan las fuentes árabes en torno a todos estos asuntos, así como alrededor del viaje de Tariq bn Ziyad y Musa Ibn Nusayr a Damasco para rendir cuentas ante el califa. Como se analizará en este trabajo, el problema de las fuentes árabes respecto del viaje de los conquistadores de al-Andalus a Damasco, empieza desde quien era el califa que los mandó a llamar, hasta cual Amir al-Mu’minin Omeya oyó la rendición de cuentas de los conquistadores y los castigó. Las fuentes árabes inclusive contienen información divergente respecto de los castigos a los conquistadores. En torno a estos asuntos abundan las leyendas, así como asuntos históricos, que se discutirán en este ensayo, lo cual constituye el hilo conductor de la exposición

The paper cites and analyses legends about Gavan and the doom of his castle. The focus is on the analysis of the written records of the legends published in scientific monographs, papers, journals. The analysis has shown that all of these legends contain motifs of destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah from the Old Testaments and explain the origin of numerous lakes in the territory of both the Republic of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. This oral tradition is the most prominent in the area of Imotski borderland and Herzegovina where these legends are still recounted. The legends are an integral and an immensely significant part of the Croatian intangible cultural heritage, therefore we should consistently record them in order to preserve them for the future generations., Rad navodi i analizira legende o Gavanu i propasti njegovih dvora. Naglasak je na analizi zapisa legendi koji su objavljeni u znanstvenim monografijama, znanstvenim radovima i časopisima. Analiza je pokazala da legende o Gavanu sadrže starozavjetni motiv uništenja Sodome i Gomore i objašnjavaju postanak brojnih jezera na teritoriju Republike Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine. Ta usmena tradicija najzastupljenija je na području Imotske krajine i Hercegovine gdje se te legende i danas mogu čuti. Navedene legende sastavni su i vrlo važan dio hrvatske nematerijalne kulturne baštine pa ih je zbog toga važno dosljedno bilježiti kako bismo ih sačuvali za buduće naraštaje.

Rad navodi i analizira legende o Gavanu i propasti njegovih dvora. Naglasak je na analizi zapisa legendi koji su objavljeni u znanstvenim monografijama, znanstvenim radovima i časopisima. Analiza je pokazala da legende o Gavanu sadrže starozavjetni motiv uništenja Sodome i Gomore i objašnjavaju postanak brojnih jezera na teritoriju Republike Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine. Ta usmena tradicija najzastupljenija je na području Imotske krajine i Hercegovine gdje se te legende i danas mogu čuti. Navedene legende sastavni su i vrlo važan dio hrvatske nematerijalne kulturne baštine pa ih je zbog toga važno dosljedno bilježiti kako bismo ih sačuvali za buduće naraštaje., The paper cites and analyses legends about Gavan and the doom of his castle. The focus is on the analysis of the written records of the legends published in scientific monographs, papers, journals. The analysis has shown that all of these legends contain motifs of destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah from the Old Testaments and explain the origin of numerous lakes in the territory of both the Republic of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. This oral tradition is the most prominent in the area of Imotski borderland and Herzegovina where these legends are still recounted. The legends are an integral and an immensely significant part of the Croatian intangible cultural heritage, therefore we should consistently record them in order to preserve them for the future generations.

U ovom diplomskom radu prikazane su priče i običaji ljudi na području Zagvozda i Sukošana, od mitskih i demonoloških predaja, sve do eshatoloških. Na samom početku obrađuje se tema povijesnih predaja, s posebnim naglaskom na starohrvatske teme koje govore o hrvatskim vladarima narodne krvi te o Osmanskim osvajanjima i zločinima koje su počinjali. Ipak, najveću ulogu u narodu imaju mitske i demonološke predaje. Mitske predaje pripovijedaju o vilama i povijesnim osobama kojima je narod pripisao nadnaravnu moć. Demonološke predaje imaju u osnovi osobni doživljaj, susret s demonskim, odnosno onostranim bićima. Ispričane su fikcijske priče o vješticama, vukodlacima te raznim plašilima i prikazama. Eshatološke predaje pripovijedaju o pojavljivanju ubijene tek rođene vanbračne djece, umrle nekrštene djece i ubijenih odraslih osoba., This paper presents the stories and customs of people in the area of Zagvozd and Sukošan, from mythical traditions, demonological traditions, all the way to eschatological ones. At the very beginning, the topic of historical traditions is discussed. Here, special attention is paid to old Croatian topics that speak of Croatian rulers of national blood and the Ottoman conquests and the crimes they committed. Nevertheless, the biggest role in people's lives have mythical and demonological traditions. Mythical legends tell of fairies and historical figures to whom the people ascribed supernatural power. Demonological traditions are basically a personal experience, an encounter with demonic or otherworldly beings. Fictional stories of witches, werewolves and various scarecrows and apparitions were told. Eschatological traditions narrate the appearance of murdered newborn illegitimate children, dead unbaptized children and murdered adults.

В дипломной работе представлена история второго по величине российского города Санкт-Петербург. Выбор темы обусловила чрезвычайно интересная история города и особенно то, как город возник, каковы причины создания города русским императором Петром I. Целью исследования было познакомить читателей с историей города Санкт- Петербурга и легендами, связанными с ним. Основным инструментом исследования этой темы являются исторические тексты о городе, а методы исследования – описательный и исторический. Первая часть посвящена роли российского императора Петра I в истории государства, начиная с детства до того момента, когда он поднялся на русский трон и решил построить город, который будет служить так называемым «окном в Европу». Вторая часть рассматривает роль императора в строительстве Санкт-Петербурга. В ней описывается ход строительства и роль иностранных архитекторов и инженеров, из Германии и Италии, благодаря которым город получил название «северная Венеция». Третья последняя часть исследования основана на легендах, связанных с городом. Теоретическая часть посвящена описанию термина легенды и их роли в русском фольклоре. Практическая часть дипломной работы базируется на методе анкетирования. Был проведен опрос среди россиян из разных городов России на предмет их отношения к легендам. Это привело к представлению значения легенд в России с акцентом на Санкт-Петербург. U ovom radu predstavljena je povijest drugog najvećeg ruskog grada SanktPeterburga. Tema je odabrana zbog iznimno zanimljive povijesti grada kroz vrijeme, a osobito zbog načina na koji je grad nastao, te razloga osnutka grada od strane ruskog cara Petra I. Cilj istraživanja bio je upoznati čitatelje s iznimnom poviješću nastanka grada SanktPeterburga u obliku legendi. Osnovni instrument za istraživanje ove teme povijesni su tekstovi o gradu, a metode istraživanja su deskriptivna i povijesna metoda pomoću kojih se nastojala prikazati ne samo povijest, već i legende koje se vežu uz nastanak grada. Prvi dio posvećen je ulozi ruskog cara Petra I. koji se javlja kao osnivač grada, počevši od samog djetinjstva do trenutka kad se popeo na rusko prijestolje. Tada je odlučio sagraditi grad koji će služiti kao tzv.'' prozor u Europu''. Drugi dio sličan je prvom dijelu gdje se pobliže upoznaje ulogа cara u osnivanju Sankt-Peterburga. Opisuje se kultura gradnje i značaj stranih arhitekata te inženjera iz Njemačke i Italije zbog kojih se grad naziva i ''sjevernom Venecijom''. Treći, ujedno i zadnji dio razgrade, temelji se na legendama koje su vezane za grad. Teorijski dio se bavi opisom termina legendi i njihovom ulogom u ruskom folkloru i tako se čitateljima približavaju elementi bitni za praktični dio vezan za anketu provedenu nad Rusima iz cijele Rusije. Time je dobivena cjelokupna slika značenja legendi u Rusiji s naglaskom na Sankt-Peterburg. This paper presents the history of the second largest Russian city of St. Petersburg which is unique due to the reasons of its founding by the Russian emperor Peter I. The objective of this research is to enlighten the reader about the interesting history of the city's foundation through legends. Historical texts were the main instrument of the research and the methods used are descriptive and historical which equally showcase the history and the legends about the foundation of St. Petersburg.The first part of this paper is dedicated to the role of the Russian emperor Peter I who is claimed to be the founder of St. Petersburg. The dream to found a city that will serve as ''a window towards Europe'' springs during his childhood and is finally realized when he takes the Russian throne. The paper's second part elaborates on the foundation in more detail where the reader is familiarized with the culture of the city's construction and the significance of foreign architectures and engineers from Germany and Italy. This will eventually lead to the city's nickname ''Venice of the North''. Lastly, the third part is based on the legends about St. Petersburg and this part is divided in its theoretical section and its practical one. The former will explain the term ''legend'' and its role in Russian folklore which will lead into the practical section consisting a survey carried among Russians from all parts of the country. The result is an overall perspective shared by Russians on the meaning of legends, specifically about St. Petersburg.

