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Genus Sciades Müller & Troschel, 1849 TYPE SPECIES. — Sciades emphysetus Müller & Troschel, 1849 (type species by original designation)., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 335, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["MULLER J. & TROSCHEL F. H. 1849. - Horae Ichthyologicae. Beschreibung und Abbildung neuer Fische. Horae Ichthyol 3: 1 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6935"]}

Class ACTINOPTERI Cope, 1871 REMARKS For nomenclature priority of Actinopteri instead of Actinopterygii Klein, 1885, see Schwarzhans et al. 2020., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 332, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["COPE E. D. 1871. - Contribution to the ichthyology of the Lesser Antilles. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 14 (3): 445 - 483. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1005256","KLEIN E. E. 1885. - Beitrage zur Bildung des Schadels der Knochenfische II. Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg 41: 107 - 261. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 7794985","SCHWARZHANS W., STRINGER G. & FRICKE R. 2020. - On the authorship of Actinopteri and Actinopterygii. Cybium 44 (1): 7 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.26028 / cybium / 2020 - 441 - 001"]}

Genus Potamotrygon Garman, 1877 TYPE SPECIES. — Trygon histrix Müller & Henle, 1841 (type species by original designation; Garman 1877)., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 332, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["GARMAN S. 1877. - On the pelvis and external sexual organs of selachians, with special reference to the new genera Potamotrygon and Disceus. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 19: 197 - 215.","MULLER J. & HENLE F. G. J. 1841. - Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Veit, Berlin, 200 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6906"]}

Oxydoras sp. (Fig. 3 C1-C3). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Incomplete neurocranium (ULA-1316). LOCALITY. — Villavieja Fm. LA-3 (fish bed) (seeFig.1B; Appendix 1). DESCRIPTION ULA-1316 is an incomplete neurocranium of 51 mm in length, preserving only the anterior section of the skull (Fig. 3 C1-C3), and is assigned here to Oxydoras. It preserves a complete mesethmoid bone clearly observable in both dorsal and ventral views. It has an elongate arrow-shape with a bifid anterior tip, and a convex profile in lateral view (Fig. 3 C1). In dorsal view, the anterior section of both right and left frontals and both right and left lateral ethmoids are articulated to the mesethmoid; the most proximal section of the anterior cranial fontanelle is also preserved (Fig. 3 C1). The ornamentation of the skull is not well defined, possibly as a result of erosion. In ventral view, the mesethmoid, vomer, remnants of what appear to be lateral ethmoids, and the parasphenoid are preserved (Fig. 3 C2). The vomer has an arrow-shaped anterior section and seems to have reduced anterolateral processes; its posterior section is elongated and narrow, being enclosed in the anterior bifid tip of the parasphenoid. REMARKS ULA-1316 possess a mesethmoid bone similar to those present in living and fossil representatives of Oxydoras, which can be differentiated from the mesethmoid bones of any other living (Birindelli 2014) or fossil (see Lundberg et al. 2010) species of doradid. The thorny catfish Oxydoras is represented by three extant species, Oxydoras niger (Valenciennes in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821), Oxydoras kneri Bleeker, 1862a, and Oxydoras sifontesi Fernández-Yépez, 1968, from the Amazon, Essequibo, Orinoco and Paraná basins. These species occur over mud in streams and lakes, but are also present in large rivers (Froese & Pauly 2022). The only fossil of Oxydoras known to date corresponds to an isolated mesethmoid bone from the Miocene of Peru illustrated by Lundberg et al. (2010). Although ULA-1316 resembles the skull of the extant O. niger (see Birindelli 2014; Prestes-Carneiro et al. 2019), and/ or the other two living species O. kneri and O. sifontesi, its incomplete and poor state of preservation make it difficult to associate this fossil specimen with any of these extant species. The skulls of the extant species of Oxydoras usually present well-defined ornamentation (see Birindelli 2014: fig. 25); in the case of ULA-1316, the ornamentation pattern is not well-defined or is absent, possibly as a consequence associated with taphonomic processes or erosion of the fossil during its exposure in the outcrop. Due to that, ULA-1316 is tentatively assigned to Oxydoras sp. This fossil specimen from the middle Miocene of the Honda Group, and the isolated mesethmoid bone from the Miocene (Lundberg et al. 2010), are to date the only known fossils of Oxydoras., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on pages 335-336, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["BIRINDELLI J. L. O. 2014. - Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes). Neotropical Ichthyology 2 (3): 451 - 564. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1982 - 0224 - 20120027","LUNDBERG J. G., SABAJ PEREZ M. H., DAHDUL W. M. & AGUILERA O. A. 2010. - The Amazonian Neogene fish fauna, in HOORN C. & WESSELINGH F. (eds), Amazonia: Landscape and Species Evolution. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford: 281 - 301.","HUMBOLDT F. H. A. V. & VALENCIENNES A. 1821. - Recherches sur les poissons fluviatiles de l'Amerique Equinoxiale, in Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland, deuxieme partie. Observations de Zoologie et d'Anatomie comparee. Vol. 2. Schoell, Dufour, Paris: 145 - 216.","BLEEKER P. 1862 a. - Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Neerlandaises. Publie sous les auspices du Gouvernement Colonial Neerlandais. Tome 2, SiluroIdes, chacoIdes et heterobranchoIdes. Frederic Mueller, Amsterdam, 112 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 67474","FERNANDEZ-YEPEZ A. 1968. - Contribucion al conocimiento de la familia Doradidae en Venezuela. Boletin del Instituto Oceanografico, Universidad de Oriente 7 (1): 7 - 72.","FROESE R. & PAULY D. (EDS) 2022. - FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. https: // www. fishbase. org (02 / 2022)","PRESTES-CARNEIRO G., BEAREZ P., SHOCK M. P., PRUMERS H. & JAIMES BETANCOURT C. 2019. - Pre-Hispanic fishing practices in interfluvial Amazonia: Zooarchaeological evidence from managed landscapes on the Llanos de Mojos savanna. Plos One 14 (5): e 0214638. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0214638"]}

