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Psychiatric autoimmune encephalitis (pAE) is a growing field of interest in diagnosis and therapy in psychiatric hospitals and institutions. This study investigates the relevant extent to which there are potential biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that can differentiate against a cohort with neurodegenerative disease.We included in this study a total of 27 patients with possible and definite psychiatric autoimmune encephalitis and compared with a cohort with CSF-based AD (n = 27) different biomarkers in CSF such as lactate, cell count, % lymphocytes, % monocytes, total protein content, albumin, immunoglobulins G (IgG), M (IgM) and A (IgA), CSF/serum albumin ratio, CSF/serum IgG ratio, CSF/serum IgA ratio, intrathecal IgG synthesis, blood-brain barrier disruption, specific antibody synthesis for measles, rubella, herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, Ebstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus, total tau protein (t-tau), phosphorylated tau protein 181 (p-tau181), amyloid beta 42 (Aß42), amyloid beta 40 (Aß40) and the amyloid beta 42/ amyloid beta 40 (Aß42/40) ratio.The p-tau 181 was elevated above cut-off values in both possible pAE and AD. However, in definitive pAE, p-tau181 levels were not elevated. When elevated p-tau181 levels in possible AE were compared with those in AD, we found relevant differences, such as a relative increase in p-tau181 in AD patients. Elevated p-tau181 levels were detected in possible psychiatric AEs with IgLON5, glycine, recoverin, titin, and nonspecific neuropil antibodies in serum and IgLON5, titin, Yo, and nonspecific neuropil autoantibodies in CSF. In addition, we detected elevated levels of p-tau181 and IgLON5 autoantibodies in serum and CSF, and Yo autoantibodies in CSF in patients with definitive pAE. Interestingly, we observed a higher CSF/serum IgM ratio in possible and definitive pAE than in AD patients.Our results suggest that neuroaxonal brain damage may occur in specific psychiatric AEs associated with IgLON5, glycine, recoverin, and titin autoantibodies. Further research should focus on the CSF/serum IgM ratio as an early marker of autoantibody production in pAE compared to AD as a potential biomarker for differential diagnosis.

BackgroundAutoantibody-mediated psychiatric disorder is often difficult to diagnose as the clinical features of psychiatric disorder associated with neural autoantibodies are often similar. Thus, it is of major relevance to investigate whether psychopathology can differentiate between both disease entities as a biomarker and help us in searching for specific autoantibodies associated with psychiatric symptoms.MethodsWe enrolled 154 patients of the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the University Medical Center Göttingen with psychopathology data and retrospectively evaluated their patient records using the classification systems AMDP (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Methodik und Dokumentation in der Psychiatrie) and HiTOP (Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology).ResultsWe identified 35 psychiatric patients revealing autoantibodies in their serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and 119 with no autoantibodies. Relying on the AMDP system, many more psychiatric patients with serum autoantibodies (51%) had problems with orientation than those without autoantibodies (32%) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, fewer psychiatric patients with serum autoantibodies exhibited a blunted affect (11.4 vs. 32.8%, p < 0.01) and affective rigidity (20 vs. 45%, p < 0.01). In particular, psychiatric patients presenting CSF autoantibodies (indicating an autoimmune symptomatic basis) experience more loss of vitality (5%) than those without autoantibodies (0%) (p < 0.05). Another interesting finding is that according to the AMDP classification, a manic syndrome is much more frequent in autoantibody-positive (8.6%) than autoantibody-negative psychiatric patients (0.8%) (p < 0.05). Another aspect is the more frequent occurrence of attention and memory deficits in patients with autoantibodies against intracellular targets compared with targets on the membrane surface.ConclusionOur findings indicate that neural autoantibodies in psychiatric patients could indicate a phenotype more often characterized by a manic syndrome, orientation disturbances within the cognitive spectrum, and fewer affect disturbances characterized by less blunted affect and not as seriously impaired feelings of vitality compared to controls. The novelty of our approach is the extensive autoantibody tests for various psychiatric syndromes in combination with a profound psychometric measurement with two different scales.

