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Albert Ladenburg (1842-1911) was an outstanding German chemist and historian of chemistry of the second half of the 19th century. He ascertained the formula of ozone as O3 and proposed a triangular prism structure for the molecule of benzene. He studied the structure of aromatic hydrocarbons and organic compounds of silicon and tin, and devoted his work to explaining the structure of alkaloids and their synthesis. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Ladenburg and his writing and research activities, in particular some of his experimental results, as well as his selected publications.

Friedrich Konrad Beilstein (1838-1906) was one of the most prominent chemists of the second half of the nineteenth century. His life and scientific achievements were described in the literature published between the 19th and 21st centuries in different countries. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Beilstein and his research activities, in particular some of his experimental research results, as well as his selected publications. In addition, the names of authors of biographies or biographical notes about Beilstein, published in 1890-2018 are presented.

This study explores the tensions inherent in place branding consulting, by problematising the prescriptive and functionalistic view of consultants that characterises the place branding literature. If consultants’ pervasive impact on the contemporary place branding practice cannot be ignored, their fixed representation as powerful agents of top-down policies might limit more holistic accounts of consultancy practice. Indeed, consultants can find themselves mediating between bottom-up and top-down approaches to place branding. Thus, they can decide to promote more inclusive activities that give voice to local communities, while simultaneously addressing the needs of urban elites that are likely to pay the consultancy bill. Liminality is suggested as an appropriate idea to challenge role fixity and appreciate the ambiguity of place branding consultancy. The study reports self-reflective accounts from a case study on Rio de Janeiro, where the first author was involved in a three-year activity of working with stakeholders to stimulate a more inclusive public debate on city-brand management. Charting, snowballing, coopting consultants, informal advising, feeding and scientific arming are the six types of consulting practices of stakeholder engagement that the study identifies in order to offering a more nuanced representation of place brand consulting.

W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki z badania, którego celem było rozpoznanieopinii studentów wychowania fizycznego wobec form rasizmu i dyskryminacjirasowej, przejawianych przez kibiców. Dla jego realizacji, na podstawieanalizy literatury przedmiotu, opracowano kwestionariusz „Rasizm stadionowy”,który pozwolił, w miarę całościowo, opisać poglądy studentów, przyszłych nauczycieli,o znanych z praktyki formach rasizmu i dyskryminacji rasowej, przejawianychprzez kibiców na stadionach. Wśród nich były powszechnie uważane za obelżyweprzyśpiewki, piosenki, okrzyki, skandowania, naklejki, napisy oraz symbole eksponowanena transparentach i flagach. Starano się rozpoznać psychologiczne wartościstudentów w kategoriach obraźliwe/nieobraźliwe, przynoszące wstyd Polsce/klubowipiłkarskiemu oraz akceptację przez nich mowy nienawiści, przyjmując eksponowanieróżnych form rasizmu i dyskryminacji rasowej przez kibiców jako pomysłowe.Analiza zebranych danych ukazała sprzeciw większości studentów, przyszłych nauczycieliwychowania fizycznego, wobec przejawów ksenofobii, rasizmu i dyskrymi-nacji na polskich stadionach. Przejawianie takich zachowań dla około 60% badanychjest niedopuszczalne, albowiem przynoszą one wstyd Polsce i klubom piłkarskim.Zaobserwowane różnice w opiniach studentów i studentek były zauważalne (na niekorzyśćstudentów), aczkolwiek nieistotne statystycznie. Uzyskane wyniki mogą byćwykorzystane w praktyce kształcenia przyszłych nauczycieli nie tylko wychowaniafizycznego, w realizacji zadań, dotyczących przygotowania ucznia do roli kibica,i manifestowania akceptowanych społecznie zachowań podczas imprez sportowych., This article presents the results of study with the aim of recognizing physicaleducation students’ opinions in relation to racism and racial forms of discriminationdisplayed by fans. To realize this aim, the questionnaire „Stadium Racism – RS”was constructed on basis of analysis of literature. That made it possible just enough asa whole, to describe students’ opinion, the future teachers, about well-known formsof racism and racial discrimination displayed by fans at stadiums, namely abusivesongs, shouts, chanting, stickers, inscriptions, and symbols on banners and flags. Theauthors of the article have tried to recognize students’ psychological values in offensive/non-offensivecategories, bringing shame on Poland or the football club, as wellas their approval of hate speech, accepting forms of racism and racial discriminationby fans as inventive. The analysis of the data gathered showed the opposition of a majority of physical education students, the future teachers, toward signs of xenophobia,and to racism and discrimination in Polish stadiums. For about 60 percent of thestudents, such behaviors are unacceptable because they bring the shame on Polandand the football clubs. Observed differences in male and female students’ opinionswere perceptible (to the male students’ disadvantage), if statistically unimportant.Achieved results may be used in practice educating future teachers, not only of physicaleducation, in the execution of tasks concerning preparing primary and secondaryeducation students for the role of fans and manifesting accepted socially behaviorsduring sports parties.