Ovaj rad govori o kulturno-povijesnom pregledu Kastavštine, bogatom i zanimljivom nasljeđu i povijesnoj epohi koja danas svoju povijest održava živom preko kulturnog turizma i očuvanjem tradicije. Opisani su neki od brojnih mitova, legendi i obreda koji su Kastavcima ostavljeni u nasljeđe kao dio kulturnog identiteta. U prvom dijelu rada definira se nematerijalna baština, objašnjava njezin pojam, značenje, zaštita i očuvanje. Nematerijalnoj se baštini sve više pridaje pažnje i vrijednosti jer s odmicanjem od jednostavnijih i sporijih vremena, a prihvaćanjem površnosti i prolaznosti sadašnjice, još uvijek vapimo za izvorima našeg kulturnog identiteta. Kulturna baština ovoga grada neiscrpan je izvor turističke ponude kojom danas Kastav oživljava svoj povijesni značaj. U drugom djelu opisuje se povijest Kastavštine. Njezina sadržajna i kompleksna povijest bila je plodno tlo za stvaranje bogate kulturne baštine. Centralni dio ovog rada koncentriran je na mitove i legende s područja Kastavštine koji čine važan dio bogate kastavske nematerijalne baštine i tradicije. Mitovi i legende izazivaju znatiželju i daju dozu mističnosti određenom vremenu, prostoru i društvu. Legende i predaje oplemenjuju ljude jer se kroz njih vidi duša naroda. Njihova osebujnost i maštovitost predstavlja veliku vrijednost tradicijske kulture, posebno za očuvanje vlastitog identiteta. Predstavljaju osnovu mnogim turističkim ponudama kojima Kastav konkurira na sve zahtjevnijem tržištu kulturnog turizma. This paper deals with the cultural and historical overview of the Kastav area, namely, its rich and interesting heritage and historical epoch that is brought to life trough cultural tourism and the preservation of tradition. The text describes a number of myths, legends and rituals, a heritage left to the people of Kastav as part of their cultural identity. In the first part, we define what intangible cultural heritage is, that is, define its meaning, protection and conservation. Ever more attention is being paid to and value given to the intangible cultural heritage, as, with the transitioning from the times of a slower pace that were more uncomplicated to the acceptance of the superficiality and ephemeral character of the times present, we are still yearning to discover the roots of our cultural identity. The cultural heritage of the town of Kastav is an inexhaustible source of the tourist offer, which also serves the noble purpose of revitalising the town’s historical meaning. In the second part of the paper, we describe the history of the Kastav area. Its eventful and complex history was a fertile ground for creating a rich cultural heritage. Myths and legends provoke curiosity and give a dose of mysticism to a specific time, place and society. Legends and oral tradition can ennoble people because they help us understand the very soul of human beings. Their distinctiveness and imaginativeness is of a great value for the tradition culture, especially so with regard to the preservation of people’s identity. Oral tradition is the basis of a number of tourist offers provided by the town of Kastav in competing on the increasingly demanding market of cultural tourism.

U ovom radu govori se o važnosti proučavanja, sakupljanja i njegovanja usmene književnosti. Usmena književnost nosi mnogo priča i pojedinosti o prošlosti nekoga naroda te čini temelj kulture svakog naroda. Narod bez svoje kulture i običaja nije narod. Cilj rada bio je ukazati na zanimljivost i šarolikost opusa usmene književnosti te potaknuti mlade generacije da se više posvete proučavanju i prikupljanju tekstova i priča iz usmene književnosti. Kao nositeljica povijesti, može nas mnogo čemu naučiti i ukazati na svakojake greške, pomoći nam prihvatiti prošlost, razumjeti sadašnjost i spremno dočekati budućnost. Osim toga, ključ je našega identiteta, a izgubimo li identitet i mi sami postajemo izgubljeni. U radu su navedene i neke pjesme, priče, predaje i običaji prikupljeni u razgovoru s vlastitim kazivačima i kazivačicama iz uže obitelji, a sve svjedoče upravo raznolikosti i zanimljivosti koju nudi usmena književnost., This paper emphasizes the importance of studying, collecting and nourishing oral literature. It retails a large number of stories and details related to the past of a certain nation and is the basis for the cultural development of a nation. A nation without its culture and customs is no nation at all. The goal of this paper was to point out the interest and wide range of oral literature and motivate young generations to pay more attention to studying and collecting texts and stories that originate in oral literature. Oral literature is one of the starting points in researching history and can teach us a lot, especially about our mistakes. It can help us to accept the history, understand present and prepare us for the future. Beside that, it is the key to our identity and if we lose identity, we become lost ourselves.This paper enumerates stories, songs, legends and customs collected in various conversations with tellers from my family circle and they all witness the diversity and interest of fered by oral literature.

Djelovanje agenta provokatora kroz provedbu mjere prikrivenog istražitelja otvara niz pitanja ponajprije supstantivne prirode. U tom kontekstu posebna pozornost bit će posvećena pitanju propisivanja radnja koje bi prikriveni istražitelji bili ovlašteni poduzimati tijekom svojeg službenog djelovanja. Referirat će se i na uvijek aktualno pitanje poticanja drugih na činjenje kaznenih djela tijekom njihova djelovanja (od strane agenta provokatora), ali i na moguće ostvarivanje obilježja kaznenih djela tijekom tajnih operacija (naročito tijekom dužih infi ltracija) pod tzv. legendom (izmijenjen identitet agenta)., The paper addresses questions primarily of a substantive criminal law nature regarding the actions of undercover agents (agents provocateurs). In this context, special attention is given to the issue of possible actions which the undercover investigators (agents) would be responsible for taking during their offi cial duty. Reference will also be made to the always topical issue of the incitement of others to commit criminal offences while they operate (as agent provocateurs). The paper tackles the possibility of undercover agents committing elements of criminal offences during their secret operations (especially during longer infi ltration) using so-called legends.

El storytelling como estrategia para transmitir los valores e identidad de una marca ha adquirido importancia en los últimos años, pero aún hay poca literatura que desarrolle este concepto entorno a los destinos turísticos. Este artículo pretende analizar las potencialidades y uso del storytelling en un destino turístico a través de relatos y leyendas tradicionales. Las leyendas de la ciudad de Girona (España) se utilizaron como caso de estudio. Los resultados ponen en evidencia que, a pesar del potencial de las leyendas, actualmente no se está explotando adecuadamente. Storytelling as strategy to transmit values and identity of a brand has acquired relevance during the last years. However, this concept is already relatively underdeveloped in academic literature on tourism destinations. This paper aims to analyze storytelling potentialities and use in a tourism destination trough traditional stories. Legends of the city of Girona (Spain) have been chosen as a case study. Results demonstrated that legends of the city have the potential to develop a storytelling strategy, but this potential is not used properly.

Usmena književnosti čini nematerijalnu kulturnu baštinu koja je zajedničko bogatstvo naroda. Legende prikazane u ovom radu odišu posebnostima običaja, dijalekta, pučkih vjerovanja u Istri u čijoj su usmenoj tradiciji i nastale. Arena u Puli je oduvijek bila zagonetna i samim Puljanima, oduvijek su se pitali tko ju je i zašto gradio. Tako su nastale priče i legende koje nastoje objasniti nastanak te nevjerojatne građevine. Legende su zapisivane u djelima različitih pisaca, ali nikad nisu obuhvaćene u jednom radu. U radu je također prikazana podjela predaja, a najveći naglasak je na demonološkim predajama. Demonološke predaje, odnosno predaje općenito, često se dovode u vezu s bajkama i legendama, stoga je u radu analiziran odnos ta dva žanra. Zatim je prikazan vilinski svijet prema tradicijskom pristupu te njihov nastanak, opis, podjela i poslovi. Upravo vile, kao mitološka bića koja su od svih najviše povezana s prirodom, mogu odigrati važnu ulogu u zbližavanju djece s ljepotama kulture i tradicije. Uzimajući u obzir da se u dječju književnost ubrajaju djela koja su prilagođena i namijenjena djeci, predaja o vilama graditeljicama i Areni mora naći svoje mjesto u životu svakog djeteta. Oral literature is a part of intangible cultural heritage which represents importance for all nations. The legends presented in this paper reflect the particularities of customs, dialects and popular beliefs in Istrian oral tradition of which they originated. Arena, the roman building in Pula has always been mysterious to the locals as they have always wondered who built it and how. Because they couldn't find a logical explanation, they started inventing stories to explain the construction process of this magnificent building. The legends were written in different works of different authors, but were never included in a single work. In this paper the classification of stories is also present, highlighting the demonological stories. Demonological stories, or stories in general, are often related to fairy tales and legends, that's why these two genres are also analysed in this paper. Also the world of fairies is described from the traditional point of view as well as their emergence, description, classification and what they used to do. Since fairies, as mythological creatures, are connected to the nature, they can play a major role in bringing closer the beauties of culture and tradition to children. Considering that children literature is customised especially for children, the demonological story about Arena and the fairies should find it's place in every child's life.

