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The current study was conducted to investigate the variety of Odonata in Kashmir from November 2020 to November 2022. The study revealed the existence of 24 species, which includes 18 species of Anisoptera (dragonflies) under eight genera & two families and six species of Zygoptera (damselflies) in five genera & three families. New records of four species Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770), O. internum McLachlan, 1894, Aeshna petalura Martin, 1906, and Anax guttatus (Burmeister, 1839) from the region are provided herewith. Libellulidae (12 spp.) followed by Aeshnidae (six spp.) were recorded as two dominant families. This study provides some important baseline information on the odonates of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India.

Objective: To look for the relationship between absolute eosinophil count and post-bronchodilator reversibility in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients at Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and During of Study: Pulmonology Department, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi (PEMH) from Jul to Dec 2019. Methodology: The study was conducted on 150 patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admitted in the Medical Ward or reporting in the Outpatient Department. Lung function was assessed using spirometry pre- and postbronchodilation. The presence and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were assessed using modified Global Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria. The presence of significant bronchodilator responsiveness was taken as ≥12% improvement in the forced expiratory volume (FEV) (1) or the forced vital capacity. Results: Of 150 patients in the final analysis, 95 (63.3%) were male, and 55(36.7%) were female. The mean duration of COPD in our target population was 9.13±1.23 years. 68 (45.3%) had >12% improvement after bronchodilator administration, while 82(54.7%) had

Corruption is a governance dilemma in emerging market economies (EMEs) with fragile law enforcement systems. Using annual data from 1997 to 2020, this study explores corruption-growth nexus in the World's most important emerging market economies. Since it takes into account the intrinsic characteristics of each country, the panel data fixed effect estimation method appears to be the best option. The fixed effect estimation results reveal that corruption has a significantly negative impact on economic growth of the EMEs under consideration, after controlling for the government spending, investment, human capital, trade openness, and population. The random effect estimation method used as a fallback does not significantly alter the empirical findings. A noteworthy fact revealed by the pragmatic findings is that when corruption is significant, the effect of government spending on economic growth becomes negative due to embezzlement and misallocation of public coffers.

The negative environmental impact of fossil fuels is growing, with the accumulation of the elevation financial charge of energy resources required to meet Pakistan's increasing demand for electricity uses. This study was conducted with the objective to determine the economic viability and feasibility of installing photovoltaic (PV) solar energy in Pakistan. It was discovered that Pakistan’s favorable solar radiation characteristics are crucial for improving the viability of installing solar systems. This study was conducted in an industrial city of Pakistan, Faisalabad. Using the CVM technique primary data on solar PV systems installed in the households was collected. The Cost-Benefit Analysis shows that the true financial cost of a PV module will drastically decrease when the charges of energy assets saved are used in generating conventional electricity.

The present study aims to examine the structural transformation path across the broad economic sectors among the states of the Indian economy which is a key feature of economic development. The movement of sectoral output is a crucial regularity of the data for this study, to examine whether the middle- and low-income states have a similar structural transformation path through which the high-income states have passed, and if not, what are the characteristics of the different paths being followed. Polynomial Regression Functions were applied to fit the association between the share of sectoral output and per-capita income. The present study identified that some middle- and low-income states are following a different path of structural transformation that deviate from those of high-income states and grow faster than high-income states in the process of structural transformation, and there is great heterogeneity within each state. In the last decade, India has seen a slight dip in its services output share but only in the states of the third phase of economic transitions under the middle- and low-income groups. High-income states have shown increasing services output shares in the starting years of the first decade and then falling drastically.

Fe3S4, commonly known as greigite, is a transition metal chalcogenide and has attracted enormous attention in the field of energy storage and environmental remediation.

Synthetically benign and facile, highly sensitive nZVI@Biochar sensor derived from lotus stem for sensing of glyphosate in aqueous solution.