This is a survey of the literature concerning the empiric rule developed by Vladimir Vasilyevich Markovnikov in 1869 and its various, unauthentic versions, which are available in the organic chemistry textbooks published in the XX and XXI centuries. This survey is supplemented with: 1) information about Markovnikov’s chemical research, 2) selected facts of his life., Substantia, Vol 3 No 2 (2019)

Although radioactive iodine imaging and therapy are one of the earliest applications of theranostics, there still remain a number of unresolved clinical questions as to the optimization of diagnostic techniques and dosimetry protocols. I-124 as a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer has the potential to improve the current clinical practice in the diagnosis and treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. The higher sensitivity and spatial resolution of PET/computed tomography (CT) compared to standard gamma scintigraphy can aid in the detection of recurrent or metastatic disease and provide more accurate measurements of metabolic tumor volumes. However the complex decay schema of I-124 poses challenges to quantitative PET imaging. More prospective studies are needed to define optimal dosimetry protocols and to improve patient-specific treatment planning strategies, taking into account not only the absorbed dose to tumors but also methods to avoid toxicity to normal organs. A historical perspective of I-124 imaging and dosimetry as well as future concepts are discussed.Radyoaktif iyot görüntüleme ve tedavisi teranostiğin ilk uygulamalarından biri olmasına rağmen, halen tanı teknikleri ve dozimetri protokollerinin optimizasyonu ile ilgili çözümlenmemiş klinik sorular bulunmaktadır. Pozitron emisyon tomografi (PET) radyofarmasötiği olarak I-124, mevcut klinik uygulamada diferansiye tiroid kanserlerinin tanı ve tedavisini geliştirme potansiyeline sahiptir. Standart gamma sintigrafisi ile karşılaştırıldığında PET/bilgisayarlı tomografinin yüksek duyarlılık ve uzaysal çözünürlüğü nüks veya metastatik hastalığın saptanmasında yardımcı olabilir ve metabolik tümör hacimlerinin daha doğru ölçülmesini sağlayabilir. I-124’ün karmaşık bozunma süreci kantitatif PET görüntüleme için zorluklar teşkil etmektedir. Optimum dozimetre protokollerini tanımlamak ve hastaya özgü tedavi planlama stratejilerini sadece tümör tarafından abzorbe edilen doza değil normal organlara toksisiteyi önleyecek metotlara dayanarak iyileştirecek prospektif çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır. I-124 görüntüleme ve doz ölçümünün tarihsel perspektifi ile gelecekteki kavramlar tartışılmıştır.

T: W pracy zaprezentowany wyniki z badania, którego celem było poznanie opinii studentów wychowania fizycznego na temat ich zachowań na zajęciach dydaktycznych i w szkole. W badaniu uczestniczyło 142 studentów z drugiego roku studiów na Wydziale Wychowania Fizycznego AWFiS w Gdańsku. Wśród badanych było 53 studentki i 89 studentów, których wiek zawierał się w przedziale od 19 do 24 lat. W badaniu wykorzystano kwestionariusz SPZS, zawierający 73 stwierdzenia z opisami pożądanych zachowań studentów w sali dydaktycznej i szkole wg Grimley’a i wsp. (2004). Charakterystyczne dla ponad 50% badanych studentów okazało się to, że zdecydowane oceny typu „zawsze lub prawie zawsze”,„nigdy lub prawie nigdy”, najczęściej odnosili do zachowań innych osób. Zdecydowana większość okazywała szacunek dla wartości, tzn. „nigdy lub prawie nigdy” nie okradała innych, nie uszkadzała,nie niszczyła mienia szkolnego, a jednocześnie nie doceniała i nie dbała o własność innych ludzi. Zróżnicowanie zebranych danych ze względu na płeć badanych ukazało znamienne różnice dla 11 spośród 73 stwierdzeń. Najwięcej różnic ujawniło się w odpowiedziach dotyczących poczucia wartości studentów.

Neutron transport calculation is a key factor in BNCT numerical dosimetry assessments where thermal neutron flux is intimately related to the neutron dose, specially, the therapeutic boron dose. In this work, numerical calculations in phantoms were performed to determine the importance of utilizing the appropriate thermal scattering treatment for different organic tissues. Two thermal treatments for the neutron scattering were included in the simulations: hydrogen bounded in bulk water and hydrogen bounded in a lipid like carbon chain (polyethylene). The results showed difference between both thermal treatments that can reach several percent points depending on the type of source and irradiated geometry.

Neutron generators based on inertial electrostatic confinement fusion were considered for the design of a neutron irradiation facility for explanted organ Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) that could be installed in a health care center as well as in research areas. The chosen facility configuration is "irradiation chamber", a ~20×20×40 cm(3) cavity near or in the center of the facility geometry where samples to be irradiated can be placed. Neutron flux calculations were performed to study different manners for improving scattering processes and, consequently, optimize neutron flux in the irradiation position. Flux distributions were assessed through numerical simulations of several models implemented in MCNP5 particle transport code. Simulation results provided a wide spectrum of combinations of net fluxes and energy spectrum distributions. Among them one can find a group that can provide thermal neutron fluxes per unit of production rate in a range from 4.1·10(-4) cm(-2) to 1.6·10(-3) cm(-2) with epithermal-to-thermal ratios between 0.3% and 13% and fast-to-thermal ratios between 0.01% to 8%. Neutron generators could be built to provide more than 10(10) n s(-1) and, consequently, with an arrangement of several generators appropriate enough neutron fluxes could be obtained that would be useful for several BNCT-related irradiations and, eventually, for clinical practice.

This paper develops a critical assessment of a marketing practitioner’s activities in her attempt to foster a pubic debate in Rio de Janeiro about the need of a more rigorous city brand management strategy. The study contributes to bridging the theory and the practice of place branding through the joint effort of a practitioner and an academic researcher, acting as a sounding board, in discussing the main challenges lying in place branding stakeholders engagement. The main challenges relate to the overlapping between different areas of policy making (and then different political bodies at stake), the clash between the sense of urgency characterising the attitude of Rio city government and the time needed to devliver the proper educational/training activities necessary for an ethical place branding thinking.