Phractocephalus sp. (Fig. 3 D-M). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Fourteen skull fragments (IGM-87- 314, -2221-f-a, -2382-b (no. 2), and VPPLT-223, 421(no. 2), 422 (no. 2), 742, 1128, 1272, 1282, 1432); a pectoral girdle (IGM-s/n), and 12 pectoral/dorsal fragmented spines (IGM-2285-c, ULA-44, and VPPLT-043 (no. 4), 417, 473, 474, 1092, 1478, 1482). LOCALITIES. — La Victoria Fm. Diomatal-Museo La Tormenta (VPPLT-1478, 1-482); Km-121 (VPPLT-043, 223, 742, 1128, 1432); Tatacoita (VPPLT-417, 421, 422, 470, 473, 474, 1092); San Nicolás (VPPLT-1272, 1282). — Villavieja Fm. Duke 46 (IGM-87-314); LA 2 (ULA-44). — Indeterminate Fm. Alrededor del Campamento de la Venta, Villa vieja (IGM-2382-h); Norte del Punto 16 (IGM-2221-h-a); NW del Campamento de la Venta, Villavieja (IGM-2285-c) (see Fig. 1B; Appendix 1). DESCRIPTION The dorsal surface of the skull, including the sphenotic, pterotic, and parieto-supraoccipital bones, has well-developed dorsal ornamentation characterized by dense, deep, and rounded pits surrounded by a thick and tall crest arranged in a mosaic (Fig. 3 D-I). The ornamentation in the frontal and the parieto-supraoccipital bones are characterized by elongated and parallel pits delimited by a stronger crest. These ornamentation patterns of elongated and parallel pits, gutter-like, are slightly interrupted at the middle part by changes in the ornamentation pattern that consist of disperse oval pits (Fig. 3 D). The postero-lateral laminar projections of the parieto-supraoccipital bone form a thick and strong arch on both sides. The external surface is densely ornamented with small pits irregularly arranged. However, the entire bone expansion is not complete, and the distal smooth edge is not preserved (Fig. 3 E-F). The ornamentation on the pterotic bone shows a pattern of parallel alignment of the pits. The largest pits are arranged in the medial region, and the minor ones are aligned in the outermost region of the bone (Fig. 3 G). The sphenotic has a stronger anastomosing ridge on the dorsal surface (Fig. 3 H). The pectoral girdle is robust with the posterior process of the cleithrum expanded in a thick laminar bone in a triangular-shape. The outer surface is densely ornamented with a series of pits arranged in oblique rows in most of the upper area, and pits in a random distribution on the lower area. Both, the anterior dorsal process and posterior dorsal process of the cleithrum are robust (Fig. 3J). The ornamentation in the pectoral spines form elongated, crossed and irregular crest without rounded or ovoid pits. The anterior edge has small acute spines oriented posteriorly and on the posterior edge the small spines are robust, and obtuse without a well-defined orientation (Fig. 3 K-M). REMARKS Phractocephalus is represented by the single extant species P. hemioliopterus. The fossil record of the genus includes † Phractocephalus nassi Lundberg & Aguilera, 2003, from the late Miocene Urumaco Fm in Venezuela, † Phractocephalus acreornatus Aguilera et al., 2008, from the late Miocene Solimões Fm in Brazil, and † Phractocephalus yaguaron Bogan & Agnolin, 2019, from late Miocene Ituzaingó Formation, Argentina. † Phractocephalus ivy Azpelicueta & Cione, 2016, from late the Miocene of Argentina was recently referred to the extant genus Steindachneridion Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1919 (see Bogan & Agnolín 2019). The skull bones of Phractocephalus from the Honda Group can be distinguished from those of extinct species by the stronger ornamentation pattern, density, and depth of the circular pits surrounded by thick crest arranged in a mosaic-like pattern vs. less skull ornamentation in † P. acreornatus and † P. nassi. Skull bones in † P. yaguaron are strongly ornamented with reticulating ridges and subcircular pits (see Azpelicueta & Cione 2016; Bogan & Agnolín 2019), a pattern that is relatively different from the specimens from the Honda Group, where ornamentation, especially in frontal and the parieto-supraoccipital bones, show continuous elongated and parallel pits (see Fig. 3 D-F). Lundberg (1997) described a partial mesethmoid bone and a fragmented pectoral-spine (Lundberg 1997: fig. 5.9A) from the Fish Bed locality as extant P. hemioliopterus; nevertheless, these materials were later referred to as too incomplete to assess their species status (Lundberg & Aguilera 2003). The ornamental pattern on specimens from the Honda Group shows clear differences from the skull ornamentation in the extant P. hemioliopterus (e.g., see skulls illustrated in Lundberg & Aguilera 2003; Aguilera et al. 2008; Bogan & Agnolín 2019). Based on the skull and pectoral/dorsal spine ornamentation, the Phractocephalus specimens from the Honda group is most closely related to † P. nassi. Nevertheless, by the fragmentary conditions of bones and the absence of well-preserved diagnostic elements to support an accurate diagnosis and description, we tentatively use an open nomenclature for the Phractocephalus specimens from the Honda Group. Phractocephalus hemioliopterus occurs in a broad range of habitats, from large rivers to flooded forests and lakes, with a wide distribution in the Orinoco and the Amazon (van der Sleen & Albert 2018). Recently, a reticulate nuchal plate attributed to Phractocephalus sp. was recorded from the middle Miocene Castilletes Formation in the Guajira Peninsula, northern Colombia (Ballen et al. 2021a), and this report, together with the other fossil Phractocephalus from northwestern Venezuela (Lundberg & Aguilera 2003) suggests a broader distribution of the genus during the Miocene and support ancient connections between trans-Andean and cis-Andean drainages. Other siluriforms taxa reported herein (Table 1) and in previous works (e.g., Lundberg 1997, 2005) for the Honda Group include Hoplosternum Gill, 1858 (Fig. 3 N-P), the loricariids cf. Acanthicus Agassiz, 1829 (Fig. 3U 1-U 2), and cf. Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803 (Fig. 3V 1-V 2), and the pimelodids Brachyplatystoma (Fig. 4A 1-B 2), and Pimelodus Lacépède, 1803 (Fig. 4C). The goliath catfish † Brachyplatystoma promagdalena Lundberg, 2005, was described from the Fish Bed layer.Tentatively we designate the siluriforms as the most diverse fish group of the Honda Group (Fig. 5). Other bony fishes reported from the Honda Group (see Table 1) includes cynodontids or “dogtooth characins” (Fig. 4E 1-F 2), “piranha-like” and “pacu” serrasalmids (Fig. 4G 1-M), dipnoids (Fig. 4D 1-D 2), and osteoglossiforms (Fig. 4N 1-N 2)., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on pages 336-338, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["LUNDBERG J. G. & AGUILERA O. 2003. - The late Miocene Phractocephalus catfish (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from Urumaco, Venezuela: additional specimens and reinterpretation as a distinct species. Neotropical Ichthyology 1 (2): 97 - 109. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252003000200004","AGUILERA O. A., BOCQUENTIN J., BRANCO R., LUNDBERG J. G. & MACIENTE A. 2008. - A new cajaro catfish (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae: Phractocephalus) from the Late Miocene of southwestern Amazonia and its relationship to † Phractocephalus nassi of the Urumaco Formation. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 82 (2): 231 - 245. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / Bf 02988412","BOGAN S. & AGNOLIN F. L. 2019. - Phractocephaline catfishes from the late Miocene of Argentina, with the description of a new taxon. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 (4): e 1676254. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2019.1676254","AZPELICUETA M. D. L. M. & CIONE A. L. 2016. - A southern species of the tropical catfish genus Phractocephalus (Teleostei: Siluriformes) in the Miocene of South America. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 67: 221 - 230. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsames. 2016.03.002","EIGENMANN C. H. & EIGENMANN R. S. 1919. - Steindachneridion. Science 50 (1301): 525 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 50.1301.525. b","LUNDBERG J. G. 1997. - Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J. (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London: 67 - 91.","VAN DER SLEEN P. & ALBERT J. S. 2018. - Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas. Princenton University Press, New Jersey, 464 p.","BALLEN G. A., JARAMILLO C., DAGOSTA F. C. P. & DE PINNA M. C. C. 2021 a. - A fossil fish assemblage from the middle Miocene of the Cocinetas Basin, northern Colombia. Papers in Palaeontology 8 (1): e 1405. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / spp 2.1405","LUNDBERG J. G. 2005. - Brachyplatystoma promagdalena, new species, a fossil goliath catfish (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from the Miocene of Colombia, South America. Neotropical Ichthyology 3 (4): 597 - 605. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252005000400017","GILL T. N. 1858. - Synopsis of The Fresh Water Fishes of The Western Portion of The Island of Trinidad, West Indies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 6: 363 - 430. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 16023585","AGASSIZ L. 1829 - 1831. - \" Pisces brasiliensis \", in SPIX J. B. V., AGASSIZ L. & MARTIUS K. F. P. V. (eds), Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX: jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae regis augustissimi peracto. Typis C. Wolf, Monachii [Munchen], 138 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157964","LACEPEDE B. G. E. 1803. - Histoire naturelle des poissons. Vol. 5, Paris, Plassan, 803 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11645"]}