Objective: To determine the factors of iron deficiency anaemia among the post-menopausal women in our population. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Aug 2019 to Jan 2020. Methodology: A total of 300 post-menopausal women were included in this study. Menopausal status was taken as one year after the last menstrual period. Iron deficiency anaemia was diagnosed, based on haemoglobin and ferritin levels. In addition,the relationship of age, age at menopause, comorbid medical illnesses and duration of menopause was assessed with the presence of iron deficiency anaemia among the post-menopausal women participating in this study. Results: Out of 300 post-menopausal women studied in the given period, 124(41.3%) had no anaemia, while 176(58.7%) had the iron deficiency anaemia. Furthermore, 225(75.0%) had menopause after the age of forty, while 75(25.0%) had menopause after the age of forty. After applying the binary logistic regression analysis, we found that advancing age, longer duration since menopause and presence of medical comorbidities had a statistically significant association with anaemia in the target population. Conclusion: This study showed a high frequency of iron deficiency anaemia among post-menopausal women. In addition, women with longer duration since menopause, advanced age and other medical illnesses were more at risk of having iron deficiency anaemia s compared to other women.

Objective: To determine the impact of lifestyle on the optimization of blood pressure in adult hypertensive patients Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, Aug 2019 to Jan 2020 Methodology: The study population comprised of 200 hypertension patients reporting for routine follow-up. Patients were divided into two groups. Group-A (controls) had the patients with the continuation of the routine anti-hypertensive medication. At the same time, Group-B (cases) received lifestyle modifications (salt restriction, quitting smoking and daily step count by using a pedometer) in addition to the routine anti-hypertension medication. Control of blood pressure among the groups was compared three months after the start of the study. Results: Mean age of the patients was 46.50±3.56 years. The mean duration of hypertension in the study participants was 5.12±3.24 years. Optimal blood pressure was achieved in 103(51.5%), while this was not achieved in 97(48.5%). With the help of binary logistic regression analysis, we found a statistically significant difference in achieving optimal blood pressure control among the cases and controls. Gender was also statistically significant in achieving control of blood pressure (pvalue

A field experiment entitled “Performance of sweet corn hybrids (Zea mays saccharata) as influenced by soil and foliar application of zinc” was conducted during kharif 2018 at the Experimental Farm of the Division of Agronomy, Wadura, SKUAST-K. The experiment comprised of two factors with three sweet corn hybrids, viz., Sugar 75, FSCH 75 and CMVL SC and four zinc levels, viz., soil application of ZnSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1, soil application of ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 (0.5%) foliar spray at knee high stage, soil application of ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 (0.5%) foliar spray at tasseling stage and ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 + ZnSB @ 200 ml/kg of seed laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results of the experiment revealed that hybrids had a significant effect on the yield attributes and yield of sweet corn and among different hybrids, Sugar 75 recorded significantly higher yield attributes and yield of sweet corn. However, hybrids had no effect on number of cobs per plant. Hybrid FSCH 75 recorded significantly lowest values for yield attributes and yield. Among zinc levels, soil application of ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 (0.5%) foliar spray at knee high stage produced significantly higher yield attributes and yield whereas zinc level ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 + ZnSB @ 200 ml/kg of seed recorded significantly lowest values of all the yield attributes and yield. However, zinc levels had no effect on number of cobs per plant. The economic analysis showed that highest net profit and benefit cost ratio of ₹466230.5 and 4.37 respectively was recorded by hybrid sugar 75 applied with zinc level of ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 (0.5%) foliar spray at knee high stage whereas lowest net profit and benefit cost ratio of ₹294742.5 and 2.76 respectively by hybrid FSCH 75 applied with zinc level, ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 + ZnSB @ 200 ml/kg of seed.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of healthcare workers about hand hygiene. Study Design: A cross sectional study was used. Place and Duration of Study: Memon Medical Institute Hospital, a tertiary care private hospital Karachi, Pakistan from November 2021 to December 2021. Methodology: Non-random convenience sampling method was used in this study. Results: Most participants have an acceptable level of knowledge of hand hygiene. The highest scores were in the infection control domain and the lowest scores defined the hand hygiene domain. Multivariate analysis showed that work experience and previous education were the most important predictors of participants' knowledge of hand hygiene. Conclusion: Hand hygiene is the simplest yet effective way to stop the spread of germs/microbes non-invasive independent predictors for screening esophageal varices may reduce medical as well as financial burden, hence improving the management of cirrhotic patients. These predictors, however, need further work to validate reliability.

