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We are experiencing an increase in the availability of protein ingredients from more sustainable production sources, and we need to learn how to utilize them to create highly nutritional and climate friendly foods. Much work is needed to assist in innovation, by developing principles leading to the design of the best structures to ensure optimal function. We propose a holistic approach to the design of new sustainable proteins for food, so that they may compare favorably to their animal sourced counterparts. While the immediate challenges are related to improving processing functionality and providing the essential amino acids balance, we will soon also need to learn to pay close attention to the molecular interactions occurring during processing, as these can be modulated to form different supramolecular structures. This shift will create new opportunities to innovate and create a new generation of highly nutritious and functional foods. This review focuses on the recent trends on the use of plant protein blends, and highlights the research gaps and challenges related to using ingredients of different composition and history to develop more climate friendly foods.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of substitution of dietary fishmeal (FM) by compound plant protein supplemented with essential amino acids on growth performance, plasma physiology, and muscle growth-related genes of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Four diets with equal digestible protein were prepared, where 30FM (control feed) contained 30% FM and land animal protein as a protein source, 10FM contained 10% FM, PMAa contained full plant meal (PM) supplemented with crystalline amino acid, and PM contained full PM feed. There was no significant difference in the specific growth rate (SGR) with 30FM, 10FM, and PMAa diets (p > 0.05); however, the SGR of PM group was the lowest with significant difference (p < 0.05). Feed efficiency of the PM group was the lowest with significant difference (p < 0.05). The whole-body crude protein content of fish in PMAa group was significantly higher than that in each group with additional FM (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and free amino acid profile of 30FM, 10FM, and PMAa groups (p > 0.05); however, they were significantly higher than that in PM group (p < 0.05). The expression of key genes in the TOR signaling pathway (tor, s6k1, 4e-bp2, and eif4e), autophagy (ulk1 and atg13), and ubiquitin–proteasome (trim63 and znrf2) system of the PMAa group was similar to that of the FM group (p > 0.05), indicating that the muscle growth-related biomarker genes were positively regulated by the appropriate dietary amino acid composition at the transcriptional level. These results suggest that FM in gibel carp diet can be totally replaced by PM without negative impact on growth performance and muscle growth-related biomarkers at the transcriptional level, which provided the requirement of digestible protein and balanced amino acid profile is satisfied.