Genus Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801 TYPE SPECIES. — Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (type species by original designation)., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 334, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["BLOCH M. E. & SCHNEIDER J. G. 1801. - M. E. Blochii [...] Systema ichthyologiae iconibus ex illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit. Saxo, J. G. Schneider, 584 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5750"]}

cf. Astronotus sp. (Fig. 2 H1-H4). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Isolated dentary bone (VPPLT-668A) LOCALITY. — La Victoria Fm. Tatacoita (see Fig. 1 B; Appendix 1). DESCRIPTION VPPLT-668A is a short and high left dentary bone, 22 mm in length and missing the posterior part of the mandibular sensory canal and the coronoid process (Fig. 2 H1-H4). The dorsal margin is well preserved, but all teeth are missing. There are approximately six circular tooth implantation rows, with the first three from the outer border best defined (Fig. 2 H3). Enlarged bases characterize the outer tooth row, reaching up to twice the diameter of those bases of the other inner rows. The external face of the dentary has three well-developed foramina on the bony mandibular canal. The largest one is oval in shape (Fig. 2 H1) and corresponds with the foramen “f.5” referred by Casciotta & Arratia (1993). In the ventral section of the dentary, abundant small foramina can be observed. REMARKS Our comparison (based on osteological collections and literature review) suggests that VPPLT-668A is clearly different from other medium/large sizes South American cichlids such as Acaronia Myers, 1940, Aequidens Eigenmann & Bray, 1894, Caquetaia Fowler, 1945, Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801, Cichlasoma Swainson, 1839, Crenicichla Heckel, 1840, Geophagus Heckel, 1840, Retroculus Eigenmann & Bray, 1894, Satanoperca Günther, 1862, Symphysodon Heckel, 1840, and Uaru Heckel, 1840. The dentary shape and the pattern and size of the tooth implantation rows in VPPLT-668A resemble the jaw morphology of Astronotus (see Fig. 2 I1-I2). These are features that are “apparently” observed only in this genus; although this should be confirmed in the future with more detailed studies on cranial elements of the South American cichlids. Our osteological comparisons with specimens of Astronotus were restricted to Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831). The genus Astronotus is represented by three extant species, Astronotus ocellatus, Astronotus crassipinnis (Heckel, 1840), and Astronotus mikoljii (Pérez-Lozano et al. 2022). The natural distribution of Astronotus includes the Amazon, Orinoco, upper Paraná, and French Guiana basins (Pérez-Lozano et al. 2022), with habitat preference of quiet shallow waters (van der Sleen & Albert 2018). Due to the state of preservation of VPPLT-668A, and the absence of more specimens with other diagnostic characters, we are unable to classify this fossil beyond cf. Astronotus sp. The presence of cf. Astronotus in the middle Miocene of the Honda Group represents the first fossil record for the genus. Neotropical cichlids, with at least 44 genera, constitute the third most speciose group of freshwater fishes in South America (van der Sleen & Albert 2018). Despite the high species richness, few studies based on comparative descriptions of cranial elements (e.g., dentaries, maxillary, and premaxillary bones) have been carried out (e.g., Casciotta & Arratia 1993). One of the problems added to the study of isolated fossil cichlid dentaries is that the morphology of dentary bone is similar among Neotropical cichlids (Casciotta & Arratia 1993). Nevertheless, morphological features can allow some tentative assignments as long as the comparisons are supported by diversity in comparative osteological material., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 334, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["CASCIOTTA J. R. & ARRATIA G. 1993. - Jaws and teeth of American cichlids (Pisces: Labroidei). Journal of Morphology 217 (1): 1 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1052170102","MYERS G. S. 1940. - Suppression of Acaropsis and Chalcinus, two preoccupied generic names of South American fresh-water fishes. Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin 1 (5): 1 - 170.","EIGENMANN C. H. & BRAY W. L. 1894. - A revision of the American Cichlidae. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 7 (1): 607 - 624. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1893. tb 55412. x","FOWLER H. W. 1945. - Colombian zoological survey. Part I. The fresh-water fishes obtained in 1945. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 97: 93 - 135. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 4064382","BLOCH M. E. & SCHNEIDER J. G. 1801. - M. E. Blochii [...] Systema ichthyologiae iconibus ex illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit. Saxo, J. G. Schneider, 584 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5750","SWAINSON W. 1839. - On the Natural History and Classification of Fishes, Amphibians, & Reptiles. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans, and John Taylor, London, 448 p.","HECKEL J. J. 1840. - Johann Natterer's neue Flussfische Brasilien's nach den Beobachtungen und Mittheilungen des Entdeckers beschrieben (Erste Abtheilung, Die Labroiden). Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte 2: 325 - 471. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 101457","GUNTHER A. C. L. G. 1862. - Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Vol. 5. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygii, Pharyngognathi and Anacanthini in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees, London, 534 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8809","PEREZ-LOZANO A., LASSO-ALCALA O. M., BITTENCOURT P. S., TAPHORN D. C., PEREZ N. & FARIAS I. P. 2022. - A new species of Astronotus (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from the Orinoco River and Gulf of Paria basins, northern South America. ZooKeys 1113: 111 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 1113.81240","VAN DER SLEEN P. & ALBERT J. S. 2018. - Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas. Princenton University Press, New Jersey, 464 p."]}

Genus Phractocephalus Agassiz, 1829 TYPE SPECIES. — Phractocephalus bicolor Agassiz, 1829, by monotypy, a junior objective synonym of Silurus hemioliopterus Bloch & Schneider, 1801., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 336, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["AGASSIZ L. 1829 - 1831. - \" Pisces brasiliensis \", in SPIX J. B. V., AGASSIZ L. & MARTIUS K. F. P. V. (eds), Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX: jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae regis augustissimi peracto. Typis C. Wolf, Monachii [Munchen], 138 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 157964","BLOCH M. E. & SCHNEIDER J. G. 1801. - M. E. Blochii [...] Systema ichthyologiae iconibus ex illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit. Saxo, J. G. Schneider, 584 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5750"]}

