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Recent studies have revealed an interest in the composition of beer biomolecules as a colloidal system and their influence on the formation of beer taste. The purpose of this research was to establish biochemical interactions between the biomolecules of plant-based raw materials of beer in order to understand the overall structure of beer as a complex system of bound biomolecules. Generally accepted methods of analytical research in the field of brewing, biochemistry and proteomics were used to solve the research objectives. The studies allowed us to establish the relationship between the grain and plant-based raw materials used, as well as the processing technologies and biomolecular profiles of beer. The qualitative profile of the distribution of protein compounds as a framework for the formation of a colloidal system and the role of carbohydrate dextrins and phenol compounds are given. This article provides information about the presence of biogenic compounds in the structure of beer that positively affect the functioning of the body. A critical assessment of the influence of some parameters on the completeness of beer taste by biomolecules is given. Conclusion: the conducted analytical studies allowed us to confirm the hypothesis about the nitrogen structure of beer and the relationship of other biomolecules with protein substances, and to identify the main factors affecting the distribution of biomolecules by fractions.

β-glucan is a dietary fiber that is beneficial to human health, and its content varies according to its different parts, type of cereal grain, and growing environment. In this study, the β-glucan of milled rice, rice husk, and rice bran fractions, as well as the amylose content of milled rice fraction, from 38 selected rice-paddy grains from six regions of Thailand were quantitatively determined. The milled rice of the Sakon Nakhon (SN) cultivar grown in the northeast contained the highest β-glucan content (0.88 ± 0.03%), followed by the milled rice of the Jow Khao Chiangmai (JKC) cultivar (0.71 ± 0.03%) and rice bran of the Sew Mae Jan (SMJ) cultivar (0.67 ± 0.03%) grown in the north. The results reveal that the rice cultivars from each region showing variation in the β-glucan level in each fraction, which is mainly found in milled rice and rice bran, are similar to those found in other cereal grains, although low amounts are found in the husk. The amylose and β-glucan contents in the milled rice fraction showed a strong negative correlation (r = −0.805, p &lt, 0.0001). This new information about the β-glucan content of Thai rice cultivars could be used for the development of cereal-based functional food.