The article is based on the Parsifal project, a European project funded by the Erasmus+ programme (Project Number: 2018-1-PL01-KA201-050865), which is being implemented by EuroEd Foundation Iasi, Romania. The project aims to bring cultural heritage to the attention of students in order to enrich their learning processes. The project looks at traditional tales and legends in each partner country (Poland, Italy, Lithuania, Bulgaria and Romania) with a view to identifying common European roots. The paper focuses on main themes and common features identified in Bulgarian, Italian, Lithuanian, Polish and Romanian legends: real and mythological characters and animals, heritage, environments and common objects, recurring situations and challenges, moral and ethical topics.

Mount Putuo in Zhejiang Province, China, is the most important holy land of Guanyin in East Asia. Landscape sacralization is a key modality by which sacred meaning is constructed. This paper takes several examples—the Tidal Sound Cave (“chaoyin dong” 潮音洞), the Well of the Immortal Mei (“Meixian jing” 梅仙井), the Well of Ge Hong (“Ge Hong jing” 葛洪井), the Well of the Immortal (“xianren jing” 仙人井), and Duangu Pier (“Duan Gu daotou” 短姑道頭)—to analyze the three types of processes of sacralization. The Tidal Sound Cave is a re-construction of the founding myths; Well of the Immortal Mei, the Well of Ge Hong and the Well of the Immortal reflect harmony between local legends of Daoist immortals and the sacred Buddhist site; and the Duangu Pier accomplished its sanctification process in the course of local pilgrimage activities. By sorting out the mechanism and process of landscape sanctification and exploring the generation and renewal of landscape meaning, we can observe the logic of the construction of this sacred site.

This paper focuses on one aspect of the image of Mazan-batyr, a popular hero of Kalmyk folklore. Kalmyk tales represent Mazan as a cunning hero, able to trick his opponent instead of using strength and martial skills. The article examines Mazan as a Trickster and places the structure of legends and tales associated with Mazan-batyr against the context of the Trickster narrative. Mazan’s Trickster behavior is part of his meta-textual image; it manifests itself in his own actions, actions of other characters, and verbal descriptions given by storytellers. The tricks that often recur in the stories of Mazan are analyzed separately. The article analyzes these tricks on semantic level, compares them to each other as well as summarizes recurrent motifs. Finally, it draws parallels between the trickster actions of Mazan-batyr and similar episodes from different epic traditions. Attention is paid to typological parallels as well as direct overlaps between stories. The essay argues that the presence of the Trickster traits in folklore portrayal of Mazan-batyr may be explained by the influence of oral heroic poetry.

Sveti Marko Evanđelist (Cirena, oko 10. – Aleksandrija, 25. travnja 68.) bio je od židovskoga roda levita. Štuju ga: Rimokatolička crkva, Pravoslavna crkva, Koptska crkva, istočne katoličke crkve, Luteranska crkva. Višestruki je zaštitnik. Štovanje sv. Marka Evanđelista u kršćanskoj tradicijskoj kulturi Hrvata ogleda se u: legendama; katedralama i crkvama posvećenim tomu evanđelistu; toponimima; krematonimima; procesijama i blagoslovima polja, usjeva, vinograda; pučkim veseljima (kirbajima, dernecima); pomaganju sirotinji; kultnim svetištima; pučkim divinacijama i izrekama; krjesovima; usmenim lirskim pjesmama; molitvama. U radu se navode rezultati terenskoga istraživačkog rada koji se odvijao od 1997. do 2016. godine. Na terenu u Hrvatskoj, Bosni i Hercegovini, Crnoj Gori i Srbiji u Hrvata katolika izvorno je zapisano pedesetak legendi, molitvi, običaja, obreda, ophoda, divinacija. Na temelju Novoga zavjeta te predaja i legendi (re)konstruira se život sv. Marka Evanđelista. Pored toga, cilj rada je i od zaborava sačuvati starinske legende, običaje, obrede, ophode, usmene lirske pjesme, molitve, divinacije, te multidisciplinarnom interpretacijom ukazati na njihovu socijalnu i estetsku funkciju. Pored terensko-istraživačkoga rada primjenjuje se induktivno-deduktivna metoda, te metode: deskripcije, komparacije, analize i sinteze., Saint Mark the Evangelist (Cyrene around 10 AD – Alexandria April 25th 68 AD) was a member of the Jewish tribe o Levi. He is nephew of Saint Barnabas, close associate of Saint Paul and Peter to whom he was secretary. In the New Testament he is mentioned eight times and Mary mother of John called Mark is mentioned for the ninth time. The first Christian community in Jerusalem gathered in his mother Mary’s home. According to some sources Jesus ate his last supper in Mark’s mother Mary’s house. He is worshipped by: The Roman Catholic Church, The Orthodox Church, The Coptic Church, the eastern Catholic churches, the Lutheran Church. He is multiple patron. Worship of Saint Mark the evangelist in Croats’ Christian traditional culture is reflected in legends; cathedrals and churches consecrated to that evangelist; toponyms; chrematonyms; processions and blessings of fields, crops, vineyards; folk celebrations (fairs); helping the poor; cult shrines; folk divinations and sayings; bonfires; oral lyrical poems; prayers. The paper cites the results of field research conducted from the year 1997 until the year 2016. About fifty legends, prayers, customs, rituals, processions, divinations have been originally recorded among Croatian Catholics in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia. The paper (re)constructs the life of Saint Mark the Evangelist on the basis of the New Testament, tales and legends. Further, the aim of the paper is to save from the oblivion the old legends, customs, rituals, processions, oral lyrical poems, prayers, divinations and to point out their social and aesthetic function using the multidisciplinary interpretation. Inductive-deductive method and methods of description, comparison, analysis and synthesis are used alongside the filed research work.

У статті розглянуто особливості розвитку зеленого туризму на Житомирщині та сприяння відродженню традицій і розвитку культури регіону. Автор пропонує популяризувати проекти, які передбачають розробку туристських маршрутів і програм та спрямовувати їх у культурно-пізнавальне, екологічно освітнє русло. У статті аргументується думка про перспективність сільського туризму як напрямку в туристичній галузі та його можливості у вирішенні проблем розвитку сільських територій., В статье рассмотрены особенности развития зеленого туризма на Житомирщине и содействие возрождению традиций и развития культуры региона. Автор предлагает популяризировать проекты, которые предполагают разработку туристических маршрутов и программ и направлять их в культурно-познавательное, экологически образовательное русло. В статье аргументируется мысль о перспективности сельского туризма как направления в туристической отрасли и его возможности в решении проблем развития сельских территорий., The paper considers the peculiaritis of the green tourism development in Zhytomyr oblast and facilitation of thereviving the traditions as well as the development of region’s ethinic culture. The author suggests the popularization of projects, predicting the development of tourist routes and programmes into cultural and cognitive, ecological and educational direction. The paper presents the idea about the perspectives of rural tourism.

Il fumetto Favola di Venezia è una storia apparentemente semplice sull' avventura di Corto Maltese alla ricerca di uno smeraldo perduto da qualche parte in questa bellissima città. Tuttavia, da un' analisi dei simboli e delle personalità sia nei disegni che nella parte testuale del fumetto si può dedurre che si tratta, di fatto, della storia del Mediterraneo come uno spazio in cui diverse culture, non solo geograficamente ma anche culturalmente, sono state legate da secoli. Essendo sempre in contatto, si mescolano e cambiano, si influenzano a vicenda, ma riescono comunque a mantenere la loro autenticità. Sebbene facciano parte del patrimonio culturale dell' intero Mediterraneo, i simboli, le leggende e le persone citati in questo fumetto sono associati principalmente a Venezia, in modo che, con una sola passeggiata per la città, il lettore possa facilmente immaginare la storia dell' intero territorio del Mediterraneo. Nell`articolo si cerca di provare che la lettura di questa opera non può essere passiva perché Pratt chiede dal lettore di esplorare attivamente simboli, personaggi ed eventi menzionati in Favola., Strip Venecijanska bajka naizgled je jednostavna priča o pustolovini Corta Maltesea u potrazi za izgubljenim smaragdom po tome prekrasnom gradu. Međutim, analizom simbola i ličnosti na crtežima i u tekstualnome dijelu stripa može se zaključiti kako je to, ustvari, priča o Mediteranu kao prostoru gdje su različite kulture geografski i kulturno povezane stoljećima. U tome neprestanom dodiru one se miješaju i mijenjaju, utječu jedna na drugu, ali ipak uspijevaju zadržati autentičnost. Iako su dio kulturnoga naslijeđa cijeloga Mediterana, spomenuti simboli, legende i osobe u ovome se stripu vežu prvenstveno za Veneciju kako bi se tek jednom šetnjom gradom čitatelju mogla s lakoćom dočarati povijest cijeloga prostora. U radu smo pokušali dokazati kako Pratt ne dopušta pasivno čitanje stripa, nego od čitatelja traži aktivno istraživanje svega onog što spominje u Bajci., Comic Fable of Venice might seem like a simple story of Corto Maltese`s adventure in search of the lost emerald around this beautiful city. However, the analysis of symbols and characters in drawings and text leads to the conclusion that it is, actually, the story of the Mediterranean as an area where different cultures have not only been geographically but also culturally linked for centuries. Being close to each other, these cultures associate and change, influencing one another, but still managing to keep the authenticity. Although they are the heritage of the whole Mediterranean, the symbols, legends, and characters mentioned in this comic are all placed in Venice, so that within just one walk around the city, the author can easily help the reader understand the history of the whole area. This paper aims at proving that Pratt does not allow just simple, passive reading, but requires a reader to explore actively the topics mentioned in the Fable.

