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Con este artículo pretendemos dilucidar si la diplomacia cultural y las relaciones internacionales siguen constituyendo unas de las principales herramientas de poder blando de la Unión Europea, como instrumentos capaces no solo de potenciar su influencia y liderazgo como actor global, sino de generar estrategias clave para afrontar los grandes retos a los que la Unión se enfrenta en la actualidad. Para tal fin, propondremos una serie de recomendaciones para la elaboración e implementación de una nueva estrategia de diplomacia cultural europea y de relaciones culturales internacionales, adaptada a las circunstancias jurídicas, geopolíticas, sociales y sanitarias presentes.

This study examined how eco-organic feed affects the growth performance, nutrient efficiency, feed utilisation, and body composition of gilthead seabream. Six different diets were tested, including a control diet (CONT) without organic ingredients and four diets with 100% organic ingredients: trout (TRO), seabass (SBS), poultry (POU), and mix (MIX), along with a control organic diet (ORG) containing organic ingredients and 30% fishmeal. The experiment lasted 70 days, and the fish were fed twice a day, starting with an initial weight of 60.5 g. The results showed that the highest growth rates were observed in fish fed the ORG and CONT diets containing fishmeal. Conversely, the POU diet resulted in the lowest growth rate, survival rate, and highest value for feed conversion ratio (FCR). Almost all essential amino acid efficiency values were high in fish fed the ORG and CONT diets. Still, significant differences were noted in the retention efficiency of fatty acids across all diets. The retention efficiency was higher in the CONT diet, followed by the ORG diet. However, the economic conversion rate was lower for CONT, SBS, TRO, and MIX. Overall, using organic diets of animal origin impacted the growth performance of gilthead seabream, but it is still a promising approach.

A 120-day experiment investigated the new organic raw materials for Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) feeding on growth, nutritional parameters, digestibility, and histology. An organic control diet (CON) and three diets with 100% organic raw materials—the rest of rainbow trout, visceral Iberian pig, and insects as a protein source (TRO, IBE, and INS)—were tested. After the experiment, growth, nutritional parameters, digestibility, and histology were measured. The CON diet-fed seabream obtained the highest weight; there was no difference between the experimental diets. The crude protein content was the highest in seabream fed the TRO and INS diets. Crude fat was the highest value observed in the CON diet. High digestibility was observed in seabream-fed IBE and INS diets. Except for EAA methionine (Met), there were no static differences in retention efficiency. The diet with the highest hydrolysis rate was IBE. Diet differences were significant but had the typical healthy liver morphology of seabream. Seabream fed on the TRO and INS diets had shorter distal gut measurements. In conclusion, the full substitution of fishmeal with organic raw materials, including rainbow trout remains, Iberian pig viscera, and insects, offers several benefits in terms of digestibility, histology, and growth performance and may help improve sustainable and healthy aquaculture practices.

BACKGROUND The identification of factors associated with perioperative red blood cell (RBC) transfusion provides an opportunity to optimize the patient and surgical plan, and to guide perioperative crossmatch and RBC orders. We examined the association among potential bleeding risk factors and RBC requirements to develop a novel predictive model for RBC transfusion in patients undergoing brain tumor surgery. METHODS This retrospective study included 696 adults who underwent brain tumor surgery between 2008 and 2018. Multivariable logistic regression with backward stepwise selection for predictor selection was used during modeling. Model performance was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and calibration was evaluated with Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit χ2-estimate. RESULTS Preoperative hemoglobin level was inversely associated with the probability of RBC transfusion (odds ratio [OR]: 0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.39-0.63; P

Numerous recent studies have identified critical issues with a high percentage of museum storage facilities around the world. The problems detected in such studies are usually solved with ambitious...

[EN] Fish (175 g of initial weight) were fed in triplicated groups with four diets formulated by 0% (FO 100), 75% (FO 25) and 100% (with and without probiotics, FO 0 and FO 0+) of fish oil replacement consisting of a mixture of linseed, sunflower and palm oils. After 109 days, growth and nutritional parameters were not affected by the treatment; however, fish fed with 0% of fish oil showed the lowest survival rate and without differences between the same diet with probiotics. As for biometric parameters, significant differences in the viscerosomatic index (VSI) were observed between fish fed the FO 0+ diet and the FO 100 and FO 25 diets. Results obtained from histological analysis did not detect inflammation in gut samples, while liver samples showed a remarkable steatosis in all four treatments. Total fish oil replacement produced a significant difference in the width of the lamina propria. The dietary inclusion of probiotics in the FO 0+ diet seems to favour a recovery of intestine histology. In addition, as fish oil substitution increased, the width of the lamina propria also increased. In conclusion, it is possible to affirm that the four diets administrated toSeriola dumerilidid not compromise the correct development of the animals., The financial support for this study was provided by the "Conselleria de Educacio, Cultura i Esport" of Valencian government (Reference: AICO/2015/123). We also acknowledge David Harry Rhead for their English revision.

Trabalho apresentado no XVI Congresso Internacional Galego-Português de Psicopedagogia, realizado na Universidade do Minho, em Braga (Portugal), nos dias 1 a 3 de setembro de 2021, com patrocínio da Associação Científica Internacional de Psicopedagogia (ACIP) [Resumo] A reunificação familiar é um processo complexo que se inicia com o acolhimento residencial da criança e/ou jovem na instituição e continua após o regresso a casa, podendo contribuir para consolidação e sucesso das medidas de proteção. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar as dinâmicas geradoras dos processos de resiliência em famílias após implementação do Programa “Caminhar em Família” que visa a reunificação familiar por meio de promoção de competências parentais durante o acolhimento. Foi desenvolvido um estudo de caso qualitativo de caráter descritivo e retrospectivo. A amostra não probabilística foi composta por 4 famílias, sendo 5 progenitores e 6 crianças/jovens que saíram do acolhimento no ano de 2019 e estavam aptas à reunificação. A participação das famílias no programa permitiu confirmar o fortalecimento da resiliência no sistema relacional de pais e filhos graças à compreensão, capacitação e empoderamento suscitados nas diferentes etapas da medida de proteção. A associação conceitual de dois modelos teóricos da resiliência familiar das autoras Froma Walsh e Lietz e Strenght possibilitou identificar diferentes forças e recursos individuais e familiares na gestão da crise e respostas específicas às necessidades das famílias nos diferentes estádios do acolhimento e reunificação. Os resultados reforçam a importância de programas socioeducativos que privilegiam o fortalecimento das dimensões promotoras de aspectos saudáveis que compõe a resiliência em famílias. Estes elementos devem ser os norteadores das intervenções para uma reunificação familiar segura e estável. [Abstract] Family reunification is a complex process that begins with the residential care of the child and/or young person in an institution and includes the period after their return home, and can contribute for the success of protection measures. The present study aimed to analyse the dynamics that generate processes of resilience in families after the implementation of the “Walking in Family Program”, which intends to give support to family reunification through the promotion of parenting skills during institutionalization. A qualitative, descriptive and retrospective case study was developed. The non-probabilistic sample consisted of 4 families, 5 parents and 6 children/young people who left foster care in 2019 and were able to reunify. The participation of families in the program confirmed the strengthening of resilience processes in the relational system of parents and children triggered by the understanding, training and empowerment raised in the different stages of the protection measure. The conceptual association of two theoretical models of family resilience of the authors Froma Walsh and Lietz and Strength, enabled us to identify different individual and family strengths and resources in crisis management and specific responses to the needs of families at different stages since the children’s entry in residential care to their returning home. The results reinforce the importance of socio-educational programs that reinforce and encourage dimensions that promote healthy aspects that build resilience in families. These elements could guide interventions for safe and stable family reunification.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fish oil replacement with a mixture of vegetable oils and probiotic supplementation on plasma biochemical parameters, oxidative stress, and antioxidant ability of Seriola dumerili. Specimens with an initial weight of 175 g were used. Four feeds were formulated with 0% (FO-100), 75% (FO-25), and 100% (FO-0 and FO-0+ with the addition of Lactobacillus probiotics) substitution of fish oil with a mixture of linseed, sunflower, and palm oils. After 109 days, no significant differences were observed in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the liver, foregut, and hindgut, only glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the liver was higher in the fish fed the FO-100 diet than in those fed the FO-0 diet. No significant differences were observed in the total, reduced, and oxidized glutathione and the oxidative stress index in the liver. In addition, lipid peroxidation in the liver and red muscle values were higher in the fish fed the FO-100 diet than in the fish fed the FO-0+ diet, however, the foregut of the fish fed the FO-100 diet presented lower values than that of the fish fed the FO replacement diet, with and without probiotics. There were significant differences in cholesterol levels in the FO-100 group; they were significantly higher than those observed with the fish diets without fish oil. To sum up, fish oil can be replaced by up to 25% with vegetable oils in diets for Seriola dumerili juveniles, but total fish oil substitution is not feasible because it causes poor survival. The inclusion of probiotics in the FO-0+ diet had no effects on the parameters measured.