Introduction: It is recognized that the character and the quality of the malt is obtained during kilning. Moreover, the changes occurring during kilning affect mashing and wort quality. Objectives: Till now, in Greece, for the malt production other barley varieties rather than native ones are commonly used. Thus, this research aims to evaluate the effect of kilning temperature in improving malting ability of a Greek barley cultivar. Methods: Barley kernels were malted in the Food Process Engineering Laboratory - Pilot Plant of ATEITh (Thessaloniki). The malted barley was first dried at 40-45°C (dry malt) and then kilned. The kilning of germinated barley was performed at three different temperatures (80, 90 and 100°C for 6h), in order to produce three different malts. Barley, dry malt and malted kernels were analysed for their moisture, ash, protein and β-glucan content whereas their respective worts, for extract content of the malt, colour, specific gravity and specific viscosity. The total fermentable sugars as well as their profile were also determined. Finally, the malts were compared with a commercial malt. Results: Factors such as malt moisture, β-glucan content, malt colour, malt extract and specific viscosity were significantly affected by the kilning process. Contrary, the ash and protein contents in the malt were not significantly affected. The malt produced from the Greek barley cultivar showed β-glucan, specific gravity and specific viscosity values similar to the commercial sample. Conclusions: The present study revealed that the malt and wort quality of the Greek barley cultivar (Seirios) can be significantly improved by optimizing the kilning temperature., Introducción: Se reconoce que el carácter y la calidad de la malta se obtienen durante el secado. Además, los cambios que ocurren durante el secado en estufa afectan la maceración y la calidad del mosto. Objetivos: Hasta este momento, en Grecia, se usan habitualmente otras variedades de cebada en lugar de las nativas para la producción de malta. Por lo tanto, esta investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la temperatura del secado en estufa en la mejora de la capacidad de malteado de un cultivar de cebada griego. Métodos: Los granos de cebada fueron malteados en el laboratorio de Food Process Engineering - Pilot Plant de ATEITh (Thessaloniki). La cebada malteada se secó primero a 40-45 ° C (malta seca) y luego se tostó. El secado en estufa de la cebada germinada se realizó a tres temperaturas diferentes (80, 90 y 100 ° C durante 6 h), con el fin de producir tres maltas diferentes. La cebada, la malta seca y los granos malteados se analizaron por su contenido de humedad, cenizas, proteínas y β-glucano, mientras que sus respectivos mostos, por el contenido de extracto de la malta, el color, la gravedad y la viscosidad específica. También se determinaron los azúcares fermentables totales, así como su perfil. Finalmente, las maltas se compararon con una malta comercial. Resultados: Factores como la humedad de la malta, el contenido de β-glucano, el color de la malta, el extracto de malta y la viscosidad específica fueron afectados significativamente por el proceso de secado en estufa. Al contrario, los contenidos de cenizas y proteínas en la malta no se vieron afectados significativamente. La malta producida a partir del cultivar de cebada griego mostró β-glucano, gravedad específica y valores de viscosidad específicos similares a la muestra comercial. Conclusiones: : El presente estudio reveló que la calidad de malta y mosto del cultivar de cebada griego (Seirios) puede mejorarse significativamente al optimizar la temperatura del secado en estufa., Introdução: É reconhecido que o caráter e a qualidade do malte são obtidos durante a secagem. Além disso, as mudanças ocorridas durante a secagem afetam a qualidade do esmagamento e do mosto. Objetivos: Até agora, na Grécia, para a produção de malte, são comumente usadas outras variedades de cevada, em vez de nativas. Assim, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da temperatura de estufa na melhoria da capacidade de maltagem para cultivo da cevada grega. Métodos: Os grãos de cevada foram maltados no Food Process Engineering Laboratory - Pilot Plant of ATEITh (Thessaloniki). A cevada maltada foi primeiro seca a 40-45 °C (malte seco) e depois seca em estufa. A secagem da cevada germinada foi realizada a três temperaturas diferentes (80, 90 e 100 °C, por 6h), a fim de produzir três maltes diferentes. A cevada, malte seco e malte foram analisados quanto ao teor de humidade, cinzas, proteína e seus respetivos teores em β-glucana, teor de extrato do malte, cor, densidade e viscosidade específica. Também foram determinados o total de açúcares fermentáveis, bem como o seu perfil. Finalmente, os maltes foram comparados com um malte comercial. Resultados: Fatores como a humidade do malte, o teor de β-glucana, a cor do malte, o extrato de malte e a viscosidade específica foram significativamente afetados pelo processo de secagem em estufa. Pelo contrário, os teores de cinzas e proteínas no malte não foram significativamente afetados. O malte produzido a partir da cultivar de cevada grega mostrou um teor de β-glucana, gravidade específica e valores de viscosidade específicos semelhantes aos da amostra comercial. Conclusões: O presente estudo revelou que a qualidade do malte e do mosto da cultivar de cevada grega (Seirios) pode ser significativamente melhorada pela otimização da temperatura de estufa

β-Glucans are described as non-starch polysaccharides, characterized by (1→3), (1→4) β-D-glucose linkage. In human nutrition, they are regarded as extremely wanted because of their bioactive and medicinal properties. Since β-glucans comprise soluble fibres that have the ability to lower cholesterol, regulate blood sugar, reduce the risk of heart disease and colon cancer. Especially desirable are (1,3)-β-D-glucans because they act as immunomodulatory agents. The aim of this paper was to determine the mass fraction of β-glucans and the ratio of total and soluble β-glucans in barley and malt in domestic hulless barley varieties. Hulless barley is an accesible and cheap source of β-glucans. Four different domestic varieties of hulless barley obtained from the Agricultural Institute Osijek were examined. The results indicate that all tested varieties have higher β-glucans content than standard winter and spring varietes. Variety Matko showed close relation to the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) recommendations of 750 mg of soluble β-glucans per serving.

β-glucans are described as non-starch polysaccharides, characterized by (1→3), (1→4) β-D-glucose linkage. In human nutrition, they are regarded as extremely wanted because of their bioactive and medicinal properties. Since β-glucans comprize soluble fibres that have the ability to lower cholesterol, regulate blood sugar, reduce the risk of heart disease and colon cancer. Especially desirable are (1, 3)-β- D-glucans because they act as immunomodulatory agents. The aim of this paper was to determine the mass fraction of β-glucans and the ratio of total and soluble β-glucans in barley and malt in domestic hulles barley varieties. Hulles barley is an accesible and cheap source of β- glucans. Four different domestic varieties of hulles barley obtained from the Agricultural Institute Osijek were examined. The results indicate that all tested varieties have higher β-glucans content than standard winter and spring varietes. Variety Matko showed close relation to the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) recommendations of 750 mg of soluble β-glucans per serving.