The main aim of present study was to determine the most suitable land for paddy via AHP - GIS and Remote Sensing. Ba Thuoc district - Thanh Hoa province was selected as the target area to conduct the experimental set-up. As per opinion of scientists and the guidance of World Food Organization (FAO) on agricultural crops, the criteria selected to estimate the ecological adaptation of crops include soil type, soil texture, soil depth, soil pH, N (%), elevation, slope, distance from rivers, yearly precipitation, low-average and high temperature, average sunny hours, saltwater intrusion. The land suitability map was generated by superimposing the component maps considering the weighting of the criteria. The obtained results showed that in the experimental area nearly 8.26% of the land-use region was very appropriate for rice growing, 26.29% was observed medium appropriate, 43.35% was less appropriate and 22.1% was not fit for paddy cultivation. Overall, the data may be of value for country government, policy makers, managers as well as local authorities to induce local farmers for paddy production on most suitable areas

Objective: To determine the pattern of electrolyte imbalance and associated etiological factors among the unconscious patients hospitalized at Pak Emirates Military Hospital. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan from Sep 2019 to Feb 2020 Methodology: A total of 240 cases were included in this study in liaison with other departments where the admitted patients became unconscious. Patients with a Glasgow coma scale score

Objective: To determine the association of malabsorption in celiac disease with anaemia and other sociodemographic factors at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Study Design: Cross sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Department of General Medicine Military Hospital Rawalpindi from Jul to Dec 2019. Methodology: A total of 300 adults were included in the study, 150 cases were patients with the diagnosis of celiac disease, and the other 150 were controls without celiac disease. Celiac disease was diagnosed based on biopsy findings by a consultant gastroenterologist. Defined was defined based on haemoglobin levels. In addition, the relationship between age, gender, anaemia, and the presence of comorbidities was assessed with the presence of celiac disease among the adults included in the study. Results: Out of 300 cases and controls, 116 (38.7%) patients were males, and 184 (61.3%) were females. One hundred and forty-eight (49.3%) did not show the presence of anaemia, while one hundred and fifty-two (50.7%) showed the presence of anaemia. we found a statistically significant difference in cases and controls regarding the presence of comorbidities and the presence of anaemia (p

For efficient energy distribution, microgrids (MG) provide significant assistance to main grids and act as a bridge between the power generation and consumption. Renewable energy generation resources, particularly photovoltaics (PVs), are considered as a clean source of energy but are highly complex, volatile, and intermittent in nature making their forecasting challenging. Thus, a reliable, optimized, and a robust forecasting method deployed at MG objectifies these challenges by providing accurate renewable energy production forecasting and establishing a precise power generation and consumption matching at MG. Furthermore, it ensures effective planning, operation, and acquisition from the main grid in the case of superior or inferior amounts of energy, respectively. Therefore, in this work, we develop an end-to-end hybrid network for automatic PV power forecasting, comprising three basic steps. Firstly, data preprocessing is performed to normalize, remove the outliers, and deal with the missing values prominently. Next, the temporal features are extracted using deep sequential modelling schemes, followed by the extraction of spatial features via convolutional neural networks. These features are then fed to fully connected layers for optimal PV power forecasting. In the third step, the proposed model is evaluated on publicly available PV power generation datasets, where its performance reveals lower error rates when compared to state-of-the-art methods.

The digger wasp genus Harpactus Shuckard (Crabronidae: Bembicinae) of the Indian subcontinent is reviewed, resulting in the discovery of a new species H. pulawskii Binoy & Girish Kumar and the rediscovery of H. impudens (Nurse) after more than a century since its description. All species are illustrated, including the holotypes of H. ornatus F. Smith and H. vividus (Turner) whose illustrations were provided by the Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK). Brief diagnoses and a key to species are also given.