Bacterial cells utilize toxin-antitoxin systems to inhibit self-reproduction, while maintaining viability, when faced with environmental challenges. The activation of the toxin is often coupled to the induction of cellular response pathways, such as the stringent response, in response to multiple stress conditions. Under these conditions, the cell enters a quiescent state referred to as dormancy or persistence. How toxin activation triggers persistence and induces a systemic stress response in the alphaproteobacteria remains unclear. Here, we report that in Caulobacter, a hipA2-encoded bacterial toxin contributes to bacterial persistence by manipulating intracellular amino acid balance. HipA2 is a serine/threonine kinase that deactivates tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase by phosphorylation, leading to stalled protein synthesis and the accumulation of free tryptophan. An increased level of tryptophan allosterically activates the adenylyltransferase activity of GlnE that, in turn, deactivates glutamine synthetase GlnA by adenylylation. The inactivation of GlnA promotes the deprivation of glutamine in the cell, which triggers a stringent response. By screening 69 stress conditions, we find that HipBA2 responds to multiple stress signals through the proteolysis of HipB2 antitoxin by the Lon protease and the release of active HipA2 kinase, revealing a molecular mechanism that allows disparate stress conditions to be sensed and funneled into a single response pathway.IMPORTANCE To overcome various environmental challenges, bacterial cells can enter a physiologically quiescent state, known as dormancy or persistence, which balances growth and viability. In this study, we report a new mechanism by which a toxin-antitoxin system responds to harsh environmental conditions or nutrient deprivation by orchestrating a dormant state while preserving viability. The hipA2-encoded kinase functions as a toxin in Caulobacter, inducing bacterial persistence by disturbing the intracellular tryptophan-glutamine balance. A nitrogen regulatory circuit can be regulated by the intracellular level of tryptophan, which mimics the allosteric role of glutamine in this feedback loop. The HipBA2 module senses different types of stress conditions by increasing the intracellular level of tryptophan, which in turn breaks the tryptophan-glutamine balance and induces glutamine deprivation. Our results reveal a molecular mechanism that allows disparate environmental challenges to converge on a common pathway that results in a dormant state.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:02:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-09-15 Marketing strategies and feeding costs are key factors affecting the sustainability of intensive aquaculture systems. The present 44-day feeding trial aimed to model the optimum levels of balanced digestible protein (BDP) for adult pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) and develop an economic optimization procedure for the final yield. The experiment was conducted in a freshwater recirculation aquaculture system (RAS). A randomized block design with six treatments and three replicates was used. A total of 180 pacu adults with initial body weight of 1158.50 ± 21.59 g (± standard deviation) were distributed (10 fish per tank) among 18 concrete-tanks of 2000 L. Six consecutive isoenergetic experimental diets containing 163, 201, 238, 272, 315 and 348 g BDP kg−1 (dry matter basis – DM basis) were prepared through the diet dilution procedure. The triplicate groups of fish were hand-fed three times a day at 09:00, 12:00 and 17:00 h until apparent satiation. At the end of the trial, the productive and economic responses were evaluated through appropriate mathematical models and statistical analyses. The optimum levels of BDP were modeled as 232 and 245 g kg−1 (DM basis) by the quadratic model based on maximum final body weight (FBW) and body weight gain (BWG) of adult pacu, respectively. Using an individual based economic model, the economically optimized levels of BDP were modeled as 215, 217 and 222 g kg−1 (DM basis) for obtaining maximum profitability from the fish that are marketed in the form of whole-body, eviscerated and sliced adult pacu, respectively. The optimum levels of BDP modeled for maximum profitability were found considerably lower than those modeled for maximum FBW and BWG. The hypothesized scenarios confirmed that profitability and economically optimized levels of dietary protein were greatly affected by the fluctuations in feed costs and marketing strategy of the final yield. Aquaculture Center São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal Department of Animal Science São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal Brazil University (Universidade Brasil), Fernandópolis Animal and Poultry Science University of KwaZulu-Natal Aquaculture Center São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal Department of Animal Science São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:09:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-09-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) This 45-day work aimed to determine the response of juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) to balanced digestible protein (BDP) and to use these responses to determine whether the optimum economic levels of BDP would differ depending on the form in which the fish is sold. Six isoenergetic diets containing 163, 201, 238, 272, 315 and 348 g/kg BDP (dry-matter basis) were prepared through the serial dilutions of a high-protein diet with the low-protein diet. Fish (initial average body weight, 10.82 ± 0.14 g) were fed with respective experimental diets three times a day until apparent satiation. The optimum biological level of BDP was calculated as 326 g/kg (dry-matter basis) by the quadratic regression model for maximum body weight gain of juvenile pacu. To maximize economic returns (US$/kg) for different end products, the optimum economic levels of BDP were calculated as 311, 317 and 319 g/kg (dry-matter basis) by an economic model for whole-body, eviscerated and sliced juvenile pacu respectively. This finding revealed that obtaining maximum biological performance of fish in the case of high feed costs or low prices of the end product in consumer market would substantially reduce the economic returns. Aquaculture Center São Paulo State University – UNESP School of Agricultural Engineering and Environmental Sciences University of KwaZulu–Natal Department of Veterinary Medicine Brazil University – Univ. Brasil Department of Animal Science Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences São Paulo State University – UNESP Aquaculture Center São Paulo State University – UNESP Department of Animal Science Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences São Paulo State University – UNESP FAPESP: 2013/25761–4

The fractional composition of proteins of the cod-fish family - polar cod ( Boreogadus saida ) and blue whiting ( Micromesistius poutassou ) which are currently underutilized in the food industry has been studied. A method of multiple extraction of homogenized fish raw material with solutions of increasing ionic strength and pH was used for protein fractionation. Water-soluble (WSP), salt-soluble (SSP) and alkaline-soluble (ASP) fractions of fish proteins have been separated. The content of protein in a whole fish and its aqueous extracts was determined by the Kjeldahl method as well as photometric method. The amino acid composition of the proteins was studied by high-performance liquid chromatography. Protein of blue whiting comprises 92% of WSP and SSP fractions; while polar cod comprisesonly 60%. All proteins under study contain the full set of the amino acids including essential ones. The content of lysine both in non-fractionated proteins contained in a whole fish and their fractions is considerable (from 59.5 to 121 g kg-1). When evaluating the biological value of proteins, their usefulness is established (there are no limiting amino acids). The data of the rationality coefficient Rc which presents the balance of the amino acid composition of the proteins indicate the high biological value of proteins of the whole polar cod and their ASP fraction. The fish species being studied can be used for production high-grade protein products - fish hydrolysates and isolates. The possibility of using unrefined fish is shown that is peculiarity of novel food technologies for obtaining protein products of high biological value.

