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We demonstrate the use of a ring-shaped Bose-Einstein condensate as a rotation sensor by measuring the interference between two counter-propagating phonon modes imprinted azimuthally around the ring. We observe rapid decay of the excitations, quantified by quality factors of at most $Q \approx 27$. We numerically model our experiment using the c-field methodology, allowing us to estimate the parameters that maximise the performance of our sensor. We explore the damping mechanisms underlying the observed phonon decay, and identify two distinct Landau scattering processes that each dominate at different driving amplitudes and temperatures. Our simulations reveal that $Q$ is limited by strong damping of phonons even in the zero temperature limit. We perform an experimental proof-of-principle rotation measurement using persistent currents imprinted around the ring. We demonstrate a rotation sensitivity of up to $\Delta \Omega \approx 0.3$ rad/s from a single image, with a theoretically achievable value of $\Delta \Omega \approx 0.04$ rad/s in the atomic shot-noise limit. This is a significant improvement over the shot-noise-limited $\Delta \Omega \approx 1$ rad/s sensitivity obtained by Marti et al. [Phys. Rev. A 91, 013602 (2015)] for a similar setup., Comment: 22 pages, 10 figures

In this collection of short articles, we explored how a diverse group of theories, methodologies, and practices of spatial planning can help us unpack and better understand smart cities and sustainable development. Using the cases of Greater Manchester in the UK and Shenzhen in China, our emphasis was to identify innovative but actionable approaches of smart and sustainable planning for smart and equitable growth, lower carbon emissions, and environmental resilience to enhance the well-being of urban communities.

Our final report to the funder. This research explored the ways in which neighbourhood planning as a statutory development plan can offer place-based, community-led solutions to decarbonise local travel choices and transport infrastructure, using Carnforth, Lancashire, as a case study area.

Energetic quarks liberated from hadrons in nuclear deep-inelastic scattering propagate through the nuclear medium, interacting with it via several processes. These include quark energy loss and nuclear interactions of forming hadrons. One manifestation of these interactions is the enhanced emission of low-energy charged particles, referred to as grey tracks. We use the theoretical components of the BeAGLE event generator to interpret grey track signatures of parton transport and hadron formation by comparing its predictions to E665 data. We extend the base version of BeAGLE by adding four different options for describing parton energy loss. The E665 data we used consists of multiplicity ratios for fixed-target scattering of 490 GeV muons on Xe normalized to deuterium as a function of the number of grey tracks. We compare multiplicity ratios for E665 grey tracks to the predictions of BeAGLE, varying the options and parameters to determine which physics phenomena can be identified by these data. We find that grey tracks are unaffected by modifications of the forward production. Thus their production must be dominated by interactions with hadrons in the backward region. This offers the advantage that selecting certain particles in the forward region is unlikely to bias a centrality selection. We see a strong correlation between the number of grey tracks and the in-medium path length. Our energy loss model does not reproduce the suppression observed in the projectile region. We see an underprediction of the proton production rate in backward kinematics, suggesting that a stronger source of interaction with the nuclear medium is needed for accurate modeling. These results lay an important foundation for future spectator tagging studies at both Jefferson Lab and at the Electron-Ion Collider, where neutron and proton grey track studies will be feasible down to very small momenta., 12 pages, 4 figures, Physical Review C 106, 045202 (2022)

The toolkit provides detailed strategies to adopt sustainable transport policies in neighbourhood plans and good examples. It advocates a community-led, place-based approach to decarbonise local transport. This means that appropriate strategies and plans must come from the community and be tailored to the unique opportunities and challenges of the neighbourhood area. Therefore, this toolkit is designed in such a way to provide generic principles and methods of thinking that underpin a transport decarbonisation strategy, as well as provide recent good examples from adopted neighbourhood plans to demonstrate how generic principles can be applied in real life. Some policies and examples in this toolkit might more relevant to dense, urban cores, whereas others are more appropriate for small market towns in shire counties. Accepting there isn’t one perfect solution for any area, we listed all relevant policies here together to provoke imagination as well as show what is possible. It is up to neighbourhood forums and parish and town councils to decide to adopt and change policy wording to create the most appropriate strategy to decarbonise local transport in their own areas.The toolkit’s intended audience are neighbourhood forums and parish and town councils in England who are producing, or planning to produce, a neighbourhood plan, as well as Local Planning Authorities and Local Transport Authorities, who are helping communities in the development of neighbourhood plans within their boundaries.