Based on Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2017-18 data covering a sample of 15068 currently married females aged 15-49 years, the study intends to investigate the women empowerment situation across the regions and districts of Pakistan as well as to explore the factors affecting women empowerment in Pakistan. An index of women empowerment (ranging from score 0 to 7) was constructed by taking the sum of the seven indicators on the five dimensions: woman's participation in decision making, awareness, employment, self-esteem, and financial inclusion status. The extent of women empowerment regarding each particular indicator is gauged (in percentage) at a national level as well as at regional and district levels. Regarding each particular indicator of women's empowerment, spatial differences exist across the country at the regional and district levels. At the country level, women empowerment is poor in Pakistan. Nearly 86% of respondent women said they were currently not working (unemployed). Similarly, 92% said they did not have an account in a bank or financial institution. At the same time, 57% percent of women reported that they do not own a mobile phone, 87% indicated that they never used the internet, and 40% stated that they were not watching television. At the country level, the women empowerment index's mean score was 2.14. The mean score of the women empowerment index at the regional level stood between 0.52 (in FATA) and 3.43 (in ICT), whereas at the district level, the mean score of the index stood between 0.03 (in South Waziristan) and 4.82 (in Hunza). Out of a total of 143 districts in Pakistan, in 13 districts, the mean score of the women empowerment index remained less than 1. Findings of the ordered logit regression showed that women's higher education, age, husband's higher education, household wealth status, female headship of household, number of living children, and belongingness to the urban area are positively associated with the empowerment of women.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether serial intra-articular (IA) Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) injections improve pain and function in patients of Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) Grade IV primary knee osteoarthritis (KOA), not willing for arthroplasty or having relative contraindications to surgery.90 patients (84 available at final follow-up) of Grade IV KOA were given 3 PRP or Normal Saline injections at 1-month interval. Pain and functional assessment was done with Visual analog scale (VAS) and Western Ontario and McMaster universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) respectively, at baseline and then at three and six months of follow-up. Both groups were homogenous with similar baseline characteristics.Both groups showed statistically significant improvements in the outcome scores but only PRP showed minimal clinically important difference (25% in WOMAC and 2 cm difference of mean in VAS at follow-up). For inter-group comparison, PRP showed better results as there was statistically significant difference in WOMAC at 3 months (Difference = - 9.220, 95% CI = - 13.1945 to - 5.2455,Serial Intra-articular Injections of autologous PRP mildly improve short-term subjective pain and knee function scores in patients of Grade IV KOA without any major complications.

Titanium-Niobium (Ti-Nb) based alloys are predominantly used as an implant material within the Bio-medical field due to their unique characteristics such as non-toxicity, better Osseo-integration, high resistance to corrosion, high strength to weight quantitative relation and biocompatibility. This paper proposes to optimize the control parameters for multi-response optimization of Ti-6Al-7Nb bio-medical alloy based Grey Relational Analysis combined with the Taguchi approach. Wear rate (WR), coefficient of friction (COF), and frictional force were the response characteristics studied (FF). The Taguchi methodology is used in conjunction with the grey interpersonal evaluation as a performance index to determine the best set of control parameters. Applied Load, Rotational Speed, and Time were the control parameters evaluated. Experimentations are designed using L9 Taguchi's orthogonal array and carried out on a pin-on-disc setup in agreement by ASTM G99. The experimental outcomes display that the applied load has the greatest impact on the Ti-6Al-7Nb bio-medical alloy's various wear characteristics. This approach has been successfully rummage-sale to recover the wear response of Ti-6Al-7Nb bio-medical alloy.

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have gained prominence in wireless sensor technology, featuring resource-limited sensor nodes deployed in challenging underwater environments. To address challenges like power consumption, network lifetime, node deployment, topology, and propagation delays, cooperative transmission protocols like co-operative (Co-UWSN) and co-operative energy-efficient routing (CEER) have been proposed. These protocols utilize broadcast capabilities and neighbor head node (NHN) selection for cooperative routing. This research introduces NBEER, a novel neighbor-based energy-efficient routing protocol tailored for UWSNs. NBEER aims to surpass the limitations of Co-UWSN and CEER by optimizing NHNS and cooperative mechanisms to achieve load balancing and enhance network performance. Through comprehensive MATLAB simulations, we evaluated NBEER against Co-UWSN and CEER, demonstrating its superior performance across various metrics. NBEER significantly maximizes end-to-end delay, reduces energy consumption, improves packet delivery ratio, extends network lifetime, and enhances total received packets analysis compared to the existing protocols.