The Covid-19 pandemic has brought about unprecedented death, and among those touched by this virus are academics who have, at some point in their career, lost their lives, or academic institutes or countries who have lost valuable intellectual contributors. In the shadows of their deaths, it is incumbent upon us – as members of academia and the public – to somberly reflect on the realities of living close to, or alongside, death. One aspect that has not been widely discussed, but that seems to be more pertinent now than ever, is the fate of social media accounts, institutional websites, social networking sites, and other publicly available sites of deceased academics. A deceased academic continues to have responsibilities beyond their death because their work and legendary status may be posthumously challenged at any point in the future. Faced with challenges, absent an active voice that might be able to offer a suitable response, and considering the “fallible” nature of science, that legendary status and literature could change, for example, via the postmortem correction or retraction of their academic papers. While many academics have likely not reflected too deeply – or at all – on this issue, they would do well to ponder on this topic now, especially in these unprecedented times of Covid-19.

During the entire history of the modern Olympic Games, from their renaissance in 1896, when the firsth edition had been heldin Athens and until the Olympic Games in Berlin in 1936, the present paper makes an analyse of the real facts and of thelegends created around them. The sports journal and the other publications are important factors in the distorsion of the realityand keeping the legend. From the athletes heros like Spiridon Louis, the first winner of the marathon and the myth buildaround the way of winning this race , to the story of the 100m won by Jesse Owens at 36 Olympic Games who have been heldin Berlin and the fact that Hitler refused to shake the hand of the Olympic champion, the purpose of this paper is to combat themyths developed since. The facts are substantiated by using the chronological datas, using the notes and minutes of meetings,as well using photographic means.

Život svetog Nikole prate legende još od njegova rođenja. Sveti Nikola je zaštitnik djece, pomoraca, neudanih djevojaka, siromaha, studenata, farmaceuta, pekara, ribara, svjećara, zidara, trgovaca, tkalaca, zatvorenika, trgovaca, putnika, bolesnika, umirućih. Blagdan Svetoga Nikole u tradicijskoj kulturi Hrvata karakteriziraju: darivanje djece, Nikolinjski ophodi - obilaženje osobe prerušene u svetog Nikolu u biskupskom ornatu s palicom i krampusa (đavola) s košarom, lancima, šibom i slično, da od doma do doma nagrade dobru, a kazne zločestu djecu. Hrvati, također, organiziraju slavlja i procesije u čast Svetog Nikole. Drevni pretkršćanski običaj spaljivanja barki Hrvati su kristijanizirali i sačuvali do naših dana. Kult svetog Nikole u hagiografskoj baštini Hrvata svjedoče i: usmene lirske pjesme o svetom Nikoli, molitve, zavjetna svetišta i toponimi koji svoje ime baštine prema svetom Nikoli. U legendama, usmenim lirskim pjesmama i molitvama leit motiv je more. U radu se more spominje 87 puta. Međutim, u hrvatskoj znanstvenoj literaturi nedostatno je istražen kult svetog Nikole. Stoga se u radu navodi i multidisciplinarno interpretira sedamdesetak primjera običaja, obreda, usmenih lirskih pjesama i molitvi svetom Nikoli. Navode se i neka zavjetna svetišta, te toponimi koji ime baštine prema svetom Nikoli. Od tih primjera šezdesetak je suvremenih zapisa koji su nastajali 1996. do 2014. godine., Life of Saint Nicholas has been accompanied by legends ever since he was born. Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of children, seamen, unwed girls, paupers, students, pharmacists, bakers, fishermen, candle makers, masons, merchants, weavers, prisoners, passengers, sick and dying people. Saint Nicholas feast day in Croats’ hagiographic heritage is characterized by presentation of gifts to children, Saint Nicholas’ processions (Nikolinjski ophodi) – visitations by a person dressed as Saint Nicholas in bishop’s robe with a stick and krampus (the Devil) with a basket, chains, a switch and similar things, so that they award good and punish naughty children, from one home to another. Croats, also, organize celebrations and processions in Saint Nicholas’ honor. Ancient pre-Christian boat incineration customs have been Christianized by Croats and preserved up to our days. The Saint Nicholas cult in Croats’ hagiographic heritage is witnessed by oral lyrical poems about Saint Nicholas, prayers, votive shrines and toponyms that inherit their name after the legend about Saint Nicholas. In legends, oral lyrical poems and prayers sea is a common leit motif. In this paper, sea is mentioned 87 times. However, in Croatian scientific literature the Saint Nicholas cult is insufficiently researched. Therefore, the paper lists and multidisciplinary interprets about seventy examples of customs, rituals, oral lyrical poems and prayers to Saint Nicholas. Some votive shrines and toponyms that inherit their names from Saint Nicholas are also listed. About sixty of these examples are modern records which were written down from 1996th to 2014th.

The publication of results of an empirical analysis often includes graphical representations. One of the particular strengths of the statistical computing language and environment R are the graphical capabilities. Beside the relatively simple base graphic system a number of more sophisticated alternative graphic systems are available within R. Compared to these the base graphic system is easy to use but nevertheless highly customizable and therefore advantageous for many research projects. However, even in the base graphic system the number of graphical functions and parameters is large. Due to this it can be hard to find the functions and parameters which must be used to customize a graphic for publication purposes. This paper provides a brief tutorial for this along with a set of simple rules how to structure the code to achieve a sufficient level of reproducibility for a data analysis in general and for associate graphical results in specific. The paper summarizes experiences from a R tutorial hold at the University of Wuppertal for a number of times. The code snippets in the text and the code to reproduce the given examples in the appendix is copy-and-paste-ready and can easily be adopted for own tasks.

Na temelju zabilježenih usmenih priča i legendi iz hrvatskog naroda, u ovom radu prikazuju se legende i predaje o gradu Gospiću, Komić-gradu, Mrsinj-gradu, Sokolcu, Đulinom ponoru i Plitvičkim jezerima. Cilj ovog završnog rada je prikazati važnost usmene književnosti, sukladno s tim usmene predaje, i zapisivanja iste jer je usmena predaja dio povijesti svakoga naroda posebno i kao takva ona podučava i poučava svoj narod o svojoj prošlosti. Based on recorded oral stories and legends from the Croatian people, this paper presents legends and traditions about the town of Gospic, Komić the city, Mrsinj the town, Sokolac, Đulin abyss and Plitvice Lakes. The objective of this bachelor thesis is to demonstrate the importance of oral literature, according to this oral tradition, and writing it because oral tradition is part of the history of every nation in particular and as such it teaches its people about its past.