BackgroundCity living might lead to a higher risk of psychiatric disease, but to date there is no evidence of any correlation between an urban environment and the occurrence of neural autoantibodies in psychiatric disease. Our aim is to identify whether the number of patients with and without neural autoantibodies living in diverse rural and urban environments differ.MethodsWe enrolled retrospectively a cohort of 167 psychiatric patients via a cross-sectional design from the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Medical Center Göttingen and determined serum and/or CSF neural autoantibodies in them. The patients live in the German states of Lower Saxony, Thuringia, and Hessen. Their data were investigated in conjunction with the location of their primary residence. We categorized them into five different categories depending upon their primary residence: one rural and four different urban environments depending on their population numbers.ResultsWe identified 36 psychiatric patients with neural autoantibodies, and 131 psychiatric patients with none. In total, 24 psychiatric patients with neural autoantibodies were classified as sharing a possible, probable, or definitive autoimmune origin according to our recently set criteria. We observed as a non-significant trend that more psychiatric patients with neural autoantibodies and a probable or definitive autoimmune origin (45.8%) live in a major city with over 100,000 inhabitants than do psychiatric patients presenting no evidence of autoantibodies (26.4%). However, we identified no relevant differences between (1) psychiatric patients with and without neural autoantibodies or between (2) psychiatric patients with a possible, probable, or definitive autoimmune origin and those without such autoantibodies in relation to the diverse rural and urban environmental settings.ConclusionThe inherently different aspects of rural and urban environments do not appear to be relevant in determining the frequency of neural autoantibodies in psychiatric patients in Lower Saxony, Thuringia, and Hessen in Germany. Furthermore, large-scale studies involving other states across Germany should be conducted to exclude any regional differences and to examine the tendency of a higher frequency in large cities of autoimmune-mediated psychiatric syndromes.

We prove that there are >>X^{1/30}/(log X) imaginary quadratic number fields with an ideal class group of 3-rank at least 5 and discriminant bounded in absolute value by X. This improves on an earlier result of Craig, who proved the infinitude of imaginary quadratic fields with an ideal class group of 3-rank at least 4. The proofs rely on constructions of Mestre for j-invariant 0 elliptic curves of large Mordell-Weil rank, and a method of the first author and Gillibert for constructing torsion in ideal class groups of number fields from rational torsion in Jacobians of curves. We also consider analogous questions concerning rational 3-torsion in hyperelliptic Jacobians.

BackgroundAnti-neural autoantibodies associated with psychiatric syndromes is an increasing phenomenon in psychiatry. Our investigation aimed to assess the frequency and type of neural autoantibodies associated with distinct psychiatric syndromes in a mixed cohort of psychiatric patients.MethodsWe recruited 167 patients retrospectively from the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen for this study. Clinical features including the assessment of psychopathology via the Manual for Assessment and Documentation of Psychopathology in Psychiatry (AMDP), neurological examination, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) analysis were done in patients. Serum and or CSF anti- neural autoantibodies were measured in all patients for differential diagnostic reasons.ResultsWe divided patients in three different groups: (1) psychiatric patients with CSF and/or serum autoantibodies [PSYCH-AB+, n = 25 (14.9%)], (2) psychiatric patients with CSF autoantibodies [PSYCH-AB CSF+, n = 13 (7.8%)] and (3) those psychiatric patients without autoantibodies in serum and/or CSF [PSYCH-AB-, n = 131]. The prevalence of serum neural autoantibodies was 14.9% (PSYCH-AB+), whereas 7.2% had CSF autoantibodies (PSYCH-AB CSF+) in our psychiatric cohort. The most prevalent psychiatric diagnoses were neurocognitive disorders (61–67%) and mood disorders (25–36%) in the patients presenting neural autoantibodies (PSYCH-AB+ and PSYCH-AB CSF+). However, psychiatric diagnoses, neurological deficits, and laboratory results from CSF, EEG or MRI did not differ between the three groups. To evaluate the relevance of neural autoantibody findings, we applied recent criteria for possible, probable, or definitive autoimmune based psychiatric syndromes in an paradigmatic patient with delirium and in the PSYCH-AB+ cohort. Applying criteria for any autoimmune-based psychiatric syndromes, we detected a probable autoimmune-based psychiatric syndrome in 13 of 167 patients (7.8%) and a definitive autoimmune-based psychiatric syndrome in 11 of 167 patients (6.6%).ConclusionsNeural autoantibodies were detected mainly in patients presenting neurocognitive and mood disorders in our psychiatric cohort. The phenotypical appearance of psychiatric syndromes in conjunction with neural autoantibodies did not differ from those without neural autoantibodies. More research is therefore warranted to optimize biomarker research to help clinicians differentiate patients with potential neural autoantibodies when a rapid clinical response is required as in delirium states.

