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The article examines the problem of taking risks into account in the activities of enterprises using the accounting system. The expediency of risk positioning in the accounting policy is substantiated. An analysis of the presence/absence of provisions on risks in the Orders «On Accounting Policy» of 40 enterprises of the Ternopil Region was carried out. On the basis of critical analysis, the use of the graphic method and generalization, the level of consideration of risks in the accounting policy was revealed. The expediency of assessing the level of consideration of risks in the accounting policy is substantiated. A questionnaire approach to conducting such an assessment and ranking of risks is proposed. Thanks to questionnaires and modeling, the content and implementation methodology of the first stage of forming and changing the accounting policy on the basis of risk management and taking into account the company's development strategy was formed. The application of the developed proposals will allow to correctly assess the state of the accounting policy regarding the accounting of risks, to form provisions that are relevant in the strategic plan. This will ultimately contribute to the improvement of accounting and risk management, will allow to develop a system for ensuring the stable financial condition of the enterprise

El presente trabajo de investigación, tiene como objetivo proponer una política contable correspondiente al rubro de propiedad, planta y equipo, de acuerdo con la sección 17 de NIIF para pymes en la empresa Embaldosamos SAS, ya que actualmente no cuenta con un manual de políticas contables vigente en relación a la norma, lo anterior se detecta, al analizar el tratamiento contable del ente económico, razón por la cual el enfoque principal es lograr que el reconocimiento, la medición, la presentación y la revelación de dicho rubro en los estados financieros, sean elaborados bajo los lineamientos contemplados en las NIIF para pymes determinados en la ley 1314 de 2009 y los decretos 3022 de 2013 y 2267 de 2014. The objective of this research work is to propose an accounting policy corresponding to the property, plant and equipment item, in accordance with section 17 of the IFRS for SMEs in the company Embaldosamos SAS, since it currently does not have an accounting policy manual in force in relation to the standard, the above is detected, when analyzing the accounting treatment of the economic entity, which is why the main focus is to ensure that the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of said item in the financial statements, are prepared under the guidelines contemplated in the IFRS for SMEs determined in law 1314 of 2009 and decrees 3022 of 2013 and 2267 of 2014. Contador Público http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Pregrado

El presente trabajo, tuvo como objetivo crear una política de cuentas por cobrar de acuerdo a la sección 11 de NIIF para PYMES de la Estación de Servicios las Flores, organización en la que se estableció que no existe dicha política, que es fundamental para evitar el deterioro de las cuentas o su incobrabilidad. Para desarrollar el trabajo se lleva a cabo una investigación descriptiva, que utiliza la revisión documental sobre la sección 11 de NIIF para PYMES y los estados e informes financieros de la empresa, que se constituyen en el insumo requerido para cumplir con los objetivos de la investigación. Entre sus principales resultados se tiene que en la empresa un solo cliente constituye el 58,80% de su cartera y las cuatro cuentas de mayor impacto representan el 91.30% del total de cuentas por cobrar, una alta concentración de la deuda a corto plazo que implica un alto riesgo para la empresa en la medida que dichas cuentas sufran deterioro, por lo tanto es fundamental para la empresa contar con una política de cuentas por cobrar que bajo las NIIF, facilite el control y manejo adecuado de dicha cuenta como fundamento para mantener su nivel de liquidez y elaborar estados financieros que representen la realidad contable y financiera de la empresa. The objective of this work was to create an accounts receivable policy in accordance with section 11 of the IFRS for SMEs of the Las Flores Service Station, an organization in which it was found that there is no such policy, which is essential to avoid deterioration of the accounts or their uncollectibility. To develop the work, a descriptive investigation is carried out, which uses the documentary review on section 11 of the IFRS for SMEs and the financial statements and reports of the company, which constitutes the input required to meet the objectives of the investigation. . Among its main results is that in the company a single client constitutes 58.80% of its portfolio and the four accounts with the greatest impact represent 91.30% of the total accounts receivable, a high concentration of short-term debt term that implies a high risk for the company to the extent that said accounts suffer impairment, therefore it is essential for the company to have an accounts receivable policy that, under IFRS, facilitates the control and proper management of said account as a basis to maintain its level of liquidity and prepared financial statements that represent the accounting and financial reality of the company. Especialista en Revisoría Fiscal y Auditoría Externa http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Especialización

Practical management of the accounting process at Ukrainian enterprises requires the formation of their own accounting policy at each of them, which is the basis of the organization of the accounting process and the most important management tool. The article reveals the essence and procedure of development of accounting policies by domestic enterprises. It is proposed to define the accounting policy as a set of principles, methods, procedures, ways of organizing and maintaining accounting, compiling and submitting financial statements, which are chosen by the economic entity independently, taking into account the peculiarities of its activity over a long period and are reflected in the internal regulatory document of the enterprise. As a result of the research, the factors affecting the formation of accounting policy in the conditions of martial law and their reflection in accounting are summarized. New operations and new business risks were considered, which influenced the formation of the accounting policy, which in the conditions of martial law in most enterprises does not meet the requirements of the law and does not provide an opportunity to form a holistic view of the peculiarities of the accounting methodology and organization of a certain enterprise. Changes to the basic principles of the accounting policy and new components of the accounting policy are proposed, which may require changes in the conditions of martial law. Based on the analysis of the practical aspect of the development of the accounting policy of enterprises in Ukraine the peculiarities of the disclosure of the tax policy of the enterprise are determined and the standards are given: the taxation system used by the enterprise; method of accounting of income and expenses in the organization's activities; the procedure for calculating the tax base for taxation. Criteria for selecting and changing accounting policy, accounting approach to disclosure of information about changes in accounting policy, accounting estimates and correction of errors are established., Розкрито економічну сутність і порядок розробки облікової політики підприємствами України. Запропоновано визначення облікової політики, як сукупність методів, прин­ципів, процедур, організації та ве­дення бухгалтерського обліку, складання і подання фінан­сової звітності, що обираються суб'єктом господарювання самостійно з врахуванням особливостей його діяльності і впливають на ефективність його діяльності та знаходять своє відображення у наказі про облікову політику. В результаті проведеного дослідження розкрито чинники, що впливають на формування та розробку облікової політики, представлено складові облікової політики та основні підходи її положень, систематизовано принципи і ключові елементи облікової політики, обгрунтовано причини зміни облікової політики в умовах воєнного стану і їх відображення в бухгалтерському обліку.

Purpose (limit 100 words) Because no international accounting policy exists to mandate human capital (HC) information must be reported on financial reports, the association between workforce HC and firm performance/efficiency is not well-established. South Korea is a rare example with high HC reporting quality, as well as relatively high national productivity. On the other hand, in some developed countries (such as the UK), HC reporting quality and productivity is low. Moreover, there is an increasing propensity to offer employees non-standard contracts. Thus, because of a divergence in HC reporting quality internationally, the South Korean sample can provide valuable insights to countries with weak HC reporting quality about the association between contract quality and firm performance/efficiency. Design/methodology/approach (limit 100 words) Using a sample of Korean listed firms (2010-2015), pooled OLS regression analysis is conducted to show whether firms that offer employees higher levels of permanent, relative to temporary contacts demonstrate higher firm performance/efficiency. Findings (limit 100 words) Firms that provide employees with increasing permanent (temporary) contracts experience higher (lower) performance/efficiency. Research limitations/implications (limit 100 words) This research is limited due to sample seletion. However, the sample represents the population of all firms that report contract type information in South Korea, a market with highly robust human capital information reporting. Practical implications (limit 100 words) Because of data unavailability, a positive association firm-level performance/efficiency and permanent employment can only be made in a handful of countries. The study has policy implications and extends the non-financial reporting literature by addressing HC reporting limitations that exist in the mainstream accounting framework. Based on relative operational efficiency/performance, the study offers practical insights to management about the importance of staff retainment. Moreover, we also offer an anthropocentric perspective by inferring how low HC reporting quality can have a negative impact on society in Industry 4.0. Originality/value (limit 100 words) Because of data unavailability, a positive association firm-level performance/efficiency and permanent employment can only be made in a handful of countries. The study has policy implications and extends the non-financial reporting literature by addressing HC reporting limitations that exist in the mainstream accounting framework. Based on relative operational efficiency/performance, the study offers practical insights to management about the importance of staff retainment. Moreover, we also offer an anthropocentric perspective by inferring how low HC reporting quality can have a negative impact on society in Industry 4.0.