U ovom radu ću predstaviti mitove i legende kao dio nematerijalne baštine, koje je njihovo značenje te kako ih se prezentira. Mitovi i legende su folklorne priče, a razlikuju se po tome što mitovi govore o izmišljenim događajima i najčešće nadnaravnim bićima, dok legende češće opisuju stvarne događaje ili verziju stvarnih događaja obogaćenu fantastičnim elementima. Oni su od kulturne važnosti jer su dio tradicije naroda i dokaz o načinu života naših predaka te njihovom pogledu na svijet. Tokom povijesti su se prenosili s koljena na koljeno usmenom tradicijom, a kasnije su znali biti i zapisani. Često su same priče bile vezane uz tradicionalne plesove i glazbu, a danas su najčešće tako i sačuvane kao dio nematerijalne baštine. To možemo vidjeti u primjerima poput Gióng festivala hramova Phù Ðông i Sóc ili Gelede ceremonije Yoruba naroda. Oba se primjera ujedno i nalaze na UNESCO-ovoj listi nematerijalne baštine svijeta. U Hrvatskoj imamo primjer Picokijade, festivala u Đurđevcu, koji se temelji na Legendi o picokima. Mitovi i legende mogu biti vezani i uz materijalnu baštinu, što možemo vidjeti u primjeru mitološkog kralja Minosa i mita o Minotauru te arheološkog nalazišta Knos. Također, u umjetnosti možemo vidjeti razne mitove i legende kao teme skulptura ili slika, primjerice Rođenje Venere S. Botticellija. In this paper I will present myths and legends as a part of intangible heritage, what is their significance and how they are presented. Myths and legends are folklore stories, and they differ in the fact that myths talk about imaginary events and most often supernatural beings, while legends often describe real events or a version of real events enriched by fantastic elements. They are of cultural importance because they are part of the tradition of the people and proof of the way our ancestors lived and their worldview. Throughout history, they were passed on from generation to generation, through oral tradition, and later on they were written. The stories themselves were often related to traditional dances and music, and today they are mostly preserved as a part of intangible heritage. We can see this in examples such as the Gióng Festival of the temples of Phu Ðông and Sóc or the Gelede ceremony of the Yoruba people. Both examples can also be found on the UNESCO's lists of intangible world heritage. In Croatia, we have Picokijada, a festival in Đurđevac, which is based on the Legend of the Picoki. Myths and legends can be connected to tangible cultural heritage, which can be seen in the example of the mythological King Minos and the myth of Minotaur and the archaeological site Knos. Also, in art we can see various myths and legends as a theme of sculptures or paintings, such as the Birth of Venus by S. Botticelli.

En el presente trabajo se aborda el análisis simbólico, estructural e histórico de las leyendas gallegas que contienen el mitologema del abandono de los ancianos. Un tema que podemos enmarcar en el concepto senicidio y sobre el que formularemos diferentes hipótesis acerca de su posible cronología, contexto cultural en el que se originó, así como las funciones y significados de este mitologema ampliamente extendido por el mundo. This paper deals with the symbolic, structural and historical analysis of Galician legends that contain the mythologem of the abandonment of the elderly, a practice related with the concept of senicide. There are various hypotheses concerning its possible chronology, the cultural context in which it originated, as well as the functions and meanings of this universally occurring myth. Humanidades

U radu se govori o sv. Stjepanu prvomučeniku, koji je bio prvi među sedam đakona, a koje su apostoli odabrali nakon Uzašašća Isusa Krista. Pomagao je sirotinji i bio gorljivi propovjednik vjere u Isusa Krista. To je smetalo Židovima pa su ga oklevetali da je govorio protiv Mojsija. Izveli su ga pred velikoga poganskoga svećenika i održao žestoku filipiku. Razjarena svjetina kamenovala ga je, a na smrt ranjen sv. Stjepan je kleknuo i molio za svoje ubojice: „Gospodine, ne uzmi im ovo za grijeh!” Štovanje sv. Stjepana prvomučenika seže od 380. godine. Svećenik Lucijan u viđenju je doznao gdje se nalazi Stjepanovo ukopano tijelo te je svečeve relikvije 415. godine donio u Jeruzalem. Odatle su relikvije prenesene u Carigrad, a 560. godine u Rim, uz tijelo sv. Lovre. Prema legendi sv. Lovro se okrenuo na bok i pružio ruku sv. Stjepanu. Po gregorijanskom kalendaru, Crkva svetkuje blagdan sv. Stjepana prvomučenika 26. prosinca, a po julijanskom kalendaru 9. siječnja. Katolička Crkva svetkuje spomendan Našašća tijela sv. Stjepana 3. kolovoza. U hrvatskoj kulturnoj baštini štovanje sv. Stjepana prvomučenika seže u 6. stoljeću. O tome svjedoče ranokršćanske crkve od Istre do Cavtata posvećene tome svecu. Blagdan kao i spomendan karakteriziraju vjerski i brojni narodni običaji. Mnoge obitelji, za svoju brgulju (krsnu slavu), uzeli su blagdan ili spomendan sv. Stjepana. Na blagdan kao i na spomendan sv. Stjepana hodočasti se svečevim svetištima. Neki hodočasnici na blagdan idu na hodočašće jašući na konju, a neki u konjskim kočijama. Poslije procesije i svete mise organiziraju se velika narodna veselja. Održavaju se čestitarski ophodi. Mladići i djevojke do pred večer igraju kola tako iskazujući simpatije. Domaćini izvode konje jašući ih i utrkujući se. Uz spomendan Našašća vezuje se paljenje krjesova., Paper discusses St. Stephen Protomartyt who was among the first seven deacons which were chosen by the apostles after the Ascension of Jesus Christ. He helped the poor and was a zealous preacher of faith in Jesus Christ. That bothered the Jews and so they defamed him that he spoke against Moses. He was taken in front of a pagan high priest where he gave a fierce philippic. An enraged crowd stoned him, but mortally wounded St. Stephen kneeled and prayed for his murderers: “Lord, do not hold this sin against them.”84 Worship of St. Stephen Protomartyr goes back to the year 380. Priest Lucian was told in a vision where Stephen’s body was buried, so he brought the saint’s relics to Jerusalem in 415. From there, relics were taken to Constantinople and in the year 560 to Rome, alongside the body of St. Lawrence. According to a legend, St. Lawrence turned to his side and gave his hand to St. Stephen. According to the Gregorian calendar, Church celebrates the feast of St. Stephen Protomartyr on 26th December, and according to the Julian calendar on 9th January. Catholic Church celebrates the memorial of Finding of St. Stephen’s body on 3rd August. In Croatian cultural heritage, the worship of St. Stephen Protomartyr goes back to the 6th century. This is evidenced by the early-Christian churches from Istra to Cavtat dedicated to that saint. Feast day, as well as the memorial, are characterized by religious and numerous folk customs. Many families, for their brgulja (slava), adopted the feast or memorial of St. Stephen. On the feast day, as well as on the memorial of St. Stephen, there are pilgrimages to his sanctuaries. Some pilgrims do their pilgrimage riding a horse, or in a horse carriage. After the procession and the holly mass, big folk celebrations are organized. Congratulatory processions are held. Young men and women dance kolo until the night, thus expressing sympathies. Housekeepers take their horses out, ride them and take part in races. Lighting bonfires is connected to the memorial of Finding of St. Stephen’s body.

U ovom radu prikazane su priče i običaji ljudi na području Zagvozda i Sukošana, od mitskih predaja, demonoloških predaja, sve do eshatoloških. Mitske predaje pripovijedaju o vilama i povijesnim osobama kojima je narod pripisao nadnaravnu moć. Demonološke predaje imaju u osnovi osobni doživljaj, susret s demonskim, odnosno onostranim bićima. Ispričane su priče o vješticama, vukodlacima te raznim plašilima i prikazama. Eshatološke predaje pripovijedaju o pojavljivanju ubijene tek rođene vanbračne djece, umrle nekrštene djece i ubijenih odraslih osoba. Zapisani su i običaji vezani uz svetkovine najvećih kršćanskih blagdana – Božića i Uskrsa, slavljenje Svetog Kasijana i Svetog Roka. Sklapanju braka prethodilo je upoznavanje mladića i djevojke, koje se odvijalo na sijelima ili pašama. Sijela su označavala okupljanja mladića i djevojaka u večernjim satima kada bi sav dnevni posao bio obavljen. Pripovijedani su i običaji vezani uz vjenčanja (prosidba, bacanje jabuke preko kuće, uzimanje dote i slično). Na samom kraju nalazi se popis poslovica i kletvi., This paper presents the stories and customs of people in the area of Zagvozd and Sukošan, from mythical traditions, demonological traditions, all the way to eschatological ones. Mythical legends tell of fairies and historical figures to whom the people ascribed supernatural power. Demonological traditions are basically a personal experience, an encounter with demonic or otherworldly beings. Stories of witches, werewolves and various scarecrows and apparitions were told. Eschatological traditions narrate the appearance of murdered newborn illegitimate children, dead unbaptized children and murdered adults. Customs related to the feasts of the greatest Christian holidays - Christmas and Easter, the celebration of St. Cassian and St. Roch are also recorded. The marriage was preceded by the acquaintance of a young man and a young woman, which took place on "sijelo" or pastures. "Sijelo" signified gatherings of young men and women in the evening when all the daily work would be done. Customs related to weddings were also narrated (proposing, throwing an apple over the house, taking a dowry, etc.). At the very end is a list of proverbs and curses.