Skin cancers are among the most common cancers worldwide and are increasingly prevalent. Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is characterized by the malignant transformation of melanocytes in the epidermis. Although CM shows lower incidence than other skin cancers, it is the most aggressive and responsible for the vast majority of skin cancer-related deaths. Indeed, 75% of patients present with invasive or metastatic tumors, even after surgical excision. In CM, the photoprotective pigment melanin, which is produced by melanocytes, plays a central role in the pathology of the disease. Melanin absorbs ultraviolet radiation and scavenges reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) resulting from the radiation exposure. However, the scavenged ROS/RNS modify melanin and lead to the induction of signature DNA damage in CM cells, namely cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, which are known to promote CM immortalization and carcinogenesis. Despite triggering the malignant transformation of melanocytes and promoting initial tumor growth, the presence of melanin inside CM cells is described to negatively regulate their invasiveness by increasing cell stiffness and reducing elasticity. Emerging evidence also indicates that melanin secreted from CM cells is required for the immunomodulation of tumor microenvironment. Indeed, melanin transforms dermal fibroblasts in cancer-associated fibroblasts, suppresses the immune system and promotes tumor angiogenesis, thus sustaining CM progression and metastasis. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of melanin secretion in CM aggressiveness and the molecular machinery involved, as well as the impact in tumor microenvironment and immune responses. A better understanding of this role and the molecular players involved could enable the modulation of melanin secretion to become a therapeutic strategy to impair CM invasion and metastasis and, hence, reduce the burden of CM-associated deaths.

Introduction: PIK3CA is one of the most mutated oncogenes in solid tumors. In breast cancer (ER-positive, HER2-negative), these events represent a predictive biomarker of response to alpelisib. In glioblastomas (GBM), PIK3CA mutations were described as early constitutive events. Here, we investigated PIK3CA mutational profile across glioma molecular subgroups and its relevance during glioma recurrence. Furthermore, PIK3CA mutations’ effect in PI3K pathway, prognosis, and response to therapy was also explored. Material and Methods: Exons 10 and 21 of PIK3CA mutations were evaluated in 394 gliomas and 19 glioma recurrences from Instituto Português de Oncologia Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG) and compared with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. TIMER2.0 and NetMHCpan4.1 were used to assess the immune-microenvironment contribution. Results: PIK3CA mutations were identified among all glioma subgroups, although with no impact on their stratification or prognosis. In both cohorts (IPOLFG and TCGA), PIK3CA mutation frequencies in IDH-mutant and IDH-wild-type GBM were similar (IPOLFG: 9% and 3%; TCGA: 8% and 2%). These mutations were not mutually exclusive with PTEN deletion and EGFR amplification. Despite their reduced frequency, we discovered PIK3CA mutations were maintained during glioma recurrence regardless of administered therapies. The immune microenvironment might not contribute to this phenotype as PIK3CA mutations did not influence immune cell infiltration. Conclusions: Despite the absence of a predominant effect in glioma stratification, PIK3CA mutations were maintained during glioma recurrence, possibly contributing to glioma cell survival, representing promising therapeutic targets in recurrent glioma. Nevertheless, understanding the potential synergistic effects between PIK3CA mutations, PTEN deletion, and EGFR amplification is pivotal to targeted therapies’ efficiency.

Introduction: PIK3CA is one of the most mutated oncogenes in solid tumors. In breast cancer (ER-positive, HER2-negative), these events represent a predictive biomarker of response to alpelisib. In glioblastomas (GBM), PIK3CA mutations were described as early constitutive events. Here, we investigated PIK3CA mutational profile across glioma molecular subgroups and its relevance during glioma recurrence. Furthermore, PIK3CA mutations’ effect in PI3K pathway, prognosis, and response to therapy was also explored. Material and Methods: Exons 10 and 21 of PIK3CA mutations were evaluated in 394 gliomas and 19 glioma recurrences from Instituto Português de Oncologia Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG) and compared with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. TIMER2.0 and NetMHCpan4.1 were used to assess the immune-microenvironment contribution. Results: PIK3CA mutations were identified among all glioma subgroups, although with no impact on their stratification or prognosis. In both cohorts (IPOLFG and TCGA), PIK3CA mutation frequencies in IDH -mutant and IDH -wild-type GBM were similar (IPOLFG: 9% and 3%; TCGA: 8% and 2%). These mutations were not mutually exclusive with PTEN deletion and EGFR amplification. Despite their reduced frequency, we discovered PIK3CA mutations were maintained during glioma recurrence regardless of administered therapies. The immune microenvironment might not contribute to this phenotype as PIK3CA mutations did not influence immune cell infiltration. Conclusions: Despite the absence of a predominant effect in glioma stratification, PIK3CA mutations were maintained during glioma recurrence, possibly contributing to glioma cell survival, representing promising therapeutic targets in recurrent glioma. Nevertheless, understanding the potential synergistic effects between PIK3CA mutations, PTEN deletion, and EGFR amplification is pivotal to targeted therapies’ efficiency.