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is an experimental therapy for tumors which is based on the nuclear reaction that occurs when 10 B is irradiated with thermal neutrons. Calculations for BNCT with Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) take into account the thermal scattering treatment for hydrogen bound in bulk water for any organic tissue. However, in these tissues, hydrogen is also present in macromolecules (protein, lipids, etc.) and in confined water. Thermal scattering cross section for hydrogen in an organic tissue can be determined by calculating the scattering law S(α,β). This function can be obtained with the nuclear data processing system NJOY from the vibrational frequency spectrum of an atom in a molecular system. We performed calculations of the frequency spectrum from molecular dynamics simulations using the program GROMACS. Systems composed of a peptide in a water box were considered, with different proportions of water molecules. All-atom potentials for modeling this molecules were used in order to represent the internal vibrational normal modes for the atoms of hydrogen. The results showed several internal normal modes that in the case of hydrogen bound in bulk water do not appear.

A PGNAA facility is being developed for 10 B concentration measurements at RA-3 reactor. Its design targets detection limits better than tenths of a microgram and irradiation times on the order of minutes. Computational models were developed, which estimated thermal neutron fluxes in irradiation position to be larger than 10 9 n cm −2 s −1 . Calculated amounts of photons and fast neutrons make necessary for filter/moderator arrangements. An irradiation device was designed and numerically tested, which is being built and is to be used for performing characterizing measurements.

Purpose: A rhodium self-powered neutron detector (Rh SPND) has been specifically developed by the Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica (CNEA) of Argentina to measure locally and in real time thermal neutron fluxes in patients treated with boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). In this work, the thermal and epithermal neutron response of the Rh SPND was evaluated by studying the detector response to two different reactor spectra. In addition, during clinical trials of the BNCT Project of the CNEA, on-line neutron flux measurements using the specially designed detector were assessed. Methods: The first calibration of the detector was done with the well-thermalized neutron spectrum of the CNEA RA-3 reactor thermal column. For this purpose, the reactor spectrum was approximated by a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution in the thermal energy range. The second calibration was done at different positions along the central axis of a water-filled cylindrical phantom, placed in the mixed thermal-epithermal neutron beam of CNEA RA-6 reactor. In this latter case, the RA-6 neutron spectrum had been well characterized by both calculation and measurement, and it presented some marked differences with the ideal spectrum considered for SPND calibrations at RA-3. In addition, the RA-6 neutron spectrum varied with depth in the watermore » phantom and thus the percentage of the epithermal contribution to the total neutron flux changed at each measurement location. Local (one point-position) and global (several points-positions) and thermal and mixed-field thermal neutron sensitivities were determined from these measurements. Thermal neutron flux was also measured during BNCT clinical trials within the irradiation fields incident on the patients. In order to achieve this, the detector was placed on patient's skin at dosimetric reference points for each one of the fields. System stability was adequate for this kind of measurement. Results: Local mixed-field thermal neutron sensitivities and global thermal and mixed-field thermal neutron sensitivities derived from measurements performed at the RA-6 were compared and no significant differences were found. Global RA-6-based thermal neutron sensitivity showed agreement with pure thermal neutron sensitivity measurements performed in the RA-3 spectrum. Additionally, the detector response proved nearly unchanged by differences in neutron spectra from real (RA-6 BNCT beam) and ideal (considered for calibration calculations at RA-3) neutron source descriptions. The results confirm that the special design of the Rh SPND can be considered as having a pure thermal response for neutron spectra with epithermal-to-thermal flux ratios up to 12%. In addition, the linear response of the detector to thermal flux allows the use of a mixed-field thermal neutron sensitivity of 1.95 {+-} 0.05 x 10{sup -21} A n{sup -1}{center_dot}cm{sup 2}{center_dot}s. This sensitivity can be used in spectra with up to 21% epithermal-to-thermal flux ratio without significant error due to epithermal neutron and gamma induced effects. The values of the measured fluxes in clinical applications had discrepancies with calculated results that were in the range of -25% to +30%, which shows the importance of a local on-line independent measurement as part of a treatment planning quality control system. Conclusions: The usefulness of the CNEA Rh SPND for the on-line local measurement of thermal neutron flux on BNCT patients has been demonstrated based on an appropriate neutron spectra calibration and clinical applications.« less

A metabolite of the fungus Meira argovae Boekhout, Scorzetti, Gerson & Sztejnberg (Exobasidiomycetidae) was assayed as an antagonist of mites. Separation of extracted fungal metabolites by reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), with subsequent testing of the obtained fractions, allowed us to isolate a single mite-antagonistic fraction (also active against a bacterium) that primarily includes one major component. This active compound (herein termed ‘argovin') was identified by analyzing its spectral characteristics as 4,5-dihydroxyindan-1-one, which has previously only been described as a product of chemical reactions. The growth rate of the fungus was higher at a neutral pH than at an acidic one. Meira argovae adjusts the pH of its media to values optimal for its colony growth and toxic secretions. RPLC-cleaned argovin at 0.2 mg ml⁻¹ killed 100% of a population of the citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Acari: Eriophyidae). This trait may be used to control citrus rust mites in the field, as well as for toxin production for industrial and pharmaceutical uses.

