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Nora AlFaris,1 Jozaa ALTamimi,1 Nora AlKehayez,1 Fatema AlMushawah,2 AbdulRhman AlNaeem,2 Nadia AlAmri,3 Ebtisam AlMudawah,3 Malak Alsemari,4 Jawaher Alzahrani,5 Layla Alqahtani II,6 Wedad Alenazi,2 Ashwaq Almuteb II,3 Hessa Alotibi3 1Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2King Fahd Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 4King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAAUH),Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 5Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 6King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Nora AlFaris; Jozaa ALTamimiPrincess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi ArabiaEmail naalfaris@pnu.edu.sa; Jzaltamimi@pnu.edu.saBackground: Iron deficiency is known to be the most common nutritional disorder. About 30% of the world’s population is iron deficient (ID). Women are more likely to be exposed to anemia than men, which is an epidemic public health problem.Objective: A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of anemia and associated risk factors among non-pregnant women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Methods: Non-pregnant women (n = 250) aged 20– 65 years were involved in this study. Sociodemographic, nutritional status, menstrual history, anthropometric and haematological properties were calculated. Anaemia proxies including haemoglobin (HB), serum ferritin (IDA), Haematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were determined as well as BMI.Results: The respondents were varied according to demographic factors and according to anemia proxies, the majority of them suffered from anemia. The Student’s t-test analysis showed that the average daily food intake was lower than that of the dietary requirement intake (DRI). Correlation and logistic regression analysis between sociodemographic factors and anemia proxies revealed that most of such factors significantly and negatively affected anemia proxies. Moreover, the correlation of daily food intake and anemia proxies showed that the nutrients responsible for the improvement of anemia proxies were not taken in sufficient amount as indicated by a significant and positive correlation.Conclusion: In conclusion, various factors including demographic factors, daily food intake appeared to be associated with anemia proxies, which are the most important risk factor for anemia among non-pregnant women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Keywords: anemia, nutrient deficiency, dietary intake, hemoglobin, anthropometric

Flooding impacts can be reduced through application of suitable hydrological and hydraulic tools to define flood zones in a specific area. This article proposes a risk matrix technique which is applied on a case study of Taibah and Islamic universities catchment in Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The analysis is based on integration of the hydrologic model hydraulic models to delineate the flood inundation zones. A flood risk matrix is developed based on the flood occurrence probability and the associated inundation depth. The risk matrix criterion is classified according to the degree of risks as high, moderate and low. The case study has indicted low to moderate risk for flood frequencies of 5 years return periods and moderate to high risk may exist for flood with rerun period of 50 and 100 years. The results are projected on a two-dimensional satellite images that shows the geographical locations exposed to flooding. A quantitative summary of the results have been presented graphically to estimate the magnitude of the inundation areas that can assess the degree of damage and its economic aspects. The developed flood risk matrix tool is a quantitative tool to assess the damage which is crucial for decision makers.