The aim of this paper is to present two icons of the Virgin from the Bay of Kotor: their iconography, style, but above all the legends about them, the miracles they performed and, in particular, the ways in which these wonders were used in the process of constituting the legitimacy of the communes and the region. At the root of the myth of Our Lady of the Reef was the political aspiration of the citizens of Perast to consolidate their domination over the broader territory. The citizens of Prcanj had a similar aspiration. But, while the creation of the cult of Our Lady of the Reef was officially based and rested on the heroic and masculine principle, the establishment of the cult of Our Lady of Prcanj, the cult of the icon of Italo-Cretan origin was based quite opposite, on the private and women's domain. Therefore, the creation of the Virgin cults in the early modern Bay performed a variety of cultural roles. The two icons followed the meticulously designed Post-Tridentine model of linking sacral and political power and both served as mirrors of social hierarchy. However, the dynamic nature of their cultural impact, which involved more than subtle differences in the ways in which the two Virgins were produced and consumed, resulted in the justification of local cults. The similarities and variations which followed their fashioning should be perceived as two sides of the same coin, complementary and interdependent, rather than mutually exclusive phenomena.

Odreći se prošlosti u ime budućnosti, koja proživljavanjem i sama postaje prošlost, za mene je oduvijek značilo nemati ni prošlosti ni budućnosti, živjeti u trenutku i za trenutak kao životinja… To čovjek od sebe ne bi smio učiniti. Radi sebe, mnogo bi izgubio, a dobio ne bi ništa, najmanje budućnost… Ivan Aralica Život nastanjen sjenama U radu se piše o životu, mučeništvu i kultu svetoga Jure. Potom slijedi sedamnaest poglavlja u kojima se navodi i multidisciplinarno interpretira preko stotinu pedeset primjera legendi, obreda, običaja, ophoda, proricanja, vjerovanja, usmenih lirskih pjesama, molitvi. U radu je preko stotinu primjera zapisanih u prethodnih desetak godina u sedamdesetak mjesta u Republici Hrvatskoj i Bosni i Hercegovini. Sve to zorno svjedoči da je sveti Jure jedan od najštovanijih svetaca u Hrvata. Štovanje blagdana Svetoga Jure ogleda se u svjetovnim i vjerskim običajima i obredima. U folklornom smislu Jurjevo je uz Badnji dan najbogatiji dan u godini. Neki od jurjevskih običaja, obreda, vjerovanja i proricanja pretkršćanskoga su podrijetla, a u nekima se prepleću pretkršćansko s kršćanskim. Najviše svjetovnih obreda, ophoda i običaja imaju apotropejski i panspermijski karakter. Premda blagdan Svetoga Jure nije zapovjedni, Hrvati katolici slave ga škropljenjem, svetim misama, procesijama, hodočašćima, zavjetima i molitvama., The paper first deals with the life, martyrdom and cult of Saint George. This is followed by seventeen chapters in which more than one hundred and fifty examples of legends, rituals, customs, processions, prophesies, beliefs, oral lyrical poems, and prayers are listed and interpreted in a multidisciplinary manner. The paper contains more than one hundred examples recorded in the last ten years in about seventy places in the Republic of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. All this clearly testifies that Saint George is one of the most worshipped saints by Croatians. The worship of Saint George’s day is marked by secular and religious customs and rituals. In terms of folklore, Saint George’s day is, along with Christmas Eve, the richest day of the year. Some of the customs, rituals, beliefs and prophesies are of pre-Christian origin, and in others pre-Christian and Christian characteristics intertwine. Most secular rituals, processions and customs have an apotropaic and panspermic character. Although Saint George’s day is not a commanding holiday, Croatian Catholics celebrate it with holy water sprinkling, Masses, processions, pilgrimages, vows and prayers.

The present paper provides insights into teaching reading to youngsters in the EFL Classroom. The analyses of a lack of reading habits along with the study of the unawareness of Cultural Identity are bond in this research. Both issues have been linked in light of teaching English as a Foreign Language with the classroom as a background. The paper shows that with adequate guidance and choice of literature the difficult task of motivating teenagers to read can be tackled. Literature related to the theme of study is explored and reviewed as to get a broader idea concerning Reading, Storytelling, Folklore and Cultural Identity. In this way, this paper centers on studying and getting depth into theories as well as on interviewing different groups of learners, with the purpose of discovering their interests towards the subject matter. Tables and figures are presented in addition to an analysis of results taking into consideration that it could be used as a pioneer contribution for further studies. Magíster en Lengua Inglesa y Lingüística Aplicada Cuenca

A local legend recorded in several variants during a fieldwork research on a small East-Aegean island is the crux of the present paper. The legend discusses the habitation of the island by two brothers, Elias and Nicolas, about 200 years ago; the population of the island still includes their descendants. The recorded variants of this particular legend are usually considered more or less reliable historical sources; in this sense they touch upon oral history and contribute to the construction of a consistent identity of the island's inhabitants. A closer and more attentive approach to a group of legends connected to the above mentioned one reveals a second semantic level with obvious connotations: the cavern inhabited by the two brothers, the symbolic load of their first names, the fraternal conflict underlined by the opposition of land cultivation and animal husbandry, accompanied by the division of the grounds, etc. The principle questions this paper attempts to answer are how the story corresponds to real events and facts and to which degree does it convey and mute pre-existing mythological elements, which are related either to the surrounding Modern Greek mythological tradition or the possible mythological remnants of a remote (local) past, the latter partially revealed in archaeological research. In this paper it is argued that the position of this legend draws heavily from the limited local cultural context. Although being an "independent" narrative describing precise historical facts and personae, it has nevertheless developed in consistent exchange with other narratives, beliefs and representations. It is thus proposed that the story of Nicolas and Elias is part of a whole, though limited, mythological system inside the boundaries of the minute island. Folklore-Electronic Journal of Folklore

[EN] The paper summarizes the results of a fieldwork esigned in the mountains of Suído (Galicia). Has included an ethnographic survey aimed to recover the labours of cattle grazing and the memory of the inhabitants of the area, as well as a detailed recording of the traditional place names of the mountain range. In this sense, the paper tries to stress the necessity to combine the archaeological and anthropological methodologies, intended as complementary disciplines to record and preserve a landscape and a series of economic activities on the verge of dissapearence, which in a near future will become part of the fossilized and lifeless archaeological record., [GA] Este artigo recolle parte dos resultados dun traballo de prospeción superficial e enquisa etnográfica realizado na Serra do Suído. Os resultados correspóndense coa realización de entrevistas etnográficas, con motivo de tentar recuperar a memoria dos habitantes da zona, o funcionamento gandeiro da serra, unha interpretación da mesma e tamén do imaxinario popular, así como unha análise da toponimia menor. Este artigo pretende recalcar a necesidade de conxugar a metodoloxía arqueolóxica e a antropolóxica como disciplinas complementarias á hora recuperar unha paisaxe e unha actividade ao borde da desaparición e de pasar a formar parte do ámbito arqueolóxico., [ES] Este artículo recoge parte de los resultados de un trabajo de prospección superficial y encuesta etnográfica realizado en la Serra do Suído. Los resultados se corresponden con la realización de entrevistas etnográficas, con la intención de recuperar la memoria de los habitantes de la zona, el funcionamiento ganadero de la sierra, una interpretación de la misma y también del imaginario popular, así como un análisis de la toponimia menor. Este artículo pretende incidir en la necesidad de conjugar la metodología arqueológica y antropológica como disciplinas complementarias a la hora de recuperar un paisaje y una actividad al borde de la desaparición y de pasar a formar parte del ámbito arqueológico., Este traballo forma parte de la investigación integrada en el proyecto TCP (“Tecnologías para la Conservación del Patrimonio”), financiado con cargo al programa Consolider-Ingenio 2010 del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.