Additional file 10. Post-course survey to assess the impact of the curriculum on the learners

Additional file 4. Ultrasound-guided vascular access procedures

Additional file 2. Pre-course knowledge assessment of the learners

Additional file 7. Hemodynamic assessment of a critically ill patient using point-of-care ultrasound

Contains fulltext : 288040.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) BACKGROUND: Anti-drug antibodies are associated with treatment failure to anti-TNF agents in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). AIM: To assess whether immunogenicity to a patient's first anti-TNF agent would be associated with immunogenicity to the second, irrespective of drug sequence METHODS: We conducted a UK-wide, multicentre, retrospective cohort study to report rates of immunogenicity and treatment failure of second anti-TNF therapies in 1058 patients with IBD who underwent therapeutic drug monitoring for both infliximab and adalimumab. The primary outcome was immunogenicity to the second anti-TNF agent, defined at any timepoint as an anti-TNF antibody concentration ≥9 AU/ml for infliximab and ≥6 AU/ml for adalimumab. RESULTS: In patients treated with infliximab and then adalimumab, those who developed antibodies to infliximab were more likely to develop antibodies to adalimumab, than patients who did not develop antibodies to infliximab (OR 1.99, 95%CI 1.27-3.20, p = 0.002). Similarly, in patients treated with adalimumab and then infliximab, immunogenicity to adalimumab was associated with subsequent immunogenicity to infliximab (OR 2.63, 95%CI 1.46-4.80, p

The work presented herein reports on the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) performance of a series of Li-free and Li-doped CeO2 and CeO2 modified with Sm3+ and La3+ catalysts. The supporting materials (Ce, Sm-Ce and La-Sm-Ce metal oxides) were synthesized using the microwave assisted sol-gel method in order to achieve nanophase complex materials with increased particle surface energy and reactivity. Lithium ions were added, using the wet impregnation technique, in order to further improve the physicochemical characteristics and reinforce the activity and selectivity, in terms of C2H6 and C2H4 production. All materials were characterized using N2 adsorption-desorption, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, CO2-TPD, H2-TPR, SEM and XPS. We showed that the addition of lithium species changed the reaction pathway and drastically enhanced the production of ethylene and ethane, mainly for the promoted catalysts (Li/Sm-Ce and Li/La-Sm-Ce). In particular, the presence and the synergy between the electrophilic oxygen species (peroxide and superoxide), population of oxygen vacancy sites and the surface moderate basic sites determined the reaction pathway and the desirable product distribution., NDC, IVY and MAG are grateful for financial support from the European Union and Greek national funds through the operational program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call Research-Create-Innovate (Project code: T1EDK-00782). GIS is grateful for financial support by Greece and ESF through the Operational Programme "Human Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning" in the context of the project “Strengthening Human Resources Research Potential via Doctorate Research” (MIS-5000432), implemented by the State Scholarships Foundation (ΙΚΥ). KP and AK acknowledge the financial support from Khalifa University through the CIRA-2020–077 and RC2–2018-024 grants.

Additional file 11. High-quality, free open access resources for point-of-care ultrasound education

Supplemental Material for A Phase 1 randomized study of GSK3732394, an investigational long-acting biologic treatment regimen for HIV-1 infection by Mark Krystal, Shiven Chabria, Daren Austin, Allen Wolstenholme, David Wensel, Max Lataillade, Judah Abberbock, Mark Baker, Peter Ackerman in Antiviral Therapy.

Additional file 5. Ultrasound-guided non-vascular access and advanced procedures

Additional file 6. Focused echocardiographic examination

The operational stability of organic–inorganic halide perovskite based solar cells is a challenge for widespread commercial adoption. The mobility of ionic species is a key contributor to perovskite instability since ion migration can lead to unfavourable changes in the crystal lattice and ultimately destabilisation of the perovskite phase. Here we study the nanoscale early-stage degradation of mixed-halide mixed-cation perovskite films under operation-like conditions using electrical scanning probe microscopy to investigate the formation of surface nanograin defects. We identify the nanograins as lead iodide and study their formation in ambient and inert environments with various optical, thermal, and electrical stress conditions in order to elucidate the different underlying degradation mechanisms. We find that the intrinsic instability is related to the polycrystalline morphology, where electrical bias stress leads to the build-up of charge at grain boundaries and lateral space charge gradients that destabilise the local perovskite lattice facilitating escape of the organic cation. This mechanism is accelerated by enhanced ionic mobility under optical excitation. Our findings highlight the importance of inhibiting the formation of local charge imbalance, either through compositions preventing ionic redistribution or local grain boundary passivation, in order to extend operational stability in perovskite photovoltaics. Europaische Kommission ERC Starting Grant GEL-SYS 757931 Version of record