One way to solve the problem of balancing the chemical composition of minced meat semi-finished products is the integrated use of raw materials of animal and vegetable origin. The purpose of the research is the development of formulations and determination of nutritional value of minced meat semi-finished products with oilseeds. The chemical composition of sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, and pumpkin seeds has been studied and the possibility of their use in the manufacture of semi-finished minced meats has been revealed. The formulae of minced meat semi-finished products, in terms of functional-technological and organoleptic properties, have been developed with optimum ratio of plant and animal components. Total organoleptic evaluation of the samples has shown a positive trend. Taste, smell, texture and overall evaluation have been improved. A slight reduction of the criterion for chemical composition of semi-finished products compared with that of a control sample has been found. It has been caused by the change of protein : fat : solids balance with the increase of vegetable fat and protein. The studied samples are characterized by a more balanced amino acid composition: the increase in SCOR and efficiency ratios is marked. The index of comparable redundancy is reduced, indicating a more complete use of the essential amino acids of minced meat semi-finished products for anabolic purposes. The developed samples meet the daily requirement for a number of essential nutrients by 11 - 64%. The content of vitamins A, B1 and E in the finished product containing sunflower seeds, that of magnesium and calcium in the sample containing sesame seeds, and 1.5 - 2 times increase of iron and zinc content enhance their nutritional value and allow classifying the samples as fortified foods.

In order to control and optimize chicken quality products, it is necessary to improve the description of the responses to dietary amino acid (AA) concentration in terms of carcass composition and meat quality, especially during the finishing period. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Lysine (Lys, i.e. a limiting AA used as reference in AA nutrition) and AA other than Lys (AA effect). In total, 12 experimental diets were formulated with four levels of digestible Lys content (7, 8.5, 10 and 11.5 g/kg) combined with either a low (AA-), adequate control (AAc) and high (AA+) amount of other essential AA (EAA) expressed as a proportion of Lys. They were distributed to male Ross PM3 from 3 to 5 weeks of age. No significant AA×Lys interaction was found for growth performance or carcass composition. Body weight and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved by addition of Lys but were impaired in broilers receiving the AA- diets, whereas breast meat yield and abdominal fat were only affected by Lys. No additional benefit was found when the relative amount of other EAA was increased. There was a significant AA×Lys interaction on most of the meat quality traits, including ultimate pH, color and drip loss, with a significant effect of both AA and Lys. For example, AA- combined with reduced Lys level favored the production of meat with high ultimate pH (gt;6.0), dark color and low drip loss whereas more acid, light and exudative meat (lt;5.85) was produced with AA+ combined with a low Lys level. In conclusion, growth performance, carcass composition and meat quality are affected by the levels of dietary Lys and AA in finishing broilers. In addition, interactive responses to Lys and AA are found on meat quality traits, leading to great variations in breast pHu, color and drip loss according AA balance or imbalance.

We recently reported that plasma albumin redox state, which correlates with albumin synthesis rate, could be associated with the quality of dietary protein. Aiming to elucidate the association between them, plasma albumin redox state was investigated in rats fed various kinds of AIN-93G-based low protein diets. Plasma albumin redox state was shifted to a more oxidized state in rats fed 3% casein (CN) diet than those fed 3% whey protein or 3% wheat gluten diet, while supplementing 3% CN diet with cystine reversed it to a more reduced state, indicating that cystine would complement the shortage of cysteine in CN, thereby increasing albumin synthesis rate. Supplementation with glutathione, a cysteine-containing antioxidative tripeptide, normalized hepatic glutathione redox state modulated by ingestion of 3% CN diet, but it only reversed the oxidized shift of plasma albumin redox state to an extent similar to cystine alone or the constituting amino acid mixture of glutathione (i.e., glutamic acid, cystine, and glycine), indicating that glutathione would primarily serve as a source of cysteine rather than exert its antioxidative activity. Plasma albumin would thus be influenced by amino acid balance in dietary proteins, and it could be useful as a biomarker that contributes to prevention of protein under-nutriton, caused by not only insufficient protein intake but also ingestion of poor-quality protein.