The object of research is the preparation of the procedure for the formation and write-off of the accounting category of expenses of future periods. The difficulty of this issue for practicing accountants is the lack of detailing of their composition, accounting and write-off in regulatory documents. In the national regulations (standards) of accounting (which are the main regulatory document on accounting), there is no definition of this category, as well as its components and the order of their attribution to the expenses of the current period. That is why the criteria for the recognition of expenses were defined, the period of their recognition was determined, and the reasons why some expenses cannot be classified as current expenses in accordance with NAR(S) (National accounting regulations (standards)) were analyzed. The difference between some components of expenses of future periods that are similar in name and expenses that are not included in current expenses according to NAR(S) was clarified. It is also clarified how those expenses of future periods should be reflected, which by all indications can be attributed to this category, however, according to the write-off period, they cannot be credited to account 39 «Expenses of future periods» and entered in the 2nd section of the Balance Sheet «Current assets». In addition, the presence of expenses of future periods as part of separate lines of financial statements according to IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) is disclosed. Various options for writing off the expenses of future periods and including them in the composition of the expenses of the current period were also considered. Depending on the time of receipt of income for which these expenses were incurred, it can be carried out in equal parts, proportionally or using other methods., Об'єктом дослідження є складання процедури формування та списання облікової категорії витрат майбутніх періодів. Складністю цього питання для практикуючих обліковців є відсутність в нормативних документах деталізації їх складу, обліку та списання. В національних положеннях (стандартах) бухгалтерського обліку (які є основним нормативним документом з бухгалтерського обліку) відсутнє як визначення цієї категорії, так і її складові та порядок їх віднесення до витрат поточного періоду. Саме тому було означено критерії визнання витрат, визначено період їх визнання, та проаналізовано причини, з яких деякі витрати не можуть бути віднесені до складу поточних витрат відповідно до НП(с)БО (Національних положень (стандартів) бухгалтерського обліку). Була з’ясована різниця між деякими схожими за назвою складовими витрат майбутніх періодів і витрат, що не включають відповідно до НП(с)БО до поточних витрат. Також з’ясовано, яким чином мають бути відображені ті витрати майбутніх періодів, що за всіма ознаками можуть бути віднесені до цією категорії, однак за періодом списання не можуть бути зараховані на 39 рахунок «Витрати майбутніх періодів», та внесені в 2 розділ Балансу «Оборотні активи». Окрім того розкрито наявність витрат майбутніх періодів в складі окремних рядків фінансової звітності за МСФЗ (Міжнародними стандартами фінансової звітності). Ще були розглянуті різні варіанти списання витрат майбутніх періодів і внесення їх до складу витрат поточного періоду. В залежності від часу отримання доходу, задля якого були здійснені ці витрати, це може бути здійснено рівними частинами, пропорційна або з застосуванням інших методів

Systematic consideration of the organization of accounting, taking into account the participation of Ukraine in the European integration process, also makes it possible to determine the state and features of the national accounting system, to identify factors and patterns of its development. In this process, the analysis of the historical path of accounting reform, assessment of the institutional features of the accounting systems of different countries is also involved in the study of the sectoral features of its organization at the enterprise. One of the tasks of accounting is to provide information to internal and external users for the implementation by the latter of effective and operational management of a business entity in modern conditions. For this purpose, accounting should be organized in accordance with the requirements of current legislation and the conditions of a particular business unit. Without proper organization of accounting, it is impossible to achieve positive results of activity, since it is one of the most crucial stages in the creation of an enterprise, as well as a guarantee of profitability in the future. Accounting is part of a common information system that converts the primary data recorded in the documents into a management product. During the formulating the concept of the organization of accounting in an enterprise it is necessary to take into account that accounting is a complex process associated with the accumulation of data on the facts of economic activity of an enterprise, their assessment and processing in order to transform them into information for users according to certain laws, principles, postulates, rules, algorithms and procedures using a set of tools (double entry accounts, entries in registers). The organization of accounting should be considered as a set of operations, the implementation of which provides a comprehensive organization of accounting based on the specific features of the enterprises in relation to which it is 5 applied. It should be remembered that the accounting system is considered as the main supplier of accounting information. The monograph is devoted to the study of theoretical, methodological and organizational foundations of accounting at agricultural enterprises. An important aspect of preparing accountants for the challenges of the future is an effective system of education and training of specialists who will work in this area for the next decades. The materials of the monograph reflect the results of the research carried out in the framework of research work “Information resources for the formation of the mechanism of economic security of the enterprise for the purposes of management in a competitive environment” (state registration number 0119U100043)., {"references":["https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/lib/48901"]}

The chapter highlights the results of accounting policy regarding accounting of expenses, revenue and results of activity.

This article considers the scientific problem of managing the financial results of an enterprise, presents the procedure for forming the financial results of an enterprise. The concept of financial results management at the enterprise and its main components are defined. The economic significance of profit and the features of its impact on the activities of enterprises are analyzed. The essence, role and features of the process of forming financial results as an element of the general enterprise management system and its main goals are determined. The principles and methods of managing financial results in order to optimize the profitability of modern enterprises are described. The methods of improving the indicators of financial results of the enterprise in the conditions of digitalization of the economy are disclosed.

Relevance of the research topic. The current state of development of the banking system of Ukraine is characterized by an increase in the processes of globalization of the international capital market. This necessitates the implementation of certain transformations in accounting and financial reporting in Ukraine, which include the implementation of a set of measures to ensure the adequacy of accounting to international principles and standards, that is, the development of a new accounting policy both at the state level and at the level of an individual bank. Since banks are the most important link of the Ukrainian economy and a component of the monetary and credit system, they feel the full range of influence of both the macroeconomic situation in the country and state regulatory measures, so the development of accounting policy is the most important and difficult task for them. The purpose of the study is: generalization of the theoretical developments of scientists and the development of proposals aimed at the formation and development of the accounting policy of Ukrainian banks. Research methods. The article uses the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, the method of analysis and synthesis, comparison, the method of summarizing data, the research is based on a systematic approach to the considered problems, the study of their relationship and development. Research results. A refined definition of the concept of «accounting policy» has been scientifically substantiated and formulated. The author’s interpretation reflects the practical essence of accounting policy, based on modern trends in its development. A classification of the goals of the accounting policy is proposed, taking into account the current directions of research, prospects for the development of accounting and financial reporting in the process of their convergence with IFRS. The algorithm of the proposed method of forming the accounting policy, which is based on the priority of the goal of financial reporting, contains the stages of the development of the accounting policy. Field of application of results. In the field of economic sciences and in the practical activity of banks. Conclusions according to the article. On the basis of the study of existing approaches to the interpretation of accounting policy, it was established that, in the presence of a large number of alternative opinions, there is still no single and comprehensive answer to the question of the content of the studied concept. A refined definition of the concept of «accounting policy» is proposed, which takes into account the systematic approach to the formation of financial information when building the accounting policy, the compliance of the accounting policy with specific goals and legislation. A variant of the classification of the goals of the accounting policy is proposed, which includes the goals of accounting and the goals of financial reporting, systematized according to various classification features. Based on four criteria, groups of accounting policy goals are selected. The systematization of accounting policy elements made it possible to offer a new approach to the process of accounting policy formation, which is based on the priority of the goal of financial reporting, which corresponds to the international practice of accounting and financial reporting.