† Sciades maldonadonis n. sp. (Fig. 3 A1-A3) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A20896FF-45B6-4E90-9A8C-22E9A791748E DIAGNOSIS. — The combination of extremely depressed lapillus otolith, regularly clam-shaped outline, sharp antero-medial projection, strongly arched dorsal margin anteriorly and oblique-straight posteriorly distinguish † Sciades maldonadonis n. sp. from extant Sciades species, extinct brackish and freshwater species (e.g., † Cantarius Aguilera et al., 2013b), and extant South American freshwater species (Chinchaysuyoa Marceniuk et al., 2019a, and Paragenidens Marceniuk et al., 2019a). TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype VPPLT-832. A complete lapillus otolith (Fig. 3 A1-A3), preserved length 20.94 mm, width 16.84 mm, thickness 7.08 mm. TYPE LOCALITY. — La Victoria Fm. Morrongo 1 (see Fig. 1 B; Appendix 1). DERIVATION OF NAME. — The species is named in honor of Dr Javier Alejandro Maldonado-Ocampo (1977-†2019), renowned Colombian ichthyologist who passed away on 2 March 2019 during an expedition to the Río Vaupés in Colombia. Javier dedicated more than twenty years to the study and conservation of the freshwater fish fauna of Colombia, including the Andes, Orinoco and Amazon basins. DESCRIPTION The lapillus otolith is clam-shaped with a semi-circular outline, very depressed dorso-ventrally, and with a sharp antero-medial projection (Fig. 3 A1, A2). The dorsal margin is strongly arched anteriorly and oblique-straight posteriorly. The ventral margin is strongly arched. The posterior margin forms an obtuse angle. The lateral profile is slightly biconvex. The pseudocauda and the mesial inward curvature are not well preserved. The umbo is located in the center of the dorsal surface. The lapillus length to width ratio: 1.2. Lapillus length to thickness ratio: 3.0. REMARKS VPPLT-832 is characterized by a typical Ariidae otolith morphology. The recognition of † Sciades maldonadonis n. sp. as a member of Sciades is based on its otolith morphology, which is characterized by the combination of extremely depressed dorsoventral shape and by the dorsal margin being strongly arched anteriorly, and oblique-straight posteriorly. This allows it to be differentiated from the other Sciades species (for comparative proposes see Aguilera et al. 2020: figs. 4.49-4.60; 6.9-6.12). Marceniuk et al. (2017) reviewed the genus Sciades and showed a strong morphological relationship between nominal genera Sciades and Ariopsis Gill, 1861. More than seven extant Sciades species are currently recognized (Froese & Pauly 2022). The age of diversification of modern species of Sciades is older than 9 Ma (including Sciades dowii Gill, 1863, from the Pacific), and the age of the Atlantic Sciades species is c. 6.7 Ma (4-8Ma) (Betancur-R.2009). † Sciades maldonadonis n. sp. came from a freshwater palaeoenvironment in the middle Miocene rocks of the Honda Group, associated with a wide diversity of freshwater fishes, crocodylians, snakes, lizards, turtles, and mammals (e.g., Kay et al. 1997; Carrillo et al. 2015; Cadena et al. 2019, 2020; Defler 2019). The ancestral form of freshwater catfish Ariidae otolith-based species from the western Amazon included † Cantarius nolfi Aguilera, Moraes-Santos, Costa, Ohe, Jaramillo & Nogueira, 2013b, and † Cantarius ohei Schwarzhans, Aguilera, Scheyer & Carrillo-Briceño, 2022, recorded from the Miocene Pebas wetland system at the Pebas Formation (Carrillo-Briceño et al. 2021b; Schwarzhans et al. 2022). In North, Central, and South America, six extant ariid species are primarily freshwater, including Chinchaysuyoa labiata Boulenger, 1898, Chinchaysuyoa ortegai Marceniuk, Marchena, Oliveira & Betancur-R, 2019a, Paragenidens grandoculis Steindachner, 1877, Paragenidens nelsoni Evermann & Goldsborough, 1902, Paragenidens izabalensis Hubbs & Miller, 1960, and Paragenidens usumacintae Betancur-R & Willink, 2007 (Marceniuk & Menezes 2007; Marceniuk et al. 2019a, b). On the other hand, fossil skull-based species of † Sciades latissimum Aguilera & Marceniuk, 2018, and † Sciades peregrinus Aguilera & Marceniuk, 2018 without preserved internal otolith, were described from the late Miocene Urumaco Fm, Venezuela, characterized by palaeoenvironments associated to a large palaeo-hydrographic system of the Orinoco/ Amazonas discharging into the proto-Caribbean Sea (Aguilera et al. 2020). Other ariid remains from the Honda Group include two isolated dorsal-spine fragments ornamented by rugose tuberculations, from the Duke 24 (see Lundberg 1997) and Mini Desierto localities (VPPLT-1108; Figs 1 B, 3 B1-B3). Sedimentary characteristics and the associated fauna from the Honda Group support that VPPLT-832 and the indeterminate ariid spines were from a freshwater palaeoenvironment.

cf. Cichla sp. (Fig. 2 J1-J3). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Isolated dentary bone (VPPLT-668B). LOCALITY. — La Victoria Fm. Tatacoita (see Fig. 1 B; Appendix 1). DESCRIPTION VPPLT-668B is an incomplete dentary bone of 16 mm in length, missing the posterior part of the mandibular sensory canal and the coronoid process (Fig. 2 J1-J2). The external face of the dentary preserves four well-developed foramina on the bony mandibular canal, the two smallest being located close to the dentary symphysis. All teeth are missing, and the preserved dorsal margin is characterized by six to seven circular tooth implantations rows of small size. REMARKS VPPLT-668B is easily distinguishable from VPPLT-668A assigned to cf. Astronotus. Our osteological comparisons suggest a close resemblance between VPPLT-668B and the dentaries of extant Cichla species (Fig. 2 K1-K3) than with those of Crenicichla or other medium/large sizes South American cichlids. Although VPPLT-668B is incomplete, its dentary shape and the pattern and size of the tooth implantations rows resemble the jaw morphology of Cichla species. However, due to the state of preservation of VPPLT-668B and the absence of more specimens, for now, we prefer to refer to this fossil as cf. Cichla sp. The genus Cichla, contains the largest cichlid of South America, and is represented by at least 15 species from the Amazon and Orinoco basins, as well as rivers of the Guianas (Froese & Pauly 2022). The extant species have a wide range of habitat preferences, including rivers and floodplain lakes (van der Sleen & Albert 2018). The presence of cf. Cichla in the middle Miocene of the Honda Group represents the first fossil record for the genus. From the Honda Group, Lundberg (1997) reported three premaxillaries, three dentaries, and two anguloarticular bones in fragmentary condition as indeterminate cichlids from the Fish Bed locality, suggesting a lack of morphological characters and relation to modern cichlids. Future work with more detailed anatomical comparisons on the specimens that Lundberg (1997) reported could support or contrast these assignments. Other new cichlid material reported herein includes an isolated anal spine (VPPLT-1164) coming from the Km 121 locality (Appendix 1). The spine is 18 mm in length, robust and elongated, with a sharp end at the apical section, and typical of the anal region (Fig. 2 L1-L2); nevertheless, taxonomic identification based on isolated spines is not possible., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 334, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["FROESE R. & PAULY D. (EDS) 2022. - FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. https: // www. fishbase. org (02 / 2022)","VAN DER SLEEN P. & ALBERT J. S. 2018. - Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas. Princenton University Press, New Jersey, 464 p.","LUNDBERG J. G. 1997. - Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J. (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London: 67 - 91."]}

Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés, Aguilera, Orangel (2023): New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia. Geodiversitas 45 (10): 327-351, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10

