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Morfoloji, biçimbilim veya Arapça bir terim olarak sarf; bir kökten, anlam bağlamına ve hedeflenen ifadeye uygun ek ve eklerle yeni bir biçimde ya da aynı biçimde başka bir yapı oluşturma ve oluşturulmuş yapıları inceleme ilmidir. Kur’an, anlaşılması için Arapça tenzil olunan bir kitap olması sebebi ile Arap dilbilimin diğer konuları ile beraber morfoloji yani sarfın da inceleme alanı içerisindedir. Müfessirler ve dil bilimi âlimleri Kur’an’ı anlamak ve açıklamak için morfoloji konularına çalışmalarında yer verir. Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Kurtubî (ö. 671/1273) de bu amaçla el-Câmi‘ lî Ahkâmi’l-Kur’ân tefsirini kaleme almıştır. Bu tefsirin özelliklerinden biri neredeyse her âyetin açıklamasında öncelikle filolojik açıklamaların yer almasıdır. Kurtubî, diğer müfessirler gibi tefsirinde Kur’an’ı anlama/açıklama çabası içinde morfolojiye de yer vermiştir. Lafızların morfolojik tahlillerini yaparken onların özelliklerini belirtmiştir. Ayrıca kimi zaman bir takım ayrıntı ve istisna kabilinden durumları açıklamıştır. Lafızların taşıdığı morfolojik özelliklerle onların ifade ettikleri anlamları izaha çalışmıştır. Dikkat çeken bir husus müfessirin morfolojinin kurallarını aslında o kuralların basit düzlemde veremeyeceği anlamlara ulaşmak veya onları açıklamak için de kullanmasıdır. Kurtubî’nin bu çabayı lafzın özelliği, kıraat okuyuş farklılıkları, bağlam, zaidlik, hazf vb. sebepler ile gösterdiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışma onun anlama gayreti içerisinde verdiği bilgiler taranarak özellikle morfolojinin bazı konuları hakkında yaptığı değerlendirmeleri esas almaktadır. İncelenen konular; tekil-ikil-çoğul, erillik-dişillik, belirlilik-belirsizlik başlıkları ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda ilgili konularda tefsirde taramalar yapılmış, bazı örnekler seçilerek konu açıklanmış ve konuya dair değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuştur. Yürütülen çalışmada örnekler derinlemesine incelenerek özellikle anlam odaklı bir düzlemde konu ele alınmıştır. * Bu çalışma doktora tezinden üretilmiştir: İsmail Erken, “el-Câmi‘ li-ahkâmi’l-Kur’ân’ın Filolojik Açıdan İncelenmesi” (İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Doktora Tezi, 2020)., Morphology, “sarf” as an Arabic term, is the science of generating another structure in a new or the same form with affixes and affixes that are suitable for the root, context of meaning, and targeted expression, and examining the formed structures. Since the Qurʾān is a book sent in Arabic for understanding, it is also within the scope of the study of Arabic linguistics and morphology. Exegetes and linguistics scholars mention morphology issues in their studies to understand and explain the Qurʾān. For this purpose, Abū Abdallah Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Qurtubī (d. 671/1273) wrote the interpretation " al-Jamī' li-'Aḥkām al-Qurʾān". One of the general features of the tafsīr is that there are primarily philological explanations when explaining almost every ayah. Like other commentators, he also includes morphology in his tafsīr to understand/explain the Qurʾān. While making morphological analyzes of the words, he states their features. In addition, it sometimes explains some details and exceptional situations. He tries to explain the morphological characteristics and the meanings of the words. The remarkable point is that the exegete also uses the rules of morphology to reach or explain the meanings, even though those rules can not give the meaning within a superficial level. Qurtubī's effort is based on the characteristics of the wording, the differences in the recitation, the context, excessiveness (zaeed), reduction, etc., shown by reasons. This study is based on his evaluations of some subjects of morphology by scanning the information he gave to understand. Considering that the study is a presentation and has a time limitation, topics are limited to singular-dual-plural, masculinity-femininity, and definite-indefinite. Interpretations were scanned about the mentioned issues. By choosing some examples, the subject was explained, and comparisons were made with the evaluation. The samples were examined in depth, and the matter was conveyed on a meaning-oriented base. * This study was produced from the Ph.D. dissertation: Philological analysis of Al-Jamī li Ahkam al-Qurʾān (İzmir: Dokuz Eylul University, Ph.D. Thesis, 2020)

Hindistan’ın kadim tarihi boyunca farklı ülkelerle etkileşiminin bir sonucu olarak sosyo-kültürel açıdan büyük değişimlere uğradığı bilinmektedir. Bu etkileşim ve değişim zamanla sosyo-kültürel boyuttan dilsel boyuta da ulaşmış Arapça, Farsça ve İngilizce dillerinden Hintçeye (Hindī Dili) çok sayıda kelime aktarımı olmuştur. Öyle ki bu kelimelerin Hintçeye (Hindī Dili) geçmesi Devanāgarī alfabesine de yansımış, harflerin sesletim ihtiyacını karşılamak üzere alfabeye (za ve fa gibi) birkaç harf daha ekleme ihtiyacı duyulmuştur. Söz konusu Devanāgarī alfabesi, kökleri çok eskiye dayanan kutsal kitapların dili olan Sanskrit dilinin de yazıldığı bir alfabedir. Böylesine köklü bir alfabeye Hintçenin (Hindī Dili) gelişmesi ve değişmesi münasebetiyle harf eklenmesi şüphesiz bu sözcüklerin Hintçedeki (Hindī Dili) kullanım sıklığını da açıkça göstermektedir. Her ne kadar kullanılagelen bu sözcüklerden bazıları anlam kaymasına uğramış olsa da Hintçede (Hindī Dili) var olmaları taşıdıkları önem bakımından incelenmeye değer kılınmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Hintçede (Hindī Dili) kullanılan ilgili Arapça kökenli sözcüklerin Hintçeyi (Hindī Dili) nasıl etkilediği sözlük verilerine dayanan kullanımlarıyla incelenecektir. Hintçede (Hindī Dili) kullanılan Arapça kökenli sözcüklerin Arapça orijinal anlamları da gözetilerek karşılaştırmalı incelenmesi sonucu diller arasılık bağlamında bu iki köklü dilin etkileşimi gözler önüne serilecektir., India has been known that great socio-cultural changes as a result of its interaction with different countries throughout its ancient history. This interaction and change have reached a linguistic dimension from a socio-cultural dimension over time, and many words have been transferred to Hindi from Arabic, Persian and English languages. So much so that the transition of these words to Hindi was also reflected in the Indian alphabet, and it have necessary to add a few more letters to the modern Indian alphabet (such as za and fa) in order to meet the pronunciation needs of the letters. The Devanāgarī alphabet in question is an alphabet in which the Sanskrit language, the language of scriptures dating back to ancient times, was written. Adding letters to such a deep-rooted alphabet due to the development and change of Hindi clearly has shown the frequency of use of these words in Hindi. Although some of these words that have been used have undergone a shift in meaning, even their existence in Hindi necessitates a semantic examination. In this study, how these Arabic-based words have used in Hindi affect Hindi and their semantic changes will be discussed. As a result of the comparative analysis of the Arabic origin words have been used in Hindi, considering the original Arabic meanings, the interaction of these two rooted languages will be revealed in the context of interlanguage.