Anemia is said to be present when the hemoglobin levels are more than two standard deviations below the mean for the childs age and sex. Hemolytic anemias arise when red blood cells have decreased survival either due to an intrinsic abnormality of the cell or due to extrinsic factors or both. Hemolytic anemias constitute important cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries. These group of anemias have various clinical presentations starting from their age of onset of symptoms, failure to thrive, anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly, cholelithiasis, cardiomegaly, congestive cardiac failure, severe life-threatening infections and chronic disabilities leading to distress in the families. The present study attempts to reveal the clinical and etiological profile of patients with different types of hemolytic anemia admitted in a pediatric tertiary care hospital of Kashmir. Review of literature shows only few epidemiological studies particularly in this part of the country, and no such study in our state though the disease is fairly prevalent. We undertook this study with this idea. Aims and Objectives:The aims and objectives of this study was to determine clinical and etiological profile of hemolytic anemia in children aged 1month to 18 years admitted in tertiary care hospital of Kashmir. Materiaals & Methods:This prospective observational study was carried out in a pediatric tertiary care hospital in Kashmir over a period of two years. Prior to initiation of study, ethical clearance was obtained. All patients admitted in the indoor of department of pediatrics between age group of 1 month to 18 years with evidence of hemolysis were included in the study. 50 cases were included in the study after obtaining written informed consent from parent or guardian. A detailed history, examination and required investigations were collected. Data was entered and assessed in MS Excel. Results:The study was based on 50 patients, almost equal males and females, 1month to 18 years of age. The most common hemolytic anemia was beta thalassemia major (n=17, 34%), followed by autoimmune hemolytic anemia(n=10,20%), hereditary spherocytosis (n=5,10%), thalassemia trait (8%), pyruvate kinase deficiency (8%) and glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (8%), thalassemia intermedia (4%), sickle cell trait (2%), microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (2%), hereditary xerosis (2%) and hereditary stomatocytosis (2%). Highest number of the cases was less than 3 years old (56%). The most common clinical presentation was jaundice, which was present in all cases, followed by splenomegaly (60%), hepatomegaly (30%), hemolytic facies (26%). Splenomegaly was seen in all cases of thalassemia major, thalassemia intermedia, beta thalassemia trait, hereditary spherocytosis, 2 cases of pyruvate kinase deficiency and 3 cases of glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Spleen >5cm was seen in 10 patients. Massive splenomegaly with abdominal discomfort was seen in 3 cases. The mean hemoglobin was least in beta thalassemia major followed by beta thalassemia intermedia, Hereditary spherocytosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and the highest mean hemoglobin was seen in pyruvate kinase deficiency. Means for serum ferritin and serum bilirubin were calculated. &nbsp

Objective: To assess the association of fatty liver with type 2 diabetes and other socio-demographic factors among the patients at Pak Emirates military hospital Rawalpindi. Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical Study. Place and Duration of Study: Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan from Aug 2019 to Jan 2020. Methodology: This study was conducted on 300 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus reporting for a routine checkup at the medical Outpatient department. Fatty liver was diagnosed on ultrasound by a consultant radiologist. Results: Out of three hundred patients with diabetes mellitus included in the final analysis, 225(75.0%) were males, and 75(25.0%) were females. 176(58.6%) had fatty liver on ultrasound, while 124(41.4%) had no fatty liver on ultrasound examination at the time of the study. we found that increasing age, long duration of diabetes and poor control of illness had a statistically significant relationship with the presence of fatty liver among the target population (p

Adaptive advantages to the environment, improved nutritional features, and reduced use of agrochemicals are just a few of the economic benefits gained through plant breeding with the help of genetic engineering. Despite the benefits, the justification for creating and employing such technology will vary depending on the context of the surrounding culture. This paper aims to introduce genetically modified organisms (Genetically modified plants), discuss their potential benefits and drawbacks, and argue that these organisms present a unique opportunity for breeding new plant varieties with desirable benefits that cannot be obtained through conventional breeding. Plant breeding, nhr1 gene, GMO, and genetically modified plant are some examples of gaining novel kinds or qualities and molecular enhancement of plants by recombinant DNA technology. The potential for using this method to enhance crop plants' genetics is apparent benefits for farmers, merchants, and sellers for developing lines with improved yield, quality, disease resistance, or tolerance to abiotic stress. The risks and hazards prevent it from being widely used in agriculture.