It was established that the main factors influencing the choice of accounting policy are the following: ownership, type of enterprise, its subordination, type of economic activity, number of personnel; the size of the enterprise, the taxation system, the format of financial statements (full or simplified); form of accounting management and organization; enterprise development strategy; cost structure (wage cost, material cost, depreciation cost, etc.); seasonal or non-seasonal nature of the type of activity; pricing procedure, level of competition and degree of uniqueness of the activity product; the state of corporate governance and levels of responsibility to the owners of the enterprise; personnel motivation system; environmental responsibility to society. The classification of the accounting policy for the purposes of analysis and audit has been improved according to the following characteristics: depending on the level of regulatory regulation; depending on the reporting based on it; depending on the term of validity; depending on the risks of distortion of financial statements due to the application of professional judgment; depending on the impact on the financial situation. It has been established that the development of a working plan of accounts taking into consideration the analysis sections necessary for the preparation of financial, tax, statistical, management reporting, and the Management Report will allow the formation of an integrated accounting system that reflects the interrelationships between individual indicators of various reports, which will strengthen the effectiveness of the system of internal control at enterprises and will reduce the risks of distortions of the reflected financial condition at the macro and micro levels. It is substantiated that compliance with the current legislation of the applied accounting policy is characterized by the assessment of objects and their reflection on the accounts in accordance with their purpose and type of activity, the reliability of the reporting compiled on its basis, which ensures the completeness of the display of all operations and the determination of financial results and a reliable assessment of efficiency types of activities in accordance with the productivity of expenses, profitability and cash flow., Встановлено, що основними факторами, що впливають на вибір облікової політики, є: форма власності, вид підприємства, його підпорядкованість, вид економічної діяльності, чисельність персоналу; розмір підприємства, система оподаткування, формат фінансової звітності (повна чи спрощена); форма ведення та організації бухгалтерського обліку; стратегія розвитку підприємства; структура собівартості (зарплатомістка, матеріаломістка, амортизаційномістка тощо); сезонний чи несезонний характер виду діяльності; порядок ціноутворення, рівень конкуренції та ступінь унікальності продукту діяльності; стан корпоративного управління та рівні відповідальності перед власниками підприємства; система мотивації персоналу; екологічна відповідальність перед суспільством. Удосконалено класифікацію облікової політики для цілей аналізу та аудиту за такими ознаками: залежно від рівня нормативного регулювання; залежно від звітності, що складається на її основі; залежно від строку дії; залежно від ризиків викривлення фінансової звітності внаслідок застосування професійного судження; залежно від впливу на фінансовий стан. Встановлено, що розробка робочого плану рахунків з врахуванням розрізів аналітики, необхідних для складання фінансової, податкової, статистичної, управлінської звітності, Звіту про управління, дозволить сформувати цілісну систему бухгалтерського обліку, що відображає взаємозв’язки між окремими показниками різних звітностей, що посилить ефективність системи внутрішнього контролю на підприємствах і зменшить ризики викривлень відображеного фінансового стану на макро- і мікрорівнях. Обґрунтовано, що відповідність чинному законодавству застосованої облікової політики характеризується оцінкою об’єктів та їх відображенням на рахунках обліку відповідно до їх призначення та виду діяльності, достовірністю звітності, складеної на її основі, що забезпечує повноту відображення всіх операцій та визначення фінансових результатів, достовірну оцінку ефективності видів діяльності відповідно до продуктивності здійснених витрат, рентабельності та руху грошових коштів.

The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical and methodological foundations of the accounting policy audit with the aim of determining the audit procedures for assessing its effectiveness. The concept of accounting policy is defined as a set of methods of accounting and financial reporting; the choice of methodological techniques, principles, rules and procedures that are used in the organization and maintenance of accounting and reporting; an internal basic document for the organization of accounting at the enterprise; formation of unified approaches and rules. The essence of the accounting policy at the state level and at the enterprise level is revealed. The characteristics of accounting policy components (organizational, methodical, technical components) are given. The goals of the accounting policy are set (compliance with the requirements of regulatory and legal acts, efficiency in accordance with the chosen strategy of the enterprise). The purpose of the accounting policy is defined as establishing the compliance of the company's application of the methods of accounting organization with the current regulatory and legal acts in the period under review, in order to form an opinion about the reliability of reporting in all essential aspects. The tasks of the accounting policy audit are outlined. The informational and legal basis of the audit of the accounting policy has been systematized. It is proposed to divide the audit of the accounting policy into two blocks: the audit of the formation of the accounting policy and the audit of the implementation of the accounting policy. The stages of the accounting policy audit are defined (preparatory, initial, main, final) and their content is disclosed. The definition of the accounting policy effectiveness audit is given. Qualitative and quantitative criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the accounting policy in terms of accounting and accounting in the taxation system have been established. The advantages of implementing an effective accounting policy are highlighted, which will provide a quality information base formed in the accounting system for making rational and well-founded management decisions., У статті визначено поняття облікової політики. Розкрито сутність облікової політики на державному рівні та на рівні підприємства. Надано характеристику складових облікової політики (організаційна, методична, технічна складові). Встановлено цілі облікової політики. Визначено мету і завдання аудиту облікової політики. Систематизовано інформаційну та нормативно-правову базу аудиту облікової політики. Визначені етапи проведення аудиту облікової політики (підготовчий, початковий, основний, заключний) та розкрито їх змістове наповнення. Дано визначення аудиту ефективності облікової політики. Встановлено якісні та кількісні критерії оцінки ефективності облікової політики у розрізі бухгалтерського обліку та обліку у системі оподаткування. Висвітлено переваги впровадження ефективної облікової політики, які забезпечать якісну інформаційну базу, сформовану в обліковій системі, для прийняття раціональних і обґрунтованих управлінських рішень.