BackgroundNeural autoantibody-associated dementia (NABD) is an increasing phenomenon in memory clinics with a high impact on later therapy. Biomarkers are lacking that differentiate this type of dementia from neurodegenerative dementia such as Alzheimer’s dementia (AD). Our aim is to analyze neurodegeneration markers and their relationship to progressing cognitive dysfunction in NABD and AD to test for tools differentiating these two forms of dementia prior to neural autoantibody testing.MethodsIn our retrospective, observational study, we investigated 14 patients with dementia and serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neural autoantibodies as well as 14 patients with AD by relying on recent CSF and clinical criteria for AD. Patient files were checked for psychopathology, neuropsychological test performance, autoimmune indicators, CSF, and MRI results.ResultsOur patient groups did not differ in their psychopathology, autoimmune indicators, or MRI profile. The progression of cognitive dysfunction [as measured by the difference in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores since disease onset, and the yearly progression rate (MMSE loss/per year)] did not vary significantly between groups. Total tau protein was significantly higher in AD patients than NABD patients revealing no signs of Alzheimer’s disease pathology in their CSF (p < 0.05). Total tau protein levels in CSF correlated with cognitive decline since disease onset (r = 0.38, p < 0.05) and yearly progression rates (r = 0.56, p < 0.005) in all patients.DiscussionOur results suggest that the progression of cognitive dysfunction as defined by MMSE does not seem to be an appropriate biomarker for distinguishing NABD from AD. However, the total tau protein level in CSF might be a relevant molecular biomarker that can indicate disease pathology and/or progression in both known AD and NABD, which is often accompanied by axonal degeneration. Total tau protein may be an additional diagnostic tool with which to differentiate anti-neural-associated dementia from AD if further research confirms these proof-of-concept findings in larger patient cohorts.

Urata showed that a pointed compact hyperbolic variety admits only finitely many maps from a pointed curve. We extend Urata's theorem to the setting of (not necessarily compact) hyperbolically embeddable varieties. As an application, we show that a hyperbolically embeddable variety over a number field $K$ with only finitely many $\mathcal{O}_{L,T}$-points for any number field $L/K$ and any finite set of finite places $T$ of $L$ has, in fact, only finitely many points in any given $\mathbb{Z}$-finitely generated integral domain of characteristic zero. We use this latter result in combination with Green's criterion for hyperbolic embeddability to obtain novel finiteness results for integral points on symmetric self-products of smooth affine curves and on complements of large divisors in projective varieties. Finally, we use a partial converse to Green's criterion to further study hyperbolic embeddability (or its failure) in the case of symmetric self-products of curves. As a by-product of our results, we obtain the first example of a smooth affine Brody-hyperbolic threefold over $\mathbb{C}$ which is not hyperbolically embeddable., Comment: 15 pages. Minor improvements. Updated bibliography

Autoantibody-associated psychiatric syndromes are a novel disease entity that is not fully understood. Several lines of evidence suggest that neurodegenerative processes are involved here. We are investigating whether autoantibody-positive psychiatric syndromes differ from those that are autoantibody-negative in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurodegeneration markers.We retrospectively analyzed data from 167 psychiatric patients at the University Medical Center Göttingen from 2017 to 2020. We divided this patient cohort into two, namely antibody-positive and antibody-negative. We compared various clinical features, neurodegeneration markers, and their autoantibody status in CSF and serum. We then compared both cohorts' neurodegeneration markers to a representative Alzheimer cohort. We subdivided the patients into their diverse psychiatric syndromes according to the manual to assess and document psychopathology in psychiatry (the AMDP), and compared the neurodegeneration markers.Antibody-associated psychiatric syndromes do not appear to reveal significantly greater neurodegeneration than their antibody-negative psychiatric syndromes. 71% of antibody-positive patients fulfilled the criteria for a possible and 22% for a definitive autoimmune encephalitis. Our autoantibody-positive patient cohort's relative risk to develop an possible autoimmune encephalitis was 9%. We also noted that phosphorylated tau protein 181 (ptau 181) did not significantly differ between antibody-associated psychiatric syndromes and our Alzheimer cohort. The psycho-organic syndrome usually exhibits the most prominent neurodegeneration markers, both in antibody-positive and antibody-negative psychiatric patients.We did not find hints for neurodegenerative processes in our antibody-positive versus AD cohort considering total tau or amyloid markers. However, our findings indicate that the neurodegeneration marker ptau181 does not differ significantly between antibody-positive and Alzheimer cohorts, further suggesting axonal neurodegeneration in antibody-positive patients as AD patients have an elevated ptau181. The evidence we uncovered thus suggests that axonal neurodegeneration might affect patients suffering from autoantibody-associated psychiatric syndromes.

We study upper bounds for the counting function of common zeros of two meromorphic functions in various contexts. The proofs and results are inspired by recent work involving greatest common divisors in Diophantine approximation, to which we introduce additional techniques to take advantage of the stronger inequalities available in Nevanlinna theory. In particular, we prove a general version of a conjectural “asymptotic gcd” inequality of Pasten and the second author, and consider moving targets versions of our results.

Given a non-isotrivial elliptic curve over [Formula: see text] with large Mordell–Weil rank, we explain how one can build, for suitable small primes [Formula: see text], infinitely many fields of degree [Formula: see text] whose ideal class group has a large [Formula: see text]-torsion subgroup. As an example, we show the existence of infinitely many cubic fields whose ideal class group contains a subgroup isomorphic to [Formula: see text].