Potamotrygonidae indet. (Fig. 2 B1-G2). EXAMINED BODY PARTS. — Bucklers and caudal spines. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Museo de La Tormenta, two isolated teeth (VPPLT 10000, 10001); Museo de Historia Natural La Tatacoa, 13 isolated dermal bucklers (VPPLT-668, 805, 1226 [no. 2], 1239, 1245 [no. 2], 1415, 1440, 1444, 1452 [no. 2], 1481), and four isolated caudal spines (VPPLT-042, 1425, 1430, 1485). LOCALITIES. — La Victoria Fm. Diomatal-Museo La Tormenta (VPPLT-1481, 1485); Morrongo 1 (VPPLT-1415, 1452), Morrongo 2: (VPPLT-805, 1226, 1239, 1245, 1430, 1440); Km-121 (VPPLT-042, 1425, 1444). — Indeterminate Fm. Santa Barbara 2 (VPPLT-668) (see Fig. 1; Appendix 1). The two isolated teeth (VPPLT 10000 and VPPLT 10001) do not have precise information about their locality (presumably Diomatal-Museo La Tormenta). DESCRIPTION The indeterminate potamotrygonid isolated teeth described and illustrated by Lundberg (1997: fig. 5.1), plus another group of teeth were observed but not photographed or described in detail by one of the authors (JDCB) during a visit to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia (ANSP), where they are temporarily housed. A detailed description of at least five of the isolated teeth housed in the ANSP is presented by Lundberg (1997). Most of these specimens in the ANSP, as well as two other isolated teeth reported here from the Museo de La Tormenta (Fig. 2 A1, A2), are smaller than 3 mm wide and are characterized by a crown that is higher than the root with a middle transverse crest that separates the labial and lingual sides. The labial side of the crown is coarsely ornamented in specimens that do not show a wear pattern. In some cuspidate teeth, the crest is lingually elongated and forms a distinctive triangular cusp. The root is a typical holaucorhize type with two rounded and basal flattened lobes (see Fig. 2 A1-A2; Lundberg 1997: fig. 5.1). The dermal bucklers are up to 3.5 mm in diameter and circular and semi-circular in shape(Fig.2 B1-F).Three specimens are fused bucklers (up to 33 mm in length) of ovoidal/or irregular shape (e.g., Fig. 2 C, E). The bucklers are characterized by an erected curved crown with a central and small tip. Abundant ridges and deep furrows from the base of the central tip to the basal edges of the buckler ornament the crown. In some specimens, abundant rounded and micro like-bucklers (up to 2 mm in diameter) are present in the crown (Fig. 2 B1-B2, D-F). Of the four caudal spines, only two specimens are relatively complete (58 and 64 mm in length). All the caudal spines preserve their denticles at the lateral margins, the central ridge, and the central groove on the ventral and dorsal sides, respectively (Fig. 2 G1-G2). REMARKS The only previous reports of stingrays from the Honda Group include the few isolated teeth (from the Fish Bed layer) and the fragmented caudal spines reported as indeterminate potamotrygonids by Lundberg (1997). The teeth described by Lundberg (1997), and the two isolated teeth reported here (Fig. 2 A1-A2), have morphological features that more closely resemble those teeth of the extant and fossil Potamotrygon species than other genera within the Potamotrygonidae (seeAdnet et al. 2014; Carrillo-Briceño et al. 2021a). It is best to assign these specimens from the Honda Group to cf. Potamotrygon, and we believe that new specimens and future detailed studies are necessary for more accurate taxonomic assignments. The preservation of the caudal spines does not allow an assignment beyond Potamotrygonidae.The dermal bucklers are recorded here for the first time from the Honda Group. These dermal bucklers are similar in size and morphology to those of fossil potamotrygonids from the late Miocene of Argentina and Brazil (Brito & Deynat 2004), as well as some extant Potamotrygon species (Deynat & Brito 1994). In accordance withBrito & Deynat (2004), we believe that the dermal bucklers from the Honda Group can be tentatively identified as indeterminate potamotrygonids; although the chances that these belong to Potamotrygon are very high (see Deynat & Brito 1994). Still there is poor knowledge of the broader dermal elements and dental patterns among the more than 35 potamotrygonid species (four genera) from different South American river basins.These stingrays inhabit a wide range of environments, including lakes, still waters, and flowing rivers, commonly associated on sandy substrates (Lasso et al. 2014; van der Sleen & Albert 2018)., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 332, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["LUNDBERG J. G. 1997. - Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J. (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London: 67 - 91.","CARRILLO-BRICENO J. D., SANCHEZ R., SCHEYER T. M., CARRILLO J. D., DELFINO M., GEORGALIS G. L., KERBER L., RUIZ-RAMONI D., BIRINDELLI J. L. O., CADENA E-A., RINCON A. F., CHAVEZ-HOFFMEISTER M., CARLINI A. A., CARVALHO M. R., TREJOS-TAMAYO R., VALLEJO F., JARAMILLO C., JONES D. S. & SANCHEZ-VILLAGRA M. R. 2021 a. - A Pliocene-Pleistocene continental biota from Venezuela. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 140 (9): https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13358 - 020 - 00216 - 6","BRITO P. M. & DEYNAT P. P. 2004. - Freshwater Stingrays from the Miocene of South America with comments on the rise of potamotrygonids (Batoidea, Myliobatiformes), in ARRATIA G., WILSON M. V. H. & CLOUTIER R. (eds), Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen: 575 - 582.","DEYNAT P. P. & BRITO P. M. 1994. - Revision of dermal tubercles of rays (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea) from the Tertiary Parana Basin, South America. Annales de Paleontologie 80 (4): 237 - 251.","LASSO C. A., ROSA R. S., SANCHEZ-DUARTE P., MORALES-BETANCOURT M. A. & AGUDELO-CORDOBA E. 2014. - IX. Rayas de agua dulce (Potamotrygonidae) de Suramerica. Parte I. Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Brasil, Guyana, Surinam y Guayana Francesa: diversidad, bioecologia, uso y conservacion. Instituto de Investigacion de los Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt Serie Editorial Recursos Hidrobiologicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia, Bogota, 368 p.","VAN DER SLEEN P. & ALBERT J. S. 2018. - Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas. Princenton University Press, New Jersey, 464 p."]}

Genus Oxydoras Kner, 1855 TYPE SPECIES. — Oxydoras kneri Bleeker, 1862a (type species by original designation)., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 335, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["KNER R. 1855. - Ichthyologische Beitrage [Subtitles I-III]. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 17: 92 - 162. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34646777","BLEEKER P. 1862 a. - Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Neerlandaises. Publie sous les auspices du Gouvernement Colonial Neerlandais. Tome 2, SiluroIdes, chacoIdes et heterobranchoIdes. Frederic Mueller, Amsterdam, 112 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 67474"]}

cf. Potamotrygon sp. (Fig. 2 A1, A2) EXAMINED BODY PART. — Isolated teeth. NOTES Specimens figured by Lundberg 1997: fig. 5.1, Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 332, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["LUNDBERG J. G. 1997. - Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J. (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London: 67 - 91."]}