U ustanovama ranog i predškolskog odgoja i obrazovanja primjenjuju se razni načini kako kulturnu baštinu i tradiciju približiti djeci u svakodnevnom radu i razviti svijest o identitetu, odnosno pripadnosti nekoj zajednici. U ovome završnom radu objašnjeni su načini, metode i oblici pomoću kojih se kulturna zavičajna baština implementira u neposredni odgojno-obrazovni proces u radu s djecom predškolske dobi. „Proces konstruiranja pojmova zavičaj i domovina započinje u ranom djetinjstvu. Sve ono što ga neposredno okružuje, zanima ga prije svega: obitelj, roditelji, braća, sestre, bake i djedovi, priroda njegova užega zavičaja, te sve ono što taj zavičaj konkretno predstavlja.“ (Jurdana, 2015:8). U radu s djecom naglasak se stavlja na integrirano učenje – projektni pristup u radu s djecom. Objašnjen je projektni rad kroz projekt „Šestinski kišobran“ sa svim specifičnostima i fazama koje podrazumijevaju dijete kao aktivan subjekt, konstruktor i sukonstruktor vlastitog znanja koji je realiziran u jednom od zagrebačkih vrtića. Legenda Šestinski kišobran bila je dobar poticaj u njegovanju usmene baštine i pokretač tijeka projekta. Opisan je integrirani program „Tradicijske kulture – folklornog stvaralaštva“ kojim se, kao i projektom „Šestinski kišobran“ potiče razvoj kulturne baštine i tradicije kroz sve oblike izražavanja i sva razvojna područja. Partnerstvo roditelja od neprocjenjive je vrijednosti u svim segmentima života i rada vrtića što je vidljivo i u projektu koji je opisan u ovom radu. Zajedničkom sinergijom i uvažavanjem svih sudionika u procesu postižu se zadovoljstvo i zadani ciljevi. Early and pre-school institutions offer various ways of bringing cultural heritage and tradition closer to children in everyday work and developing the child's identity. In this final paper the ways, methods and forms by which the cultural heritage is implemented into the immediate educational process in the work with the children of preschool age are explained. "The process of constructing concepts of heritage and homeland begins in early childhood. Everything that surrounds him is fascinated primarily by his family, parents, brothers, sisters and grandparents, the nature in his homeland, and all that the heritage actually represents." (Jurdana, 2015:8) In work with children, emphasis is placed on integrated learning - a project approach to working with children. The project work is explained through the Šestinski umbrella project with all the specifics and phases that characterize the child as an active subject, constructor and co-constructor of his own knowledge, realized in one of the Zagrebs kindergartens. The legend of Šestinski umbrella was a good incentive for fostering the oral heritage and the driver of the project An integrated program of Traditional Culture - folklore creativity is described, which promotes the development of cultural heritage and traditions through all forms of expression and all developmental areas as well as the Sixth Umbrella project. Parental partnership is priceless in all segments of life and work in kindergarten as is evident in this final work. By sharing synergy and taking care of all participants in the process satisfaction and goals are achieved.

Smatra se kako su Māori na otoke Novog Zelanda, kao njegovi prvi stanovnici, kročili otprilike u 12. stoljeću. Njihov jezik, tradicija i kultura danas imaju velik utjecaj na cjelokupni život u Novom Zelandu. Māorska kultura obilježena je dugom tradicijom, a njezini brojni mitovi postali su sastavni dio novozelandskog društva. Māorska kultura bogata je predajama o postanku i razvoju svijeta, a u većini njih važno mjesto zauzimaju životinje. Tragovi međusobne povezanosti Māora i životinjskog svijeta mogu se pronaći u māorskom rodoslovnom sustavu te u njihovim usmenim pričama, pjesmama i izrekama. Uz česte usporedbe ljudi s pojedinim životinjama, māorska tradicija obuhvaća i vjerovanje u to da preci imaju moć pretvarati se u životinje, koje se potom smatraju poslanicima, skrbnicima i prijateljima. Tradicijsko māorsko razumijevanje čovjekova odnosa prema životinjama zabilježeno je u brojnim mitovima i pričama, no suvremena tumačenja tog odnosa često su mijenjana i filtrirana pod utjecajem Europljana. U ovom radu upoznat ćemo se s Māorima, odnosno s njihovim sustavom moralnih vrednota i najvažnijim vanjskim utjecajima na njihov svakodnevni život kroz povijest, u koje, uz spomenuti životinjski svijet, svakako valja ubrojiti i Europljane. Premda Europljani predstavljaju važan čimbenik u suvremenom životu Māora, nepobitan je i māorski utjecaj na njihovu zapadnjačku civilizaciju. Kroz knjigu A New Zealand Book Of Beasts: Animals in our Culture, History and Everyday Life (2013) Annie Potts, Philipa Armstronga i Deidre Brown najbolje ćemo se upoznati s duboko ukorijenjenim odnosom Māora sa životinjama koje su stvorile mnoge temelje današnjeg društva. It is considered that Māori people were the first inhabitants that came to New Zealand in the 12th century. Their language, tradition and culture have a major impact on the overall life in New Zealand today. Māori culture is characterized by a long tradition, and its numerous myths have become an integral part of New Zealand society. Māori culture is rich in legends about the beginning of the world and how it developed. Animal play an integral part in most of them. Traces of their relationship can be found in the Māori lineage system (whakapapa) and in their stories, poems and proverbs. Along with frequent comparisons of people with individual animals, Māori tradition also includes the belief that ancestors have the power to transform themselves into animals, which are then considered to be messengers, carers, and friends. The traditional human understanding of man's relationship with animals has been recorded in numerous myths and stories, but contemporary interpretations of this relationship have often been changed and filtered under the influence of European settlers. In this paper, we will get acquainted with the Māori people, their moral value system and the most important external influences on their daily life through history, in which, besides the already mentioned animal world, Europeans played an important part as well. Although Europeans are an important factor in the modern life of Māori, the influence of Māori traditions on Western civilization also irrefutable. Through a book A New Zealand Book Of Beasts: Animals in our Culture, History and Everyday Life (2013) written Annie Potts, Philip Armstrong and Deidre Brown, we will get acquainted with the deeply rooted relationship of Māori and animals that have created many foundations of today's society of New Zealand.

Traditionally, the peoples of Southeast Asia have held beliefs in numerous forms of vampires often crossed with ghosts or other spirits, such as Pontianak of the Malay Peninsula, Phi Krasue and Phi Pop of Thailand and the Aswang and Manananggal of the Philippines. These have been theorised as manifestations of fears and repressed aspects of life, including, previously, of dangers that lurk in the wilds surrounding villages. In modern times rumours of and belief in vampires persist and have moved to cities, but these tales are also joined by a more modern bloodsucker, the organ harvester. Poorly-sourced stories of dubious veracity circulate on Facebook feeds, warning parents to keep a close eye on their children lest they are snatched away and killed for their organs. This paper examines parallels between traditional vampire legends of Southeast Asia and current rumours of organ trafficking targeting children, and delves into some of the anxieties fuelling the contemporary stories, anxieties that ultimately spring from the region’s fraught reaction to Neoliberalism.Keywords: Vampires, Southeast Asian vampires, Organ trafficking, Social media, Mythology, Neoliberalism

The Garos, a tribal group who live in India (western highlands of Meghalaya and the southern foothills of Assam) and northern Bangladesh, are noted for their diverse beliefs on weretigers – that is, human beings with the ability of turning themselves, in various ways, into ferocious tigers and subsequently back to human form. The present paper provides a first attempt at classifying the different motifs in Garo weretiger-lore which include traditional beliefs of: (1) a legendary ‘race’ of monstrous tigermen ruled over by a Tiger Mother; (2) individuals endowed with a ‘dual’ vital principle inhabiting a human body during daytime and a tiger one at nighttime; and (3) shape-shifters who can physically metamorphose into tigers through magical arts. This classification highlights the rich variety of beliefs held by the Garos on these quintessential liminal beings, and provides a critical analysis of the most frequently occurring class of werebeasts in the folktales, legends, and epics of tropical Asia.

Apokrifi u srednjovjekovnoj hrvatskoj književnosti nisu jedinstvena žanrovska kategorija i mogu se promatrati kao nadžanrovska skupina tekstova koji pripovijedaju o biblijskim osobama i njihovim zgodama ili djelima kojih nema u biblijskome kanonu. Premda su to fiktivna zabavna djela, zgode su uvijek ispripovijedane kao nefikcionalne, u čvrstom odnosu prema biblijskim sadržajima, kršćanskoj pouci i etičkoj poruci. Bili su namijenjeni čitanju naglas i slušanju pa ta otvorena forma omogućuje osobni stil, posuđivanje i kombiniranje motiva, slobodno shvaćanje kronologije ispripovijedanih događaja, djelovanje na emocije recipijenata ganućem i zabavom, ali i ritam pripovijedanja kao u usmenoj književnosti. Na temelju korpusa usmenih predaja i legendi (iz starijih i novijih zapisa) pokazuje se što se događa kad “sveti tekst” potpuno prijeđe u usmenost: tekstovi se preoblikuju, nepojmljivo se objašnjava bliskim, Božje nadomjeπta ljudskim, no ono što u tom procesu folkloriziranja nastaje jest više ili manje uspješna mješavina komičnog i ozbiljnog, vesela, opuštajuća Biblija, koja služi i smijehu i pouci, a pritom oblikuje cjelinu. Slabljenjem prvobitne pouke jačaju fantastični bajkovni elementi, izvorna se biblijska priča dopunjava apokrifima, pri čemu se upleću legendarno, πaljivo i bajkovito. Najbrojniji su tekstovi kozmogonijskih i etioloških predaja koji najjasnije izgrađuju smisleni most između onoga nekoć i ovoga sada, progovaraju lokalnim pripovjedačevim jezikom, imenuju i objašnjavaju svijet podarujući mu dodatno značenje. Interpretacijom primjera tekstova o postanku svijeta, stvaranju ljudi, navještenja i rođenja Isusova, bijega Svete obitelji te, posljedično, o čudima oko Božića, pokazuje se da pripovjedački korpus koji pritom nastaje nije samo slučajna mješavina, a pogotovo ne nerazmrsivo klupko tekstova heterogena podrijetla i različite starosti, već više ili manje uspješna mješavina komičnog i ozbiljnog. Sve su te priče, zajedno s brojnima ostalima koje bismo mogli uvrstiti u neku hrvatsku Bibliju pauperum, dojmljiv dokument o tome kako je dvije tisuće godina kršćanstva i kršćanskoga nauka shvatio, interpretirao, sačuvao i prenosio narod., In Croatian medieval literature apocrypha are not a homogenous generic category and may rather be seen as a suprageneric group of texts which tell stories about biblical men and women and their deeds which are not portrayed in the biblical canon. Even though apocrypha are popular fictional works, the stories are always presented as nonfictional, establishing a firm connection with the Bible ‡ its contents, the Christian doctrine and its ethical message. Since they were written to be read out loud, their open structure allows for the author’s individual style, borrowing and combining motives, a free interpretation of the narrative sequence, narrative rhythm which draws on oral literature, and affects the recipients’ feelings by moving them emotionally while also entertaining them. The corpus of oral stories and legends (in both older and newer transcripts) demonstrates what happens when a “sacred text” completes its transition from a written to an oral form: texts reshape, the unimaginable is explained in familiar terms, the divine is supplemented with that which is human. But what this process of folklorization creates is a more or less a successful mixture of serious and comical, a fun, relaxing Bible which instructs but also entertains. While the morality of stories subsides, fantastic and fairytale elements multiply, original biblical stories are supplemented with apocrypha which introduce elements of legends, anecdotes and fairytales. Most of these texts belong to the genre of cosmogonical and etiological legends which establishes the firmest link between the past and the present; they speak the narrator’s language, they give names to things in the world, thus explaining it and adding to it additional meaning. By interpreting selected texts about the Genesis, the origin of man, the annunciation and the birth of Christ, the Holy Family’s flight into Egypt and other Christmas miracles, the paper demonstrates that the narrative corpus which thus forms is not a random medley or an intricate bundle of heterogeneous texts of different origin and age. All these stories, together with many other which could be assembled in a provisory Croatian Bible pauperum, represents an impressive document on how the Croatian people understood, interpreted, preserved and passed on a two-thousand-year old history of the Christian doctrine.