В приведенной статье акцентируется ряд вопросов, связанных с оптимизацией налогообложения: сущность, законные способы и механизмы. Авторами проведен анализ состояния налогового законодательства на современном этапе. Целью исследования является проанализировать и изучить налоговую среду в настоящем этапе, характеризующемся наличием значительных ограничений, связанных с введением санкций рядом недружественных стран, а также необходимостью преодоления экономического кризиса, вызванного пандемией коронавируса COVID-19. На примере данного научного исследования показывается, как актуальные угрозы влияют на развитие современной налоговой политики Российской Федерации. Авторы подчеркивают, что политика минимизации налоговых отчислений характерна для многих компаний не только в нашей стране, но и за рубежом. В статье исследуются наиболее распространенные методы минимизации налогов, с выделением отдельно легитимных методов, используемых предпринимателями, и нелегитимных. Также в статье предложена классификация схем снижения налоговой нагрузки, используемых бизнесом в настоящее время; подчеркивается разница понятий «оптимизация налогообложения» и «минимизация налогообложения». Учитывается состояние современных внешнеполитических отношений, вызовы и проблемы, стоящие перед налоговой службой, по экономическому росту организаций в условиях санкций., This article focuses on the issues related to the tax optimization: the essence, legal methods and mechanisms. The authors analyzed the state of tax legislation at the present stage. The purpose of the study is to analyze the tax environment at the present stage, characterized by the presence of significant restrictions associated with the sanctions’ imposition by a number of unfriendly countries, as well as the need to overcome the economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. Using this scientific study as an example, it is shown how current threats affect the the modern tax policy development in the Russian Federation. The authors emphasize that the minimizing tax deductions policy is typical for many companies not only in Russia, but also abroad. The article examines the most common methods of minimizing taxes, highlighting separately legitimate methods used by entrepreneurs and illegitimate ones. The article also proposes a classification of schemes for reducing the tax burden currently used by businesses; the difference between the concepts of "tax optimization" and "tax minimization" is emphasized. The state of modern foreign policy relations, the challenges and problems facing the tax service, the economic growth of organizations under sanctions are taken into account., Human Progress, Выпуск 4 2023, Pages 11-11

В статье предлагается методика оценки результативности учётной политики. Огромное внимание было уделено качественным и количественным критериям оценки показателей эффективности учетных аспектов., The article proposes a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of accounting policy. Great attention was paid to qualitative and quantitative criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of accounting aspects., Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 1 (150) 2023, Pages 708-710

Участие российских предприятий и компаний на зарубежных рынках различных товаров и услуг приводит к необходимости расширения сотрудничества и соблюдения международных правил торговли. Чтобы компании могли выстоять в конкурентной среде как внутри страны, так и за рубежом, следует осуществить внедрение системы внутреннего контроля за внутрихозяйственной деятельностью. Акцент в нашей статье мы делаем на новых требованиях к оценке основных средств., The participation of Russian enterprises and companies in foreign markets for various goods and services leads to the need to expand cooperation and comply with international trade rules. In order for companies to survive in a competitive environment both within the country and abroad, it is necessary to introduce a system of internal control over on-farm activities. We focus in our article on the new requirements for the valuation of fixed assets., Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 5 (154) 2023, Pages 1078-1085

Изложена юридическая конструкция налога на имущество. Раскрыты особенности налогообложения имущества организаций. Констатирован недостаточный уровень развития налогового менеджмента в отечественных организациях. Рассмотрены основные требования бухгалтерских стандартов, влияющих на формирование налогооблагаемой базы и суммы налоговых платежей. Изложены методические аспекты предлагаемого способа уменьшаемого остатка на основе нелинейного метода, предусмотренного налоговым законодательством., The legal structure of the property tax is stated. Features of taxation of property of organizations are disclosed.Тhe insufficient level of development of tax management in domestic organizations is stated. Тhe main requirements of accounting standards that affect the formation of the taxable base and the amount of tax payments are considered. Тhe methodological aspects of the proposed reducing balance method based on the non-linear method provided for by tax legislation are outlined.

We examine the effect of capitalization vs expensing on UK firms’ R&D expenditures. Our investigation is motivated by the UK’s mandatory switch from UK GAAP to IFRS in 2005. Under UK GAAP, firms could elect to expense or capitalize development expenditures, but IFRS mandates capitalization. Thus, “capitalizers” maintained their accounting method, while “switchers” were required to change from expensing to capitalization. Using a difference-in-difference design, we examine the effect of the rule change on the amount and riskiness of the two groups’ R&D expenditures. Consistent with arguments that expensing’s deleterious effect on income causes firms to reduce their R&D outlays, we find that switching firms increased their R&D expenditures more than firms that continued to capitalize. We subject our results to numerous robustness tests, using propensity score matched samples, comparing early vs late switchers, switchers with high vs low R&D expenditure growth, examining R&D behavior in the last year before IFRS adoption, and a placebo test in which we alter the switch date. Across all of these tests, our results support the conclusion that the accounting method affects the amount that firms invest in R&D. Our results attest to the real effects of accounting policy on firms’ R&D investments.

The purpose of this study is to analyse and compare the accounting treatment of account receivable applied by PT Wahana Boga Nusantara with PSAK No. 50 and No. 55 revisied in 2014. This study uses descriptive data analysis techniques with a qualitative approach. The data collection method used is an interview with the Manager of the Financial Department and the Head of Account Receivable section on receivables accounting policy. The treatment of receivables accounting, non participant observations, and documentation with the documents used are financial position statements, profit and loss statements, receivables age lists, recapture of credit sales data during 2020. This study showed that the recognition of receivables has been by PSAK number 55 the revised the year 2014 because receivables are recognized when goods have been shipped and received by customers. Meanwhile, the measurement and presentation of receivables are not appropriate because they are not measured and presented at fair value.

The article provides a scientific justification of the methodological basis of accounting policies for deferred income and the features of their recognition over time, taking into account the requirements of IFRS 15 «Revenue from contracts whith customers». A method of recognizing revenue from contracts with customers over time is assessed, assessing progress towards full compliance with the obligation to perform. Approaches to the reflection of modifications of the contract and a significant component of financing are formalized. A conceptual accounting model is proposed to disclose information in the financial statements about contractual assets and liabilities. Prerequisites for harmonization of financial statements with the requirements of international standards have been formed.

Since the formation of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), the use of In-ternational Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has spread and they have become global standards for financial reporting. However, they are not used unanimously all over the world. This paper focuses on differences in countries’ approaches to IFRS. Our study aims to investi-gate the use of accounting policy choice for selected options in Europe with a particular focus on countries, industry and topic-specific firm factors. We analyze financial statements of 416 companies of the STOXX Europe 600 operating in 17 European countries. We use content analysis to identify the companies’ decisions to choose a particular option allowed under IFRS and run a logistic regression to identify potential factors that influence them. Our findings suggest that the factors under investigation do not always have a significant influence on the accounting option choice. However, the country variables seem to have a stronger influence than industry or topic variables. The study contributes to the body of literature mainly because it investigates a uniform European setting with the use of the 2017 data and it covers coun-tries not included in previous studies. Its results also provide a basis for discussion on the fi-nancial statements quality and the impact of IFRS across countries.

The article discusses the features of maintaining separate accounting of VAT in the field of medical care and provides recommendations for drawing up an accounting policy when maintaining separate accounting of VAT costs by organizations. The problematic of the article is relevant in the context of the preparation of a VAT tax return and the need to form tax accounting registers for it, which confirm the VAT deductions of the organization. In this regard, when preparing quarterly reports, accompanying documents must be prepared, which are supplemented when maintaining separate accounting of VAT costs with an accounting reference, which determines the share of VAT costs that the organization has the right to set off. To compile the accounting statement of the calculation, one should consider the specificity of the medical organization, and follow the accounting policy of the organization. Thus, the article has prepared an algorithm for creating an organization’s accounting policy in terms of maintaining separate accounting of VAT costs and presents calculations when compiling an accounting reference-calculation that organizations should carry out to create it to prove the legality of VAT deduction.