† Sciades maldonadonis n. sp. (Fig. 3 A1-A3) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A20896FF-45B6-4E90-9A8C-22E9A791748E DIAGNOSIS. — The combination of extremely depressed lapillus otolith, regularly clam-shaped outline, sharp antero-medial projection, strongly arched dorsal margin anteriorly and oblique-straight posteriorly distinguish † Sciades maldonadonis n. sp. from extant Sciades species, extinct brackish and freshwater species (e.g., † Cantarius Aguilera et al., 2013b), and extant South American freshwater species (Chinchaysuyoa Marceniuk et al., 2019a, and Paragenidens Marceniuk et al., 2019a). TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype VPPLT-832. A complete lapillus otolith (Fig. 3 A1-A3), preserved length 20.94 mm, width 16.84 mm, thickness 7.08 mm. TYPE LOCALITY. — La Victoria Fm. Morrongo 1 (see Fig. 1 B; Appendix 1). DERIVATION OF NAME. — The species is named in honor of Dr Javier Alejandro Maldonado-Ocampo (1977-†2019), renowned Colombian ichthyologist who passed away on 2 March 2019 during an expedition to the Río Vaupés in Colombia. Javier dedicated more than twenty years to the study and conservation of the freshwater fish fauna of Colombia, including the Andes, Orinoco and Amazon basins. DESCRIPTION The lapillus otolith is clam-shaped with a semi-circular outline, very depressed dorso-ventrally, and with a sharp antero-medial projection (Fig. 3 A1, A2). The dorsal margin is strongly arched anteriorly and oblique-straight posteriorly. The ventral margin is strongly arched. The posterior margin forms an obtuse angle. The lateral profile is slightly biconvex. The pseudocauda and the mesial inward curvature are not well preserved. The umbo is located in the center of the dorsal surface. The lapillus length to width ratio: 1.2. Lapillus length to thickness ratio: 3.0. REMARKS VPPLT-832 is characterized by a typical Ariidae otolith morphology. The recognition of † Sciades maldonadonis n. sp. as a member of Sciades is based on its otolith morphology, which is characterized by the combination of extremely depressed dorsoventral shape and by the dorsal margin being strongly arched anteriorly, and oblique-straight posteriorly. This allows it to be differentiated from the other Sciades species (for comparative proposes see Aguilera et al. 2020: figs. 4.49-4.60; 6.9-6.12). Marceniuk et al. (2017) reviewed the genus Sciades and showed a strong morphological relationship between nominal genera Sciades and Ariopsis Gill, 1861. More than seven extant Sciades species are currently recognized (Froese & Pauly 2022). The age of diversification of modern species of Sciades is older than 9 Ma (including Sciades dowii Gill, 1863, from the Pacific), and the age of the Atlantic Sciades species is c. 6.7 Ma (4-8Ma) (Betancur-R.2009). † Sciades maldonadonis n. sp. came from a freshwater palaeoenvironment in the middle Miocene rocks of the Honda Group, associated with a wide diversity of freshwater fishes, crocodylians, snakes, lizards, turtles, and mammals (e.g., Kay et al. 1997; Carrillo et al. 2015; Cadena et al. 2019, 2020; Defler 2019). The ancestral form of freshwater catfish Ariidae otolith-based species from the western Amazon included † Cantarius nolfi Aguilera, Moraes-Santos, Costa, Ohe, Jaramillo & Nogueira, 2013b, and † Cantarius ohei Schwarzhans, Aguilera, Scheyer & Carrillo-Briceño, 2022, recorded from the Miocene Pebas wetland system at the Pebas Formation (Carrillo-Briceño et al. 2021b; Schwarzhans et al. 2022). In North, Central, and South America, six extant ariid species are primarily freshwater, including Chinchaysuyoa labiata Boulenger, 1898, Chinchaysuyoa ortegai Marceniuk, Marchena, Oliveira & Betancur-R, 2019a, Paragenidens grandoculis Steindachner, 1877, Paragenidens nelsoni Evermann & Goldsborough, 1902, Paragenidens izabalensis Hubbs & Miller, 1960, and Paragenidens usumacintae Betancur-R & Willink, 2007 (Marceniuk & Menezes 2007; Marceniuk et al. 2019a, b). On the other hand, fossil skull-based species of † Sciades latissimum Aguilera & Marceniuk, 2018, and † Sciades peregrinus Aguilera & Marceniuk, 2018 without preserved internal otolith, were described from the late Miocene Urumaco Fm, Venezuela, characterized by palaeoenvironments associated to a large palaeo-hydrographic system of the Orinoco/ Amazonas discharging into the proto-Caribbean Sea (Aguilera et al. 2020). Other ariid remains from the Honda Group include two isolated dorsal-spine fragments ornamented by rugose tuberculations, from the Duke 24 (see Lundberg 1997) and Mini Desierto localities (VPPLT-1108; Figs 1 B, 3 B1-B3). Sedimentary characteristics and the associated fauna from the Honda Group support that VPPLT-832 and the indeterminate ariid spines were from a freshwater palaeoenvironment., Published as part of Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D., Mora-Rojas, Laura, Hendricks, Kimberly, Vanegas, Andrés & Aguilera, Orangel, 2023, New clues on the palaeodiversity of the middle Miocene freshwater ichthyofauna from the Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, pp. 327-351 in Geodiversitas 45 (10) on page 335, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a10, http://zenodo.org/record/8056044, {"references":["AGUILERA O. A., MORAES-SANTOS H., COSTA S., OHE F., JARAMILLO C. & NOGUEIRA A. 2013 b. - Ariid sea catfishes from the coeval Pirabas (Northeastern Brazil), Cantaure, Castillo (Northwestern Venezuela), and Castilletes (North Colombia) formations (Early Miocene), with description of three new species. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 132 (1): 45 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 013 - 0052 - 4","MARCENIUK A. P., MARCHENA J., OLIVEIRA C. & BETANCUR- R R. 2019 a. - Chichaysuyoa, a new genus of the fish family Ariidae (Siluriformes), with a redescription of Chinchaysuyoa labiate from Ecuador and a new species description from Peru. Zootaxa 4551 (3): 361 - 378. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4551.3.5","AGUILERA O., LOPES R. T., RODRIGUEZ F., DOS SANTOS T. M., RODRIGUES-ALMEIDA C., ALMEIDA P., MACHADO A. S. & MORETTI T. 2020. - Fossil sea catfish (Siluriformes; Ariidae) otoliths and in-skull otoliths from the Neogene of the Western Central Atlantic. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 101: 102619. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsames. 2020.102619","MARCENIUK A. P., ACERO A., COOKE R. & BETANCUR- R R. 2017. - Taxonomic revision of the New World genus Ariopsis Gill (Siluriformes: Ariidae), with description of two new species. Zootaxa 4290: 1 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4290.1.1","GILL T. N. 1861. - Catalogue of the fishes of the eastern coast of North America, from Greenland to Georgia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 13: 1 - 63. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 26312691","FROESE R. & PAULY D. (EDS) 2022. - FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. https: // www. fishbase. org (02 / 2022)","GILL T. N. 1863. - Descriptive enumeration of a collection of fishes from the western coast of Central America, presented to the Smithsonian Institution by Captain John M. Dow. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 15: 162 - 174. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 1958426","KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J. 1997. - Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London, 592 p.","CARRILLO J. D., FORASIEPI A., JARAMILLO C. & SANCHEZ-VILLAGRA M. R. 2015. - Neotropical mammal diversity and the Great American Biotic Interchange: spatial and temporal variation in South America's fossil record. Frontiers in Genetics 5 (451): https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fgene. 2014.00451","CADENA E. - A., VANEGAS A., JARAMILLO C., COTTLE J. M. & JOHNSON T. A. 2019. - A new Miocene turtle from Colombia sheds light on the evolutionary history of the extant genus Mesoclemmys Gray, 1873. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 (5): e 1716777. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2019.1716777","CADENA E. A., SCHEYER T. M., CARRILLO-BRICENO J. 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Copeia 1960 (2): 101 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1440202","BETANCUR- R R. & WILLINK P. W. 2007. - A new freshwater ariid (Otophysi: Siluriformes) from the Rio Usumacinta Basin. Copeia 94: 818 - 828. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / 0045 - 8511 (2007) 7 [818: Anfaos] 2.0. Co; 2","MARCENIUK A. & MENEZES N. A. 2007. - Systematic of the family Ariidae (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a redefinition of the genera. Zootaxa 1416: 1 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1416.1.1","AGUILERA O. & MARCENIUK A. P. 2018. - Neogene tropical sea catfish (Siluriformes; Ariidae), with insights into paleo and modern diversity within northeastern South America. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 82: 108 - 121. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsames. 2017.12.017","LUNDBERG J. G. 1997. - Fishes of the La Venta fauna: Additional taxa, biotic and paleoenvironmental implications, in KAY R. F., MADDEN R. H., CIFELLI R. L. & FLYNN J. J. 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Genus Miohepatus new genus https://zoobank.org/ 76AE969B-27E0-4112-85A5-DDE9B2F5A503 Type species: Hepatella amazonica Beurlen, 1958, by present designation. Gender masculine.

