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7 results on '"America R"'

3. The Discrimination of Religious Minorities in the United States

Author

Garza, America R.

Subjects
Religion, Religious discrimination, FOS: Political science, Religious minorities, Freedom of religion--U.S. states, Political science
Abstract

The following issue brief is meant to address discrimination that minority religions deal with in the United States. This includes inhibiting their rights to practice, their rights to build places of worship, and be accepted amongst the community of all religious organizations.

Published
2015
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4. Association between left ventricular perfusion defects and myocardial deformation indexes in heart transplantation recipients

Author

Giuseppe Pacileo, Chiara Cirillo, Maria Giovanna Russo, Gemma Salerno, Raffaella America, Pietro Muto, Eduardo Bossone, Antonello D'Andrea, Michele D'Alto, Raffaele Calabrò, Ciro Maiello, Giuseppe Limongelli, Maria Luisa De Rimini, Lucia Riegler, D'Andrea, Antonello, De Rimini, Maria Luisa, America, Raffaella, Cirillo, Chiara, Riegler, Lucia, Limongelli, Giuseppe, D'Alto, Michele, Salerno, Gemma, Maiello, Ciro, Muto, Pietro, Russo, Maria Giovanna, Calabrã², Raffaele, Bossone, Eduardo, Pacileo, Giuseppe, D'Andrea, A, De Rimini, Ml, America, R, Cirillo, C, Riegler, L, Limongelli, G, D'Alto, M, Salerno, G, Maiello, C, Muto, P, Russo, Mg, Calabro, R, Bossone, E, and Pacileo, G

Subjects
Male, doppler echocardiography, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, Heart Ventricles, Population, heart failure, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Doppler echocardiography, two-dimensional strain, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, cardiac PET, 03 medical and health sciences, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left, 0302 clinical medicine, Postoperative Complications, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, education, Heart transplantation, education.field_of_study, Ejection fraction, E/A ratio, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Myocardium, Heart, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Cardiac PET, Echocardiography, Heart failure, Positron-Emission Tomography, Cardiology, Heart Transplantation, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, cardiac transplant, Perfusion, Follow-Up Studies, cardiopulmonary test
Abstract

The aim of the study was to analyze possible correlations between strain echocardiography (STE) and PET myocardial perfusion in a population of heart transplantation (HTx) recipients showing preserved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction. By STE, LV global longitudinal strain (LV GLS) was lower in HTx. PET showed no transient or chronic ischemia in 83 of 115 HTx (73%). Fixed perfusion defects were observed in 17% of HTx and reversible ischemia in 10%. Significant coronary stenosis was observed only in 10 cases. GLS was independently associated with age at HTx and fixed perfusion defects (HR 0.41; P

Published
2017

5. Early Antibody Lineage Diversification and Independent Limb Maturation Lead to Broad HIV-1 Neutralization Targeting the Env High-Mannose Patch

Author

Kemal Eren, Dennis R. Burton, J Gilmour, Etienne Karita, Fernando Garces, Terri Wrin, Lalinda Wickramasinghe, Ian A. Wilson, Nancy M. Choi, Daniel T. MacLeod, Leopold Kong, Eric Hunter, Shabir Lakhi, Chi-Huey Wong, Chaoran B. Bian, Vinodh A. Edward, Chung-Yi Wu, Susan Allen, Anatoli Kamali, William Kilembe, Pascal Poignard, Mubiana Inambao, Eduard J. Sanders, Bryan Briney, Elise Landais, Matthew Price, Sergei L. Kosakovsky Pond, Chi-Hui Liang, Alejandra Ramos, Linda-Gail Bekker, Ben Murrell, Lorena S. Ver, Omu Anzala, Pat Fast, Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute [La Jolla, San Diego], Monogram Biosciences, Laboratory Corporation of America(R) Holdings, Institut de biologie structurale (IBS - UMR 5075 ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), The Scripps Research Institute, Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Lineage (genetic), Immunology, Somatic hypermutation, HIV Infections, Complementarity determining region, Biology, HIV Antibodies, Lymphocyte Activation, Neutralization, 03 medical and health sciences, Immunology and Allergy, Humans, Africa South of the Sahara, AIDS Vaccines, B-Lymphocytes, [SDV.BBM.BS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Structural Biology [q-bio.BM], Immunodominant Epitopes, env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, virus diseases, Antibody Diversity, Cell Differentiation, Virology, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Biological Evolution, Complementarity Determining Regions, 3. Good health, Vaccination, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Immunization, biology.protein, HIV-1, Antibody, Mannose
Abstract

International audience; The high-mannose patch on HIV Env is a preferred target for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), but to date, no vaccination regimen has elicited bnAbs against this region. Here, we present the development of a bnAb lineage targeting the high-mannose patch in an HIV-1 subtype-C-infected donor from sub-Saharan Africa. The Abs first acquired autologous neutralization, then gradually matured to achieve breadth. One Ab neutralized >47% of HIV-1 strains with only ∼11% somatic hypermutation and no insertions or deletions. By sequencing autologous env, we determined key residues that triggered the lineage and participated in Ab-Env coevolution. Next-generation sequencing of the Ab repertoire showed an early expansive diversification of the lineage followed by independent maturation of individual limbs, several of them developing notable breadth and potency. Overall, the findings are encouraging from a vaccine standpoint and suggest immunization strategies mimicking the evolution of the entire high-mannose patch and promoting maturation of multiple diverse Ab pathways.