The Darwin wasp subfamily Lycorininae is newly reported from India with the description of a new species, Lycorina sehgali. A taxonomic key to the identification of Indomalayan and Palaearctic species is given along with the illustration of L. ruficornis, L. spilonotae and L. triangulifera.

The aim of present study was to investigate the allelopathic impact of sunflower water extract integrated with affinity herbicide on weed management and production of wheat variety TD-1 under field condition. The trial was carried out in a three replicated and the average plot size was kept at 3x5m (15 m2). The obtained data showed that the all the treatments considerably (P

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (sCOMP) and serum C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (sCTX-I) in identifying disease severity in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) cases. METHODS: A total of 150 individuals (100 cases and 50 controls) were recruited. They were assessed clinically and radiologically with WOMAC score and knee radiographs respectively, while biochemical assessment was done by serum COMP and serum CTX-I level. RESULTS: There were significant differences in serum levels between healthy individuals and KOA patients of both, sCOMP (01.16 ± 0.39 vs 17.38 ± 4.99 U/L; p = 0.01) and sCTX-I (0.35 ± 0.14 vs 4.59 ± 1.69; p = 0.02). There was a statistically significant difference between serum levels of CTX-I between K–L grade I and grade II (4.59 ± 1.69 vs 4.60 ± 1.17 ng/mL; p = 0.03) but no significant difference was seen in the sCOMP levels between K–L grade I and grade II (14.60 ± 6.47 vs 17.47 ± 4.99 U/L; p = 0.14). CONCLUSION: Our findings reveal that both sCOMP and sCTX-I are very effective in distinguishing between healthy adults and those affected by KOA. Only CTX-I was also able to distinguish between K–L grades I and II, while sCOMP failed. Further, use of these two biomarkers to differentiate between K–L grade II, III and IV is limited and lacks sufficient discriminating power, hence not recommended.

Higher education is important for the social and economic development of an economy. In the recent past, the higher education sector has developed many folds in Pakistan. However, many aspects of the higher education sector are unexplored and need scientific examination. For example, how far the administrative services which aim to facilitate students and academic staff are efficient? The efficiency of administrative services is vital for the generation of human capital in the form of students with enhanced capabilities. In addition, efficient administrative services lead to efficient academic services leading to the growth of quality research and development in the country. The current study aims to examine the efficiency of administrative services between academia and students. Data is collected through a survey from seven female hostels of International Islamic University (IIU), Islamabad, Pakistan. Efficiency is examined through students’ perceptions about the quality of administrative services being provided. Students’ response reveals their views about administrative services in IIUI. The analysis includes several relevant dimensions of administrative service such as accommodation facilities, social services like sports and health, general aspects like cafeteria and foods, library, and laboratory facilities, etc. Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) is used to evaluate the efficiency perception and importance of academic services. Based on the empirical results, the nature of inefficiencies is identified to find possible dimensions for improvements.

China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is an amalgam that addresses employability in Pakistan. The perception of creating millions of jobs in the next few years is vital for strengthening the relationship between China and Pakistan. This economic corridor aims to enhance job opportunities, which may increase the general public's education level and standard of living. This paper aims to estimate the perception of the employability impact of Bahawalpur's solar power project and Sahiwal's coal power plant within a radius of 15km2. This study measures the employability impact perceived by the workers through qualitative and descriptive procedures. The data is collected from employees of both the power plants. This study contributes to the existing literature, explains the negative and positive perceptions regarding CPEC projects, and is concluded in support of CPEC and suggests that uplifting to technical skills of the local labor force should be of utmost priority in such types of projects. The study also suggests developing a linkage between education institutes and industry to make the required skill set available to provide more abundant opportunities to the local employees.

Based on the survey data, the study has made yield and profitability comparisons in the contexts of modern agricultural production technologies adopted by the cotton growers of district Bahawalpur. The extent of modern agricultural production technologies adoption was gauged through constructing a modern farming index (MFI). Based on the points scored regarding MFI, the cotton growers were classified into five categories. By applying independent samples t-test, the comparisons of means were made between technologies adopters and non-adopters with respect to per acre yield, cost of production, gross income, and profit earned. On an average, in comparison with the non-adopters, the categories of good adopters and exceptional were obtaining respectively, 17% and 22% higher per acre yield and in the same order, 19% and 27% higher per acre profit. On an average, in comparison with the cotton growers without land laser levelling, those having land laser levelled were obtaining 11% higher per acre yield and 10.6% higher per acre profit. Likewise, in comparison with the cotton growers applying pesticides manually, those applying pesticides through boom sprayer were obtaining about 17% higher per acre yield and 18.2% higher per acre profit. The study concludes that technology adoption in agriculture is pivotal to productivity, production, and profitability outcomes at farm level, hence at national level.