The effect of three basidiomycetous fungi, Meira geulakonigii, M. argovae and Acaromyces ingoldii on strains of seven phytopathogenic fungal species was assayed in the laboratory. The phytopathogens were placed on dialysis membranes covering media in which the basidiomycetous fungi were formerly cultured. A. ingoldii inhibited the growth of all phytopathogens tested, whereas Meira spp. suppressed their growth to a lesser extent. Upon being returned to extract-free media, all phytopathogens resumed their growth, suggesting a fungistatic effect of the basidiomycetous fungi. These fungi inhibited the growth of Sclerotina sclerotiorum on tomato leaves for a few days and Meira spp. hindered the infection of oranges by Penicillium digitatum, whereas A. ingoldii was less effective. Results of preliminary biochemical assays suggest that neither competition for hydrocarbons nor secreted proteases are responsible for the inhibitory activity of the basidiomycetous fungi, which was probably due to the secretion of unidentified substances by these fungi.

Radiation dose calculation engine as a base for X-ray radiation treatment planning has been developed using Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit and applying highly efficient voxel geometry with flexible material definition. With this engine we can easily customize flexible patient and beam modules, thus obtaining a common backend applicable to various radiation therapy planning systems. The engine was tested using the available experimental data for a water phantom and using the real CT data in X-ray therapies; the calculated doses were compared also against the MCNP5/X values. The results show that this Geant4 based radiation dose calculation engine has much higher computational speed than the models generated by an MCNP5/X-based treatment planning tool without any loss of accuracy. In addition, Geant4 is an open source code and applies no restrictions to the users.

Selective internal radiation treatment (SIRT) via intrahepatic arterial administration of 90Y microspheres is an effective therapeutic modality. The conventional and generally applied MIRD schema is based on the premise that the distribution of microspheres in the liver parenchyma is uniform. In reality, however, the distribution of the microspheres follows a distinct pattern, requiring that a model be developed to more appropriately estimate radiation absorbed doses to the different structural/functional elements of the hepatic microanatomy. Methods: A systematic investigation was performed encompassing a conventional average absorbed dose assessment, a compartmental macrodosimetric approach that accounts for the anticipated higher tumor–to–normal liver activity concentration ratio, dose point-kernel convolution–derived estimates, and Monte Carlo dose estimates employing a spherical and 3-dimensional hexagonal liver model, including various subunits of the hepatic anatomy, down to the micrometer level. Results: Detailed specifics of the radiation dose deposition of 90Y microspheres demonstrated a rapid decrease in absorbed dose in and around the portal tracts where the microspheres are deposited. The model also demonstrated that the hepatocellular parenchymal and central vein doses could be at significant levels because of a cross-fire effect. Conclusion: The reported microstructural dosimetry models can help in the detailed assessment of the dose distributions in the hepatic functional subunits and in relating these doses to their effects. These models have also revealed that the there is a consistent relationship between the average liver dose as calculated by MIRD macrodosimetry and the structural dosimetry estimates in support of the clinical utility of the MIRD methodology. This relationship could be used to more realistically assess patterns of hepatic toxicity associated with the 90Y SIRT treatment.

Conditions affecting germination and growth of Fusarium mangiferae, causal agent of mango malformation disease, were studied in vitro. Both conidial germination and colony growth required temperatures >5°C and reached a peak at 28 and 25°C, respectively. A minimum 2-h wetness period was required for conidial germination, reaching a peak after 8 h of wetness. High incidence of fungal colonization in buds, predominantly the apical buds, was detected compared with inoculated leaves. The pathogen was detected in the roots of inoculated soil 19 weeks postinoculation but not in aboveground parts of the plants, and symptoms of the disease were not observed, either. Dry, malformed inflorescence debris serving as a source of inoculum caused significantly higher colonization (52 and 20%) of inoculated buds, compared with that (0%) of the untreated controls. Incidence of sampled leaf disks bearing propagules of F. mangiferae from an infected orchard peaked in June and July and decreased during the following months, whereas airborne infections on 1-month-old branches was the highest in May and June, corresponding with inoculum availability released from infected inflorescences. Colonization pattern, determined in naturally infected vegetative and woody branches, was significantly higher in node sections than in the internode sections. This study sheds light on infection dynamics, colonization patters, and the disease cycle of F. mangiferae in mango.

The role of the mango bud mite, Aceria mangiferae, in carrying conidia of Fusarium mangiferae, vectoring them into potential infection sites, and assisting fungal infection and dissemination was studied. Following the mite's exposure to a green fluorescent protein-marked isolate, conidia were observed clinging to the mite's body. Agar plugs bearing either bud mites or the pathogen were placed on leaves near the apical buds of potted mango plants. Conidia were found in bud bracts only when both mites and conidia were co-inoculated on the plant, demonstrating that the mite vectored the conidia into the apical bud. Potted mango plants were inoculated with conidia in the presence or absence of mites. Frequency and severity of infected buds were significantly higher in the presence of mites, revealing their significant role in the fungal infection process. Conidia and mite presence were monitored with traps in a diseased orchard over a 2-year period. No windborne bud mites bearing conidia were found; however, high numbers of windborne conidia were detected in the traps. These results suggest that A. mangiferae can carry and vector conidia between buds and assist in fungal penetration but does not play a role in the aerial dissemination of conidia between trees.