Мясо является источником наиболее полноценного белка, содержащего все незаменимые аминокислоты, витамины группы В, минеральные вещества, включая железо в гемовой форме. Разработка энтеральных смесей, изготавливаемых на основе мясного сырья, позволит нивелировать проблему приедаемости и расширить ассортимент предлагаемых продуктов для энтерального питания. В результате исследований на модельных и натурных объектах разработана технология консервированного продукта на основе говядины, предназначенного для энтерального питания людей в послеоперационный период, а также в состояниях, связанных с потерей аппетита, челюстно-лицевыми, ожоговыми травмами, с нарушениями функции глотания и жевания. Теоретически обоснованы и реализованы многокомпонентные модули рецептур, сбалансированных по жирнокислотному, аминокислотному составу, обогащенных витаминно-минеральным комплексом. Минимальный скор составил 0,99 доли ед., коэффициент утилитарности 0,83 доли ед., коэффициент сопоставимой избыточности -7,20 г/100 г белка. Полученные значения критериев сбалансированности позволяют сделать вывод о приближении значений к физиологически необходимому соотношению. Жирнокислотный состав моделей смеси корректировали с целью увеличения содержания ненасыщенных жирных кислот путем комбинирования животного жира, содержащегося в мясном сырье, с растительными маслами. Фактическое соотношение сумм насыщенных жирных кислот к монои поли-ненасыщенным в продукте составило 16,1:54,7:29,2, соотношение ω-6 к ω-3 полиненасыщенным жирным кислотам 4:1. При проектировании витаминноминеральной композиции учитывали интенсивность термического воздействия, в связи с чем установлены уровни внесения витаминов с учетом их потерь в ходе технологического процесса. На основании проведенных исследований разработана технология мясосодержащих консервов, адаптированная к фактическим условиям предприятий по производству мясных продуктов для детского питания. Продукт может применяться в качестве основного или дополнительного источника пищевых веществ и энергии в течение необходимого периода нутритивной поддержки пациентов., Meat is a source of the most full value protein, which contains all essential amino acids, B group vitamins, minerals, including heme iron and zinc. The development of enteral mixtures produced on the basis of meat raw materials will allow leveling the problem of annoyance with the same product taste and extending an assortment of the supplied products for enteral nutrition. As a result of the experiments on the model and natural objects, the technology was developed for beef-based canned food intended for enteral nutrition of people in the post-operative period as well as in the conditions associated with appetite loss, mandibulofacial injuries, burning injury, chewing and swallowing impairments. The multi-component recipe modules balanced by fatty acid and amino acid composition, enriched with the vitamins and minerals were theoretically substantiated and realized. The minimal score was 0.99 unit fractions, coefficient of utility (0.83 unit fractions), coefficient of comparable redundancy 7.20 g/100 g protein. The obtained values of the balance criteria allow making a conclusion about approximation of the values to the physiologically necessary ratio. The correction of the fatty acid composition of the mixture models was carried out in order to increase the unsaturated fatty acid content by combination of meat fat with vegetable oils. The actual ratio of the fatty acid (SFA:MUFA:PUFA) in the product was 16.1:54.7:29.2, the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 PUFA was 4:1. When designing the vitamin and mineral composition, the intensity of the thermal effect was taken into account. As a result, the doses for addition of vitamins were established with regard to their destruction during the technological process. Based on the performed research, the technology was developed for meat-containing canned food, adapted to the real conditions of the enterprises engaged in production of meat products for child nutrition. The product can be used as a basis or additional source of nutrition during the necessary period of nutritive support of patients.

Amino acid requirements can be studied maintaining or not the ratio of the amino acids to lysine and changing or not dietary crude protein level. A third alternative was studied in this study conducted to evaluate broiler performance and weight gain of carcass parts, in response to increasing dietary digestible lysine (dig Lys) levels (0.70, 0.80, 0.90, 1.00, 1.055, 1.11, 1.165, and 1.22%). Two basal diets were formulated to contain 19.0% (diet A) and 20.5% (diet B) crude protein, and Met, Arg and Thr levels were formulated to maintain their ideal ratio to Lys. Three hundred and twenty CobbXCobb500 broilers, from 19 to 40 days of age, were used. Basal diet A was set for the 4 lowest levels of dig Lys, and diet B for the other four levels. Body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), feed intake, Lys intake, feed conversion (FC), carcass part weights and carcass, breast, leg, and thigh protein and fat were evaluated. Body weight, WG and Lys intake linearly increased with increasing dietary dig Lys, independently of basal diet CP content. A multiple regression effect was observed for FC, with the best estimated levels of dig Lys of 0.96% and 1.18% for diet A and B, respectively. Breast and carcass weight gain and breast protein and water gain showed multiple regression and split curves as a function of basal diet. The best responses were obtained with the highest crude protein level in the basal diet. Therefore, we concluded that high levels of crude protein in basal diets are recommended to study amino acid requirements for broilers.

Limited research has been conducted to determine the optimum dietary amino acid balance for finishing pigs. In a nitrogen balance study, lysine utilization in finishing pigs fed corn and soybean meal-based diets (CSBM) improved when the standardized ileal digestible threonine to lysine ratio was increased from 0.80 to 0.89. In a subsequent study, growth performance and carcass quality were similar in finishing pigs fed a 14% CP CSBM diet and a 10% CP CSBM diet, fortified with synthetic amino acids. In the 10% CP CSBM diet, the standardized digestible threonine, methionine, methionine plus cysteine, tryptophan and isoleucine to lysine ratios were 0.72, 0.35, 0.66, 0.21 and 0.71, respectively. The addition of synthetic threonine to the 10% CP CSBM diet resulted in a reduction in growth performance. It is speculated that the response of finishing pigs to added threonine is influenced by environmental conditions and by effects on intestinal microflora.