We analyze when integral points on the complement of a finite union of curves in P 2 \mathbb {P}^2 are potentially dense. When the logarithmic Kodaira dimension κ ¯ \bar {\kappa } is − ∞ -\infty , we completely characterize the potential density of integral points in terms of the number of irreducible components at infinity and the number of multiple members in a pencil naturally associated to the surface. When κ ¯ = 0 \bar {\kappa } = 0 , we prove that integral points are always potentially dense. The bulk of our analysis concerns the subtle case of κ ¯ = 1 \bar {\kappa }=1 . We determine the potential density of integral points in a number of cases by incorporating the structure theory of affine surfaces and developing an arithmetic framework for studying integral points on surfaces fibered over curves. We also prove, assuming Lang–Vojta’s conjecture, that an orbit under an endomorphism ϕ \phi of P 2 \mathbb {P}^2 can contain a Zariski-dense set of integral points only if there is a nontrivial completely invariant proper Zariski-closed subset of P 2 \mathbb {P}^2 under ϕ \phi . This may be viewed as a generalization of a result of Silverman on P 1 \mathbb {P}^1 .

This study investigated the role of self-selection in an evaluation of the impact of a focused deterrence notification meeting on subsequent arrests. We conducted a randomized controlled study that randomly assigned probationers and parolees to a treatment group asked to attend a focused deterrence notification meeting and a control group that was not asked to attend the meeting. A sizable proportion of the treatment group did not attend the meeting. We estimated intent-to-treat, average treatment, and local average treatment models to evaluate the effect of attending the notification meeting on future arrests and the effect of self-selection on the results. Subjects who attended the notification meeting were less likely than those who did not receive treatment to be arrested over the following 17 months. The results were not significantly affected by selection effects. Future evaluations of focused deterrence and related criminal justice interventions should be based on randomized controlled research designs that address selection effects on the outcome.

Let k be an algebraically closed field completewith respect to a non-Archimedean absolute value of arbitrary characteristic. Let D1 , … , Dn be effective nef divisors intersecting transversally in an n-dimensional nonsingular projective variety X. We study the degeneracy of non-Archimedean analytic maps from k into under various geometric conditions. When X is a rational ruled surface and D1 and D2 are ample, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition such that there is no non-Archimedean analytic map from k into . Using the dictionary between non-Archimedean Nevanlinna theory and Diophantine approximation that originated in earlier work with T. T. H. An, we also study arithmetic analogues of these problems, establishing results on integral points on these varieties over ℤ or the ring of integers of an imaginary quadratic field.

We address four outstanding empirical questions related to the “law of crime concentration” (Weisburd in Criminology 53:133–157, 2015): (1) Is the spatial concentration of crime stable over time? (2) Do the same places consistently rank among those with the highest crime counts? (3) How much crime concentration would be observed if crimes were distributed randomly over place? (4) To what degree does the spatial concentration of crime depend on places that are crime free? The data are annual counts of violent and property crimes in St. Louis between 2000 and 2014. Temporal stability in the spatial inequality of crime is measured by computing the fraction of crimes that occur in the 5% of street segments with the highest crime frequencies each year. The spatial mobility of crime is measured by computing the number of years each street segment appears in the top 5% of street segments. Poisson simulations are used to estimate the fraction of crimes that could appear in the top 5% of street segments on the basis of chance alone. The impact of crime-free locales on the spatial concentration of crime is evaluated by comparing results from analyses that include and exclude crime-free street segments from the crime distributions. The concentration of crime is highly unequal and stable over time. The specific street segments with the highest crime frequencies, however, change over time. Nontrivial fractions of street segments may appear among the 5% with the highest crime frequencies on the basis of chance. Spatial concentration of crime is reduced when crime-free street segments are excluded from the crime distributions. The law of crime concentration is not a measurement artifact. Its substantive significance, however, should be assessed in future longitudinal research that replicates the current study across diverse social settings.

As a consequence of our recently established generalized Schmidt's subspace theorem for closed subschemes in general position, we prove a degeneracy theorem for integral points on the complement of a union of nef effective divisors. A novel aspect of our result is the attainment of a strong degeneracy conclusion (arithmetic quasi-hyperbolicity) under weak positivity assumptions on the divisors. The proof hinges on applying our recent theorem with a well-situated ample divisor realizing a certain lexicographical minimax. We also explore the connections with earlier work by other authors and make a Conjecture regarding (optimal) bounds for the numbers of divisors necessary, including consideration of the question of arithmetic hyperbolicity. Under the standard correspondence between statements in Diophantine approximation and Nevanlinna theory, one obtains analogous degeneration statements for entire curves., Comment: Final version. To appear in the Journal of Number Theory

One study found that higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 during pregnancy were associated with poorer memory outcomes in children at age 2.

No one waited for the slow-moving storm and its heavy rainfall to arrive before taking action to help patients with mental illness.