The normative-legal regulation of accounting of formation and use of reserve capital is established. Legislative regulation of the minimum size of reserve capital for different types of companies has been clarified. For joint-stock companies, in contrast to other types of companies, the legislation provides for the possibility of reducing the minimum deductions (including up to 0 %) when the reserve capital reaches the minimum size. A statistical analysis of the structure of equity by type of economic activity is made. It is established that out of 15 types of economic activity, only three (agriculture, forestry and fisheries; education; provision of other services) have profitable activity. Profitable types of economic activity are characterized by the dominance of retained earnings or additional capital in the structure of equity, with reserve capital occupying a small share. The common features and differences of additional and reserve capital are established. Common one is the creation of various funds, the source of which is net income. A distinctive feature is the ability to use funds. Additional capital provides for the creation of a fund for the renewal of non-current assets, employee motivation, etc. and the use of funds for these needs. Unlike additional capital, reserve capital is formed to eliminate crisis moments in the enterprise, reaches a certain size and may not be used for years, because it has a clear purpose – to cover losses, pay dividends on preferred shares and guarantees to creditors in liquidation. The method of accounting of reserve capital, which allows distinguishing the minimum level defined by the legislation and the sum exceeding the minimum size is offered.

The article considers the problem of current accounting of stocks in public sector organizations through the prism of new standards. As a result, the unity of the system of requirements for accounting of tangible assets was confirmed. The paper reveals the positions of modern scientists and practitioners on the novelty of requirements in the accounting of short-term assets. The author presents the logical scheme of application of norms of accounting of material stocks in the budgetary sphere from the point of view of their subordination. The study generally discloses the criteria for fulfilling the utility of the potential contained in the asset. The article presents and discloses the logical scheme for achieving the utility criterion reflected in the material stock. The author describes the necessity to use inventory as a way to identify signs of attributing assets to stocks or property in storage.

Recently the definition and verification of taxable objects are associated with the so-called business loophole “commercial secret”. In these tough conditions, auditors and taxpayers should master the techniques of conducting separate tax accounting of taxable objects. Taxpayers are forced to make a choice: which side of the tax system is more preferable to this or that version of the proportional method? The purpose of the article is to recommend ways of applying the proportional method of determining the objects of taxation in the conditions of separate tax accounting. The data of the first two options show that renting out premises for an LLP is unprofitable. The authors believe that it is necessary to review the terms of lease agreements and reduce the cost of renting premises. The calculations in the third variant indicate a significant and significant impact of the specific weight of the average number of employees on financial and tax indicators. When applying the third option of calculations, the company will pay significantly less CIT with unchanged financial and tax results. The company will prefer to fix the application of the proportional method in the accounting policy according to the latter option. This calculation option, according to the authors, helps to clarify not only the size of total expenses by type of activity, but also helps to distribute and clarify in detail information about taxable income, retained earnings and the amount of CIT by type of activity. Detailed information about the main performance indicators of the company contributes to the real content of the financial and tax reporting forms.

The article examines the features of account receivables accounting at coke enterprises in Ukraine. Different approaches for defining the «account receivable» term by domestic and foreign researchers were examined, the difference between interpretations was determined. Various approaches to the account receivable classification were explored, the classification attributes were generalized on the basis of the conducted research. It was proposed to extend the existing classification with the following attributes: by agreement with counterparties, by currency of debt, by legitimacy of occurrence. According to the added classification attributes, the types of account receivables were distinguished (сoncerted and the unconcerted account receivable on a sum and terms, for example, not confirmed claims fines; real and fictitious account receivable, that is represented in an account without actual realization of economic operation or as a result of economic operations that is confessed by a court as incompetent). The features of account receivables accounting at the PJSC “DNIPROVSKY CCP” were examined. In accordance with the chosen accounting policy, the classification of account receivables at the enterprise was highlighted. The features of registration of primary documents of origin and repayment of account receivable for various business transactions were analyzed. The features of recognition and assessment of account receivable, the procedure for forming the provision for doubtful debts were revealed, the procedure and grounds for writing off debts, the features of its reflection in the financial statements were determined. For more detailed accounting of account receivables in the enterprise, measures to improve accounting were proposed. For account receivables accounts in the enterprise, it is proposed to introduce sub-accounts for accounting of debts for which the payment deadline has not come, and debts that have not been repaid on time. For accounting the doubtful debt reserve for long-term and short-term account receivables it’s proposed to introduce separate sub-accounts to the account of the accounting of the doubtful debts reserve. Based on the proposals made the changes to the working card of accounts of the PJSC “DNIPROVSKY CCP” were developed.

This case provides an experiential learning opportunity to (1) appreciate the role of professional judgment in accounting policy choices, (2) evaluate the effect of accounting decisions on other business functions, and (3) understand the challenges in transitioning to a new accounting policy. Prestige's previous auditors had allowed the use of output-based measure (milestones completed) to compute the percentage-of-completion (POC) for its long-term construction contracts. The newly appointed auditors recommended switching to input-based measures (costs incurred) to compute POC. Students must choose the appropriate financial reporting policy, considering accounting and non-accounting issues. The case addresses an important context because almost one in every eight large 500 companies is engaged in long-term construction contracts (AICPA 2013). Although the case setting is in India, it can be used in any country given its GAAP-agnostic nature. The case is best suited for intermediate accounting courses in which the topic of revenue recognition is addressed.

The branch features of functioning the enterprises of the extractive industry influencing the organization of the account, the analysis and audit are established: limited stocks of minerals influence the actual period of functioning of the enterprise; seasonal demand for products; complex production; the location of the enterprise in relation to settlements must be consistent with the safety of the technological process for the environment, people; obtaining special permits for legitimate subsoil use. The elements of accounting policy as a tool for the actual reflection of contractual and depreciation policy in the financial statements are described. It was found that all surveyed companies apply a uniform depreciation policy. Given the seasonal nature of production and underutilization of capacity, it is proposed to move to the application of intensive depreciation policy. This will allow you to clearly plan the timing of equipment upgrades and the cost of own or borrowed funds for its implementation Stages of assessment of buyers’ solvency are offered. The first stage involves establishing the degree of implementation of agreements between buyers and the mining industry. The second stage involves determining the completeness of the provision of cash or non-cash proceeds from sales based on the establishment of correlations between the indicators of the statement of financial performance and the statement of cash flows. The third stage involves establishing the increase in receivables for sold products, goods, works, services for the reporting period and the share of the increase in receivables in the net income from sales for the reporting period.

Purpose: The aim of the article is to identify the reporting effects of the choice of method for the depreciation of fixed assets, defined in the accounting policy of a public university. Methodology: Empirical (qualitative) research was conducted in a deliberately selected group of public classical universities operating in Poland. The empirical material was col- lected by analyzing documents and from partially structured interviews conducted with the bursars (or their deputies) of these universities, who are considered to have the broadest knowledge about phenomena directly related to the surveyed entities’ finance and account- ing policies. Findings: Based on the results of the research, the depreciation approaches applied in public universities in Poland have been identified. Legal regulations relating to the man- agement of these fixed assets, which are important for implementing university tasks (i.e., necessary for research and education at the highest possible level), have also been estab- lished. The heterogeneity of the approaches leads to the lack of comparability of financial statements in this uniform group of public universities. Consequently, the identified nonuniform solutions affect the level of costs determined by universities while implementing tasks. Practical implications: The findings are important for university accountants (bursars) since they present them with solutions that can be applied in practice while pointing to the consequences of these different approaches. Originality/value: The principal cognitive value of the findings is the provision of empiri- cal arguments revealing the diversity of depreciation methods among units from the same sector of the economy – classical universities in Poland. At the same time, one of the sources of the problem of limited comparability of their financial results was indicated.