Additional file 1. Needs assessment for learners of the point-of-care ultrasound curriculum

Additional file 8. Focused thoracic imaging in a critically ill patient

Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is one of the most common malformations causing refractory epilepsy. Dysregulation of glutamatergic systems plays a critical role in the hyperexcitability of dysplastic neurons in FCD lesions. The pharmacoresistant nature of epilepsy associated with FCD may be due to a lack of well tolerated and precise antiepileptic drugs that can target glutamate receptors. Here, for the first time in human FCD brain slices, we show that the established, non-competitive α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist, perampanel has potent antiepileptic action. Moreover, we demonstrate that this effect is due to a reduction in burst firing behavior in human FCD microcircuits. These data support a potential role for the treatment of refractory epilepsy associated with FCD in human patients.

Dry ethane reforming (DER) aims to utilize captured CO2 and ethane, which is found in large quantities in shale gas, towards the production of high-value synthesis gas. During the dry reforming of hydrocarbons, the interaction between the active metal and the underlying support, along with the choice of the operating temperature, are considered to be the main factors influencing a catalyst’s stability and coking resistance. In this work, the DER catalytic performance and stability of Ni-doped perovskite systems is compared with that of a typical impregnated Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. The calcined, reduced and spent catalysts are assessed using the ICP, XRD, N2 physisorption, H2-TPR, CO2-TPD, TEM, HAADF-STEM, EDS Mapping, XPS and TPO techniques. Ni-CaZrO3 (CZNO) consisting of partly exsolved Ni nanoparticles with a strong metal-support interaction is shown to be particularly stable and accumulate only a fraction of the coke that is deposited on the impregnated Ni/Al2O3 catalyst, which suffers from severe and rapid degradation under the reactant stream. By increasing the operating temperature to 750 °C, Ni-CaZrO3 can achieve almost total conversion of ethane and around 90% conversion of carbon dioxide towards synthesis gas, with no apparent loss of catalytic activity., MAG and NDC gratefully acknowledge that this research has been co-financed by the European Union and Greek national funds under the call “Greece – China Call for Proposals for Joint RT&D Projects” (Project code: T7DKI-00388). KP acknowledges the support from Khalifa University through the grant RC2–2018-024.

An axiomatic approach to physics is proposed for obtaining classical gauge theories from a common set of physical requirements based on standard features of special relativistic field theories such as gauge invariance, conformal invariance and being in four dimensions. This approach involves the use of Noether's first theorem to directly obtain a unique, complete set of equations from the symmetries of the action. However, implementation of this procedure is obstructed by issues of ambiguity and non-uniqueness associated with the conserved tensors in the majority of special relativistic field theories. In the introductory chapter, we outline the three major problems which are considered in this thesis. Each of these three problems are addressed separately in the three central chapters of the thesis, which consist of eight integrated articles. These three problems are (i) the failure of the canonical Noether energy-momentum tensor to obtain known physical conservation laws, and the ad-hoc ``improvement'' of the energy-momentum tensors occurring in the literature, (ii) the ambiguities and non-uniqueness associated with multiple different methods for derivation of the energy-momentum tensor, and (iii) the procedure required for converting a set of axioms to a set of Lagrangian densities. The concluding chapter summarizes our major results, such as proper variational ``Noetherian'' symmetries for several completely gauge invariant models using the Bessel-Hagen method, a formal disproof of the equivalence of the Noether and Hilbert energy-momentum tensors in Minkowski spacetime, a proof that there are infinitely many solutions for energy-momentum tensors in linearized gravity obtained from the ``improvement'' method, and a derivation of the curvature tensors of higher spin gauge theories without referring to the symmetry properties of the Riemann curvature tensor. Future research that could follow from our results is discussed.