O objetivo deste texto é identificar o espaço urbano da cidade de Lisboa entre os princípios do século XIX e os princípios do século XXI recorrendo a uma metodologia que possa ser aplicada de forma homogénea ao longo do todo o período considerado. Para essa abordagem, tomam-se como base os dados dos recenseamentos da população realizados ao longo desses séculos e informações sobre a rede de transportes da região de Lisboa no mesmo período. Identifica-se a área com população de densidade urbana em torno do núcleo central constituído pela cidade na sua definição legal e administrativa; a área onde predominam atividades económicas de natureza urbana, isto é, dos setores secundário e terciário, em torno do mesmo núcleo central; e a área abrangida pelo sistema de transportes públicos da região de Lisboa. Conclui-se que a área urbana de Lisboa viveu um período de estagnação durante a primeira metade do século XIX, um período de expansão moderada e intensiva entre meados do século XIX e meados do século XX e um período de expansão acelerada e extensiva desde meados do século XX, alterando-se significativamente a distribuição no interior desse espaço. The purpose of this text is to identify the extension of the urban space of the city of Lisbon between the early 19th and the early 21st centuries, using a methodology that may be homogeneously applied during the whole period under consideration. The approach is based on data from population censuses made during these centuries and information on the transport network of the region of Lisbon during the same period. We identify the area with population of urban density around a central core formed by the city according to its legal and administrative definition; the area where economic activities of an urban nature, that is to say the secondary and tertiary sectors, predominate, around the same central core; and the area served by the public transportation system of the Lisbon region. We conclude that the urban area of Lisbon lived a stagnation period during the first half of the 19th century, a period of moderate and intensive expansion between mid-19th and mid-20th centuries and a period of accelerated and extensive expansion since the mid-20th century, with significant changes in the distribution within that area. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

[ES] El Grabado como método gráfico no es sólo un conjunto de técnicas, sino que tiene la envergadura de un SISTEMA, con todo lo que ello supone. Y como sistema, la educación de estas materias se vincula directamente con el cumplimiento de los ODSs 2030, focalizando los distintos objetivos que nos planteamos desde una perspectiva de ECOSISTEMA: una forma más de práctica artística, acudiendo a su facilidad de reproducción múltiple como una cuestión de acercamiento social y por la constante experimentación sobre las técnicas clásicas y las de nueva aparición.La trasmisión de nuestros planteamientos gráficos está inmersa de la conciencia pública sobre la importancia de la conservación del planeta y de la sostenibilidad, motivando así la práctica artística en el contexto de toma de conciencia del impacto ecológico de la actividad humana. Todos estamos interpelados a actuar desde la nueva cultura de la sostenibilidad que lo impregna todo y es decisiva.En aulas de experimentación, con el equipo y los alumnos de los talleres de la UPV, hemos desarrollado parte de nuestros proyectos BOSQUEARTE y MONTA TUS OBJETIVOS, para sensibilizar, a través de talleres y/o acciones artísticas, sobre la necesidad de comprometernos con preservar el entorno y los recursos naturales., [EN] Etching as a graphic method is not only a ser of thecniques, it also has the scope of a SYSTEM with all that this implies. And as a system, the education of these subjects is directly linked to the fulfillment of the SDG’s 2030, by focusing on the various objectives that are set from an ECOSYSTEM perspective: A form of art practice resorting to its ease of multiple reproduction as a matter of social approach and by constant experimentation on classical and new techniques. The transmission of our graphic approaches is immersed in public awareness of the importance of planet conservation and sustainability, thus motivating artistic practice in the context of becoming aware of the ecological impact of human activity. We are all called upon to act from the new culture of sustainability that permeates everything and is decisive. In experimentation classrooms, the joint of our team and out students at the UPV, has eased the path to develop our projects BOSQUEARTE and MONTA TUS OBJETIVOS, in order to raise awareness, throughout the workshops and art happenings that surrounds them, with the need to commit ourselved to preserving the environment and natural resources.

[EN] Aquaculture effluents with high levels of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) contribute to eutrophication in the aquatic ecosystem. The environmental impact of phosphorus and N aquaculture waste may be diminished by modifying diet ingredients that improve phosphorous (P) digestibility, and therefore, reduce the P in metabolic waste. The content of P in fishmeal is high (30 g/kg), but the inclusion of fishmeal in the diet is reducing due to its high costs and limited accessibility; therefore, the addition of an inorganic P source is necessary to ensure a satisfactory level of available P in fish diets. Consequently, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of four different inorganic P sources on P digestibility and excretion in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), as one of the most relevant aquaculture species. Monosodium/monocalcium phosphate with 2% of sodium source presented a P digestibility similar to monoammonium phosphate, but with lower nitrogen and phosphorus excretion into the environment, which is advantageous from a nutritional, environmental and industrial point of view (biofilters and recirculation systems in fish farms). This study was conducted to evaluate the apparent availability and P and N excretion in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using different inorganic phosphorus sources. With this goal, fish (153 +/- 14.1 g) fed four inorganic P sources were assayed: monoammonium phosphate (MAP, NH4H2PO4), monosodium/monocalcium phosphate (SCP-2%, AQphos+, NaH2PO4/Ca(H2PO4)(2)center dot H2O in proportion 12/88), monosodium/monocalcium phosphate (SCP-5%, NaH2PO4/Ca(H2PO4)(2)center dot H2O in proportion 30/70) and monocalcium phosphate (MCP, Ca(H2PO4)(2)center dot H2O). Phosphorus (P) digestibility, in diets that included MAP and SCP-2% as inorganic phosphorus sources, were significantly higher than for SCP-5% and MCP sources. In relation to the P excretion pattern, independent of the diet, a peak at 6 h after feeding was registered, but at different levels depending on inorganic P sources. Fish fed an MAP diet excreted a higher amount of dissolved P in comparison with the rest of the inorganic P sources, although the total P losses were lower in MAP and SCP-2% (33.02% and 28.13, respectively) than in SCP-5% and MCP sources (43.35% and 47.83, respectively). Nitrogen (N) excretion was also studied, and the fish fed an SCP-5% diet provided lower values (15.8%) than MAP (28.0%). When N total wastes were calculated, SCP-2% and SCP-5% showed the lowest values (31.54 and 28.25%, respectively). In conclusion, based on P and N digestibility and excretion, the SCP-2% diet showed the best results from a nutritional and environmental point of view., This study has been developed under the framework of the project entitled "Improvement of the nutritional quality of aquaculture feeds through the incorporation of microalgae hydrolysates enriched in probiotic microorganisms-ALQUABIOTIC," ITC-20181099, corresponding to the FEDER INNTERCONECTA 2018 call, funded by CDTI (Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology), supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and co-financed by FEDER funds (European Regional Development Fund) within the 2014-2020 Intelligent Growth Operational Program.