İslam tarihinde Câhiliyye Dönemi olarak kabul edilen zaman diliminde Arap dili, her kabilenin kendi aralarında konuştukları özel lehçelerini oluşturmalarıyla gelişmeye başlamış ve bölgede yaşayan Araplar arasında edebî bir dil hâline gelmiştir. Arapça Câhiliyye dönemi Arap şairlerinin şiirlerinden sonra Kur’ân’ın Arapça inmesiyle de Araplardan başka diğer insanlar arasında da yayılmıştır. Çünkü İslâmiyetin fetihler yoluyla Arap Yarımadasının dışında yayılmasıyla beraber bölgedeki birçok devletin anadili Arapça olmaya başlamıştır. Bunun yanında, milletine bakılmaksızın, Müslümanların tamamının da dînî anlamda ibadet dili hâline gelmiştir. Bu gelişmeler neticesinde Arapça, İslâmiyetin ilk asırlarından itibaren, Nahiv ilmi, Sarf ilmi ve Lugat ilmi gibi ana kısımlara ayrılmış ve bu ilim dallarına göre de anlamlı cümlelerin dilbilim ve anlambilim yönünden kuralları belirlenmiştir. Arapça dilbilimi ve anlambilimi açısından anlamlı cümleyi oluşturan kelimeler isim, fiil ve harf olmak üzere üç çeşittir. İsimlerin de kendi arasında birtakım sınıflandırılması vardır. Araştırmamızda ele aldığımız sıfat-ı müşebbehe konusu genel anlamda Arapça gramerde yani sarf ve nahiv ilimlerinde fiil, isim ve harf grubundan isim konusunda incelenmektedir. Şöyle ki Arapçada isimler de kendi arasında câmid ve türemiş isim olmak üzere iki kısma ayrılır. Nahiv ve sarf ilimleri açısından türemiş (mutasarrıf) isimlerin sayısı değişmektedir. İsm-i fâil, ism-i mefûl, sıfat-ı müşebbehe, mübâlağa sîgası ve ism-i tafdil mutasarrıf kelimelerdendir. Bu isimler nahiv açısından daha çok amel yönüyle, sarf açısından ise vezinleri yönünden ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmamızda Arapça cümle diziminde önemli bir yere sahip olan sıfat-ı müşebbehe olan isimlerin amel etme şartlarının yanında anlamlı cümle dizimi içindeki zaman ve sübut anlamları, diğer isimler ile arasındaki kullanım farklılıkları, Arapça cümleler ve Kur’ân-ı Kerimden ayetler ile örneklendirerek açıklanmıştır., In the time period considered the era of the Trial in Islamic history, the Arab language began to develop with each tribe creating their own private dialects and became a literary language among Arabs living in the region. After the poems of Arabic poets, the era of the jasmerie was spread among other people besides Arabs, as the Qur'an descended from Arabic. Because with the spread of Islam through conquests outside the Arabian Peninsula, it has become the mother of many states in the region. In addition, regardless of its nationality, all Muslims have become religious languages. As a result of these developments, Arabic has been divided into major parts, such as the province of Nahiv, the province of Sarf and the province of Lugat from the early ages of Islam, and the rules of linguistics and semantics of meaningful sentences have been determined in accordance with these disciplines. The words that make up the sentence meaningful in Arabic linguistics and semantics are three types: Name, verb and letter. The names have a number of classifications between them. The subject of adjective-i musebbehe, which we discussed in our research, is generally examined in Arabic grammar, namely verb, name, and letter group name in terms of consumable and Nahiv provinces. In Arabic, the names are divided into two parts, including the name of the midst and the derivative. The number of derived (mutasarrif) names varies in terms of Nahiv and consumable. It is the words ism-i fâil, ism-i mefûl, adjat-i musebbehe, mubâlaga sîga and ism-i tafdil mutasarrif. These names are more of an amel-driven basis for the Nahiv, and in terms of consumeration, they stand out in terms of their valets. In this study, the time and subut meaning within the synonym of the sentences, as well as the terms of the amusement of names who have a key place in the Arabic sentence string, are explained by sampling the differences in use between other names, Arabic sentences and Qur'an-i Quran verses.

W roku 1830 opublikowana została francuska wersja Mickiewiczowskiego Farysa w prozatorskim przekładzie samego poety. Na jej podstawie kairski nauczyciel imieniem M. Jamali sporządził tłumaczenie arabskie. W 1910r., dzięki staraniom syna wieszcza Władysława, ukazało się ono drukiem wraz z oryginałem francuskim w dwujęzycznej broszurce. W tym samym roku również egipski miesięcznik Az-Zuhūr zamieścił na swoich łamach przekład arabski tego dzieła, nie podając przy tym nazwiska tłumacza. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia analizę porównawczą obu tych przekładów arabskich i wykazuje, iż wersja opublikowana przez Az-Zuhūr jest tylko redakcyjną adiustacją tłumaczenia Jamaliego. Adam Mickiewicz’s Farys in Arabic - second hand translation in prose In 1830, the French version of Mickiewicz’s narrative poem Farys was published in aprose translation of the poet himself. On its basis, an Arabic translation was produced by a Cairo teacher named M. Jamali. In 1910, thanks to the efforts of the Mickiewicz’s son, Władysław, it appeared in a bilingual brochure together with the original French text. In the same year, the Egyptian monthly Az-Zuhūr also published an Arabic translation of this poem, without mentioning the translator’s name. This article presents a comparative analysis of both of these Arabic translations and shows that the version published by Az-Zuhūr is nothing else but an editorial revision of the Jamali’s work.

The success of implementing a program is affected by the management of that programme. The aim of this research is to 1) describe the implementation of the Omar Smart Brain (OSB) Learning Center Intensive Arabic Language Program, 2) describe the evaluation of this program, and 3) reveal the supporting and hindering factors in it. This research used the qualitative approach of the case study method. Data was described through the results of observation, interview, books, periodicals, media and the international network. The results are: 1) The implementation of this course under the supervision of the teacher and the administrator, with the aim of teaching the Arabic using the Arabiyyah Bayna Yadaik book for mothers and young women by the audio-visual method in two and a half years, 2) The evaluation is by examining each after the completion of two units and after five months, 3) The supporting factors are the quality of the teaching environment, the teacher's competence, the students' enthusiasm and self-confidence, and the obstacles are the weak ability of the students to read and write Arabic, the diverse backgrounds of the students, the teacher jobs, and the presence of the Covid-19 pandemic. In conclusion, the management of the OSB Learning Center Intensive Arabic Course is a good management.

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the main barriers that prevent patients with diabetes mellitus from accepting insulin therapy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from May to December 2019. Convenience sampling was used to recruit participants from three diabetes clinics in Muscat, Oman. Eligible participants were interviewed in person based on a pre-prepared questionnaire. The questionnaire, which was administered in Arabic, includes demographic data and 19 specific items on barriers to insulin therapy. Results: A total of 201 participants (response rate: 93%) were enrolled in the study. The most common barriers were as follows: concern of frequent blood glucose checking (36.3%), long-term injections (33.8%), side-effects of insulin (29.9%) and weight gain (29.4%). Needle phobia was considered a barrier by only 9% of the participants. Overall, 125 (62.2%) participants were willing to initiate insulin therapy despite the presence of these barriers and only 20 (10%) of them were influenced by these barriers to such a degree that they rejected the insulin therapy. Conclusion: The majority of participants had no identifiable reasons to stop them from accepting insulin therapy. Effective strategies should be developed to address each of the main barriers to improve acceptance and adherence to insulin therapy.Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus; Insulin; Treatment Refusal; Needles; Phobic Disorders; Hypoglycemia; Weight Gain; Oman.