The effects of several spray and climate treatments on Leveillula taurica were tested under controlled and commercial greenhouse conditions either alone or combined with a climate treatment. Ampelomyces quisqualis AQ10 inhibited the germination of conidia on leaves, but not on glass. Trichoderma harzianum T39 inhibited germination on both surfaces. Neither the examined biological control agents (BCAs) nor the two tested mineral oils (AddQ and JMS Stylet-Oil) affected the viability of conidia. Sulphur drastically limited the germination and viability of L. taurica. In experiments at 15–25°C, AQ10 alone reduced hyphal leaf colonisation at 25°C. T. harzianum T39 significantly reduced leaf colonisation at all temperatures but significantly reduced disease only at 20–25°C. The oils significantly reduced leaf colonisation and sulphur reduced both leaf colonisation and disease at all temperatures. Results were confirmed in an experimental greenhouse. In a field experiment, azoxystrobin, polyoxin AL, neem extract, and T39 were effective; sulphur was superior to them. Under severe epidemic conditions the disease had a negative impact on yield; late fungicide treatments at spring-time were found unnecessary. Chemical sprays applied in alternation was compared with the ‘friendly’ spray regime (alternation of Heliosoufre, T. harzianum T39 + JMS Stylet oil, A. quisqualis AQ10+AddQ oil and Neemgard) in two climates i.e. (i.) day warm climate and (ii.) regular (cool) day climate regimes. In the warm climate, there was no significant difference in the performance of the ‘friendly’ spray regime and the chemical spray regime. However, in the cooler climate, the ‘friendly’ spray programme was not as effective as the chemical spray programme. It was concluded that a change in the greenhouse climate may affect the development of powdery mildew and, at the same time, promote the activity of BCAs and render a pathogen more vulnerable to these control agents, allowing for better disease suppression.

We review published and unpublished studies conducted in Israel with six acaropathogenic fungi, assayed in order to control the citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (CRM). Hirsutella thompsonii Fisher was introduced twice, killed 80–90% of the exposed mites, but due to its requirements for near-saturation humidities was deemed unsuitable for local outdoors conditions. Hirsutella kirchneri (Rostrup) Minter et al. and Hirsutella necatrix Minter et al. were also introduced and assayed against CRM and spider mites, but their efficacy was unsatisfactory. Three indigenous fungi found to be associated with mites, Meira geulakonigii, Meira argovae and Acaromyces ingoldii—all three recently described by Boekhout, Gerson, Scorzetti & Sztejnberg—were assayed against several mites. Meira geulakonigii killed 80–90% of several spider mites and of the CRM, and caused some mortality of Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese), one out of three phytoseiid predators assayed. Mortality was not due to parasitization; extracts from the media in which the fungi had developed caused considerable mite death, suggesting that it was a result of fungal toxins. Data from a field study indicated that spraying blastoconidia of M. geulakonigii on grapefruits infested by CRM significantly reduced pest-incurred damage from 23 to 13%. Applying qRT-PCR methodology indicated that M. geulakonigii was endophytic within sealed grapefruit flowers and in the flavedo of the fruits’ peel. Neither in the laboratory nor in the field was any evidence ever obtained that this fungus damaged the plants, leading us to hypothesize that M. geulakonigii serves as a “body guard” of grapefruits (and perhaps other plants as well). All three fungi suffered very little mortality after being exposed to various insecticides and acaricides that are in current local use (with the exception of sulfur). The ability of M. geulakonigii to reduce mite numbers without affecting the host plant, the minimal fungal effect on some predatory mites, its endophytic nature along with the apparent tolerance of M. geulakonigii to many insecticides and acaricides, suggest that this fungus could be suitable for integrated pest management (IPM) program.

Aims: The fungus Meira geulakonigii has been shown to reduce populations of citrus rust mite (CRM; Phyllocoptruta oleivora) on citrus leaves and fruits, in both the field and laboratory. However, attempts to isolate the fungus from leaves and fruits have been unsuccessful. The aims of this study were therefore to determine whether M. geulakonigii is a citrus endophyte, and to assess possible mechanisms involved in its mite-antagonist activity. Methods and Results: A quantitative real-time PCR and regular PCR approaches were developed to detect M. geulakonigii in both the field and laboratory. The fungus was detected throughout. Different methods revealed that M. geulakonigii is an endophyte, which colonizes both the peel of grapefruits. Applications of conidia protected the grapefruits against CRM, and fungal secretions extracted from growth media caused 100% CRM mortality. Conclusions: Meira geulakonigii is a beneficial endophyte of grapefruits that colonizes the fruit’s peel, and protects it from CRM. Significance and Impact of the Study: Findings from this study demonstrate the endophytic nature of M. geulakonigii in its interaction with grapefruits. In addition, a molecular approach was developed to specifically detect the fungus inside the grapefruit peel. This approach can be used to assess the natural occurrence of M. geulakonigii in grapefruit.

The effect of colored shade nets with different shade intensities and qualities of irradiation transmittance on pepper powdery mildew was tested in mini-plots and field experiments. Leaf coverage byLeveillula taurica and leaf shedding due to the disease were more severe in the shade, by up to 275% and 70%, respectively, than in the open field. Leaf coverage byL. taurica symptoms and leaf shedding from plants grown under 25% shade black nets were higher, by up to 70% and 180%, respectively, than under 40% shade nets. The color of the shade nets affected the intensity of photosynthetically active (PAR), ultra-violet (UV), blue, red and far red radiations, the UV/blue light ratio, and percent PAR and UV transmitted. The various nets suppressed the disease differently. Black, blue-silver, green and red nets were associated with lower levels of disease in the field experiments. The red net was also superior in the mini-plots. The other results from the mini-plots were not similar to those from the field, probably reflecting more intensive epidemic development in the mini-plots. No interaction between net type and cultivar was found when two cultivars were grown under the nets. Yield was higher under nets than in the open; nevertheless, the yield from plants grown under the 40% shade black net was not higher than that of the plants under the 25% black net, despite the significantly lower levels of disease at the higher shade intensity. B-quality pepper yield was significantly higher in the plots covered by 25% shade. Yield differences between the different colored nets were also not well correlated with disease levels, probably due to factors negating the direct effect of the nets on the plants and their yield. Implementation of either ‘friendly’ (Ampelomyces quisqualis AQ10/Trichoderma harzianum T39/ sulfur/ neem seed extract) or chemical (sulfur/ pyrifenox/ Polyoxin AL/ myclobutanil/ azoxystrobin) spray regimes successfully reduced disease severity under the different nets. There was no interaction between net type and spray regime. Thus, growing sweet pepper under shade nets results in increased yields and also in higher powdery mildew severity. Disease is negatively associated with the rate of shading and is variably affected by the quality of light filtered through the different colored shade nets.

