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Additional file 9. Ethical approval of local Institutional Review Boards.

Additional file 1: Details of qualitative methods (FGDs), EN-INDEPTH study

Additional file 5: STROBE guidelines checklist.

Additional file 3: TOP ratio per 1000 livebirths over the five years preceding EN-INDEPTH survey from roster TOP questions.

Additional file 4. Calculation of survey weights.

Additional file 5. Details of qualitative methods (FGDs), EN-INDEPTH study.

Additional file 7: Objective 2 - additional results. Additional file 7.1: Characteristics of the live births included in the EN-INDE PTH birthweight analysis for the five sites weighted (n = 14710). Additional file 7.2: Factors associated with women’s report of baby being weighed at birth (n = 14,701). Additional file 7.3: Factors associated with being able to report birthweight for babies weighed at birth (n = 7,888). Additional file 7.4: Factors associated with availability of birthweight from card (n = 14,701). Additional file 7.5: Sensitivity analysis of mean birthweight by card and recall, excluding Matlab site. Additional file 7.6: Comparison of mean birthweight and proportion low birthweight by sex and survival status. Additional file 7.7: Factors associated with having a birthweight heaped on 500 g intervals (n = 7,888).

Additional file 8: Time taken in minutes to complete TOP section by interviewers using paradata.

Additional file 3. STROBE guidelines checklist.

Additional file 2: TOP rates per 1000 women 15–49 years over the five years preceding EN-INDEPTH survey from roster TOP questions.

Additional file 1. Background overview of the five HDSS sites.

Additional file 9: Ethical approval of local Institutional Review Boards.

Additional file 6: Table of socio-demographic characteristics of focus group discussion participants.

Additional file 8: Objective 3 - additional results. Additional file 8.1: Overview of perceived barriers and enablers to birthweight measurement in five HDSS (Women only). Additional file 8.2 Overview of perceived barriers and enablers to reporting birthweight in household surveys in five HDSS.

Additional file 7: Percentage of women with lifetime and five-year termination of pregnancies from FPH new questions on TOP (three HDSS sites).

Additional file 4: Table of EN-INDEPTH survey TOP questions.

Additional file 6: Objective 1 - additional results on timing of questions. Additional file 6.1: Time taken to complete birthweight questions. Additional file 6.2: Distribution of time taken to complete perceived birthweight questions for the survey modules. Additional file 6.3: Distribution of time taken to complete actual birthweight questions for the survey modules.

Balamurugan Janakiraman,1 Solomon Mekonnen Abebe,2 Mulugeta Bayisa Chala,1,3 Solomon Fasika Demissie1 1Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gondar University Specialized Comprehensive Hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 3School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, CanadaCorrespondence: Balamurugan JanakiramanDepartment of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gondar University Specialized Comprehensive Hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaEmail bala77physio@gmail.comBackground: Evidence suggests that middle and low-income countries such as Ethiopia are facing the growing epidemic of both communicable and non-communicable diseases creating a burden on their economy and healthcare system. The increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases is attributed to sedentarism, lifestyle changes, nutritional transition, and the presence of other cardiometabolic risk factors. Therefore this study was designed to assess the prevalence and association of overweight, obesity, and cardio-metabolic risks and to explore if there was any agreement among the anthropometric measurements among the academic employees of the University of Gondar, Ethiopia.Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted using the WHO stepwise approach and recommendations on 381 academic staff of the university. In addition, physical measurements such as weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, and biochemical measures such as blood pressure and fasting blood glucose level (peripheral blood samples by finger puncture) were measured using standardized tools.Results: The mean age of the participants was 33.5 (95% CI: 32.7, 34.2) years. The prevalence of obesity among the study participants calculated by body mass index, waist circumference (WC), waist-height ratio (WHtR), and waist-hip ratio (WHR) was 13.1%, 33.6%, 51.9%, and 58.5% respectively. The prevalence of diabetes was 4.7% among which 1.3% was not diagnosed prior to this study. About 53 (13.9%) of the study sample were found to be hypertensive (HTN) (6.3% known versus 29 7.6% newly diagnosed). Among the participants, 39.4% and 23.4% were found to be pre-hypertensive and pre-diabetic respectively. WC was significantly associated with hypertension (AOR = 5.14; 2.503, 9.72), pre-DM (AOR = 4.03; 2.974, 5.96), DM (AOR = 3.29; 1.099, 6.01). In addition, WHtR was significantly associated with Pre-HTN (AOR = 2.69; 1.49, 4.58), HTN (AOR = 2.066; 1.008, 6.31), and DM (AOR = 1.855; 0.76, 4.32). On the contrary, both WHR and general obesity measured by BMI were not significantly associated with pre-HTN, HTN, pre-DM and DM groups.Conclusion: This study results revealed the variable prevalence between general obesity and the anthropometric indices (IDF cutoff) defining central obesity; WC, WHtR, and WHR among the participants. The result of this study suggests that the constructs of central obesity, not BMI has to be used to screen risks of cardio-metabolic risks among Ethiopians.Keywords: central obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, prehypertension, prediabetes, Ethiopia

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