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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and genital tract infections (GTIs) are both very common infectious diseases. Thus, accuracy and rapidity in recognition and treatment of sexually transmitted urogenital tract infections (ST-UGTIs) is a major concern in global public health systems. The application of reliable, accurate diagnostic tools is the key to definite detection, identification and treatment. This literature review focused on different characteristics of UGTIs in patients and the importance of diagnostic methodologies. The articles published and indexed from 1980 through October 2018 in the databases of PubMed and MEDLINE, as well as the Google Scholar web search engine, were collected and studied. MeSH keywords of “Sexual intercourse”, “Urinary Tract Infections”, “Genital Tract Infections” and “Toll-Like Receptors” were used for searching articles. Then, the proper articles (original and review articles) were subjected to a very rigorous selection process. The clinical symptoms and signs or asymptomatic properties of UTIs and GTIs are similar and often overlap. In many cases, the lack of suitable diagnostic techniques leads to misdiagnosed/undignosed GTIs and overdiagnosed UTIs. The outcome of poor diagnostics is failure of definite identification and treatment. The application of advanced techniques comprising PCR, microarray and next-generation sequencing promises to be more effective, together with the use of the microbial pattern of the individual’s UGT to provide reliable detection, identification and definite treatment. This will be an option in the near future., Infektionen des Harntrakts (HWI) und des Genitaltrakts (GTI) sind beides infektiöse Erkrankungen. Deshalb ist die Genauigkeit und Schnelligkeit der Erkennung und Behandlung sexuell übertragener Infektionen des Urogenitaltrakts (SÜ-UGT) entscheidend. Die Verwendung geeigneter Diagnosetools ist der Schlüssel zur eindeutigen Erkennung, Identifizierung und Behandlung. Die Literaturrecherche konzentrierte sich auf verschiedene Merkmale von SÜ-UGTs und die Bedeutung diagnostischer Methoden. Veröffentlichungen (Originalbeiträge und Reviews) wurden im Zeitraum von 1980 bis Oktober 2018 in den Datenbanken PubMed, MEDLINE und Google Scholar anhand der Schlüsselwörter „Sexual intercourse“, „Urinary Tract Infections“, „Genital Tract Infections“ und „Toll-Like Receptors“ gesammelt, sorgfältig ausgewählt und ausgewertet. HWI und GTI überlappen sich häufig entweder auf Grund der ähnlichen klinischen Symptomatik oder wegen asymptomatischen Verlaufs. In vielen Fällen führt das Fehlen geeigneter Diagnosemethoden zu falsch diagnostizierten oder nicht erkannten GTI und überdiagnostizierten HWI. Das Ergebnis einer unzureichenden Diagnostik führt zum Versagen der eindeutigen Identifizierung und Behandlung. Die Anwendung moderner Techniken wie PCR, Microarray und Next-Generation-Sequenzierung wird in Verbindung mit der Identifizierung der mikrobiellen individuellen Besiedlung des UGT eine qualitativ hochwertige Erkennung und Behandlung ermöglichen., GMS Hygiene and Infection Control; 14:Doc14

The pathogenic disturbance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is known as a rare but invasive nosocomial fungal infection. This survey is focused on the evaluation of apoptosis-triggering effects of UVB-irradiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.The well-growth colonies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) were irradiated within an interval of 10 minutes by UVB-light (302 nm). Subsequently, the harvested DNA molecules of control and UV-exposed yeast colonies were run through the 1% agarose gel electrophoresis comprising the luminescent dye of ethidium bromide.No unusual patterns including DNA laddering bands or smears were detected.The applied procedure for UV exposure was not effective for inducing apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. So, it needs another UV-radiation protocol for inducing apoptosis phenomenon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Bacillus anthracis as the bacterial agent of anthrax, is spread in different geographical zones around the world.The purpose of this survey was to observe eventual apoptotic reactions in total genomic DNA of UVB irradiated colonies of Bacillus anthracis.The colonies of Bacillus anthracis were exposed to UVB ray for 10 minutes; then, the DNA molecules of control and irradiated colonies were extracted. Finally, the DNA samples mixed in loading dye, were run in 1% agarose gel containing fluorescent dye of ethidium bromide to produce visible DNA bands.Neither smear nor DNA laddering band were detected upon the agarose gel.According to the present protocol, the UVB ray can not induce apoptosis feature in colonies of Bacillus anthracis. It seems that the recovery and protection systems in Bacillus anthracis can resist against eventual UVB disorders.

WOS:000264820200005 PubMed: 18643918 Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are chaperones that are crucial in the heat shock response but also have important non-stress roles within the cell. HSP70 in Trichophyton rubrum is already detected and carefully characterised; however, no study was carried out for HSP30 in this pathogenic fungus. In the present study, T. rubrum was obtained from patients with dermatophytosis and cultured in appropriate conditions. High-molecular-weight DNA was extracted using standard extraction methods. Pairs of 21 nt primers were designed from highly conserved regions of the similar genes in other eukaryotic cells. Mentioned primers were utilised in PCR using isolated genomic DNA and extracted RNA templates of T. rubrum. The PCR fragments were then sequenced and 415 nucleotides of HSP30 in this pathogenic fungus were detected; the open reading frame had 156 nucleotides and was coding 51 amino acids. This gene (called TrHSP30) is registered in GenBank at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NIH, USA) database. Detection of TrHSP30 gene may open the way to determination of its possible role in the pathogenesis of dermatophyte infections due to T. rubrum.