[EN] The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fish meal replacement with a mixture of plant, and animal protein supplemented with a commercial nucleotide NucleofomeFish (TM), on growth, feed utilization, whole-body composition, biometric indices; liver mitochondrial enzyme activities, selected gene expression and influence on the gut micmbiome of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata. Six hundred and thirty gilthead seabream with an average initial body weight of 0.358 +/- 0.002 g/fish, were used. Six experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous, 45% crude protein (CP) and isocaloric 20 MJ/kg gross energy (GE). The control diet (Dl) contained 25% of fish meal (FM25) and had no NucleoforceFish (TM) added (FM25/0), diets 2-3 contained FM at a level of 25% and supplemented with 250 (FM25/250) and 500 (FM25/500) mg/kg NucleoforceFish (TM), respectively. Diets 4-6 were a non-fishmeal formulation and had no NucleoforceFish (TM), (diet 4, FM0/0), 0%FM with 250mg/kg NucleoforceFish (TM) (diet 5, FM0/250), and 0%FM with 500mg/kg NucleofomeFish (TM) (diet 6, FM0/500). The results revealed that dietary nucleotides supplemented at 250mg/kg or 500mg/kg enhanced final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate of seabream either with dietary level of 25% FM diet (FM25) or non-fishmeal diet (FM0). All mitochondrial liver complex enzyme activities were recorded as having a significant positive response to the nucleotide dietary supplement. Gilthead seabream fingerlings fed FM0/250 diet for 150 days had significantly elevated liver mitochondrial enzyme (Complex III, Complex IV, Complex I and II) activities. In addition, gilthead seabream fed FM(0/500 )had significantly increased the gene expression of TCR-B and IL1-B, while fish fed FM25/250 increased significantly the gene expression of IGF1, while fish fed FM(25/500 )increased significantly the gene expression of Hepcidin (Hep) and the iron homeostasis hormone. There was a marked influence on specific bacteria comprising the gut microbiome namely Photobacterium; damselae; Vibrio anguillarum; Lactobacillus plantarum; Lactobacillus Enterococcus faecium subtilis. It can be concluded that FM25/250 and FM25/500 diets are expressing the best result, which explains that FM must be in the feed of gilthead seabream, and addition of NucleoforceFish (TM) at 250 mg/kg feed may further increase the performance.

The meagre is a carnivorous species and might be a suitable candidate species for the diversification of aquaculture in the Mediterranean region. This is based on its high growth and flesh quality. Nevertheless, there is little information available about its growth rates and nutrient requirements. The objective of this study was to determine the protein and energy requirements of juvenile meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Two trials for different weights of 53 and 188 g were conducted with rations from starvation to apparent satiation with the scope of studying its nutritional needs. In the first trial, the initial mean body weight of the fish was 53 g, and they were fed at feeding rates, measured as a percentage of the body weight, of 0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5%, with two replicates per treatment. In a second trial, another group with approximately 188 g of initial body weight was fed at feeding rates of 0, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5%, with two replicates per treatment. The optimum thermal growth coefficient was obtained with a feed intake of 2.2% day&minus, 1 in trial A and 1.73% day&minus, 1 in trial B. The digestible protein (DP) intake for maintenance was determined as 0.57 g kg&minus, 0.7 day&minus, 1, the DP intake for maximum growth was 6.0 g kg&minus, 1, and the point for maximum efficiency in protein retention was 1.8 g kg&minus, 1. The requirement for digestible energy (DE) intake for maintenance was recorded at 25.4 kJ kg&minus, 0.82 day&minus, 1, the DE intake to maximize growth was 365 kJ kg&minus, 1, and the point for maximum efficiency in energy retention occurs with a digestible energy intake of 93 kJ kg&minus, 1. The requirements and retention efficiency of protein and energy in Argyrosomus regius tend to be within the range other fish species. The maintenance needs are in agreement with species with low voluntary activity and growth requirements in agreement with fast-growth species.

[EN] Seabass is one of the leading aquaculture species in Europe. Sensory analysis is essential for new product development. This research focused on establishing and differentiating the opinion of consumers about seabass quality obtained with organic feeding. Fish were fed for 196 days with four treatments (a control diet with 30% fishmeal and three diets with different levels of fishmeal supplemented with organic vegetable ingredients: 25%, 30% and 35%). Experimental diets were compared with commercial samples from the retail industry that were considered as "adequate quality for fish ". Two sensory analyses were carried out, check-all-that-apply (CATA) to obtain feedback on consumers' characterization towards a different type of fish evaluated and projective mapping (PM) to measure the similarity among a set of products and establish a comparison between results provided by both methods. According to the CATA results, white color, softness, meaty taste and juicy texture were considered relevant attributes, also showing a good relationship with an adequate cooked fish description. A penalty analysis confirmed that the previous characteristics were considered essential while fibrous was an undesirable attribute. The projective mapping showed a similar sensory configuration to the CATA, corroborating these findings that showed that commercial fish were placed in a position away from the rest of the treatments, and the organic diet with a higher level of fishmeal (35%) was the most distant from the control diet., This Project was subsidized by the Biodiversity Foundation 1-2020, within the framework of the Pleamar Program, co-financed by the FEMP.

[EN] Triploid, sterile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) could make a contribution to the development of the farming industry, but uncertainties about the performance and welfare of triploids have limited their adoption by farmers. In this study, we compared the ontogeny of digestive tract morphology and enzyme activities (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase) of diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon. Fish were fed diets based on fishmeal (STD) or a mix of fishmeal and hydrolysed fish proteins (HFM) whilst being reared at low temperature from start-feeding to completion of the parr-smolt transformation. Fish weights for each ploidy and feed combination were used to calculate thermal growth coefficients (TGCs) that spanned this developmental period, and the data were used to examine possible relationships between enzyme activities and growth. At the end of the experiment, faeces were collected and analyzed to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of the dietary amino acids (AAs). Digestive tract histo-morphology did not differ substantially between ploidies and generally reflected organ maturation and functionality. There were no consistent differences in proteolytic enzyme activities resulting from the inclusion of HFM in the diet, nor was there improved digestibility and AA bioavailability of the HFM feed in either diploid or triploid fish. The triploid salmon had lower ADCs than diploids for most essential and non-essential AAs in both diets (STD and HFM), but without there being any indication of lower intestinal protease activity in triploid fish. When trypsin-to-chymotrypsin activity and trypsin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ratios (T:C and T:ALP, respectively) were considered in combination with growth data (TGC) low T:C and T:ALP values coincided with times of reduced fish growth, and vice versa, suggesting that T:C and T:ALP may be used to predict recent growth history and possible growth potential., This work was supported by the Norwegian Research Council, Regional Research Fund-RFF-NORD -https://www. regionaleforskningsfond.no/ -(Grant no. 248028, VP at Nofima as project coordinator) and the Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, (UiT) the Arctic University of Norway. The funder provided support in the form of salary for one author [VP] but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of this and other authors are articulated in the "author contributions" section. Publication charges for the article were provided by the Open Access publication fund of UiT, the Arctic University of Norway.

The interaction between diet and intestinal health has been widely discussed, although in vivo approaches have reported limitations. The intestine explant culture system developed provides an advantage since it reduces the number of experimental fish and increases the time of incubation compared to similar methods, becoming a valuable tool in the study of the interactions between pathogenic bacteria, rearing conditions, or dietary components and fish gut immune response. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the total substitution of fish meal by plants on the immune intestinal status of seabream using an ex vivo bacterial challenge. For this aim, two growth stages of fish were assayed (12 g): phase I (90 days), up to 68 g, and phase II (305 days), up to 250 g. Additionally, in phase II, the effects of long term and short term exposure (15 days) to a plant protein (PP) diet were determined. PP diet altered the mucosal immune homeostasis, the younger fish being more sensitive, and the intestine from fish fed short-term plant diets showed a higher immune response than with long-term feeding. Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus) triggered the highest immune and inflammatory response, while COX-2 expression was significantly induced by Photobacterium damselae subsp. Piscicida (P. damselae subsp. Piscicida), showing a positive high correlation between the pro-inflammatory genes encoding interleukin 1β (IL1-β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase 2(COX-2).