Agriculture is the main occupation for the people of Jammu & Kashmir. About 65 per cent of the people are directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. Agriculture and its allied activities are the predominant sectors of the economy of Jammu & Kashmir. The cropping land use in the state also underwent drastic changes which led to a decrease in area under food crops and an increase in area under cash crops/plantation agriculture. The study of this shifting land use was necessary for the sustainable agriculture of the state. Knowledge of cropping land use helps in maximization of productivity and conservation of land. The study tried to assess the cropping pattern of land use and land change dynamics, the land use and land cover change among different land-use classes and to study the extent of productive and unproductive land-use patterns in Jammu & Kashmir. The study has revealed a major shift of land from the desirable to undesirable land-use classes. The area under the three major food crops (Paddy, Maize and wheat) grown in the state has decreased at the state level though with regional variations, it has increased in some districts as well. But the area under paddy recorded a decline in all the districts and the area under orchards has registered highly positive growth in all the districts of Jammu & Kashmir. Keywords: Agriculture, Land Use, Land Cover Change, Cropping Pattern, Jammu & Kashmir

The current study aims at measuring the competitiveness and comparative advantage of the tourism industry which is one of the most profitable non-technology-based economic sectors of Pakistan and India. This study applied several indices of revealed comparative advantage to examine competitiveness in travel and tourism industry experts and the data have been taken from International Trade Center (ITC) during 2005-2020. The results of RCA, RSCA, LnRCA and RCA# highlight that both Pakistan and India had a comparative disadvantage from 2005-2020. Travel and tourism imports from India and Pakistan had a comparative advantage, according to RMA index data, during the analysis. From 2005 to 2020, India and Pakistan had a net competitive disadvantage in this sector, according to the Relative Trade Advantage index. Moreover, the results of TBI portray that both countries were net-importer in the travel and tourism industry. The results of this study suggest that these countries should improve tourism businesses by investing more in tourism and increasing promotional activities.

The precise objective of the research is to empirically analyze the interdependence between military expenditure, income inequality and economic growth in 51 developing nations. For this purpose, study is used aggregate and disaggregate data analysis of developing countries on the basis of democracy. To tackle the endogeneity between the variables, three-stage least squares (3SLS) econometric technique is used for the current analysis by using dataset spanning over 2000-2020. Data for the variables used is obtained from different sources including World Bank, World Governance Indicator, International Country Risk Guide and World Income Inequality Database. The 3SLS result for the military expenditure shows that higher level of military expenditure reduces the income inequality and economic growth. The result for income inequality shows that it impedes the economic growth and also reduces the military expenditure in developing countries. The results of the third model of economic growth shows that increase in economic growth will negatively affects the income inequality and military expenditure. In this study, the disaggregate analysis is done on the basis of democracy level by splitting the countries into two groups namely democratic countries and authoritarian countries. The results of the democratic countries are same with the results of combine data analysis,while in the case of authoritarian countries results are same with aggregate data analysis except the economic growth which has insignificant impact.

Monetary policy has been frequently used by many developing countries including Pakistan to curb inflation and smoothen macroeconomic fluctuations. In the near past, it has been observed that monetary tightening has been futile in curbing inflation in many developing economies including Pakistan especially after COVID-19. There is always a time lag before the money supply affects price level or other macroeconomic variables. This study focuses on the transmission mechanism of monetary policy in Pakistan by using monthly data on money supply and inflation for the period 2014:M01 to 2022:M05. After checking stationarity of the series, distributive lag model is estimated using least square method. It is found that there exists a sluggishness in the effectiveness of monetary policy in Pakistan and 4 to 5 months lag exists before the monetary policy exhibits its influence on inflation. It is also noticeable that the lag structure of monetary policy has been changed over time in Pakistan.