This paper will produce a new edition of the Rīʿ al-Zallālah inscription, discussing in detail its paleographic features and content, and the ramifications it has on our understanding of the linguistic and religious milieu of the sixth–early seventh century Ḥigāz.

The Princeton Geniza Project (PGP) website reports the discovery of an Arabic fragment of the Gospel of John with the shelfmark TS Misc. 27.4.24b, which is preserved in PGP from this year 2022. In this paper, we offer the edition and the study of both fragments.

Superior stemming algorithms aid significantly in many natural language processing (NLP) applications such as information retrieval. Arabic light-based stemmer is one of the most important stemming algorithms. However, partially due to the highly inflected and complexity of Arabic language morphological structure, most of the existing Arabic light-based stemmer algorithms eliminate a few numbers of suffixes and prefixes or both in the process of recognising the infix patterns to determine roots. The elimination of suffixes and prefixes leads to many inefficient results. Hence, this study aims to develop an improved light-based algorithm of the Arabic stemmer by proposing an appropriate suffixes and prefixes list, which is supported by rules according to word length (without using a morpheme or patterns on a stem). Our improved Dlight Arabic stemmer focuses on determining and removing the infix patterns under many rules on length-words and according to a specific order of the stages of the stemming to extract the double, triple and quadruple roots from long and short Arabic words. To evaluate our proposed light-based Arabic stemmer, we compared our stemmer against existing Arabic stemmers, namely Light10, Condlight and ARLST. The experimental results showed the proposed Develop Arabic Light-Based Stemmer (Dlight) obtained the best performance with 68% of F-measure, while the other three Arabic stemmers yield slightly lower F-measure. Finally, establishing an appropriate list of suffixes and prefixes with word length rules to stem Arabic words can improve the performance of a light-based Arabic stemmer.

Dans le cadre du projet d’archivage des savoirs, langues et cultures des minorités de genre et de sexualité au Maroc : Tarikhona Houna « Notre Histoire Ici », des membres de l’organisation queer féministe Tanit ont réalisé plusieurs entretiens consacrés à la pratique d’une langue secrète : le hawəssəš. Ce cryptolecte est parlé dans des communautés de minorités de genre et de sexualité de la région du nord-ouest marocain. Il s’agit à la fois d’un outil investi par le groupe pour son autoprotection et d’un marqueur communautaire. À partir des données transmises par l’approche expérientielle des locuteur-ice-s, nous avons tenté d’interroger le rôle du surinvestissement dans cette altérisation linguistique, en confrontant ses parts de contrainte et d’agentivité. As part of a project Tarikhona Houna « Our History Here » aimed at archiving knowledge, languages and cultures of gender and sexual minorities in Morocco, members of the queer feminist organization Tanit conducted several interviews devoted to the practice of a secret language: hawəssəš. This language is spoken within minority communities of gender and sexuality in northern Morocco. It is both a tool invested by the group for its self-protection and a community marker. In this paper, I try to question the role of overinvestment in this linguistic otherization, by confronting its parts of constraint and agency, using data directly transmitted from the experiential approach of the speakers. ك كجزء من مشروع طاريكهونا حوونا" تاريخنا هنا"، لي كيهدف لأرشفة المعرفة واللغات والثقافات ديال الأقليات الجنسية و الجندرية فالمغرب، أعضاء من منظمة تانيت النسوية الكويرية، عملوا مقابلات حول هاد اللغة السرية "الهاوسش" : هاد اللغة لي كيتم الهضرة بها داخل مجتمعات ديال الأقليات الجنسية والجندرية فشمال المغرب. هاد اللغة أداة تم تطويرها بين هاد المجموعات للحماية الذاتية وكعلامة ديال هاد المجتمع. فهاد الورقة، كنحاول نساؤل الدور ديال التطوير المفرط دهاد التحول اللغوي، من خلال المواجهة ديال الأجزاء من اكراهات ووكالة، باستعمال ديال المنهج التجريبي المنقول مباشرة من عند المتحدثين بهاد اللغة

Informal language learning outside the classroom plays an important and growing role in language learning and teaching. This research is qualitative research with a library research model. This study aims to determine the concept of an informal Arabic language environment for tertiary institutions and theoretical analysis of the substance to be measured, thus determining the conceptual definition. The steps taken in data collection refer to the actions specified by Thomas Mann with seven steps. The research data analysis uses 3 keywords; student autonomy, the era of disruption, and language communication. This study concludes that the Informal language environment has several characteristics and aspects. These elements, as well as aspects, are 1) Social and cultural contacts; 2) Virtual Learning and Website Proliferation; 3) support from teachers; 4) Learning language with Emotions is not just cognition; and 5) Institutional responsibility in the form of policies.

Un certain nombre de sources arabes font état d'une polémique entre Alexandre et Galien. Une tendance marquée de la recherche a été de lire nos sources grecques, relativement peu nombreuses, à la lumière de cette tradition. L'objectif de cet article est de contester le bien-fondé d'une telle orientation, et de dégager en même temps le statut spécifique de ce genre de récit biographique. Some Arabic sources report a polemic between Alexander of Aphrodisia and Galen. A marked tendency amongst scholars has been to read our Greek sources, which are relatively few, in the light of this tradition. The aim of this article is to question the basis of this orientation, and at the same time to bring out the specific status of this kind of biographical account.

This study aims to extract people's names from pre-modern Arabic texts. The proposed dictionary-based model eliminates the influence of foreign words and extracts both first names and surnames from three selected corpora. It resolves two fundamental problems faced while performing Named Entity Recognition in Modern Standard Arabic studies.

How can data on a pre-modern book tradition be integrated into meaningful associative relations? Creating a fact-provenance driven, agile knowledge graph, we integrate data on Arabic manuscripts within their socio-historical context and present challenges and problem solutions applicable for neighbouring disciplines.

This study deals with the phenomenon of proper nouns in translation. I argue that the proper noun, like the common noun, is endowed with a potential of significance and a relationship to meaning that can be sometimes rather complex. Such complexity could lead to confusion while transferring proper names from the SL to the TL. Through the comparison of several methods appliedi n the transfer of proper nouns in two different French translations of the Coran, I unveil the contrasting theoretical principles underlying them. Reflecting a literalist tendency, one of these translational approaches aims, more than anything, at preserving the local characteristics of the ST by transliterating its proper nouns into the TL; while the other, concerned first and foremost with the homogeneity of the TT and the comfort of its reader,culturally transposes the ST proper names https://democraticac.de/?p=83491 &nbsp

This study deals with the phenomenon of proper nouns in translation. I argue that the proper noun, like the common noun, is endowed with a potential of significance and a relationship to meaning that can be sometimes rather complex. Such complexity could lead to confusion while transferring proper names from the SL to the TL. Through the comparison of several methods appliedi n the transfer of proper nouns in two different French translations of the Coran, I unveil the contrasting theoretical principles underlying them. Reflecting a literalist tendency, one of these translational approaches aims, more than anything, at preserving the local characteristics of the ST by transliterating its proper nouns into the TL; while the other, concerned first and foremost with the homogeneity of the TT and the comfort of its reader, culturally transposes the ST proper names https://democraticac.de/?p=83491