Subject. The article discusses the consistency of accounting policies, internal control and constituents of corporate economic security. Objectives. The study determines the process of articulating the term Accounting Policy at the legislative and normative levels nationwide and worldwide. We compare our own interpretations of corporate economic security. The article traces the impact of the accounting policy on areas of internal control and corporate economic securities. Methods. The study is based on general methods of research, such as the dialectical method, methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and semantic analysis. Results. The article shows the impact of internal and external factors, which also influence corporate economic security and translate into the formation of corporate accounting policies. Conclusions and Relevance. Economic security is an aspect that every entity pursues. Therefore, it is important to thoroughly study how clauses of accounting policies influence the aspect from perspectives of business entities. The impact of constituents of corporate accounting policies, as evaluated herein, allow to consider adverse factors and help prevent negative consequences that internal and external factors may cause to corporate economic security. The findings contribute to accounting techniques for financial management in order to ensure the economic security. They are of practical significance for business leaders and financial personnel.

Este trabajo se centra en analizar el proceso de adopción e implementación de los Estándares Internacionales de Información Financiera en Colombia y su impacto en el sector empresarial. El objetivo principal realizar una actualización de la política contable en la empresa Distribuidora Médico Quirúrgica S.A.S; con respecto a la Importación de Inventario conforme a la sección 13 de la NIIF para PYMES de igual forma verificar cómo la empresa Distribuidora Médico Quirúrgica SAS definió su política contable según los estándares dispuestos en la Sección 13 de la NIIF para PYMES y para así validar la correcta aplicación sobre las transacciones relevantes. This work focuses on analyzing the process of adoption and implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards in Colombia and its impact on the business sector. The main objective is to update the accounting policy in the company Distribuidora Médico Quirúrgica SAS; With respect to the Import of Inventory in accordance with Section 13 of the IFRS for SMEs, in the same way, verify how the company Distribuidora Médico Quirúrgica SAS defined its accounting policy according to the standards provided in Section 13 of the IFRS for SMEs and thus validate the correct application on the relevant transactions. Especialista en Gerencia Tributaria http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Especialización

The issues of applying the professional judgment of an accountant in the formation of environmental indicators of accounting (financial) statements in the context of reforming the accounting of the Republic of Belarus and the context of sustainable development of the country are studied. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between the quality of accounting (financial) statements and the professional judgment of an accountant. The impact that the professional judgment of an accountant can have on the indicators of this reporting in the conditions of insufficiently complete regulatory legal regulation of the procedure for reflecting environmental indicators in the accounting system is revealed.

The issues of applying the professional judgment of an accountant in the formation of environmental indicators of accounting (financial) statements in the context of reforming the accounting of the Republic of Belarus and the context of sustainable development of the country are studied. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between the quality of accounting (financial) statements and the professional judgment of an accountant. The impact that the professional judgment of an accountant can have on the indicators of this reporting in the conditions of insufficiently complete regulatory legal regulation of the procedure for reflecting environmental indicators in the accounting system is revealed.&nbsp

The paper analyzes the requirements of Regulation № 1213 for the purpose of identifying aspects of accounting policy of state enterprises, which should be additionally disclosed in the company’s administrative document on accounting policy. This will allow to update its content and outline the methodological issues that are specified, but not described in detail in the current regulatory framework. У статті аналізуються вимоги Положення № 1213 на предмет виявлення аспектів облікової політики державних підприємств, які додатково слід розкривати в розпорядчому документу про облікову політику, що дозволить актуалізувати його зміст та висвітлити методичні питання, які зазначені, але докладно не описані у чинній нормативній базі.

The functioning of budgetary institution in the market conditions is impossible to imagine without the computerization of its main economic and production processes. Accountance is no exception. To facilitate routine accounting work, a large number of different accounting programs have been created in recent years. The introduction of accounting software products allows not only automating the accountance, but also establishing order in inventory control, in the supply and sale of products and goods, tracking contracts, quickly calculating wages, timely submitting official statistical reports. Computerization of accountance (both in general and considering its separate sections) not only facilitates the process of management of activities, but also is a prerequisite for fulfilling a number of legislative requirements, in particular regarding the submission of electronic reporting. In addition, automated accounting systems are used to process accounting information. The use of software allows the accountant to obtain up-to-date information, reduce the number of errors in the entry and processing of data caused by the human factor. The publication examines the current state and substantiates the need to automate the accounting system of budgetary institutions in order to ensure their efficient activities. The main features of software products for accountance automation in budgetary organizations are considered, also the main advantages of using these applications to optimize and adapt the accounting system of domestic institutions to the contemporary challenges of the information society and international practice of budget accounting are defined. The peculiarities of use of the most popular software products of budgetary institutions of Ukraine are analyzed; the key requirements for companies – manufacturers of accounting automation software products for the budgetary institutions of Ukraine are substantiated; a phased algorithm is substantiated to ensure the effective implementation of the process of automation of the accounting system in domestic budgetary organizations.

The coronacrisis accelerated the process of economic digitization. New technologies are changing approaches to the organization of labor, as a result of a process of changing classic business models. The competitive environment in all market sectors is changing. Businesses at all levels are working to integrate technology for creating a sustainable, mobile, and digital business model. Accordingly, to ensure this process, technical support in the form of data hubs, data centers, etc. is required. ISSN 1994-1749. 2020. Вип. 3 (47) Проблеми теорії та методології бухгалтерського обліку, контролю і аналізу 70 Strategies of digitalization of different countries are considered. It is determined that the digitization process provides these basic factors for the beginning of qualitative changes: infrastructure upgrades, expansion of databases, widespread mobile devices with a high level of communication capabilities, increasing accessibility and expanding the use of the Internet. As a result, digitalization leads to a general «connection» and the total impact of these processes on all sectors of the economy: industry, transport, finance, health, education, and others. For an objective assessment of performance and business opportunities, it is proposed to include in the management report information on development prospects, key risks, the achievement of declared goals, and strategic plans, taking into account the degree of consequences caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Businesses should review their accounting and reporting policies to provide accurate and up-to-date information on stakeholder performance.