Published
2016
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6. Mechanisms of escape from the PGT128 family of anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies

Author

Krumm, SA, Mohammed, H, Le, KM, Crispin, M, Wrin, T, Poignard, P, Burton, DR, Doores, KJ, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford [Oxford], Monogram Biosciences, Laboratory Corporation of America(R) Holdings, Institut de biologie structurale [1992-2019] (IBS - UMR 5075 [1992-2019]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), The Scripps Research Institute [La Jolla, San Diego], University of Oxford, Institut de biologie structurale (IBS - UMR 5075 ), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
N-linked glycosylation, [SDV.BBM.BS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Structural Biology [q-bio.BM], Research, HIV, Envelope glycoprotein, HIV Antibodies, HIV Envelope Protein gp120, Neutralizing antibody, Antibodies, Neutralizing, [SDV.BBM.BS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biomolecules [q-bio.BM], Viral escape, Infectious Diseases, Polysaccharides, Virology, Mutation, HIV-1, Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte, Humans, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Immune Evasion
Abstract

Background Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) directed against the mannose-patch on the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 have several features that make them desirable targets for vaccine design. The PGT125-131 bnAb family is of particular interest due to its superior breadth and potency. The overlapping epitopes recognized by this family are intricate and neutralization requires interaction with at least two N-linked glycans (N332/N334, N295 or N301) in addition to backbone-mediated contact with the 323IGDIR327 motif of the V3 loop. We have recently shown that this bnAb family consists of two distinct antibody classes that can bind alternate arrangements of glycans in the mannose-patch in the absence of N332 thereby limiting viral escape. This led us to further investigate viral resistance and escape mechanisms to the PGT125-131 bnAb family. Results Using an escape virus isolated from the PGT125-131 donor as a guide, we show that mutating both the V3 core protein epitope and repositioning critical N-linked glycosylation sites are required to restore neutralization sensitivity. Interestingly, neutralization sensitivity could be restored via different routes for the two distinct bnAb classes within the PGT125-131 family, which may have been important in generating the divergence in recognition. We demonstrate that the observed V3 mutations confer neutralization resistance in other virus strains through both gain-of-function and escape studies. Furthermore, we show that the V3 loop is important in facilitating promiscuous binding to glycans within the mannose-patch. Conclusions These data highlight the importance of the V3 loop in the design of immunogens aimed at inducing broad and potent bnAbs that can bind promiscuously to the mannose-patch. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0241-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Published
2016
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7. HIV Envelope Glycoform Heterogeneity and Localized Diversity Govern the Initiation and Maturation of a V2 Apex Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Lineage

Author

Davey M. Smith, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Audrey Cappelletti, Yolanda Lie, Ben Murrell, Kemal Eren, Paul Algate, Andrew B. Ward, Etienne Karita, Terri Wrin, Jeffrey C. Umotoy, Dennis R. Burton, Sasha Murrell, Sergei L. Kosakovsky Pond, Elise Landais, Melissa Smith, Natalia de Val, Pascal Poignard, Alejandra Ramos, Lalinda Wickramasinghe, Ian A. Wilson, Zachary T. Berndsen, Kimmo Rantalainen, Mengyu Wu, Bryan Briney, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Translational Science Institute and The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Medicine [Univ California San Diego] (MED - UC San Diego), School of Medicine [Univ California San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute [La Jolla, San Diego], Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology [La Jolla, CA, USA], Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Biomedical Informatics, Monogram Biosciences, Laboratory Corporation of America(R) Holdings, Theraclone Sciences, Inc., Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Group, Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology [Scripps Research Institute], Institut de biologie structurale (IBS - UMR 5075 ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Department of Medicine [San Diego], University of California-University of California, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Research Institute, Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, University of California, Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Experimental Immunology, and Graduate School

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Lineage (genetic), Immunogen, Immunology, Somatic hypermutation, Complementarity determining region, HIV Antibodies, Epitope, Article, MESH: Antibodies, Neutralizing, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: AIDS Vaccines, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Humans, Cell Lineage, HIV vaccine, B cell, AIDS Vaccines, MESH: Humans, biology, [SDV.BBM.BS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Structural Biology [q-bio.BM], MESH: HIV Antibodies, env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, virus diseases, MESH: Cell Lineage, Virology, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Complementarity Determining Regions, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, biology.protein, MESH: Complementarity Determining Regions, MESH: env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Antibody, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

SUMMARY Understanding how broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to HIV envelope (Env) develop during natural infection can help guide the rational design of an HIV vaccine. Here, we described a bnAb lineage targeting the Env V2 apex and the Ab-Env co-evolution that led to development of neutralization breadth. The lineage Abs bore an anionic heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 (CDRH3) of 25 amino acids, among the shortest known for this class of Abs, and achieved breadth with only 10% nucleotide somatic hypermutation and no insertions or deletions. The data suggested a role for Env glycoform heterogeneity in the activation of the lineage germ-line B cell. Finally, we showed that localized diversity at key V2 epitope residues drove bnAb maturation toward breadth, mirroring the Env evolution pattern described for another donor who developed V2-apex targeting bnAbs. Overall, these findings suggest potential strategies for vaccine approaches based on germline-targeting and serial immunogen design., In Brief Understanding the molecular basis of HIV Env-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) development is key for vaccine design. Landais et al. find that glycan heterogeneity played a role in the activation of V2 apex PCT64 bnAbs precursor and that viral evolution was similar to CAP256, another donor with V2 apex bnAbs.

Published
2017
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