BackgroundAlthough high levels of fish meal replacement by alternative protein sources have been achieved without relevant alterations in terms of growth performance, negative effects on immune status were detected. The diet and fish immunity interactions at gut level have been widely discussed, although in vivo approaches have reported several limitations. In this sense, intestine explant culture system can be a valuable complementary tool to study the interactions between pathogenic bacteria and fish gut response, and the possible influence of environmental, breeding, rearing conditions or dietary components on the responsiveness of the innate immune system in fish.The object of this study was to test the impact of total substitution of fish meal by plant protein on the intestinal health of seabream (12g) in two growth stages: phase I (90 days), up to 68 g, and phase II (305 days), up to 250g. In phase II, the effects of the long term and short exposure (15 days) to plant protein diet were determined. In order to determine the effect of plant protein feeding on the innate immune response to bacterial pathogens, and an ex vivo procedure of intestine explants culture was implemented.ResultsFish showed less tolerance to dietary plant protein in phase I than in phase II, while the ex vivo assays indicated that the intestine from fish fed at short-term plant diets showed a higher immune response than at long term feeding.In relation to the immune response to bacterial challenge, a significant expression in pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 after 6 hours of exposure to V. algynoliticus, while COX-2 expression was significantly induced by P. damselae subsp. pisicida, showing positive high correlation between them.ConclusionsA differential health status was observed depending of growth stage, being stricter to the plant protein inclusion the younger fish. The new experimental system based on fish intestinal explants culture has been successfully implemented, becoming an effective methodology for ex vivo studies. Under ex vivo conditions, the bacterial challenge induced inflammatory and immune intestinal response, responding stronger those intestine of fish fed during a short-term with a total substitution of fish meal.

The present study evaluated the effects of wash-out on the fatty acid (FA) composition in the muscles of Mediterranean yellowtail. After 109 days during which fish were fed either a fish oil (FO)-based diet (FO 100) or a diet (FO 0) in which FO was completely substituted by vegetable oils, all fish were subjected to a wash-out with FO 100 diet for 90 days. The FA profile of muscles in fish fed FO 0 diet at the beginning of the experiment reflected that of dietary vegetable oils, rich in linoleic acid (LA), and &alpha, linolenic acid (ALA), and was deficient in AA (arachidonic acid), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). No essential FA were fully restored in fish previously fed FO 0 diet on 45th or 90th day of wash-out. At the end of wash-out, the FA composition showed that AA, EPA, and DHA in the white muscles increased by +33%, +16%, and +43% (p &lt, 0.001), respectively. Similarly, AA and DHA in the red muscles increased by +33% and +41% respectively, while EPA remained similar to fish fed FO 0 diet exclusively. Therefore, a 90-d wash-out can partially improve the FA profile in muscles of Mediterranean yellowtail previously fed vegetable oil-based diets.

[EN] The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, and amino acids in fish, krill, squid, meat, defatted krill, soybean, wheat gluten, wheat, camilina, pea, sunflower, and fava bean meals were determined for juvenile Seriola dumerili. The results showed that the ADC of dry matter for yellowtail ranged from 57.7 to 87.2% for animal ingredients and from 42.2 to 82.2% for plant ingredients. An ADC of protein exceeding 90% was observed in fishmeal, while camilina meal and fava bean meal presented the lowest values. Pea meal presented the lowest lipid ADC (83.5%). The availabilities were generally higher in animal ingredients than those in vegetal ones. Except camilina and fava bean meal, the other ingredients appear to be favorable for S. dumerili diets, especially the ones from animal sources. Lower case chemical score values (minimum value from amino acid ratios [AARs]) were obtained in some vegetal ingredients (14¿18%), while the highest ones were observed in marine ingredients (69¿88%). According to Oser's Index, the most balanced protein for yellowtail with regard to essential amino acids was in krill, defatted krill, and fishmeal (92¿96%). So, animal sources are suitable as protein ingredients, but they could be enhanced through some essential amino acid supplementation., This project was financed by the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” (reference AGL2011-30547-C03).

[EN] The present study evaluates the effect of dietary barley, based on its potential stress-relieving properties, on rainbow trout under acute stress challenge (hypoxia and crowding) and their recovery. Diets were formulated containing increasing barley concentrations (0, 4, 8, 16, 32%). Cortisol on plasma and fin, glucose and lactate plasma levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) in muscle were determined under normoxia before the stress test (basal levels), 30 min after the acute stress challenge and also during normoxia recovery (6 and 12 h after the stress). Results showed that at basal levels the inclusion of barley had no influence on cortisol, glucose nor on lactate values. After 30 min from the stress challenge, there was a significant increase in cortisol, glucose and lactate concentration in fish of all groups. Plasma cortisol showed the lowest levels in fish fed with diets at a medium (8%) of barley concentration and returned to basal levels 6 h after the stress stimulus with no differences between diets. Glucose values showed a less clear tendency 30 min after the stress challenge with lower levels in the control group, fish fed with 8% and 32% of barley in the diets and returned to basal levels in almost all the groups only 12 h after the stress challenge. Lactate showed the same trend as with glucose after the stress challenge but it returned to basal levels in 6 h. Interestingly, there was a significant decrease of lipid oxidation (MDA) in muscle soon after the stress test of fish fed with the highest barley levels. The present results suggest a potential positive effect of dietary barley on trout stress response., This work has been co-funded with FEDER and INIA funds. Julia Pinedo has been granted with the FPI-INIA grant number 21 (call 2012, BOE-2012-13337).

[EN] The present study compares a control diet to four experimental diets, in which two red beet (14% and 28%) and two betaine levels (0.9% and 1.63%) were incorporated in rainbow trout diets according to a factorial design. The effects of the inclusion of different red beet and betaine concentrations on fatty acid (FA) profile, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant activity on rainbow trout fillets were investigated. Although no significant differences were observed with the control group, results indicated that red beet and betaine improved fish fillet FA profile, producing an increase in polyunsaturated FAs, mainly docosahexaenoic acid. Higher red beet and betaine concentrations increased flavonoid and phenolic content in the diets; however, no effects were observed for the antioxidant properties of rainbow trout fillets., This work was carried out with funding from INIA and ITACyL, and cofounded by FEDER funds. Julia Pinedo has been granted with the FPI-INIA grant number 21 (call 2012, BOE-2012-13337).