This study investigates a neglected aspect of second language acquisition. It compares the timing patterns adopted by speakers of English as a foreign language with those of English native speakers. The paper aims to explore the extent to which Arab speakers, whose L1 is not as stress-timed as English is, can acquire the mechanisms of polysyllabic shortening in English. Three groups (English native speakers and two groups of Jordanian speakers of English) were requested to read three sets of monosyllabic, disyllabic and trisyllabic words in a carrier sentence. The total length of the word and the vowel duration in all the words were measured. Clear differences between the native speaker group and the non-native speaker groups were attested. Results show that isochronous foot duration and polysyllabic shortening are a tendency in English speech timing, rather than a fundamental process. Furthermore, acquiring the timing patterns of the stress-timed English rhythm is challenging to Arab speakers., Este estudio investiga un aspecto poco abordado de la adquisición de una segunda lengua. Compara los patrones temporales adoptados por los hablantes de inglés como lengua extranjera con aquellos propios de los anglohablantes nativos. El objetivo del artículo es averiguar la medida en la que los locutores árabes -cuya L1 no es acentualmente acompasada como lo es el inglés- pueden adquirir los mecanismos del acortamiento polisilábico de esta lengua. Se pidió a tres grupos de hablantes (uno de anglohablantes nativos y dos de hablantes jordanos de inglés) que leyeran tres conjuntos de palabras monosílabas, disílabas y trisílabas en una frase portadora. Se midió la longitud total de la palabra y la duración de la vocal en todas esas palabras, y se hallaron claras diferencias entre el grupo de hablantes nativos y los dos de no nativos. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que en la temporización del habla en inglés la duración isócrona del pie y el acortamiento polisilábico constituyen más una tendencia que un proceso fundamental. Además, se comprueba que la adquisición de los patrones temporales del ritmo acentualmente acompasado del inglés es un desafío para los hablantes árabes.

The term Dead Sea Scrolls is used in two senses, general and specific. In a general sense, it designates Hebrew, Aramaic, Nabatean, Greek, and some Syriac and Arabic texts discovered in various places along the north-west shore of the Dead Sea in the mid-twentieth century and later. Keywords: archives and documents; Judaism; religious history

Le phénomène de l’écriture en Afrique est au coeur de l’essai « Proche Afrique » de Gérard Macé. Ce court texte a servi de texte-source dans le cadre de l’expérience de traduction (en huit langues) et de rétrotraduction (en français) intitulée Épreuves de l’étranger. Le but de cette contribution est double : d’une part, se pencher sur la pratique de l’écriture et en particulier sur ses manifestations en Afrique, telles qu’elles sont présentées dans « Proche Afrique » ; d’autre part, réfléchir à la traduction et à la rétrotraduction des termes liés à l’écriture dans le contexte de l’expérience Épreuves de l’étranger. Dans cet article, je me concentre sur l’arabe, la seule langue d’Afrique parmi les huit langues dans lesquelles l’essai « Proche Afrique » a été traduit. À travers une analyse des traductions arabes et de leurs rétrotraductions en français, je montre comment les termes liés à l’écriture ont subi les changements les plus notables lors du passage d’une langue à l’autre., The phenomenon of writing in Africa is at the heart of Gérard Macé’s essay « Proche Afrique ». This short essay served as the source-text for the translation (into eight languages) and back-translation (into French) experiment entitled Épreuves de l’étranger. The aim of this contribution is twofold : first, to delve into the practice of writing and in particular its manifestations in Africa, as outlined in « Proche Afrique » ; second, to reflect on the translation and back-translation of terms related to writing in the context of the Épreuves de l’étranger experiment. In this article I focus on Arabic – the only African language among the eight languages into which the essay « Proche Afrique » has been translated. Through an analysis of the Arabic translations and their back-translations into French I show how the terms related to writing underwent the most notable changes in the passage from one language to another.

This paper is concerned with examining Imam Al-Tirmidhi’s action in accepting and refuting the narrations, in addition to weighting the differences by relying on the strengthening evidence of one aspect over the other; and other things that we mentioned in the research through selected examples from The Book of Purification “Ettahara”. What prompted us to write on this subject was what was rumoured about Imam al-Tirmidhi that he was lenient regarding discrediting and endorsement and correcting and weakening. And then the need for specialists to clarify this issue. This research used the critical analytical approach, through which we reached some results, the most important of which are: that Imam Al-Tirmidhi relied on various evidence in weighing the differences and in accepting and rejecting. As for the issue of leniency with which al-Tirmidhi was accused, we did not find any mention of it among the imams who preceded him., يهتم هذا البحث بالنظر في صنيع الإمام الترمذي في قبول الروايات وردها، والترجيح بين أوجه الاختلاف على مداراتها، باعتماد القرائن المقوية لوجه على آخر من ذلك: الترجيح بالأحفظ، والأكثر عددا، وإثبات السماع أو نفيه، وغير ها. الدافع إلى اختيار الكتابة في هذا الموضوع، ما اتهم به الترمذي، من تساهل في الحكم على الرواة والمرويات، خاصة عند المتأخرين، فرأينا الحاجة ماسة إلى توضيح هذه المسألة، التي لم نجد من اتهمه بها ممن تقدمه أو عاصر. سلكنا المنهج التحليلي النقدي في كتابة البحث، وانتهينا إلى جملة من النتائج أهمها: أن الترمذي اعتمد قرائن متنوعة في الترجيح بين الروايات، قبولا وردا، وأنه وافق الأئمة النقاد كالبخاري وأبي زرعة وأبي حاتم، في كثير من أحكامه، وأن مسألة التساهل التي رُمي بها، لم نجد لها ذكرا عند من تقدمه ولا من عاصره، لهذا نوصي باستقراء صنيع الإمام في الجامع، للوقوف على مدى مصداقية هذه التهمة التي ألصقها به بعض الأئمة المتأخرين.

The thesis abstract, as a genre has a set of communicative functions mutually-understood by established members of the academic community. A vast majority of translation studies of source language (SL) and target language (TL) equivalence seems to have overlooked the inherent relationship between form and function when translating. The purpose of this study was to find out whether the Arab students would translate the English passive structures into their corresponding Arabic passive in order to maintain the pragma-generic functions associated with these constructions or would employ other translation replacements when translating English passives into Arabic. A further purpose was to find out what grammatical factors constrain the choice of these translation options. To fulfill these purposes, we investigated the voice choice in 90 MA thesis abstracts and their 90 Arabic translated versions written in English by the same MA students, drawn from the field of Linguistics. The data analysis revealed that when the Arab student-translators come across the English passive sentence, they resort to either of the following options: Transposing English passives into verbal nouns (masdar), or into pseudo-active verbs or active sentence structures, or into vowel melody passives, or omitting these passive structures.

This article deals with the question of the diglossic code-switching in the Arabic spoken language and especially in learned discourses. I aim to explain the rhetorical inherent value in the diglossic code-switching in the Arabic spoken language and I will attempt to show through a series of examples drawn from an Aljazeera episode, how the juxtaposition of standard Arabic and colloquial Arabic can be a vehicle for messages that bear rhetorical / metaphorical values.

This paper deals with interaction in Arabic (Syrian dialect). It is based on a corpus of service encounters, more precisely “shop encounters”, which were recorded in small shops in Damascus. The characteristics of this type of interaction will be summarised in the first part of the paper. The analysis will concentrate on the pragmatic level, ie. speech acts and speech activities, the description of which will pay particular attention to interpersonal relationships. The methodological approach adopted in this analysis will describe “from the inside” the way in which each recorded conversation unfolds. Therefore, it does not correspond to a straight-forward cross-cultural approach (even if, from time to time, reference to similar French situations is made). The paper’s main aim is to highlight the double-faceted nature of the recorded conversations, and to examine the overall representation of interaction in relation to its actual temporal unfolding.