Mango malformation, caused by the fungus Fusarium mangiferae, is one of the major diseases of this crop occurring worldwide. This study was conducted to investigate aspects of the epidemiology, survival and spread of the pathogen in general and specifically in seedlings, the majority of which are cultivated in infected orchards in Egypt. Survival of conidia of a representative isolate (506/2) declined very rapidly in soil under summer conditions (1·6 weeks for 50% population decline), but significantly less in controlled and winter conditions (17·9 and 15·0 weeks, respectively, for 50% population decline). Likewise, inoculum survival in naturally infected panicles on the soil surface declined faster than in those buried at 30-cm depths. Natural infections were evaluated on fruits and seeds in a heavily infected and a healthy orchard. In infected trees, the skins of all sampled fruits within a 2-m radius of infected panicles were infected, but the pathogen was not detected in the seeds, seed coats or flesh. The pathogen was not detected in any parts of fruits from a healthy orchard. Vegetatively malformed mango seedlings, growing under infected trees bearing infected panicles, were sampled in two locations in Egypt to determine whether infection in seedlings was systemic (evenly distributed within plant tissue) or whether the pathogen originated from malformed panicles. According to PCR-specific primer amplification, the pathogen was detected in 97% of seedling apical meristems, declining gradually to 5% colonization in roots. It was concluded that inoculum of the pathogen originates from infected panicles and affects seedlings from the meristem, with infections descending to lower stem sections and roots. Minor infections of roots may occur from inoculum originating from infected panicles, but the pathogen is not seedborne.

W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki z badania, którego celem była ocena dystansu społecznego wobec przejawów dyskryminacji w deklaracjach studentów I i II roku kierunku Wychowania Fizycznego (studia licencjackie). Do realizacji tego celu wykorzystano polską wersję kwestionariusza „Dystans społeczny – DS”, opracowanego na podstawie oryginalnej skali dystansu społecznego Bogardusa. Okazało się, że badani studenci najmniejszy dystans społeczny deklarowali wobec katolików (M = 2,03, SD = 1,76 – kategoria „wyznawcy religii”), a największy wobec Romów (Cyganów) (M = 5,36, SD = 1,99 – kategoria „osoby z określonej grupy etnicznej i regionalnej”). Różnica pomiędzy średnimi ocen dystansu społecznego deklarowanymi wobec gejów przez badanych zróżnicowanych ze względu na płeć okazała się istotna statystycznie na poziomie p < 0,05. Średnia ocena dystansu społecznego w deklaracjach studentów okazała się wyższa od średniej oceny dystansu społecznego deklarowanego przez studentki., This article presents the results of a study whose aim was the assessment of social distance in relation to symptoms of discrimination in the first and second years of Physical Education (bachelor’s degree) students’ declarations. To realize this aim, the authors used the Polish version of Questionnaire “Social Distance – DS,” worked out on the basis of the original Bogardus social distance scale. Results showed that students declared the smallest social distance in relation to Catholics (M = 2,03, SD = 1,76 – “adherents of religions” category) and the biggest in relation to Roma people (Gypsies) (M = 5,36, SD = 1,99 – “persons from definite ethnic and regional group” category). The difference between mean ratings of social distance declared by male and female students in relation to gay men turned out to be statistically significant on level p < 0,05. The mean rating declared by male students turned out higher from the mean rating declared by female students.

The Basidiomycotine fungi Meira geulakonigii, Meira argovae and Acaromyces ingoldii were assayed in the laboratory against five species of herbivorous mites: Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Eriophyidae), Panonychus citri, Eutetranychus orientalis, Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus cinnabarinus (all four Tetranychidae). All fungi caused significantly high mortality rates (as compared to controls) after 14 days, some after 1 week. Phyllocoptruta oleivora was the most susceptible, showing >80% mortality even after 1 week. In a field trial, grapefruits sprayed either once a month or once a season with M. geulakonigii had significantly fewer P. oleivora and less damage than unsprayed fruit. These results suggest that M. geulakonigii may protect grapefruits against the injurious P. oleivora.