All light has structure, but only recently it has become possible to construct highly controllable and precise potentials so that most laboratories can harness light for their specific applications. In this chapter, we review the emerging techniques for high-resolution and configurable optical trapping of ultracold atoms. We focus on optical deflectors and spatial light modulators in the Fourier and direct imaging configurations. These optical techniques have enabled significant progress in studies of superfluid dynamics, single-atom trapping, and underlie the emerging field of atomtronics. The chapter is intended as a complete guide to the experimentalist for understanding, selecting, and implementing the most appropriate optical trapping technology for a given application. After introducing the basic theory of optical trapping and image formation, we describe each of the above technologies in detail, providing a guide to the fundamental operation of optical deflectors, digital micromirror devices, and liquid crystal spatial light modulators. We also describe the capabilities of these technologies for manipulation of trapped ultracold atoms, where the potential is dynamically modified to enable experiments, and where time-averaged potentials can realise more complex traps. The key considerations when implementing time-averaged traps are described., 48 pages, 20 Figures

The work presented herein reports on the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) performance of a series of Li-free and Li-doped CeO2 and CeO2 modified with Mg2+ and La3+ catalysts. The supporting materials (Ce, Mg-Ce and La-Mg-Ce metal oxides) were synthesized using the microwave assisted sol-gel method, while lithium ions were added using the wet impregnation technique, to further affect the physicochemical properties, activity and selectivity of the materials, in terms of the desirable hydrocarbon products (C2H4 and C2H6). The materials were characterized towards their textural, structural and redox properties, surface basicity, and surface morphology using N2 adsorption/desorption, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, CO2-Temperature Programmed Desorption (CO2-TPD), H2-Temperature Programmed Reduction (H2-TPR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Catalytic activity was assessed between 600 and 870 °C, at atmospheric pressure and different CH4:O2 molar ratios and Weigh-basis Gas Hourly Space Velocity (WGHSV). It is concluded that low specific surface area values, the existence of surface moderate basic sites, increased concentration of oxygen vacancies and the presence of electrophilic oxygen species (O2– and O22–) on the catalyst surface had a crucial role on the improvement of the catalytic performance in terms of the desirable products, mainly ethylene. It is noted that the addition of Li changed thoroughly the reaction pathway and the products’ distribution, with the C2 selectivity values exceeding 85%. The Li/Mg-Ce catalyst, presenting the higher population of intermediate basic sites and surface superoxide species, showed an improved catalytic activity in terms of XCH4 and production of ethylene, while the incorporation of La3+ into the crystal structure of CeO2 suppressed the production of ethylene. Finally, smaller CH4:O2 molar ratios suppressed the production of hydrocarbons, while enhanced residence times, favoured the dehydrogenation of C2H6 to C2H4., NDC, IVY and MAG are grateful for financial support from the European Union and Greek national funds through the operational program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call Research-Create-Innovate (Project code: T1EDK-00782). GIS is grateful for financial support by Greece and ESF through the Operational Programme «Human Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning» in the context of the project “Strengthening Human Resources Research Potential via Doctorate Research” (MIS-5000432), implemented by the State Scholarships Foundation (ΙΚΥ). KP, AK and SG acknowledge the financial support from Khalifa University through the CIRA-2020-077 and RC2-2018-024 grants.

Planning Advisory Service commissioned three research papers to look at the linkages, challenges and opportunities of the integration of strategic planning and key agendas of transport, the natural environment and health. The papers, through academic and policy reviews and workshop and research projects, highlight the present realities and challenges to integrated delivery and tries to give recommendations to planning authorities that wish to produce integrated strategic plans. Embedding these agendas with strategic plans will allow a coordinated approached to place making across a strategic area. Recognising the role that strategic plans and coordinated planning can have in adding value when delivering places that is more than just the costumery housing provisions. This report produced by the University of Manchester & Troy Planning + Design looks at the links between strategic planning and transport to provide Local Planning Authorities producing, or planning to produce, a strategic plan with a guide for how to work with transport bodies at the local, regional, and national levels, and how the requirements of these bodies can be fully integrated into their strategic plan making to ensure the production of more effective strategies.