This study aims to investigate the rhetorical genre components and the pragmatic evaluation options used to articulate the communicative function of ArBR genre, and find out how these generic and evaluation options contrast with those reported in other languages and cultures. To this end, a corpus of 50 book reviews written by 50 Arab reviewers was collected and analyzed within the rhetorical components developed and applied by Motta-Roth (1998) to English book reviews. The present study drew on Hyland (2000), Gea Valor (2000–2001), Moreno and Suárez (2008a) and Alcaraz-Ariza (2010) in order to examine how the qualities of ArBRs are evaluated and in which terms (i.e., criticism or praise). The results indicated that the Arab reviewers employed additional sub-moves that have not been used by other researchers. Unlike English book reviewers, Arab reviewers try to avoid criticism. Instead, they usually devote most of their book reviews to describe and summarize uncritically although critical appraisal is supposed to be the backbone of this genre. These purposive generic component preferences and evaluation tendencies can be explained with reference to the goal of the academic community and the writing culture that constrain Arab reviewers' academic behavior. I hope that the results of this study will provide graduate students and novice researchers with further awareness of the acceptable generic strategies, the linguistic choices and pragmatic evaluative options that can be used to write an evaluation of a piece of research.

Update summarization is a relatively recent summarization task concerned with creating a short summary from news articles, assuming the user has already read a number of previous articles. It is useful for users who want to know the latest information about a specific topic. The availability of systems that provide update summaries saves user time and effort. Unfortunately, such resources are lacking for the Arabic language. This paper aims to provide an update summarization system that generates an update summary containing the latest information requested by a user from multiple documents. This paper provides an Arabic query-based Update-Summarization System (AUSS). We use a graph-based ranking model to represent the similarity, through a combination of lexical and semantic relations between words. Our experiments show that AUSS achieves promising results, achieving a best F-Measure of 0.5405. To test AUSS, we created a new corpus especially for Arabic Update Summaries, which we call (AUS-DB). AUS-DB contains 183 articles and their corresponding reference summaries.

Affect detection from text has captured the attention of researchers recently. This is due to the rapid use of social media sites (e.g. Twitter, Facebook), which allows users to express their feelings, emotions, and thoughts in textual format. Analyzing emotion-rich textual data of social networks has many real-life applications. The context of an emotional text can be measured by analyzing certain features of this rich source of emotional information. Classifying text into emotional labels/intensities is considered a difficult problem. This paper resolves one of the state-of-the-art NLP research emotion and intensity detection tasks using Deep Learning and ensemble implementations. In this paper, we developed several innovative approaches; (a) bidirectional GRU_CNN (BiGRU_CNN), (b) conventional neural networks (CNN), and (c) XGBoost regressor (XGB). The ensemble of BiGRU_CNN, CNN, and XGB is used to solve an emotion intensity (EI-reg) task of the SemEval-2018 Task1 (Affect in Tweets). Our proposed ensemble approach was evaluated using a reference dataset of the SemEval-2018 Task1. Results show that our approach is well above the baseline for this task. It also achieved a Pearson of (69.2%), with an enhancement of 0.7% in comparison with previous best performing models.

Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk membimbing siswa agar memiliki keterampilan dalam melafalkan dan menghafalkan mufrodat dalam bahasa Arab dengan baik dan benar. Adapun program kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini berupa pendampingan belajar dengan pengenalan Mufrodat Bahasa Arab pada anak Usia Dini di Sekolah TAUD Tahfizh Al-Fatih Pekanbaru. Permasalahan yang sering dihadapi anak ketika mendengar Bahasa Arab yaitu paradigma bahwa Bahasa Arab itu sangat sulit di pahami dan dipelajari. Hal ini terlihat pada menurunnya minat siswa untuk mempelajari Bahasa Arab sehingga tidak bisa mengaplikasikannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Kegiatan pengabdian ini berupa program bimbingan belajar bahasa Asing yaitu bahasa Arab. Adapun materi yang akan di berikan di antaranya mufrodat (kosa kata) tentang nama buah-buahan, sayur-sayuran dan nama binatang serta nama anggota keluarga. Adapun hasil dari Pengabdian kepada masyarakat diantaranya: (1) Adanya peningkatan pengetahuan dan pemahaman kepada peserta tentang pendampingan belajar berupa pengenalan Mufrodat Bahasa Arab pada Anak Usia Dini khususnya di Sekolah TAUD Tahfizh Al-Fatih Pekanbaru. (2) Seluruh peserta telah memahami tentang cara melafalkan dan melafazkan mufrodat dalam Bahasa Arab. (3) Peningkatan wawasan kepada guru pendidikan Islam Anak Usia Dini (PAUD) terkait pendampingan belajar berupa pengenalan Mufrodat Bahasa Arab pada Anak Usia Dini guna mengembangkan skill bahasa Asing anak usia dini di mulai dari tahap pengenalan materi. Kata Kunci: Pengenalan mufrodat; Bahasa Arab; Anak Usia Dini ABSTRACT This community service activity aims to guide students to have skills in reciting and memorizing mufrodat in Arabic properly and correctly. The community service activity program is in the form of learning assistance with the introduction of Mufrodat Arabic to early childhood at the Tahfizh Al-Fatih TAUD School Pekanbaru. The problem that is often faced by children when they hear Arabic is the paradigm that Arabic is very difficult to understand and learn. This can be seen in the declining interest of students in learning Arabic so that they cannot apply it in everyday life. This service activity is in the form of a foreign language tutoring program, namely Arabic. The material that will be given includes mufrodat (vocabulary) about names of fruits, vegetables and names of animals and names of family members. The results of community service include: (1) There is an increase in knowledge and understanding of participants regarding learning assistance in the form of the introduction of Mufrodat Arabic in Early Childhood especially at Tahfizh Al-Fatih School of Education, Pekanbaru. (2) All participants have understood how to pronounce and pronounce mufrodat in Arabic. (3) Increased insight into Early Childhood Islamic Education (PAUD) teachers regarding learning assistance in the form of the introduction of Mufrodat Arabic in Early Childhood to develop foreign language skills for early childhood starting from the introduction to the material. Keyword: Mufrodat introduction; Arabic; Early childhood

This portfolio is the outcome of the author’s studies in the Masters of Second Language Teaching (MSLT) program at Utah State University (USU) as well as her experience as a graduate instructor of Arabic at the same university. This work has two main parts. The first comprises the three major components that present the author’s perspectives as a teacher, such as professional environment, teaching philosophy statement and the teaching observation. The second part demonstrated the author’s research interest that aligned with her teaching perspective as an Arabic teacher. It was a position paper that called for Arabic vocabulary teaching strategies that respect the morphology and orthography of that language. She also argued that the existing vocabulary teaching strategies that were borrowed from European languages may not be adequate for all languages.