Genus Miohepatus new genus https://zoobank.org/ 76AE969B-27E0-4112-85A5-DDE9B2F5A503 Type species: Hepatella amazonica Beurlen, 1958, by present designation. Gender masculine., Published as part of Lima, Daniel, Silva, Rafael Costa da, Aguilera, Orangel, Pinheiro, Allysson Pontes & Santana, William, 2023, Brazilian Miocene crabs I. Taxonomic review of Cyclocancer tuberculatus Beurlen, 1958 and Hepatella amazonica Beurlen, 1958 (Pancrustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), pp. 1-9 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 63 on page 5, {"references":["Beurlen, K. 1958. Contribuicao a paleontologia do estado do Para, Crustaceos decapodes da Formacao Pirabas I. (Arthropoda, Crustacea). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, nova serie, Geologia, 5: 1 - 48."]}

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-hol-10.1177_09596836231163510 for Archaeological and modern whitemouth croaker fish (Micropogonias furnieri) of southeastern Brazil: A geochemical proxy for environmental preference by Mariana Samor Lopes, Orangel Aguilera, Cassiano Monteiro-Neto, Nathan R Miller, Maria Dulce Gaspar and Marcus Rodrigues da Costa in The Holocene

A small assemblage of 22 otoliths was identified from the historical collection of Bluntschli and Peyer gathered in 1912 on the Itaya riverbank at Iquitos, Peru (Amazonia), from the Pebas Formation. The Pebas Mega-Wetland System in western Amazonia during the Miocene represented a unique, albeit short-lived, biotope characterized by a pronounced endemic evolution with gigantism in some vertebrate groups (e.g., turtles, crocodylians). Thus far, fishes have mainly been recorded based on isolated skeletal remains and teeth. Here, we describe the first well-preserved otolith assemblage from the Pebas Formation. This otolith assemblage adds a new facet to the fauna by complementing the skeletal bony fish data, primarily with species of the Sciaenidae and, to a lesser extent, Ariidae and Cichlidae. The sciaenids and ariids indicate that migration must have occurred between the marginal marine environments to the north and the Pebas Wetland System. The otoliths also indicate the likelihood of endemic developments of adapted marine immigrants to the Pebas Wetland System, some of which have become extinct (Pogonias, Umbrina), while others now represent typical South American freshwater fish groups (Plagioscion). Six new species are described based on otoliths, one in the Cichlidae—Cichlasoma bluntschlii n. sp., one in the Ariidae—Cantarius ohei n. sp., and four in the Sciaenidae—Pebasciaena amazoniensis n. gen. et n. sp., Plagioscion peyeri n. sp., Pogonias tetragonus n. sp. and Umbrina pachaula n. sp.

A Formação Miocénica de Pirabas no Norte do Brasil foi depositada sob influência do rio proto-amazônico e é caracterizada por grandes mudanças nos nichos ecológicos do início do Mioceno. Para avaliar essas mudanças ecológicas, investigou-se a fauna asmobrânquica de leitos ricos em carbono e totalmente marinhos. Uma fauna diversificada com 24 táxons de tubarões e raias foi identificada com os grupos dominantes sendo carcharhiniformes e myliobatiformes. Esta composição faunística é semelhante a outras assembléias miocênicas precoces da bioprovíncia proto-caribenha. No entanto, a Formação Pirabas tem características únicas em comparação com as outras localidades; sendo a única assembléia de peixes fósseis de Neógeno descrita a partir da costa atlântica das Américas Tropicais. A composição isotópica de oxigênio de fosfato de dentes de elasmobrânquios serviu como proxies para paleotemperaturas e paleoecologia. Os dados são compatíveis com um ambiente marinho predominantemente tropical com habitats costeiros e marítimos reconhecidos com alguns preferências prováveis ​​de profundidade (por exemplo, grupos Aetomylaeus). Estima-se que os paleohabitats dos taxa particularmente encontrados no Neogene das Américas († Carcharhinus ackermannii, † Aetomylaeus cubensis) tenham sido principalmente águas costeiras e superficiais. A maior variação entre os poucos selachianos modernos analisados ​​reflete um maior intervalo para a composição isotópica da água do mar recente em comparação com o início do Mioceno. Isso provavelmente está ligado a uma maior influência do rio Amazonas nas regiões costeiras durante o Holoceno. The lower Miocene Pirabas Formation in the North of Brazil was deposited under influence of the proto-Amazon River and is characterized by large changes in the ecological niches from the early Miocene onwards. To evaluate these ecological changes, the asmobranch fauna of the fully marine, carbonate-rich beds was investigated. A diverse fauna with 24 taxa of sharks and rays was identified with the dominant groups being carcharhiniforms and myliobatiforms. This faunal composition is similar to other early Miocene assemblages from the proto-Carribbean bioprovince. However, the Pirabas Formation has unique features compared to the other localities; being the only Neogene fossil fish assemblage described from the Atlantic coast of Tropical Americas. Phosphate oxygen isotope composition of elasmobranch teeth served as proxies for paleotemperatures and paleoecology. The data are compatible with a predominantly tropical marine setting with recognized inshore and offshore habitats with some probable depth preferences (e.g., Aetomylaeus groups). Paleohabitat of taxa particularly found in the Neogene of the Americas (†Carcharhinus ackermannii, †Aetomylaeus cubensis) are estimated to have been principally coastal and shallow waters. Larger variation among the few analyzed modern selachians reflects a larger range for the isotopic composition of recent seawater compared to the early Miocene. This probably links to an increased influence of the Amazon River in the coastal regions during the Holocene.

