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Background: Heart transplantation is a major procedure which imposes high emotional stress on patients. Illness perception (IP) is a psychological issue which affects psychological adjustment after transplantation. This study aimed to investigate the association between IP and emotional status in Iranian post-heart transplantation patients. Methods: The present cross-sectional study, conducted between 2018 and 2019 in Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran, recruited 121 post-heart transplantation patients. IP was measured using the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ), and emotional status was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The association between IP and depression/anxiety was assessed. Results: Men comprised 80.2% of the study population. The mean age of the participants was 43.9±12.95 years. Definite caseness for depression and anxiety was reported in 11.6% and 18.2% of the participants, respectively. The median score of IP was 55. The association between anxiety and IP in total IP and the 3 dimensions of IP was statically significant (P=0.015, P=0.018, P=0.002, and P=0.023 for the cognition, emotion, and understanding dimensions and the total IPQ, respectively). Additionally, the association between depression and IP was significant (P=0.001, P=0.029, and P=0.002 for the cognition and emotion dimensions and the total IPQ, correspondingly, except for the understanding dimension). Furthermore, lower levels of anxiety in the patients showed a greater impact on IP than did depression. Conclusion: There was a significant association between IP and depression and anxiety in our study population. Therefore, the diagnosis and management of anxiety and depression in heart transplantation patients may improve IP. The cross-sectional design of the present study precluded an investigation of the causality between IP and emotional status.

Background and aims: Scleroderma is a systemic autoimmune disease that its core symptom is hardening (Sclero) of the skin (Derma). It also affects other internal organs in more severe cases. This illness has high morbidity and mortality and it can disrupt the normal function of the patient. Immunosuppressors and many other drugs have been used to treat but different adverse side effects of these treatments make them unsafe; Therefore, since there is no definite cure for scleroderma. In modern medicine, traditional medicine treatment strategies to patient's relief can improve quality of life, decrease morbidity and mortality of the disease and decrease the various side effects of drugs in modern medicine treatment. Case presentation: In this article, it was reported a 38 years old woman, known case of scleroderma who improved dramatically with traditional medicine methods after a short term course of treatment. Conclusion: Scleroderma is a complex disease which has no definite cure in modern medicine. Traditional treatments can improve many annoying symptoms of the disease.

Objective: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a major treatment of catatonia; and catatonia development during electroconvulsive therapy is a highly surprising phenomenon. We present a patient with bipolar disorder who developed catatonia during ECT. Case Reports: A 21-year-old woman, with a known case of bipolar disorder in manic phase without psychotic feature, history of long acting antipsychotic use, and severe B12 deficiency, was treated with ECT. Full catatonia syndrome developed after the fifth session of ECT. Conclusion: In rare cases, catatonia can develop during ECT course in the presence of some precipitating factors. Thus, these precipitating factors should be eliminated as much as possible before the start of ECT course to prevent catatonia development.

This paper traces the relationship between state development policies and planning Tehran’s urban development from 1945 until the 1979 Islamic Revolution. It shows how the geopolitical context of the Cold War, and the political agendas of multilateral and bilateral development agencies (i.e. the World Bank and the Ford Foundation), together with the specific circumstances of the national modernization of Iran, were decisive in shaping the Iranian planning administration and the emergence of a comprehensive master planning approach. Moreover, this study demonstrates the critical role of the Iranian technocratic elite and professional middle class in establishing planning institutions and advocating for a vision of progress and development. The focus here is on the formation of the ‘Plan Organization’ as the first modern planning institution in Iran, and the ways in which this institution played a key role in shaping Iranian expert culture and urban planning practices. By examining the links between national development policies and urban planning, this paper presents how comprehensive master planning emerged as the preferred model for the planning and development of Iranian cities. The focus here is on the design and implementation of Tehran’s 1968 Comprehensive Master Plan.

Misidentification syndrome is a condition in which the person thinks that familiar persons have been replaced with other one. Coexistence of some types of this syndrome has been reported with other psychiatric syndromes. In this report, we present a 47-year-old married man with coexistence of reverse Capgras and subjective double syndromes with Cotard syndrome. There is no previous report of coexistence of these three forms of delusions in a single case.

In 1925 the Pahlavi monarchy (1925–1979) embarked on a project to create a new modern capital city while modernising Iranian society and creating a modern nation-state. This chapter presents a framework to analyse the transformation of the changing urban form of Tehran during this time. Two elements of this framework stand out; First, the concept of modernity, which emphasises the condition of continuous change in the city. The second element is surveying political geography of Tehran during this period and traces its link to social and urban transformation of the city. Hence this chapter uses several events and particular national development plans of Pahlavi dynasty since the end of the First World War till Islamic Revolution in Iran, in order to understand the impact of different kinds of policies and interactions with different kinds of place on shaping the form and life of Tehran. Ultimately this chapter illustrates the ways in which national modernisation projects of the Pahlavi dynasty produce a particular kind of city while at the same time produce a particular form of urban society.

Background: Drug non adherence is one of the major problems in treatment of psychiatric patients which could increase the risk of relapse and re-hospitalization. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine factors associated with drug non adherence by patients with mood disorders after their discharge from hospital and assessment of relation between drug attitude and drug adherence. Patients and Methods: In this cohort, prospective, and descriptive study, 150 patients with mood disorders (major depressive disorder, bipolar mood disorder) at the time of discharge were assessed. For each patient, demographic information form and Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI-10) [persian translation] was completed at the time of discharge. Then all of the patients were monitored monthly until 6 months through telephone. In every follow up DAI-10 and drug use inventory (which consists of causes of drug non adherence) were completed. Finally relation between different variables and patient drug attitude with drug adherence were assessed. Results: From all studied variables such as demographic factors, diagnosis, treatment factors, and drug attitude, only drug attitude had a significant relation with drug adherence. Conclusions: Patients’ attitude toward drugs has a major role in drug adherence.