This study aims to elaborate on the findings of the utterances of the bilabial letters B and Syafatain huruf Ba spoken by Indonesians as non-Arabic speakers in the context of differences in pronunciation between Arabic and Indonesian letters. The method used in this research is a qualitative approach using participant speakers. Three Indonesian participants recited Surah Al-Fatihah in the mosque environment. Data collection techniques are listening techniques using audio, observation, and interviews. Data analysis used is data reduction with raw data in the form of audio recordings and using a Praat Analysis Computer. This study obtained data on the characteristics and factors that influence the speech articulation of letters B and Ba spoken by Indonesians as non-Arabic speakers. Furthermore, this research has practical implications for the treasures of Arabic-Indonesian phonetic knowledge, also empirically as material for field-based learning studies.

Apology is a critical speech act in everyday language. It has attracted many researchers from different perspectives, apology realisations patterns, apologies in different cultures, apology competence among second language learners, politeness orientations towards negative or positive politeness (Brown & Levinson, 1987), among others. Apology might place some psychological difficulties not just on its performer, but also on its receiver (Lakoff, 2001). In the literature, many studies have investigated the strategies adopted by the speaker, but comparatively little attention has been paid to how these strategies are received by the hearer - that is, how effective they are. Apology can be performed by using some apology strategies, e.g., an illocutionary force indicating device (IFID) e.g., I am sorry, an expression of responsibility, an offer of repair, or a promise of forbearance (Olshtain & Cohen, 1983; Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984). Thus, given that several apology studies (e.g., Holmes, 1990; Hussein & Hammouri, 1998; Alhojailan, 2019; Alasqah, 2021) have documented that their participants prefer to apologise by using a combination of apology strategies, the thesis aims to explore the relationship between combining the IFID (e.g., I am sorry) with one of Olshtain and Cohen’s (1983) and Blum-Kulka and Olshtain’s (1984) apology strategies and the hearer’s perception of the apology. An explanatory mixed methods sequential design was used to collect data from native speakers of Saudi Arabic given that Saudi Arabic is widely spoken, and highly relevant for cross-cultural communication and yet is understudied, and hence was used as data for the current study. I hypothesised in this thesis that an offer of repair, a promise of forbearance, and an acknowledgement of responsibility can function as upgrading devices when combined with an IFID. It was also hypothesised that an explanation when combined with an IFID can function as downgrading device. 99 native speakers of Saudi Arabic participants were recruited, to complete an online rating scale survey based on Latin-square design, examining participants’ acceptance of certain apology combinations based on 12 hypothetical scenarios. Qualitative questions that emerged from the quantitative study were explored using three focus group discussions. Qualitative data were analysed based on Braun and Clarke’s (2006) thematic analysis framework. Analysis of the quantitative results showed that combining an IFID with either an offer or repair or an acknowledgement of responsibility increased its acceptability; however, the results of combining an IFID with a promise of forbearance or an explanation were more equivocal. The qualitative study suggested that whether or not these combinations were effective depended on the nature of the offence (in the case of the promise of forbearance) and whether internal or external factors were invoked (in the case of the explanation). The qualitative findings additionally show that there are two more factors that play a role in motivating the hearer’s perception of an apology; the interpersonal relationship between the interlocutors and the act that is being apologised for. I discuss these results in the context of a model of apology combination in which the speaker's aim is to design a strategy that satisfies the hearer's social, psychological and emotional needs. Therefore, when a combination fails to achieve its goal (of being accepted), the failure in one way or another might be attributed to the inappropriateness of the apology based on these needs. This tendency would clearly refute the view that the addition of apology strategies will automatically make an apology more likely to be accepted.

One of non-formal institution which applies Arabic learning practice method is Islamic Training Center (ITC), an Arabic course institution standardized the Middle East by using EL-BARQIE (special method without formula). ITC uses motto 5 in 1 including Qowa’id ‘Arabiyyah Shamilah, Qira’ah, Kitabah, Tarjamah, Muhadathah, and Ta’bir. This institution is located in Jl. Brawijaya 16 Singgahan, beside ITC mosque Pelem, Pare, Kediri. This research aims at investigating Arabic learning system in Islamic Training Center (ITC) Pare, and the outcome of the students in learning Arabic language in that institution. The finding shows that the special characteristic of ITC that is different with the others is the Middle East standard which can be seen in (1) the accent used in learning Arabic language which always uses lahjah Arabian, especially when takallum. (2) tarkib al-kalimah / sentence pattern used in Arabic language either takallum, qira’ah or kitabah must use Arabian pattern/tarkib Arab fushha, preposition, muta’addi sentence, not Indonesian pattern, but Arabian pattern. (3) Learning materials which are sourced from Al-Qur’an and Hadist are always directed to guidance of learning Islamic study as well written ITC (Islamic Training Center) Pare for Islamic Guidance. Keywords : Arabic language learning strategy, ITC

The development of language teaching method continuously develops fast. However, a classical language teaching method is still commmonly used in learning activity of language classes. This article investigates the classical method which is still used by a course institution of OCEAN Pare, Kediri namely Audiolingual method, and how effective the method is for developing language skills. This research employes fenomenology approach in which the researcher tries to understand the meaning of an even and the relations toward the people in a certain situation. The finding shows that the use of audiolingual method in learning Arabic language in OCEAN Pare, Kediri has been implemented in many years and resulted some students having good skills in Arabic language. Keywords : Audiolingual method, Arabic language learning, OCEAN, language skills

Essentially intellectual level of students very heterogeneous between each other, there are uniquely gifted children who have strong interest in the various areas. Children have talented with such types require specific educational services in order to grow their potential so it can actualize themselves optimally. Without relevant education services, gifted children will be the group “wrong parenting children” who failed to provide a significant contribution to the progress of the nation. One form of educational services for students who have exceptional ability and intelligence is through the Acceleration Program (accelerated learning), kind of a program to accelerate the period of study for students who have high intelligence and are entitled to receive special attention in order to stimulate the development of achievements and talents. Therefore, in the learning process in madrasah is needed a proper implementation of the curriculum and can facilitate their potential, especially associated with the Arabic language curriculum as a pillar for education based on Islam. In accordance with the identification of problems arising at the location, this research is limited to the implementation of Arabic language learning in which related with the method and the strategy chosen by the teacher for teaching, the media and the tools needed and applied curriculum, so this study focused on identifying implementation learning Arabic and the problems faced by teachers in teaching Arabic at accelerated classes in MAN 2 Tulungagung. As defined formula, this research was designed using qualitative descriptive approach. This approach was chosen because research will produce descriptive data and then analyzed and interpreted to get a conclusion. Keywords : Implementation, Acceleration Programe

The success of a learning process will not be separated from the method used, because the teaching method is one factor an very important role in the learning process. A method very big role in learning and concerned with students also who become the object of learning. The appropriateness of the teacher in choosing the method of learning is one of the factors success of a teacher. in Research Implementation Eclectic Method in Teaching Arabic in MTsN Kediri 1 result is Learning Maharah al qira’ah in MTsN Kediri 1 method is used; Speech Method, Drill method, Thariqah sam’iyyah syafahiyyah, Thoriqoh qawa’id wa al Tarjamah, question method, recitation method. Maharah Kalam is the method used; Drill method, Role Playing method, Thoriqoh al Mubasyarah etc. In learning Tarkib/qawa’id method used is; Speech method, Qiyasiyyah method, qowaid wa tarjamah method, recitation method. Learning Maharah Istima ‘method is used; Speech Method, Sam’iyyah syafahiyyah Method, Drill Method etc. While the obstacles encountered is the background student of heterogeneous input Arabic language skills and lack of time learning Arabic and the solution by holding Learning Book yellow (BKK), Read and Write Qur’an (BTQ) and add homework. Keywords ; Thariqah al Intiqaiyyah, Pembelajaran Bhs. Arab

The extraction of text information from traffic panels is one of the challenging problems in computer vision. Although the past decade has seen a promising shift and important progress in object detection, few works and a limited number of datasets focus specifically on extracting text from traffic signs. To address the lack of data for text detection in traffic panels, especially those with Arabic scripts, this paper introduces a new multilingual and multipurpose dataset named ASAYAR. It consists of three sub-datasets: Arabic-Latin scene text localization, traffic sign detection, and directional symbol detection. The dataset contains 1763 images collected on different Moroccan highways, and annotated manually, using 16 object categories. The fully annotated ASAYAR images contains more than 20000 bounding box objects. The paper also investigates the usability of the dataset, by evaluating the performance of the state-of-the-art algorithms for object and text detection. Experimental results show good detection scores, demonstrating the potential contribution of ASAYAR in the development of methods for text extraction from traffic panels.