[EN] Purpose Studying the efect of citrus pulp silage in the growth performance, amino acid retention of sharpsnout sea bream juveniles. Methods Citrus pulp is an energy and protein source that has been used to replace wheat meal in Diplodus puntazzo fngerlings; 96 fsh of 21.5±0.67 g were nourished with two experimental diets for 105 days. The control diet (CON) contained 421.6 g/kg of protein and 22.6 MJ/kg of energy. The citrus pulp diet (CPD) included 442.7 g/kg of protein and 22.02 MJ/ kg of energy. Results At the end of this trial, the CPD did not afect the growth parameters, but the feed efciency values exhibited statistically signifcant diferences, with those fsh fed the CPD having higher values, possibly due to the presence of limonene in the diet. The CPD also resulted in a reduction in amino acid (AA) content due to the protein being bound to fbre; this consequence did not afect the fnal fsh AA profle. For AA retention, only arginine displayed signifcant diferences, although the rest of the AAs also showed efects of AA reduction from the CPD. Conclusion Citrus pulp silage can be used in D. puntazzo feeding, without adverse in the growth performance and the amino acid profle, although it did cause a reduction in feed efciency

[EN] The search for new sustainable aquafeeds for the species with greater economic importance, such as the gilthead sea bream in Europe, is one of the main challenges in the aquaculture sector. The present work tested fishmeal replacement by a mixture of plant meals at different levels, as well as the use of marine by-products with attractant properties and high-quality protein in high plant protein diets. In order to do that, effects on growth and biometric parameters, digestibility, amino acid retention, excreted ammonia and proteases and amylase activity were assessed, using six different diets: FM100 (100% of protein provided by fishmeal), FM50 (50% of replacement), FM25 (75% of replacement) and FM0 (100% of replacement), but also FM25+ (75% of replacement and 15% of squid and krill meal inclusion), and FM0+ (100% of replacement and 15% of squid and krill meal inclusion). In group FM0, a clear impact of dietary changes was observed on growth, survival and ammonia excretion. Amino acid retention in group FM0+ was also significantly affected, which can be explained by the limited content of certain amino acids in this diet. On the other hand, no significant differences were observed in most biometric parameters or in enzyme activity. In conclusion, complete fishmeal replacement can be achieved by using a mixture of plant-based sources, but supplementation with complementary marine ingredients can prevent detrimental effects on growth, survival, nutritional parameters and protein metabolism., This work was supported by the Vicerrectorat d'Investigacio, Innovacio i Transferencia of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, within the project Aquaculture feed without fishmeal (SP20120603). URLs of funder: http://www.upv.es/entidades/VIIT/info/indexnormalc.htm. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Las muestras de animales plagas fueron colectadas, secadas y molidas. Estas fueron analizadas para determinar su contenido en proteína, cenizas y aminoácidos. Los análisis bromatológicos mostraron que Achatina fulica y Pieris brassica, contienen más proteína bruta, (PB) (779.2 y 812.2 g/kg) en comparación a Phyllophaga spp. y Spodoptera frugierda (432. 5 y 445.7 g/kg). Comparando el perfil de aminoácidos, A. fulica y P. brassica obtuvieron los niveles más altos en la mayoría de los amino ácidos esenciales (AAE) que la torta de soya y en el caso de A. fulica, éste exhibió valores más altos que la harina de pescado en arginina, cisteina, glicina, serina y tirosina. Observando la relación de AAE/AANE (amino ácidos no esenciales) en las harinas, sólo S. frugiperda presentó valores similares a la harina de pescado (0.85). Todas las harinas de animales plagas presentaron una reducción en la cuantificación de amino ácidos en relación con los valores de PB obtenidos por el método de Kjeldahl, esta reducción se encontraba entre 28.6 y 38.0%. Esta disminución podría deberse a la combinación entre la proteína y la quitina que se encuentran en el cuerpo de los insectos. A pesar de esta reducción la cuantificación de amino ácidos de los animales plagas podría ser una buena alternativa para su uso en la alimentación de monogástricos, especialmente para peces y crustáceos.

[EN] A digestibility trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of fishmeal (FM) replacement with meat and bone meal on diets digestibility, digestive enzymes activity, and microbiota modulation in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles fed diets (45% CP; 20% CL) including 0, 50, and 75% of protein from MBM (diets MBM0; MBM50; MBM75). The ADC of protein was high and unaffected by dietary MBM level, whereas the ADC of energy was higher with diet MBM50 than with MBM0. The ADC of essential amino acids was also high and not affected by diet composition, except for the ADC of phenylalanine and tyrosine, which were lower in diet MBM75 than in the other diets. Pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, and total alkaline proteases activities were all unaffected by diet composition. Dietary inclusion of MBM modulated gastrointestinal tract microbiota, decreasing the average number of operational taxonomic units and microbial richness. Dietary MBM inclusion promoted an increase of Vibrio, Bacillus, and Mycobacterium genera, whereas colonization by Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium decreased. Overall, present results indicate that up to 75% of FM protein can be replaced by MBM protein in diets for gilthead seabream juveniles without major adverse effects on diet digestibility and digestive function. However, gastrointestinal microbiota was modulated, and further research should be conducted to evaluate the impact of gastrointestinal microbiota modulation on immune and health status of gilthead seabream., This research was partially supported by the Strategic Funding UID/Multi/04423/2013 through national funds provided by FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), in the framework of the programme PT2020. C.R. Serra was supported by grant SFRH/BPD/101038/2014, from FCT.

La metáfora de la liquidez propuesta por Bauman constituye el reflejo de una sociedad cada vez más globalizada, donde el régimen de producción industrial ha impregnado todo, logrando que las interacciones sean más flexibles, transformando lo significativo en estructuras frágiles. Un escenario donde la crisis económica mundial ha modificado inexorablemente el juicio de los ciudadanos sobre la gestión política de las políticas públicas de Estado y ha puesto a prueba la solidez y la consistencia de las instituciones. En este contexto, el presente trabajo pretende poner en valor la gestión de la reputación y la transparencia, como herramientas con un enorme valor intangible para los poderes públicos elegidos democráticamente. Con este fin, el objetivo principal de esta investigación es realizar un análisis transversal, -sociológico y estadístico-, de la gestión de los riesgos reputacionales por los principales agentes implicados -públicos y privados-, con conocimiento y colaboración de las áreas directamente afectadas, proponiendo que cada riesgo, también en su dimensión reputacional, tenga un ‘propietario’ que lo vigile y vele por su prevención. En especial aquellos vinculados con la ética política, el gobierno corporativo, la relación con la sociedad, la comunicación y, por ende, su impacto directo en la “modernidad líquida” actual. The metaphor of liquidity proposed by Bauman is the reflection of an increasingly globalized society, where the industrial production regime has impregnated everything, making more flexible interactions, transforming the significant into fragile structures. A scenario where the global economic crisis has inexorably changed the opinion of citizens about the political management of the public policies of State and has tested the strength and consistency of institutions. In this context, this paper aims to highlight the reputation management and transparency, as tools with a huge intangible value for democratically elected Governments. To this end, the main objective of this research is to make a cross sectional study, -sociological and statistical-, of the management of reputational risks by the main stakeholders involved -public and private- with knowledge and collaboration of the areas directly affected, proposing that each risk, also in its reputational dimension, has an 'owner' who monitor and ensure its prevention. Especially those linked with political ethics, corporate governance, the relationship with society, communications and, therefore, its direct impact on the current “liquid modernity”.