Scytalidium wilt, caused by Scytalidium lignicola, has become prevalent on ‚Star Ruby’ grapefruit in orchards in the Jordan Valley, an area with a warm climate in the north of Israel. It occurs in the summer in certain years, soon after extreme hot and dry weather conditions have prevailed for several consecutive days, but not in other years with regular summer temperatures. The effect of temperature conditions before and after inoculation with S. lignicola on disease development on ‚Star Ruby’ was studied in greenhouse chambers with three day/night temperature regimes: ‚Very Hot’ (47 °C/34 °C); ‚Hot’ (36 °C/28 °C); and ‚Moderate’ (30 °C/20 °C). Among the pre-inoculation regimes, ‚Very Hot’ was most conducive to infection, whereas the ‚Hot’ regime sustained canker development only when followed by a ‚Very Hot’ post-inoculation regime. The moderate pre-inoculation conditions appeared to have a negligible, if any, effect on canker development, even with a ‚Very Hot’ post-inoculation regime. Wilt developed in infected saplings if they were exposed to the ‚Very Hot’ temperature regime either pre- or post-inoculation, but did not develop under the cooler conditions. Saplings of ‚Star Ruby’ exposed to a ‚Very Hot’ regime developed heat-stress symptoms, similar to those observed on ‚Star Ruby’ in the Jordan Valley. Under a constant ‚Very Hot’ regime, both canker expansion and subsequent foliar wilt developed on ‚Flame’, but not on ‚Marsh Seedless’ or ‚Rio Red’ grapefruit. The study confirmed an hypothesis that predisposition induced by extremely hot temperature is a prerequisite for infection of susceptible hosts by S. lignicola.

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to investigate how secondary school teachers adaptively make use of the classroom learning environment. The approach illustrates the intimate relationship between teaching style, learning style and the adaptive use of space as well as the preferences for different learning environments.Design/methodology/approach – A multi method study approach was used to carry out the research. Two main methods were used in the study. In the first method, trainee teachers recorded spatial observations (mapping). Maps of the chemistry classrooms were produced. The observers marked all fixed, semi‐fixed and flexible elements in the classroom space. The second method involved two questionnaires. The first questionnaire (Principles of Adult Learning Scale (PALS)) was used to identify and describe teachers' teaching styles. The second questionnaire (Questionnaire of the Classrooms' Physical Properties) was used by trainee teachers acting as observers. It consists of a set of items th...

Powdery mildew of strawberry is caused by the obligate pathogenic fungus Sphaerotheca macularis f. sp. fragariae. The disease affects the leaves, flowers and fruit of this crop. This study examined the effects of different environmental factors on disease cycle components (germination, conidiation and survival) in strawberry to determine which conditions limit the progress of the disease. The optimal environmental conditions for conidial germination and conidial germ tube length ranged between 15 and 25 °C with relative humidity (RH) higher than 75%, but less than 98%. High light intensity reduced germination and hyphal growth. The viability of conidia on infected leaves was examined at temperatures ranging from 15 to 35 °C at 80–85% RH. Conidia survival declined over time, but a certain percentage of conidia remained active after 5 months incubation. The rate of conidial germination was significantly higher on young leaves than on older leaves. This observation was consistent across all four tested cultivars. Conidiation at 70–75% RH was similar to that at 80–85%, but greater than that at ≥95% RH. The shortest time from inoculation to appearance of the first disease symptoms was 4 days, at 20 and 30 °C with RH above 75%. In growth chambers, temperatures of 10 and 30 °C, RH above 95%, radiation of 7000 lux and the use of a more tolerant cultivar were all detrimental to disease development. In general, the environmental conditions required for germination and dispersal of powdery mildew are conducive to disease progress under strawberry production conditions in Israel. Furthermore, viability and survival of the pathogen during and between seasons appears to be dependent on asexual inoculum production.

A novel system to determine thermal neutron flux in real time during NCT treatments was developed in the National Atomic Energy Commission of Argentina. The system is based on a special self-powered detector that can be implanted in patients owing to its small size and biocompatibility. High voltage is not required to operate this kind of detectors, which is a considerable advantage in terms of medical uses. By choosing the appropriate materials, it was possible to obtain a prototype with thermal neutron sensitivity providing for an adequate signal level in typical NCT thermal fluxes. It was also possible to minimize gamma response in order to neglect its contribution.

The fungus Meira geulakonigii Boekhout, Scorzetti, Gerson & Sztejnberg (Basidiomycota: Ustilaginomycetes) was assayed against three species of phytophagous mites and against cucumber powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca fusca (Fr.) Blumer. The corrected mortality of the citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead), came to almost 100%, whereas that of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri McGregor, and that of the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), was around 80%. The coverage of cucumber leaves by the powdery mildew was significantly lower on detached cotyledons and on growing plant foliage sprayed with Meira geulakonigii and cucumber fruit yield was significantly higher. These leaves also carried fewer carmine spider mites. The novelty of these results and their practical application are discussed.

In the frame of the Argentine BNCT Project a new research line has been started to study the application of BNCT to the treatment of locoregional recurrences of HER2+ breast cancer subtype. Based on former studies, the strategy considers the use of immunoliposomes as boron carriers nanovehicles to target HER2 overexpressing cells. The essential concerns of the current stage of this proposal are the development of carriers that can improve the efficiency of delivery of boron compounds and the dosimetric assessment of treatment feasibility. For this purpose, an specific pool of clinical cases that can benefit from this application was determined. In this work, we present the proposal and the advances related to the different stages of current research.