This article presents documents relating to the embassy sent by Sultan ʿAbd al-Raḥmān of Darfur to the Ottoman Sultan Selim III in 1791. These include an original Arabic letter which is an unusually early surviving example of sultanic correspondence from the Sahel. The documents permit a new interpretation of the purposes of the embassy, as well as an examination of chancery practice in Darfur, and offer an insight into Darfuri views of the outside world. To aid the analysis, the article compares this letter with a second surviving letter from ʿAbd al-Raḥmān addressed to Napoleon Bonaparte around 1800, of which the Arabic text has not previously been published.

This book surveys the background to the declaration of ‘Islamic State' (in Iraq and Syria). It deals with the organization's structure, leaders and fighters, as well as the savagery it practices in...

Retrieving information from the Quran is an important field for Quran scholars and Arabic researchers. There are two types of Quran searching techniques: semantic or concept-based and keyword-based. Concept-based search is a challenging task, especially in a complex corpus such as Quran. This paper presents a concept-based searching tool (QSST) for the Holy Quran. It consists of four phases. In the first phase, the Quran dataset is built by manually annotating Quran verses based on the ontology of Mushaf Al-Tajweed. The second phase is word Embedding, this phase generates features’ vectors for words by training a Continuous Bag of Words (CBOW) architecture on large Quranic and Classic Arabic corpus. The third phase includes calculating the features’ vectors of both input query and Quranic topics. Finally, retrieving the most relevant verses by computing the cosine similarity between both topic and query vectors. The performance of the proposed QSST is measured by comparing results against Mushaf Al-Tajweed. Then, precision, recall, and F-score are computed and their percentages were 76.91%, 72.23% 69.28% respectively. In addition, the results are evaluated by three Islamic experts and the average precision was 91.95%. Finally, QSST results are compared with the recent existing tools; QSST outperformed them.

ImageNet has millions of images that are labeled with English WordNet synsets. This paper investigates the extension of ImageNet to Arabic using Arabic WordNet. The objective is to discover if Arabic synsets can be found for synsets used in ImageNet. The primary finding is the identification of Arabic synsets for 1,219 of the 21,841 synsets used in ImageNet, which represents 1.1 million images. By leveraging the parent-child structure of synsets in ImageNet, this dataset is extended to 10,462 synsets (and 7.1 million images) that have an Arabic label, which is either a match or a direct hypernym, and to 17,438 synsets (and 11 million images) when a hypernym of a hypernym is included. When all hypernyms for a node are considered, an Arabic synset is found for all but four synsets. This represents the major contribution of this work: a dataset of images that have Arabic labels for 99.9% of the images in ImageNet.

This paper studies the languages and cultures that are commonly present in individual and collective practices of the Arab world, to understand the extent to which the identity and the linguistic approach in the region are affected by the historical and geographical context. It analyzes the status of Arabic and its future amid colonial languages, such as English and French, in the Arab world, specifically Morocco and Lebanon as case studies, in times of globalization and advanced technology. In a large and diversified arena, such as the Arab world, there is often a strong commitment and devotion to languages, such as Arabic, French, and English. Accordingly, this study further examines how Arabic can strengthen its practice and protect its status in an environment dominated by colonial languages. In this regard, the future of the Arabic language in the current ever-changing sociolinguistic context is subject to questioning and concerns for its official forthcoming evolution. Globalization, internet, social networks, digital technologies, and fast communication are no longer enabling linguistic authorities to provide a clear and accurate vision on the future of this language. Thus, addressing the question of languages in the future pushes researchers to consider and analyze the several linguistic strategies and policies implemented by the concerned authorities who are building and promoting an overall representation within and outside their original area.

Background: The resin-based materials are used extensively in esthetic restorations but are.prone to color changes over time. Aims: To assess the discoloration effect of red tea, Arabic coffee, and black coffee on the resin infiltrated white spot lesions (WSL). Moreover, to investigate the impact of time (1d, 3d, and 7d) on the discoloration of the resin infiltrated WSLs. Materials and methods: Thirty-three extracted human premolar teeth were used to create WSLs, and ICON resin infiltration treatment was performed to obliterate the enamel pores. Teeth with resin infiltrated WSLs were sectioned into two halves by cutting mesio-distally and cross-sectionally at 1 mm below the CEJ. The resin infiltrated specimens was exposed to control (artificial saliva) and staining subgroups. Colour stability was assessed using the CIE L*a*b* system. Results: Analysis of variance (p

Since the early 2000s Arabic has become an increasingly popular language at academic level across Europe and North America, with high numbers of students enrolling on a variety of programmes offering Modern Standard Arabic – as well as local varieties of Arabic, commonly known as ‘āmmiyya – as the target language (Dickins and Watson 2006, 108; Ryding 2006, 13; Mohamed 2021b, 59). The increasingly high demand for this language has resulted in unprecedented progress in the variety of learning materials available for both teachers and learners. Such developments have largely taken place in the United States, where most textbooks such as the Al-Kitaab series are designed and printed. This paper employs decolonisation and post-colonial theory to look at the ideological implications of the political agendas implicit in popular and widely adopted textbooks and their proposed content for teaching Arabic as a foreign language. Relevant examples from the Al-Kitaab series – one of the most successful and widely adopted textbooks at university level in the UK – show the role of Arabic language teaching materials in perpetuating patterns of European and North American cultural hegemony, making the case for rethinking Arabic language teaching at academic level.

El analisis contrastivo constituye una herramienta que favorece el proceso ensenanza/aprendizaje de las lenguas extranjeras, puesto que proporciona las indicaciones sobre la mejor forma de ensenanza mas acorde con las necesidades del estudiante. Una de las dificultades que enfrentan al alumno arabe es la de saber utilizar el elemento (se) debido a la diversidad de sus valores; ya que no existe, en su lengua materna, ningun elemento sintactico equivalente, identico en su forma, que, al anadirlo al verbo enclitica o procliticamente, presenta dicha polivalencia funcional. De este modo, este estudio de contrastes procura disponer un modelo de aproximacion mental para que el profesor tenga conocimientos sobre la lengua materna del aprendiz arabo-hablante con respecto a los elementos objeto de estudio.