Шмигель О.Є. ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗРОБЛЕННЯ ОБЛІКОВОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ ТОРГОВЕЛЬНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ Мета. Розробка окремих елементів і етапів облікової політики торговельних підприємств з урахуванням їх адаптації до міжнародних стандартів бухгалтерського обліку та фінансової звітності. Методика дослідження. Теоретичною та інформаційною основою дослідження стали праці провідних вчених-економістів у сфері бухгалтерського обліку, а також національні й міжнародні стандарти бухгалтерського обліку та фінансової звітності. В процесі дослідження використано загальнонаукові і спеціальні методи, зокрема: метод класифікації дав змогу диференціювати основні компоненти обліку торговельних підприємств, а метод опису надав їм детальну характеристику; монографічний метод використаний при вивченні літературних джерел з питань створення основних аспектів облікової політики торговельних підприємств; системно-аналітичний метод застосовано при обробці отриманої інформації. Результати дослідження. Розглянуто підходи до визначення особливостей діяльності торговельних підприємств та ведення обліку. Обґрунтовано ідентифікаційні характеристики та значення для складання облікової політики торговельних підприємств. Ідентифіковано основні проблеми, котрі виникають при складанні облікової політики торговельних підприємств. Визначено місце облікової політики в обліково-аналітичній системі торговельних підприємств. Розглянуто варіанти організації облікової політики торговельних підприємств з дотриманням міжнародних стандартів бухгалтерського обліку та фінансової звітності. Наукова новизна результатів дослідження. Обґрунтовано особливості організації облікової політики торговельних підприємств з дотриманням міжнародних стандартів бухгалтерського обліку та фінансової звітності. Практична значущість результатів дослідження. Отримані теоретико-прикладні рекомендації можуть бути використані для удосконалення існуючих підходів складання облікової політики торговельних підприємств. Ключові слова: торговельне підприємство, облікова політика, етапи розробки, елементи бухгалтерського обліку, технологія розробки, звітність, стандарти обліку. Shmyhel O.Ye. FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT OF ACCOUNTING POLICY OF TRADE ENTERPRISES Purpose. The aim of the article is the development of separate elements and stages of accounting policy of trade enterprises taking into account their adaptation to the international standards of accounting and financial reporting. Methodology of research. The theoretical and informational basis of the study were the works of leading economists in the field of accounting, as well as national and international standards of accounting and financial reporting. In the process of research general and special methods were used, in particular: the method of classification allowed to differentiate the main components of accounting of trade enterprises, and the method of description gave them a detailed description; the monographic method is used in the study of literature sources on the creation of the main aspects of the accounting policy of commercial enterprises; the system and analytical method is applied at processing of the received information. Findings. Approaches to determining the peculiarities of trade enterprises and accounting are considered. Identification characteristics and values for drawing up the accounting policy of trade enterprises are substantiated. The main problems that arise when compiling the accounting policy of commercial enterprises are identified. The place of accounting policy in the accounting and analytical system of trade enterprises is determined. Options for organizing the accounting policy of commercial enterprises in compliance with international standards of accounting and financial reporting are considered. Originality. The peculiarities of the organization of the accounting policy of trade enterprises with observance of the international standards of accounting and financial reporting are substantiated. Practical value. The obtained theoretical and applied recommendations can be used to improve existing approaches to the accounting policy of commercial enterprises. Key words: trade enterprise, accounting policy, stages of development, elements of accounting, development technology, reporting, accounting standards.

The article describes the procedure of transition to the retrospective inventory in accordance with the new Federal accounting standard 5/2019 “Reserves” in case of medical reporting organisation will take such account of the decision and will put priority in favor of the principle of comparability in the financial statements to the detriment of rationality, applicable to accounting. A key change in the way work in progress and finished products are accounted for is that organizations do not have a choice in accounting for management expenses — all organizations must recognize them as expenses of the current reporting period.

Purpose. Research of features of innovative activity and its accounting reflection; determining their impact on the formation of accounting policies in order to build an effective accounting and information system of innovative activity management of the enterprise. Methodology of research. Realization of the purpose was carried out by means of the epistemological method which gave the chance to specify the essence of accounting policy on various directions of the innovation process; system-structural method, which allowed to classify the objects of innovation activity and its accounting. General scientific methods (induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization) were used to develop the concept of accounting and information support for innovation activity management. Findings. It is established that the special complexity and diversity of innovation is the reason for the existence of diversity and determines the relevance of accounting policies in the formation of information support for innovation activity management. The main stages of the procedure of formation of accounting and information support of innovation activity management are proposed and the role of accounting policy, in this case, is clarified. Based on the analysis of the peculiarities of innovation, the requirements for the accounting system are formed, which should be taken into account when forming the accounting policy in order to form the information resource of innovation activity. Originality. The place of accounting policy in the process of formation of information resources of innovation activity is substantiated. The content, stages, and features of the formation of accounting policy taking into account the specifics of innovation activity are described. A distinctive feature of the proposed approach is the construction of accounting and information support for innovation activity management, taking into account the classification of objects of innovation in three areas: financing of innovation; creation (acquisition) of an innovative product; commercialization of innovation activity results. This approach will help streamline accounting methods and improve reporting transparency. Practical value. Determining the features of accounting support and accounting policy of innovation allows forming models of accounting reflection of innovation processes in accounting accounts, to determine algorithms for forming financial reporting indicators, and methods of internal accounting for their use in innovation management, taking into account industry specifics, business specifics and innovation activities of specific enterprises. Key words: innovation activity, objects of innovation activity, information support, information resources, objects of accounting of innovation activity, accounting policy.

The necessity of development of the system of financial accounting as an instrument of internal and external strategic accounting communications of the enterprise is grounded. The significance of the financial accounting system as a source of information for enterprise management is analyzed. The necessity for the development of financial accounting system in accordance with the requests of the subjects of strategic management of enterprises is determined. The types and directions of formation of the financial accounting information necessary for stakeholders for making strategic decisions are identified. The classification of tools for the development of the financial accounting system as an instrument of strategic accounting communications is developed. The traditional tools for the development of the financial accounting system are identified and analyzed. The concept of strategically important objects of accounting is substantiated. The importance of the development of accounting methodology of strategic direction (strategic accounting policy, strategic reporting) as a tool of bringing the financial accounting system closer to the requirements of strategic management is grounded. The engineering tools of the financial accounting system development (engineering entries, engineering strategic reporting) are identified and analyzed.

It is noted that at present, instead of deepening scientific research in terms of turning accounting offices into accounting and analytical centers and training students in accordance with modern requirements for the formation of analytical information for managers, the key problem of the theory and practice of accounting has become the erroneous focus of attention of domestic authors on foreign language terms. and “justifying” the need to replace its dubious value name with ephemeral ones. Using the methods of historical analysis, structural and logical understanding of scientific literature and accounting practice for almost a century, it is argued that the withdrawal of the analytical function from the competence of accountants was especially painful during the period of privatization of public property. It is recommended, first of all, to discard the urge to borrow from untested innovations, in which accounting is only backgrounds. It is pointed out that one should not succumb to the illusion that every master must become a scientist, as it seems from the interpretation of this Latin name. Therefore, thorough training of accountants-analysts (according to the well-known metaphor – Nostradamus accounting process) should be carried out under the clear guidance of J. Rossi: “Science is practiced at university departments, art – in accounting”. Therefore, first of all, we must reject the urge to borrow from untested innovations, in which accounting is only a background, and remove from the curricula of such professionals copied ephemerals such as “integrated” reporting, or so-called. isolated “management” etc. accounting. where they look drawn to the ears. The same applies to the competition, who will come up with a more absurd name for the position of accountant instead of the current one, as well as the titles of minister – “servant”, or marshal – “groom”. Because its translation from German into Ukrainian is still more resonant than the association, which will inevitably arise when an accountant would try to be called an information technology manager – most likely it will be reduced to an abbreviated “informant”, i.e. translated from Latin “agent”, or any worse synonyms of Ukrainian origin.