In the frame of the Argentine BNCT Project a new research line has been started to study the application of BNCT to the treatment of locoregional recurrences of HER2+ breast cancer subtype. Based on former studies, the strategy considers the use of immunoliposomes as boron carriers nanovehicles to target HER2 overexpressing cells. The essential concerns of the current stage of this proposal are the development of carriers that can improve the efficiency of delivery of boron compounds and the dosimetric assessment of treatment feasibility. For this purpose, an specific pool of clinical cases that can benefit from this application was determined. In this work, we present the proposal and the advances related to the different stages of current research. Fil: Gadan, M.A.. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentina Fil: González, Sara Josefina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Batalla, M.. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentina Fil: Olivera, M.S.. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentina Fil: Policastro, Lucia Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentina Fil: Sztejnberg, M.L.. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentina

Neutron transport calculation is a key factor in BNCT numerical dosimetry assessments where thermal neutron flux is intimately related to the neutron dose, specially, the therapeutic boron dose. In this work, numerical calculations in phantoms were performed to determine the importance of utilizing the appropriate thermal scattering treatment for different organic tissues. Two thermal treatments for the neutron scattering were included in the simulations: hydrogen bounded in bulk water and hydrogen bounded in a lipid like carbon chain (polyethylene). The results showed difference between both thermal treatments that can reach several percent points depending on the type of source and irradiated geometry.

Two biocontrol preparations were tested for their ability to control Sphaerotheca fusca and Botrytis cinerea on greenhouse cucumber. Trichoderma harzianum T39 (TRICHODEX) spray reduced powdery mildew severity by up to 97% but its efficacy declined to 18–55% control as the epidemic progressed. Unlike on young leaves, on older leaves the control of powdery mildew by T. harzianum T39 was poor. Ampelomyces quisqualis (AQ10) was very effective against powdery mildew, achieving up to 98% of control. Its effectiveness declined with the progress of the epidemic but unlike the other biocontrol agent it retained significant control capability on older leaves. Two aliphatic petroleum distillate oil products improved the efficacy of both biocontrol agents. The co-application of T. harzianum T39 and A. quisqualis AQ10 was tested on cucumber plants infected with powdery mildew followed by fruit gray mold infection. It resulted in no improvement of the control of powdery mildew, and in an improvement of gray mold control, the latter probably because of the use of additive oil (ADDQ) along with the second biocontrol preparation. There was no significant interference between the biocontrol agents in the co-application treatment as compared with the application of each agent alone; the level of population of T. harzianum T39 remained similar and the parasitism of S. fusca by A. quisqualis was not nullified. The application of T. harzianum T39 to soil instead of spraying it resulted in 75–90% lower powdery mildew coverage on the leaves. It was concluded that the mode of action of T. harzianum T39 in powdery mildew control is induced resistance, not mycoparasitism or antibiotic action.

The acaropathogenic fungus Hirsutella kirchneri (Rostrup) Minter , Brady and Hall grew best and produced most mycelia on a medium containing yeast extract , dextrose and agar; conidial production , however , was maximal or potato dextrose agar (PDA) . The best growth on both media was at 25 C and conidial germination was high within a wide range of temperatures (10 - 35 C) . Colony growth , mycelial mass production and conidial yield were best under alternating dark and light regimes . Maximal germination occurred under dark conditions . When grown in continuous light the fungus produced synnemata (compacted conidiophores) which remained viable for 22 weeks . Of six species of phytophagous mites assayed , three spider mites and a rust mite became infected by the fungus , as did , to a limited degree , a parasitic mite . Another four mites , including two pests , a scavenger and a predator , were unaffected . The fungus grew on and sporulated from heat - killed cadavers of a dead mealybug (Homoptera) . Con...

Two isolates of the acaropathogenic fungus Hirsutella thompsonii (Nos. 255 and 414), and Hirsutella necatrix, were able to produce and excrete chitinolytic enzymes. A chitobiase of > 205 kDa was excreted by all fungi and a chitobiase of 112 kDa only by isolate 414. An endochitinase of 162 kDa was excreted by isolate 414 and two endochitinases of 66 and 38 kDa were excreted by isolate 255. Both H. thompsonii isolates produced chitinolytic enzymes only under inducible conditions, in the presence of colloidal chitin as the sole source of carbon. Hirsutella necatrix produced a chitobiase constitutively when grown in the presence of glucose. In addition to chitinolytic enzymes, the H. thompsonii isolates excreted proteolytic activities, including elastase, as well as α-esterase and α-amylase activities. Hirsutella necatrix was unable to use casein, milk powder, or elastin as the sole carbon source. The acaropathogenicity of these isolates was assayed on the carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus). Isolates 414 and 255 and H. necatrix killed ca. 80, 35, and 15%, respectively, of the infected mites. The role of chitinolytic and other enzymatic activities in the acaropathogenicity of these fungi is discussed.Key words: acaropathogenic fungi, Hirsutella, chitobiase, endochitinase, α-amylase.

Degenerate oligodeoxyribonucleotide primers, designed on the basis of conserved regions of the chitin synthase gene family, were used to amplify a fragment of the Ampelomyces quisqualis (Aq) chsA gene. Subsequently, the PCR product was used as a probe in order to identify and isolate genomic clones harboring the entire chsA gene. Aq chsA is 2786-nt long, has one intron and encodes a 910-amino-acid polypeptide belonging to the class-I chitin synthases. Low-stringency Southern hybridizations to Aq genomic DNA provided evidence for the presence of additional DNA fragments resembling chsA in the fungal genome, suggesting the presence of a multigene family of chitin synthases in Aq.

This led to development of several HD schedules proposals based on the variation of the session time duration (TD) as well as on its weekly frequency (Fr). However, more fre‐ quent HD schedules require new indexes to measure the delivered dose. In this context, the Equivalent Renal Clearence (EKR) [Casino y Lopez] [3] and Standard Kt/V (stdKt/V) [Gotch] [4] indexes have been proposed to quantify the dialysis dose for different HD frequency schedules.