Dissertação de mestrado em Património e Turismo Cultural, O turismo da cidade do Porto está a crescer a um ritmo rápido, muito devido à exposição internacional que tem tido e à alta qualidade da oferta que possui. Ou seja, a cidade tem uma riqueza patrimonial vasta, tendo em conta os vários séculos de fixação de população e ter sido sempre bastante importante no nosso país. Estas características culturais atraem um tipo de turista que está em crescimento no mundo – o turista cultural/turista de city-break. Abordar a ligação histórica que a cidade do Porto tem com o mar da qual inúmeros “vestígios”, costumes e memórias ainda se refletem no presente, foi a motivação que deu inicio a este nosso estudo. No sentido de conjugar diversos bens patrimoniais convertendo-os num produto turístico criou-se um itinerário cultural, que pretende contribuir para diversificar a oferta turística local e aumentar as suas receitas. Mais que as suas valências económicas, o projeto pretende valorizar locais que não estão incluídos nos tradicionais roteiros turísticos, ou, pelos menos, acrescentar outro valor aos já conhecidos, querendo, assim, valorizar a sua originalidade e fazer prevalecer a memória dos lugares. Também é igualmente importante fazer uma ligação com uma especialidade gastronómica, as Tripas à Moda do Porto, cuja lenda está intimamente ligada ao seu povo, sendo uma iguaria tradicional da cidade. Para concretizar este trabalho passamos por três fases distintas. O trabalho inicial de gabinete consistiu na consulta e análise de fontes primárias e secundárias; o trabalho no terreno, que passou pela seleção dos locais de interesse, sua documentação através de fichas de inventário e desenho do percurso final; por último, no trabalho avançado de gabinete, foram conjugados todos os dados para a realização da análise SWOT, a estratégia de comunicação do produto e definição da sua avaliação, também passou pela concretização da contextualização histórica e análise sobre as possíveis origens da tradição gastronómica. Ficou excluído do estudo as visitas teste, com aplicação do questionário de avaliação, por não ser esse um dos objetivos propostos. Contudo, é evidente que a História, o Mar e a Gastronomia são os principais motivos para se visitar o Porto. Motivos suficientes para crer que este itinerário só irá acrescentar mais valor na oferta turístico-cultural da cidade., The Tourism in the city of Oporto has been growing at an astonishing rhythm, and this due to an international exposure and also to the quality of the service provided. This means that the city has a huge patrimonial richness and is also one of the most important cities in our country. These cultural features attract the type of tourist that is growing all over the world – the City-Break tourist. To approach the historical connection that the city has with the sea, which some of the costumes and memories are still currently present today, this is the motivation behind this study. The outcome combining the patrimonial sites, converting them into a touristic and cultural itinerary contributes to the diversity of the offer on tourist points and the income. But more than it´s economical value the project intends to enhance the locations which are not included on the traditional touristic routes, or at least, including other advantages to the existing ones, but always keeping in mind the originality and memories of the locations. It is equally important to keep the link between the city and the Food specialties such as Tripas à Moda do Porto that is connected to the culture and people, being one of the Oporto local highlighted traditional dishes. To complete this work we went through 3 phases, the initial approach was to gather all information and analyze them throw primary and secondary research: the “on location” work by selecting the local points of interest, documenting it throw inventory papers and drawings of the itinerary: last but not least combining all input with a SWOT analyzes, marketing of the product and evaluation, also the historical analyses of the possible origin of its gastronomical traditions. Excluding the study of the guided tours as a test, analyze with evaluated questionnaire, however its inevitable clear that the History, the sea and the gastronomy, are the main factors encouraging the tourism in Oporto. Evidentially these reasons are more than enough to believe that this itinerary will increase the value of the Tourism market in Oporto.

The present paper examines interethnic and interreligious values in Turkish and Crimean folk legends. The folklore of both Crimea and Turkey has a multicultural background, which makes both corpuses of texts suitable for research. In the course of the study, a wide range of published Turkish and Crimean legends were reviewed and analysed. There are two deeply-rooted tendencies in the studied legends. First of all, the interethnic and interreligious relationships can be described as ghastly and cursed. Thus, antagonists in the legends are often from ethnic minorities or strangers in relation to domestic ethnic groups. However, if the texts are analysed thoroughly, we can see that there are important sacred cultural values at the core of the legends, including values of life, health, and divinity.

Ovaj rad će se baviti djelima poznate autorice, koja se nalaze u Pričama iz davnina u svrhu boljeg upoznavanja s književnim djelom, i tematikom ovog rada. Bajke Ivane Brlić-Mažuranić nadahnute su lokalnim i regionalnim legendama, te da bi napisala Priče iz davnine, Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić služila se predajama, preciznije govoreći - mitologijama. Mitologija upravo jest takva vrsta discipline koja zahtijeva određene povijesne, društvene, kulturološke činjenice koje su gotovo uvijek međusobno povezane. Književna djela poput Priča iz davnina su same po sebi višeslojne, te ih moramo gledati na taj način. This paper will deal with the works of a famous author, which are found in stories about the past, in order to increase the knowledge of the literary work, and the theme of this work. Fairy tales of Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić are inspired by the local and regional legends, and, to write Tales, Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić used the traditions, more specifically - mythologies. Mythology is precisely that kind of discipline that requires particular historical, social, cultural facts, that are almost always linked together. Literary works such as The Stories of the past are themselves multi-layered, and they have to be looked in that way.

Este artículo recoge los mitos en todos sus conceptos, desde la antigüedad hasta el mundo moderno, como medio de explotación del turismo. Incluye definiciones y hace un recorrido por los mitos de la provincia de Huelva y las posibilidades tecnológicas de explotación de este tipo de turismo, ya que no se puede omitir ningún medio o instrumento que colabore o ayude a la explotación del turismo This paper presents the myths in all their concepts, from antiquity to the modern world, as a mean of exploitation of tourism. It includes definitions and makes a journey through the myths of the province of Huelva and technological possibilities of exploitation of this type of tourism, since you can not skip any mean or instrument to work or help the exploitation of tourism

Este artículo recoge los mitos en todos sus conceptos, desde la antigüedad hasta el mundo moderno, como medio de explotación del turismo. Incluye definiciones y hace un recorrido por los mitos de la provincia de Huelva y las posibilidades tecnológicas de explotación de este tipo de turismo, ya que no se puede omitir ningún medio o instrumento que colabore o ayude a la explotación del turismo, This paper presents the myths in all their concepts, from antiquity to the modern world, as a mean of exploitation of tourism. It includes definitions and makes a journey through the myths of the province of Huelva and technological possibilities of exploitation of this type of tourism, since you can not skip any mean or instrument to work or help the exploitation of tourism