The article is aimed at examining the theoretical-practical bases of formation of accounting policy for intangible assets of enterprise, taking into account the conceptual basis of financial statements – either UAS (Ukrainian Accounting Standards) or IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards). The analysis and generalization of the requirements of regulations, as well as scientific works of many scholars on understanding the essence of the concept of «accounting policy» were carried out. Two key directions of understanding of accounting policy by domestic scholars are allocated: the closer specified one (description of alternative solutions) and the wide one (disclosure of an additional array of information in addition to choosing from the permitted alternatives). The author’s own approach to understanding the accounting policy in terms of intangible assets is proposed: it is a description of the decisions chosen by the enterprise from a number of alternatives stipulated by the standards (UAS or IFRS), regarding the recognition, valuation, submission and disclosure of information about intangible assets, as well as other aspects deemed essential. The approaches of domestic scholars to identify the main elements of accounting policy related to intangible assets are considered. On the basis of the study of alternative requirements of IAS 38, a minimum set of elements of the enterprise’s accounting policy for intangible assets is proposed, as well as key differences in approaches to the preparation of accounting policies under the UAS compared to the IFRS are defined. The appropriateness of disclosure of tax aspects in accounting policy is analyzed. Approaches to improving accounting policy and ensuring its innovative nature through the presentation of independent decisions of the enterprise on disclosure of information about intangible assets in the broad sense of this concept are proposed. It is recommended to disclose information on the identification of classes of the implicit innovation-oriented assets, approaches to valuation and monitoring of these assets outside of traditional accounting methods, as well as disclosure channels for such assets.

The article considers the issues of organization and formation of inventory accounting policy, substantiates its role in the system of information support of inventory management processes and highlights the impact on the effectiveness of inventory management in the process of innovation activity. Based on the study of trends in the share of inventories of industrial enterprises and indicators of innovation development, it is established that inventories are not currently considered as a resource that has a significant impact on the innovation potential of the enterprise, and in combination with financial performance indicates inefficient investment in inventories and inefficient inventory management. It is proved that it is possible to increase the efficiency of inventory management due to the optimal organization of the inventory accounting system, the foundations of which are laid during the formation of accounting policies. The author's approach to understanding the accounting policy in the sphere of inventory accounting, which is considered as a set of principles, methods and procedures used by the company to generate quality, timely, relevant, clear, complete and reliable information about the availability, movement, storage and use of inventories, sufficient to make management decisions aimed at improving the efficiency of inventory management and disclosure of inventory information in the financial statements. Coverage of approaches to the formation of accounting policy is based on a combination of organizational, technological and methodological components of accounting policy. The first (organizational and technological) component includes such elements as: inventory principles, laws and regulations concerning accounting of inventories, forms of primary documents and internal management reporting used for inventory accounting, document management rules and accounting information processing technology, control procedures on the movement of inventories and the responsibility of officials, the procedure and frequency of revaluation of inventories and inventory count, the order of analytical inventory, the unit of natural measurement of inventories for each unit of accounting, the interaction of accounting with other services during the transfer and exchange of inventory. The second component (methodological) reveals the principles and rules of receipt, processing, recording and transmission of inventory information, inventory valuation rules, inventory accounting (development of a working plan of accounts), disclosure of inventory information in the financial statements. It has been considered such main elements of organizational, technological and methodological components: features of the work plan of inventory accounts, the issue of documentation of inventory transactions, the recognition of inventories and their evaluation, document management rules, accounting for transport and procurement costs. Variable elements of inventory accounting policy are identified.

The purpose of the study is to identify the impact of specific types of related parties, which are allocated in International Standards on Auditing 550 “Related Parties”, not only on the organization of the audit of financial statements in the context of assessing the risk of material misstatement, but also on the organization of accounting in enterprises. To achieve the goal set in the work, a complex of general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction) and methodical techniques (systematization, generalization, review, comparison) based on the provisions of International Standards of Auditing was used. In the study of the essence of related parties transactions and elaboration their classification method of system analysis, logical method, and method of modeling were used. There are three major tasks within the overall responsibility of the auditor while fulfilling such engagement as audit of the financial statements have been determined. It is substantiated that two different phrases (“has a responsibility to perform audit procedures” and “needs to obtain an understanding”) which are used in International Standards on Auditing 550 “Related Parties” requires a separate approach to formation a set of optimal audit procedures. Specific types of related parties based on the International Standards 550 “Related Services” that should be considered when performing audit of financial statements has been identified. Classification of related parties transactions according to their riskiness and connection with the normal course of business into four different types has been elaborated. Two groups of inquiries concerning related parties transactions have been analyzed. It has been proved that making inquiries the auditor should provide as much information as possible in order to avoid misunderstandings, which may lead to difficulties in forming an opinion. It is noted that determining the characteristics of the dominant influence and significant transactions will allow effective communication and cooperation between auditors, management staff and those responsible for governance in formation inquires and answers for them. Using proposed classification in the process of audit of financial statements and in developing regulatory documents for accounting at the entity will allow appropriate assessing of risk of material misstatement and increasing the effectiveness of internal control at the entity. It has been substantiated that the objectives of accounting policy not only in terms of meeting the interests of the company as an entity that prepares financial statements and interacts with related parties, but also in terms of meeting the interests of the entity as a responsible party, interacting with the auditor, that seeks to establish an internal control system that will ensure reducing its own risks.

The necessity of development of the system of financial accounting as an instrument of internal and external strategic accounting communications of the enterprise is grounded. The significance of the financial accounting system as a source of information for enterprise management is analyzed. The necessity for the development of financial accounting system in accordance with the requests of the subjects of strategic management of enterprises is determined. The types and directions of formation of the financial accounting information necessary for stakeholders for making strategic decisions are identified. The classification of tools for the development of the financial accounting system as an instrument of strategic accounting communications is developed. The traditional tools for the development of the financial accounting system are identified and analyzed. The concept of strategically important objects of accounting is substantiated. The importance of the development of accounting methodology of strategic direction (strategic accounting policy, strategic reporting) as a tool of bringing the financial accounting system closer to the requirements of strategic management is grounded. The engineering tools of the financial accounting system development (engineering entries, engineering strategic reporting) are identified and analyzed.

Th e article presents an algorithm for the formation of the taxable base for the purposes of tax accounting when drawing up a tax return on the profi t of an agricultural holding. It is recommended to monitor settlements with the budget in terms of calculable tax payments for each participant of the agricultural holding. Corrections are proposed to be introduced into the accounting policy for the purposes of tax accounting, which make it possible to adapt accounting to the requirements of tax accounting.

Introduction. Currently, indirect taxes play a crucial role in shaping the state’s Tax Policy and creating the legal basis for a market economy. In their composition; the value-added tax acts as one of the regulators of the redistribution of public goods and one of the main and stable sources of income to the budget; as well as a way to distribute the tax burden, which allows maintaining the economic and legal equality of taxpayers. Purpose. The aim of the research is to identify possible directions for improving the process of managing value added tax in terms of the forming the enterprise accounting policy. Results. The research has identified a number of problems on the chosen topic, including: the problem of practical application of the principle of undisputed tax credit and non-execution of court decisions; lack of predictability of changes in tax legislation; uncertainty of tax risks and possible measures to prevent them. Based on the outlined problems, opportunities have been assessed and the feasibility of reducing the tax burden on business entities under VAT has been determined. The significance of tax planning has been determined – it allows you to provide for the size of the tax obligation to be paid and control the correctness of its accrual. If new business conditions arise, planning allows you to analyze tax factors and take them into account in the process of implementing tax policy. Conclusions. The theory of taxation defines the essence and content of the tax policy of the enterprise in terms of value added tax; tax risk zones related to VAT payment have been investigated; the concept of tax risk as a special type of financial risk characterizing the possibility of unforeseen financial losses (collection of tax arrears; penalties for late payment of tax; collection of penalties; non-reimbursement of VAT at zero tax rate; inability to use VAT tax credit) related to changes in tax legislation or is the result of taxpayer activity or actions of tax authorities; proposed classification of types of tax risks by VAT depending on the reasons for their occurrence and proposed means of preventing risks associated with the calculation and payment of VAT.