The study aimed to evaluate how replacing different proportions of fish oil (FO) with vegetable oils (VO) in the diet of Mediterranean yellowtail, Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810), affects the fatty acids (FA) signature, i.e., overall FA profile, in different tissues. A total of 225 Mediterranean yellowtail juveniles (initial live weight: 176 &plusmn, 3.62 g) were fed for 109 days with one of three diets: A control diet (FO 100), with FO as the only lipid source, or diets with 75% and 100% of FO replaced with a VO mixture. At the end of the feeding trial, the brains, muscles, livers, and visceral fat were sampled in four fish per tank (12 per treatment), and their fat were extracted and used for FA analysis. The FA signatures of red and white muscle, liver, and visceral fat tissues changed when the dietary FA source changed, whereas FA signatures in the brain were rather robust to such dietary changes. These new insights might help evaluate whether key physiological functions are preserved when fish are fed diets with low FO levels, as well as define the dietary FA requirements of Mediterranean yellowtail to improve the sustainability of the production and welfare of the fish.

The interaction between diet and intestinal health has been widely discussed, although in vivo approaches have reported limitations. The intestine explant culture system developed provides an advantage since it reduces the number of experimental fish and increases the time of incubation compared to similar methods, becoming a valuable tool in the study of the interactions between pathogenic bacteria, rearing conditions, or dietary components and fish gut immune response. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the total substitution of fish meal by plants on the immune intestinal status of seabream using an ex vivo bacterial challenge. For this aim, two growth stages of fish were assayed (12 g): phase I (90 days), up to 68 g, and phase II (305 days), up to 250 g. Additionally, in phase II, the effects of long term and short term exposure (15 days) to a plant protein (PP) diet were determined. PP diet altered the mucosal immune homeostasis, the younger fish being more sensitive, and the intestine from fish fed short-term plant diets showed a higher immune response than with long-term feeding. Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus) triggered the highest immune and inflammatory response, while COX-2 expression was significantly induced by Photobacterium damselae subsp. Piscicida (P. damselae subsp. Piscicida), showing a positive high correlation between the pro-inflammatory genes encoding interleukin 1β (IL1-β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase 2(COX-2)., The research was supported by a grant financed by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad AGL2015-70487-P and Generalitat Valenciana, IDIFEDER/2020/029

Simple Summary Most of the studies performed to date mainly investigated on the effects of dietary substitution of fish oil with vegetable oils on growth and fatty acid composition of edible muscle tissues. On the other hand, a few assessed how dietary lipids are retained in other tissues, such as brain, liver, and adipose tissue, which would provide further insights into the fatty acid requirements of new farmed marine fish species such as Seriola dumerili. Thus, this study evaluated how the replacement of fish oil with different proportions of vegetable oils in diets affects the tissue-specific fatty acid composition (also known as signature) of brain, muscle, liver, and visceral fat of S. dumerili. The fatty acid composition of the diet had a strong effect on the fatty acid signature of muscle, liver, and visceral fat, whereas the brain signature was less sensitive to dietary changes. These new insights contribute to identify the essential fatty acids requirements of Mediterranean yellowtail and to define the conditions under which the physiological functions in these fish are preserved when they are fed diets with low fish oil levels to guarantee the sustainability of their production and welfare. Abstract The study aimed to evaluate how replacing different proportions of fish oil (FO) with vegetable oils (VO) in the diet of Mediterranean yellowtail, Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810), affects the fatty acids (FA) signature, i.e.; overall FA profile, in different tissues. A total of 225 Mediterranean yellowtail juveniles (initial live weight: 176 ± 3.62 g) were fed for 109 days with one of three diets: A control diet (FO 100), with FO as the only lipid source, or diets with 75% and 100% of FO replaced with a VO mixture. At the end of the feeding trial, the brains, muscles, livers, and visceral fat were sampled in four fish per tank (12 per treatment), and their fat were extracted and used for FA analysis. The FA signatures of red and white muscle, liver, and visceral fat tissues changed when the dietary FA source changed, whereas FA signatures in the brain were rather robust to such dietary changes. These new insights might help evaluate whether key physiological functions are preserved when fish are fed diets with low FO levels, as well as define the dietary FA requirements of Mediterranean yellowtail to improve the sustainability of the production and welfare of the fish.

La croissance économique est généralement faite aux dépens de l'environnement. La nécessité de transformer notre développement en un modèle économique plus durable, fait de la bioéconomie une partie de la solution pour relever certains des défis européens et mondiaux les plus importants : changement climatique, perte de biodiversité, incendies de forêt, accumulation de plastique dans les océans… De plus, produire moins de déchets au sein des chaînes de valeur et recycler ceux que l'on ne peut éviter sont aussi deux éléments clefs pour construire une économie circulaire. Étant donné que la plupart des produits obtenus des combustibles fossiles peuvent être obtenus à partir de biomasse, ligneuse ou d'autres espèces végétales, les possibilités de l'agroforesterie sont multiples. L'agroforesterie est connue pour la diversification de produits dans la même unité de terre, fournissant une grande variété de matières premières pouvant être transformées.

A trial was conducted to evaluate fish meal (FM) replacement with meat and bone meal (MBM; 53% CP, 15% CL, 27% Ash) in diets for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Three extruded experimental diets were formulated (45% CP; 20% CL) to include 0, 50 and 75% of protein from MBM (diets MBM0; MBM50; MBM75). Triplicate groups of seabream (IBW = 25 g) were fed these diets to satiety for 12 weeks. Growth performance and feed efficiency were similar with the diets MBM0 and MBM50, but were lower with diet MBM75, while the opposite was true for feed intake. Whole-body composition was not affected by diets composition except for crude lipid and energy content, which were lower with the diet MBM75. Protein and essential amino acids retention were unaffected by diet composition, while energy retention was lower with the diet MBM75. In terms of economic efficiency, diets with MBM resulted in a lower production costs, with the lowest economic conversion ratio (€ kg− 1 fish produced) being obtained for the MBM diets while the maximum economic profit (€ kg fish− 1) was obtained for diet MBM50. Overall, up to 50% of FM protein can be replaced by MBM protein in diets for gilthead seabream juveniles, without compromising growth performance, feed utilization, and nutrient retention. Statement of relevance Replacing 50% of fishmeal protein improved economic return.

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of soybean oil on the performance and liver histology in Sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo) (initial body mass 35 g). Four experimental diets were formulated containing 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of soybean oil substituting fish oil. Fish were fed for 84 days. Increasing the level of soybean oil had no significant effects on growth and feed efficiency parameters. Biometrics, body composition, protein efficiency, and energy efficiency were not affected by the fish oil replacement. Muscle and liver fatty acids reflected fish oil substitution. Moreover, histology did not show statistical differences among treatments. Sharpsnout seabream juveniles can be fed with diets in which fish oil has been replaced with soybean oil at up to 75% of total lipid in the diet for a period of 84 days without affecting growth, feed efficiency, biometric parameters, and body composition.

[EN] An 84-day trial was performed to assess the use of alternative protein sources in Seriola dumerili. Three diets were used, FM100 diet, as a control diet without fishmeal substitution, and FM66 and FM33 diets with a fishmeal replacement of 330 g/kg and 660 g/kg, respectively. At the end of experiment, fish fed the FM66 diet showed the no differences in growth, nutritional parameters and fatty acid composition. Heavy metals present some differences but are always lower than risk levels. In sensory analysis, differences between diets appeared in pH and color, and also in some texture parameters between FM33 and the other two diets. No differences appeared between diets related to flavor. In summary, long periods of feeding with high fish meal substitution diets, affects Seriola dumerili growth; despite this the quality of the fillet was not affected even with a 66 % of substitution., This project was financed by "Generalitat Valenciana. Ayudas para grupos de investigacion consolidables."