Nowadays, individuals express experiences and opinions through online reviews. These has an influence on online marketing and obtaining real knowledge about products and services. However, some of the online reviews can be unreal. They may have been written to promote low-quality products/services or sabotage a product/service reputation to mislead potential customers. Such misleading reviews are known as spam reviews and require crucial attention. Prior spam detection research focused on English reviews, with less attention to other languages. The detection of spam reviews in Arabic online sources is a relatively new topic despite the relatively huge amount of data generated. Therefore, this paper contributes to such topic by presenting four different Arabic spam reviews detection methods, while putting more focus towards the construction and evaluation of an ensemble approach. The proposed ensemble method is based on integrating a rule-based classifier with machine learning techniques, while utilizing content-based features that depend on N-gram features and Negation handling. The four proposed methods are evaluated on two datasets of different sizes. The results indicate the efficiency of the ensemble approach where it achieves a classification accuracy of 95.25% and 99.98% for the two experimented datasets and outperforming existing related work by far of 25%.

This article describes a novel approach for combining the teaching of Standard Arabic (SA) and Vernacular Arabic (VA) developed at the University of Gothenburg. This approach (Parallel Text-based Approach, or PTA) is characterized by two features: a) VA and SA are taught in separate parallel courses, and b) instruction in VA is based on transcribed dialogues. These features go against common recommendations in the literature, in particular those of the influential so-called integrated approach. Drawing on the concept of communicative competence, it is argued that both of these practices have significant pedagogical benefits that have been neglected in the literature. For example, the teaching SA and VA in separate courses provides for a structured way of exploiting the linguistic overlap between the two varieties and makes possible the allocation of specialized teacher resources. Basing the instruction of VA on transcribed dialogues facilitates classroom discussion of sociolinguistic and pragmatic features and makes linguistic features in VA more discoverable to students than is the case when they are only presented aurally. This approach may be an attractive alternative to the integrated approach for program developers seeking to add instruction in VA to an existing Arabic program.

Chinese learners of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) as a second language (L2) show many pronunciation difficulties that lead to unintelligible verbal communication with Egyptian native speakers. These difficulties are resulted from many variables, such as the differences between the phonological system of the learners’ first language (L1) and the learned one. These pronunciation challenges can occur across segmental and supra-segmental levels. MSA is regarded as a non-tone language, while Chinese is a tone one. Hence, this study aims at describing the acquisition of MSA stress by L1 Chinese speakers. The participants of the current study are twenty Chinese students aged 20 – 22. Each participant was asked to read thirty words that represent the MSA stress rules. The percentage of mean of the correct productions of stress positions by the participants was calculated. Results of the current study show that Chinese participants have the ability to place MSA stress in the right position. المستخلص باللغة العربية أظهرت الدراسات المعنية باکتساب اللغات الأجنبية أن الظواهر الفوقطعية يمکن أن تسهم إلى حد کبير في تحسن نطق اللغة الأجنبية وتقليل تأثير اللغة الأولى للمتعلم على نطقه للغة الأجنبية الأمر الذي يؤدى إلى تواصل لغوى فعال بين المتعلم وأبناء اللغة. کما يؤدى استخدام أنماط فوقطعية غير الأصلية لنقل معنى غير المقصود من قبل متحدث اللغة الأجنبية، ويسبب إلهاء أو انزعاج، أو عرض صورة لم يدرکها المستمع (Busa, M. G., 2012) . بالرغم من ازدياد الإقبال على تعلم اللغة العربية کلغة أجنبية (خاصا من قبل الصينين) إلا أن دراسة اکتساب اللغة العربية کلغة أجنبية لا تحظى بالاهتمام الکبير من قبل الباحثين خاصا في مجال الصوتيات، لذلک تعتبر هذه الدراسة من أوائل الدراسات المهتمة بوصف اکتساب عنصر من عناصر النظام الفونولوجي للغة و وهو نبر اللغة العربية المعاصرة الحديثة. تشتمل العينة على عدد عشرين مشارک صيني من متعلمي اللغة العربية. تم تصميم اختبار مکون من ثلاثين کلمة تغطى قواعد النبر الأربعة في اللغة العربية وذلک لتقييم قدرة المشارکين على نطق و استخدام النبر في هذه الکلمات. وفقا لمعايير الکفاءة التي وضعتها منظمة أکتفل (ACTFL, 2012) ينتمي المشارکين إلى مستويين لغويين المستوى المتوسط والمستوى المتقدم. تم التحليل الفونولوجي و الإحصائي للعينة الکلامية للمشارکين وتم التوصل إلى العديد من النتائج على سبيل المثال وليس الحصر وضوح قدرة المشارکين في الدراسة من الصينين على وضع النبر بصورة صحيحة على الکلمات العربية بنسبة تتعدى 90%، و في حالة نطق بعض کلمات الاختبار بصورة غير صحيحة أدت إلى تغيير في موضع النبر لا يؤثر ذلک على وضوح الکلمة ولا يعوق هذا التواصل اللفظي الواضح المفهوم بين الصينين وأبناء اللغة العربية.

This paper presents the concept of audiovisual translation (AVT) as it has only recently become an object of interest within the discipline of translation studies. The rise of new technologies has greatly shifted attention and focus from stereotypes of translation to technological and digital aspects of translation. This gives rise to international and intercultural communication and therefore, a dire need arises to investigate audiovisual translation that is considerably linked to socio and intercultural differences and norms. This paper intends to analyze subtitling as the most familiar type of AVT through taking into account important factors including socio-linguistic elements, cultural contexts, and stylistic considerations. The paper discusses film subtitling with the aim of exploring translator's conformity to the socio and cultural considerations when conveying the source language SL messages to the target language TL. It mainly investigates the difficulties involved in subtitling language-specific idioms and swear words. The paper reveals that AVT should be based on cross-cultural awareness and a full comprehension of the cultural aspects of both the source and target languages. The paper also concludes that handling the translation of subtitles has specific characteristics and poses challenges that entail special attention to its transfer and the translation strategies applied in this regard. المستخلص باللغة العربية يتناول هذا البحث مفهوم الترجمة السمعية البصرية کإحدى مجالات دراسات الترجمة التي لم تلق اهتماما إلا في الآونة الأخيرة. ومع ظهور تقنيات جديدة، تحول الانتباه والترکيز بصورة ملحوظة من الأشکال النمطية للترجمة إلى الجوانب التکنولوجية والرقمية للترجمة، وهذا يؤدي إلى التواصل الدولي والتواصل بين الثقافات، ولذا تدعو الحاجة لتناول الترجمة السمعية البصرية التي ترتبط بشکل کبير بالاختلافات والمعايير الاجتماعية البينية للثقافات. ويهدف هذه البحث إلى تحليل ترجمة الحوار باعتبارها أکثر أنواع الترجمة السمعية البصرية شيوعا من خلال مراعاة عدة عوامل مهمة منها العناصر الاجتماعية واللغوية والسياقات الثقافية والاعتبارات الأسلوبية. ويناقش البحث ترجمة الحوار بهدف اکتشاف مدى مطابقة المترجم للاعتبارات الاجتماعية والثقافية عند نقل رسائل لغة المصدر إلى لغة الهدف. ويفحص البحث بشکل أساسي الصعوبات التي تنطوي عليها ترجمة التعبيرات الثابتة وألفاظ السباب ذات الخصوصية الثقافية. ويوضح البحث أن الترجمة السمعية البصرية يجب أن تستند إلى الوعي عبر الثقافات والفهم الکامل للجوانب الثقافية لکل من لغة المصدر ولغة الهدف. کما توصل البحث أيضا إلى أن معالجة ترجمة الحوار لها خصائص محددة وتشکل تحديات تستلزم اهتماما خاصا بنقلها واستراتيجيات الترجمة المطبقة في هذا الصدد.