Grain weight and protein content will be reduced and increased, respectively, when barley is subjected to water stress after anthesis, consequently deteriorating the malt quality. However, such adverse impact of water stress differs greatly among barley genotypes. In this study, two Tibetan wild barley accessions and two cultivated varieties differing in water stress tolerance were used to investigate the genotypic difference in metabolic profiles during grain-filling stage under drought condition. Totally, 71 differently accumulated metabolites were identified, including organic acids, amino acids/amines, and sugars/sugar alcohols. Their relative contents were significantly affected by water stress for all genotypes and differed distinctly between the wild and cultivated barleys. The principal component analysis of metabolites indicated that the Tibetan wild barley XZ147 possessed a unique response to water stress. When subjected to water stress, the wild barley XZ147 showed the most increase of β-amylase activity among the four genotypes, as a result of its higher lysine content, less indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis, more stable H2O2 homeostasis, and more up-regulation of BMY1 gene. On the other hand, XZ147 had the most reduction of β-glucan content under water stress than the other genotypes, which could be explained by the faster grain filling process and the less expression of β-glucan synthase gene GSL7. All these results indicated a great potential for XZ147 in barley breeding for improving water stress tolerance.

Two hull-less barley varieties were roller-milled, and breaks (B) and reduction flours (C), shorts, and bran were collected. Shorts, which mainly originate from endosperm cells with a smaller amount of the outer layers, had the largest yield (48.87&ndash, 51.54%). Ash (0.82&ndash, 3.10%) and protein (9.95&ndash, 14.8%) increased from flours toward shorts and bran, while starch decreased (82.31&ndash, 48.69%). In contrast to clear distribution differences in protein content (bran &gt, shorts &gt, C &gt, B), albumins/globulins content was lowest in bran (0.78&ndash, 0.90 g/100 gdw), and their distribution between fractions was uneven and genotype dependent. Distribution of hordeins (6.69&ndash, 10.49 g/100 gdw) was more distinct and generally decreased in order from bran &gt, B &gt, C. The proportion of nutritionally poor C-hordeins in total hordeins varied from 28.33% to 30.24%, without significant differences between fractions. The &beta, glucan content varied from 0.80% to 7.49% with decreasing content in the order bran, shorts &gt, B. Shorts and bran could be classified as moderate and high &beta, glucan flour (5.70&ndash, 7.22%). The total phenolic and antioxidant activities ranged from 0.91 to 2.21 mg GAE/gdw and 28.81&ndash, 72.06%, respectively. Ferulic and sinapic acids determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were major contributors to the antioxidant activity (45.16&ndash, 1026.91 ug/gdw and 18.93&ndash, 206.52 ug/gdw), respectively. The yield and high content of phytonutrients make hull-less barley shorts suitable for the production of health-promoting food and food supplements.

β-Glucan content and β-glucanase activity of winter and spring barley cultivars grown under different environments were evaluated. There were signifi cant differences in both β-glucan content and β-glucanase activity between analysed barleys. The results showed that, for all cultivars and locations, approximately 75% of β-glucan present in grains was degraded after malting, and that marked differences existed among winter and spring type of cultivars in malt β-glucan content. The correlation analysis of β-glucan content and malt quality parameters showed that malt β-glucan content was signifi cantly positively correlated with viscosity and extract difference, and negatively with malt β-glucanase activity and friability. Regarding malt β-glucanase activity, signifi cantly higher activity was found in spring cultivars in contrast to winter cultivars.

The cultivar and environmental variations of β-glucan content in grains and malt and malt β-glucanase activity were investigated in 6 barley cultivars grown in two different environments. Three winter cultivars (Zlatko, Barun and Vanessa) and three spring cultivars (Fran, Matej and Scarlett) were collected from experimental fields of the Agricultural Institute Osijek. Prior to micromalting the barley samples were analyzed for crude protein content by NIT method and β-glucan content. Grain protein content varied from 9.93% to 11.60%, and β-glucan content varied from 3.5% to 6.0%. Malt analyses were done according to the EBC official methods and the following parameters were determined: malt extract content, extract difference between fine and coarse grind malt, viscosity, friability, β-glucan content in malt and malt β-glucanase activity. A significant differences were found among winter and spring cultivars in extract difference, viscosity and friability, while statistically justified difference in malt extract content among winter and spring cultivars was not observed. The cultivar and environmental variations of β-glucan content were much higher in malt than in grains. Regarding malt β-glucanase activity, the significantly higher activity was found in spring cultivars, in contrast to winter cultivars.