In this work the effect of partial or total replacement of fishmeal by plant protein sources and krill and squid meal on growth performance and shelf-life of gilthead sea bream was evaluated. Plant protein dietswith 50 g kg&minus, 1 of krill and 100 g kg&minus, 1 of squid were supplemented with synthetic amino acidsand at the end of the growing period weight showed no significant differences. The spoilage process of the fish was followed by physicochemical and microbiological measurements together with a colorimetric sensor array (CSA) specially designed for that purpose. The changes in the physicochemical parameters and microbial growth showed that shelf-life of samples were in all cases lower than ninedays. The CSA was not able to show significant differences between both diets, confirming the physicochemical and microbiological results. The fact that the type of feed had no effect on the freshness parameters studied demonstrates that total fishmeal replacement with plant protein blends in the proportions used in this work could be an excellent alternative for feed formulation in aquaculture.

[EN] In recirculating aquaculture systems, performance of nitrifying biofilters for total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal from the culture water and thus minimizing eutrophication depends on numerous elements of design. In this article the combined effect of three of these process parameters (temperature, hydraulic loading and TAN load) is evaluated. Ammonia removal rates (N-TAN divided by biofiltration area and day) were measured for every combination of five different temperatures, three different hydraulic loadings and three different ammonia loads. Every one of the process parameters were influential on nitrification rates and the lowest process parameters values corresponded with significantly lower N-TAN removal rates. A significantly higher mean N-TAN removal rate (0.241 gN-TAN removed m¿2 day-1) was found for the combination of the highest water temperature (27¿°C), the highest hydraulic loading (11 m3¿m¿2¿h-1) and the highest TAN load (9 gTAN m-3 day-1), suggesting a positive synergy of the three process parameters on the achievement of greater biofilter performances., This research work was made possible by the funding of the national project "Design of a recirculating aquaculture system for aquaculture plants (2011-2014)" by Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain.

This study aimed to investigate how the freshness before frozen storage affect the quality and sensory characteristics of seabream in different commercial presentations and to correlate the findings with free amino acids composition. The fish were slaughtered, allocated to three processing treatments (whole, gutted and filleted) and stored at refrigeration (0 ±1 °C) for different times (5, 9, 11 and 18 days) before one-month frozen storage (−30 °C). After this time, physicochemical (pH, TVB-N, TBARS and free amino acids), bacterial count and sensory evaluation (Torry Index & Quality Descriptive Analysis -QDA-) were studied. Significant differences were found among treatments over time for TVB-N, TBARS and bacterial growth. The quality index (Torry) exhibited a gradual decrease. QDA showed that fillets had the lowest assessment. Free amino acids contents varied significantly during frozen storage with a particular behavior that depended on the previous treatment applied and the fish freshness degree (elapsed days before frozen).

[Background]: In order to ensure sustainability of aquaculture production of carnivourous fish species such as the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.), the impact of the inclusion of alternative protein sources to fishmeal, including plants, has been assessed. With the aim of evaluating long-term effects of vegetable diets on growth and intestinal status of the on-growing gilthead seabream (initial weight = 129 g), three experimental diets were tested: a strict plant protein-based diet (VM), a fishmeal based diet (FM) and a plant protein-based diet with 15% of marine ingredients (squid and krill meal) alternative to fishmeal (VM+). Intestines were sampled after 154 days. Besides studying growth parameters and survival, the gene expression related to inflammatory response, immune system, epithelia integrity and digestive process was analysed in the foregut and hindgut sections, as well as different histological parameters in the foregut., [Results]: There were no differences in growth performance (p = 0.2703) and feed utilization (p = 0.1536), although a greater fish mortality was recorded in the VM group (p = 0.0141). In addition, this group reported a lower expression in genes related to pro-inflammatory response, as Interleukine-1β (il1β, p = 0.0415), Interleukine-6 (il6, p = 0.0347) and cyclooxigenase-2 (cox2, p = 0.0014), immune-related genes as immunoglobulin M (igm, p = 0.0002) or bacterial defence genes as alkaline phosphatase (alp, p = 0.0069). In contrast, the VM+ group yielded similar survival rate to FM (p = 0.0141) and the gene expression patterns indicated a greater induction of the inflammatory and immune markers (il1β, cox2 and igm). However, major histological changes in gut were not detected., [Conclusions]: Using plants as the unique source of protein on a long term basis, replacing fishmeal in aqua feeds for gilthead seabream, may have been the reason of a decrease in the level of different pro-inflammatory mediators (il1 β, il6 and cox2) and immune-related molecules (igm and alp), which reflects a possible lack of local immune response at the intestinal mucosa, explaining the higher mortality observed. Krill and squid meal inclusion in vegetable diets, even at low concentrations, provided an improvement in nutrition and survival parameters compared to strictly plant protein based diets as VM, maybe explained by the maintenance of an effective immune response throughout the assay., The research has been partially funded by Vicerrectorat d’Investigació, Innovació i Transferència of the Universitat Politècnica de València, which belongs to the project Aquaculture feed without fishmeal (SP20120603)

A Finca Equilibrium é uma quinta de 6 hectares que começou a sua actividade em Janeiro de 2017, localizada a 55km de Lisboa, no Poceirão (38.717048, -8.756364). A região é caracterizada por ter uma topografia plana e um clima quente e seco, com solos arenosos, com valores de matéria orgânica muito baixos, e zonas de encharcamento de água ("pegões") sobre camadas muito ricas em argila (barro). O seu objectivo a longo prazo, tanto do proprietário como do João e da Mónica, é o de criar um sistema agroflorestal que produza comida suficiente para alimentar os habitantes da quinta (2 a 3 famílias), os animais e ainda gerar um excedente para clientes ocasionais. Para além de recorrerem ao conhecimento da população local, procuram também recolher ideias de oradores internacionais como Allan Savory, Geoff Lawton, Ernst Gotsch e Akira Miyawaki. Para a implementação do projeto consideraram vários métodos produtivos, como horticultura orgânica biointensiva, permacultura, agrofloresta sintrópica, procurando assim criar um mosaico verde com faixas de árvores que contraste com as parcelas vizinhas, dedicadas à produção monocultural de milho, trigo, vinha ou animais. - The Finca Equilibrium is a six hectares farm that started its activities in January 2017, in Poceirão, located 55km inland from Lisbon in Central Portugal (38.717048, -8.756364). The region is characterized by a flat topography with hot and dry weather, sandy soils with very low organic matter values and pools of water ("pegões") over heavy clay layers. The main long term objective of the Finca Equilibrium, of the land owner and João and Mónica (the current developers), is to grow a food-forest kind of agroforestry system that will produce enough food to sustain the farm inhabitants (2 or 3 families), livestock, plus a surplus for occasional clients. For this they are gathering knowledge from several sources including local elderly people wisdom but also from international speakers like Allan Savory, Geoff Lawton, Ernst Gotsch and Akira Miyawaki. For the implementation they considered different production methods, like biointensive organic gardening, permaculture and syntropic agroforestry, creating a green patch mosaic and tree belts that contrasts with the neighboring parcels dedicated to monoculture crops, wine production or livestock grazing.