The Cantaure Formation (Burdigalian to ?early Langhian) is located in the Falcón Basin North Western Venezuela and includes one of the most diverse Neogene teleostean and benthonic invertebrate faunas in Tropical America. The paleoenvironmental preferences of the members of this fauna as well as published paleogeographic reconstructions suggest that the Cantaure Formation was deposited in a highly productive shallow water environment associated with coastal upwelling. We documented a paleodiversity of 39 shark and ray species including 15 previously unreported taxa for Venezuela and six for Tropical America. We performed a bathymetric analysis of the fossil assemblage based on the distribution of closely related extant chondrichthyan relatives of fossil taxa and discuss the ecological role and stratigraphic significance of the latter. Our results support the hypothesis that the Cantaure Formation was deposited in an insular inner middle shelf environment. The elasmobranch fauna is characterized by a predominance of benthopelagic sharks with piscivorous feeding preferences (e.g. †Paratodus Galeorhinus Hemipristis Rhizoprionodon Carcharhinus Isogomphodon Negaprion †Physogaleus and Sphyrna) followed by durophagous/cancritrophic feeders (e.g. Heterodontus Nebrius Mustelus Rhynchobatus Pristis Dasyatis cf. Pteroplatytrygon cf. Taeniurops Aetobatus Aetomylaeus and Rhinoptera). Filter (e.g. Mobula and †Plinthicus) eurytrophic/sarcophagous (e.g. †Carcharocles and Galeocerdo) and teuthitrophic (e.g. Alopias) feeder species were also found. Teeth of Carcharocles megalodon found in Burdigalian sediments of the Cantaure Formation support the presence of this species already in the early Miocene. Some taxa (Nebrius Carcharhinus cf. C. macloti and Rhynchobatus) are absent from the extant Caribbean and Western Atlantic fauna but were present in the region before the closure of the Central American Seaway.

The Glyptodontidae is one of the most conspicuous groups in the Pleistocene megafauna of the Americas. The Glyptodontinae were involved in the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI) and their earliest records in North America are about 3.9 Ma, suggesting an earlier formation of the Panamanian landbridge. Taxonomically it is possible to recognize two Pleistocene genera of Glyptodontinae:Glyptodon (ca. 1.8 - 0.008 Ma), restricted to South America, andGlyptotherium (ca. 2.6 - 0.009 Ma), including records in both North and Central America. Here we present the first report of the genusGlyptotherium in South America, from the Late Pleistocene of several fossil localities in Falcón State, northwestern Venezuela. A comparative analysis of the material, represented by cranial and postcranial parts, including the dorsal carapace and caudal rings, suggests a close affinity withGlyptotherium cylindricum (Late Pleistocene of Central Mexico). This occurrence in the latest Pleistocene of the northernmost region of South America Supports the bidirectional faunal migration during the GABI and the repeated re-immigration from North America of South American clades, as has been reported in other members of the Cingulata (e.g., Pampatheriidae)

Fil: O'Dea, Aaron. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Panamá Fil: Lessios, Harilaos A.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Panamá Fil: Coates, Anthony G.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Panamá Fil: Eytan, Ron I.. Texas A&M University; Estados Unidos Fil: Restrepo-Moreno, Sergio A.. University of Florida; Estados Unidos. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Colombia Fil: Cione, Alberto Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina Fil: Collins, Laurel S.. Florida International University; Estados Unidos. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Panamá Fil: De Queiroz, Alan. University of Nevada; Argentina Fil: Farris, David W.. Florida State University; Estados Unidos Fil: Norris, Richard D.. Scripps Institution Of Oceanography; Estados Unidos Fil: Stallard, Robert F.. United States Geological Survey; Estados Unidos. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Panamá Fil: Woodburne, Michael O.. University of California; Estados Unidos Fil: Aguilera, Orangel. Universidade Federal Fluminense; Brasil Fil: Aubry, Marie-Pierre. State University of New Jersey; Estados Unidos Fil: Berggren, William A.. State University of New Jersey; Estados Unidos Fil: Budd, Ann F.. University of Iowa; Estados Unidos Fil: Cozzuol, Mario A.. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Coppard, Simon E.. Hamilton College; Estados Unidos Fil: Duque Caro, Herman. Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas; Colombia Fil: Finnegan, Seth. University of California at Berkeley; Estados Unidos Fil: Gasparini, Germán Mariano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina Fil: Grossman, Ethan L.. Texas A&M University; Estados Unidos Fil: Johnson, Kenneth G.. Natural History Museum; Reino Unido Fil: Keigwin, Lloyd D.. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Estados Unidos Fil: Knowlton, Nancy. National Museum of Natural History; Estados Unidos Fil: Leigh, Egbert G.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Panamá Fil: Leonard Pingel, Jill S.. Washington And Lee University; Estados Unidos Fil: Marko, Peter B.. University of Hawaii at Manoa; Estados Unidos Fil: Pyenson, Nicholas D.. National Museum of Natural History; Estados Unidos Fil: Rachello Dolmen, Paola G.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Panamá. Texas A&M University; Estados Unidos Fil: Soibelzon, Leopoldo Héctor. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina Fil: Soibelzon, Leopoldo Héctor. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina Fil: Todd, Jonathan A.. Natural History Museum; Reino Unido Fil: Vermeij, Geerat J.. University of California at Davis; Estados Unidos Fil: Jackson, Jeremy B. C.. National Museum of Natural History; Estados Unidos. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Panamá

Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) elongatus (Tomquist, 1931) Petter, 1974, from Venezuela, of which D.(C.) amaurincai (Freitas, Vicente & Ibáñez, 1969) Petter, 1974 is proposed as a junior synonym, is redescribed and comments on the present status of the remaining species under the group, namely D.(C.) dichelyneformes (Szidat, 1950) Petter, 1974, D.(C.) rodriguesi (Pinto, Fábio & Noronha, 1970) Petter, 1974 and D.(C.) travassosi (Guimarães & Cristofaro, 1974), occuring in South America are made. Dollfusentis chandleri Golvan, 1969 (Acanthocephala, Illiosentidae), Poecilancistrium caryophyllum (Diesing, 1850)(Cestoidea, Otobothriidae) and Callitetrarhynchus gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819)(Cestoidea, Dasyrhynchidae) as well as larval forms of Echinocephalus sp. (Nematoda, Gnathostomatidae) and Contracaecum sp. (Nematoda, Anisakidae) are also reported. Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) elongatus (Tornquist, 1931) Petter, 1974, da Venezuela, da qual D.(C.) amaurincai (Freitas, Vicente & Ibáñez, 1969) Petter, 1974 é proposta como sinônimo junior, é descrita, e são feitos comentários sobre a atual situação das outras espécies do mesmo grupo, ocorrendo na América do Sul, a saber: D.(C.) dichelyneformes (Szidat, 1950) Petter, 1974, D.(C.) rodriguesi (Pinto, Fábio & Noronha, 1971) Petter, 1974 e D.(C.) travassosi (Guimarães & Cristofaro, 1974). Dollfusentis chandleri Golvan, 1969 (Acantochephala, Illiosentidae), Poecilancistrium cariophyllum (Diesing, 1850) (Cestoidea, Otobothriidae) e Callitetrarhynchus gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819) (Cestoidea, Dayrhynchidae) bem como formas larvares de Exhinocephalus sp. (Nematoda, Gnathostomatidae) e Contracaecum sp. (Nematoda, Anisakidae) são também assinaladas.