We present an open source model that allows quantitative prediction of the effects of testing on the rate of spread of COVID-19 described by R, the reproduction number, and on the degree of quarantine, isolation and lockdown required to limit it. The paper uses the model to quantify the outcomes of different test types and regimes, and to identify strategies and tests that can reduce the rate of spread and R value by a factor of between 1.67 and 33.3, reducing it to between 60% and 3% of the initial value., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, in English

Understanding various fundamental properties of nucleons and nuclei are among the most important scientific goals at the upcoming Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). With the unprecedented opportunity provided by the next-generation machine, the EIC might provide definitive answers to many standing puzzles and open questions in modern nuclear physics. Here we investigate one of the golden measurements proposed at the EIC, which is to obtain the spatial gluon density distribution within a lead ($Pb$) nucleus. The proposed experimental process is the exclusive $J/��$ vector-meson production off the $Pb$ nucleus - $e+Pb\rightarrow e'+J/��+Pb'$. The Fourier transformation of the momentum transfer $|t|$ distribution of the coherent diffraction is the transverse gluon spatial distribution. In order to measure it, the experiment has to overcome an overwhelmingly large background arising from the incoherent diffractive production, where the nucleus $Pb'$ mostly breaks up into fragments of particles in the far-forward direction close to the hadron-going beam rapidity. In this paper, we systematically study the rejection of incoherent $J/��$ production by vetoing products from these nuclear breakups - protons, neutrons, and photons, which is based on the BeAGLE event generator and the most up-to-date EIC Far-forward Interaction Region design. The achieved vetoing efficiency, the ratio between the number of vetoed events and total incoherent events, ranges from about 80% - 99% depending on $|t|$, which can resolve at least the first minimum of the coherent diffractive distribution based on the Sar$\it{t}$re model. Experimental and accelerator machine challenges as well as potential improvements are discussed., Manuscript with 12 pages, including 8 figures and 3 tables

Despite 93.1% to 95.8% of the UK adult population having been vaccinated and currently 83.5% to 89.8% of adults having received at least two doses (1), and despite many households testing twice a week with lateral flow tests (2), R at the time of writing is 0.9 to 1.1, with a growth rate range for England of between -1% and +1% (3). Furthermore, up to 30% of infected individuals are going on to experience Long Covid (4). The crisis is far from over and as new variants of concern like Omicron spread, the situation is not under control, even in the highly vaccinated and tested UK and far less so in many countries. The problem is likely to be replicated in other countries with currently low infection levels as isolation is eased in future, even if these countries reach a high level of vaccination. Additionally, concerns have been raised about fall in immunity by 6 months after receiving the Pfizer and AstraZeneca vaccines (5), and the ability of Omicron to re-infect and cause illness in vaccinated people, with urgent booster jabs now being given to attempt to mitigate this. A solution to stop the spread of all variants of COVID-19 is needed now, and we present it here: CLDC, a rapid test that is 98%+ sensitive, low cost and scalable., Comment: 3 pages

Noether's theorems are widely praised as some of the most beautiful and useful results in physics. However, if one reads the majority of standard texts and literature on the application of Noether's first theorem to field theory, one immediately finds that the ``canonical Noether energy-momentum tensor" derived from the 4-parameter translation of the Poincar\'e group does not correspond to what's widely accepted as the ``physical'' energy-momentum tensor for central theories such as electrodynamics. This gives the impression that Noether's first theorem is in some sense not working. In recognition of this issue, common practice is to ``improve" the canonical Noether energy-momentum tensor by adding suitable ad-hoc ``improvement" terms that will convert the canonical expression into the desired result. On the other hand, a less common but distinct method developed by Bessel-Hagen considers gauge symmetries as well as coordinate symmetries when applying Noether's first theorem; this allows one to uniquely derive the accepted physical energy-momentum tensor without the need for any ad-hoc improvement terms in theories with exactly gauge invariant actions. $\dots$ Using the converse of Noether's first theorem, we show that the Bessel-Hagen type transformations are uniquely selected in the case of electrodynamics, which powerfully dissolves the methodological ambiguity at hand. We then go on to consider how this line of argument applies to a variety of other cases, including in particular the challenge of defining an energy-momentum tensor for the gravitational field in linearized gravity. Finally, we put the search for proper Noether energy-momentum tensors into context with recent claims that Noether's theorem and its converse make statements on equivalence classes of symmetries and conservation laws$\dots$, Comment: 30 pages

Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) is an established neurostimulation therapy used in the treatment of epilepsy, migraine and cluster headache. In this randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled crossover trial we explored the role of nVNS in the treatment of gait and other motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. In a subgroup of patients, we measured selected neurotrophin levels and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in serum, before and after the experimental intervention. Thirty-three PD patients with associated freezing of gait were randomised to either nVNS or sham. After baseline assessments, patients were instructed to deliver 6 two-minute stimulations (total 12 min/day) of the nVNS/sham device (electroCore, Inc. USA) for one month at home. Patients were then re-assessed. After a washout period of one month, the same patients were allocated to the alternate treatment arm and the same process was followed. Significant improvements in key gait parameters were observed with nVNS, including walking speed, stance time and step length, compared to sham. Similarly, overall motor function (MDS-UPDRS III) also improved significantly following nVNS stimulation. Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α and glutathione levels decreased and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels increased significantly (p

Objectives To identify putative COVID-19 treatments and identify the roles of immunomodulators and antivirals in disease management. Design Systematic review. Data sources PubMed, bioRxiv.org and medRxiv.org were searched for studies suggestive of effective treatments for COVID-19. Additional studies were identified via a snowballing method applied to the references of retrieved papers as well as a subsequent targeted search for drug names. Review methods Inclusion criteria included any case series or randomised control trials in any language that were published from 18th December 2019 to 18th April 2020 and described COVID-19 treatment. Of an initial 2140 studies identified from the initial search, 29 studies were found to meet the inclusion criteria and included in this comprehensive systematic review. Results 19 studies of antiviral treatments for COVID-19 have been reported and seven studies for immunomodulatory treatments. Six randomised controlled trials have been published with one positive trial for Hydroxychloroquine. This small study consisted of 31 patients though subsequent studies showed contradictory findings. All the remaining studies were observational studies, retrospective case reviews or non-randomised trials and these results are difficult to interpret due to methodological issues. Conclusions To date, an impressive number of studies have been performed in a short space of time, indicative of a resilient clinical trials infrastructure. However, there is a lack of high quality evidence to support any novel treatments for COVID-19 to be incorporated into the current standard of care. The majority of the studies of treatments for COVID-19 could only be found in pre-print servers. Future clinical reviews should therefore be Comprehensive Systematic Reviews involving pre-print studies to prevent potential unnecessary replications of clinical studies.

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging desalination technology that still needs further development to enhance its performance for practical implementation. Herein, we present a hybrid CDI approach, which integrates the electrical double-layer (EDL) with the sodium-ion battery concept to improve the separation of sodium and chloride ions from saline water. The hybrid CDI cell is achieved by using hydrothermally-grown and uniformly dispersed prawn-like α-MnO₂/graphene (α-MnO₂/G) nanocomposite as anode material, and graphene at the cathode. In this paper, the effect of MnO₂ morphology on the electrode electrochemical performance and its effect on capacitive deionization performance have been fully investigated. In this configuration, the Na⁺ ions are inserted by the electrochemical reaction at the α-MnO₂/G electrode, whereas Cl⁻ ions are captured by the graphene-based electrode. The morphological dependent electrochemical properties of the obtained nanocomposites were studied deeply through CV and EIS analysis. The established hybrid CID cell provides an electrical capacitance as high as 375 F g⁻¹ at 10 mV s⁻¹, cation-selectivity, good electrical stability and low internal resistance. The hybrid CDI device also shows a stable and reversible salt insertion/de-insertion capacity up to 29.5 mg g⁻¹ at 1.2 V. These results demonstrate the suitability of prawn-like α-MnO₂/G nanocomposite to produce high-performance hybrid CDI cells.

Supplemental material, Supppl_doc for A Novel Wearable Device for Motor Recovery of Hand Function in Chronic Stroke Survivors by Supriyo Choudhury, Ravi Singh, A. Shobhana, Dwaipayan Sen, Sidharth Shankar Anand, Shantanu Shubham, Suparna Gangopadhyay, Mark R. Baker, Hrishikesh Kumar and Stuart N. Baker in Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair

According to the 2020 Metrics of the HUPO Human Proteome Project (HPP), expression has now been detected at the protein level for >90% of the 19 773 predicted proteins coded in the human genome. The HPP annually reports on progress made throughout the world toward credibly identifying and characterizing the complete human protein parts list and promoting proteomics as an integral part of multiomics studies in medicine and the life sciences. NeXtProt release 2020–01 classified 17 874 proteins as PE1, having strong protein-level evidence, up 180 from 17 694 one year earlier. These represent 90.4% of the 19 773 predicted coding genes (all PE1,2,3,4 proteins in neXtProt). Conversely, the number of neXtProt PE2,3,4 proteins, termed the “missing proteins” (MPs), was reduced by 230 from 2129 to 1899 since the neXtProt 2019–01 release. PeptideAtlas is the primary source of uniform reanalysis of raw mass spectrometry data for neXtProt, supplemented this year with extensive data from MassIVE. PeptideAtlas 2020–01 added 362 canonical proteins between 2019 and 2020 and MassIVE contributed 84 more, many of which converted PE1 entries based on non-MS evidence to the MS-based subgroup. The 19 Biology and Disease-driven B/D-HPP teams continue to pursue the identification of driver proteins that underlie disease states, the characterization of regulatory mechanisms controlling the functions of these proteins, their proteoforms, and their interactions, and the progression of transitions from correlation to coexpression to causal networks after system perturbations. And the Human Protein Atlas published Blood, Brain, and Metabolic Atlases. G.S.O. acknowledges support from National Institutes of Health grants P30ES017885-01A1 and U24CA210967; E.W.D. from National Institutes of Health grants R01GM087221, R24GM127667, U19AG023122, and from National Science Foundation grant DBI-1933311; L.L. and neXtProt from the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; C.M.O. by Canadian Institutes of Health Research Foundation Grant 148408 and a Canada Research Chair in Protease Proteomics and Systems Biology; M.S.B. by NHMRC Project GrantAPP1010303; C.L. by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation for the Human Protein Atlas; and Y.-K.P. by grants from the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare HI13C22098 and HI16C0257.

Nanograins of Ce-La-xCu-O mixed metal oxides (wherex = 3, 5, 7, 10, 20 at.%), of approximately 16 nm2 area size, and having all the metal cations homogeneously distributed, are tested as ternary catalytic materials towards the CO oxidation in the 100–475 °C range. Preservation of the cubic ceria lattice structure in those catalysts following La3+ (heavy) and Cu2+ (light) metal cations doping is confirmed based on the powder X-ray diffraction and Raman shift studies. From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies, the presence of mixed Ce3+/Ce4+ and Cu2+/Cu1+ oxidation states was confirmed, which was more profound in the low Cu-content Ce-La-xCu-O catalysts. The copper doping is also found to increase the concentration of oxygen vacant sites in the doped-CeO2 solid as demonstrated from the increase of the Raman intensity ratio IOv/IF2g of 1.58 and 1.78 with the increase in copper content from 7 to 20 at.% as compared to the lower value of 0.44 obtained for the Cu-free catalyst (Ce-La). The mobility of the surface and bulk oxygen ions in the lattice of such doped-CeO2 materials is further investigated using 16O/18O transient isothermal isotopic exchange (TIIE) experiments, and is found to be Cu at.% dependent. For the case of Ce-La-20Cu, the participation of the lattice oxygen (OL) in the reaction mechanism has been demonstrated using transient experiments. Accordingly, the specific rate (μmol CO m−2s−1) of the CO oxidation reaction is found to be higher for the Ce-La-20Cu and Ce-La-7Cu catalysts, corroborating thus the presence of more mobile/labile oxygen species in those ternary catalysts as opposed to the other lower copper compositions. 505

Using cross-country time series panel regressions for the last two decades, this paper seeks to identify the main policy and institutional factors that explain the share of self-employment across European countries. It looks at the aggregate share of self-employed as well as its breakdown by age, skill and gender. The generosity of unemployment benefits, and to a lesser extent, spending on active labour market policies appear to be robust determinants of the long-term share of self-employed in European countries. No significant relation could be identified between the stringency of employment protection and aggregate self-employment. However, there are significant, and oppositely signed, impacts on high- and low-skilled self-employed separately. Both the tax wedge and the minimum wage appear to be related positively to the share of self-employed in the long term, but the relation holds for some categories of workers only.

This is a technical report accompanying the paper "All Principal Congruence Link Groups" (arXiv:1802.01275) classifying all principal congruence link complements in S^3 by the same authors. It provides a complete overview of all cases (d,I) that had to be considered, as well as describes the necessary computations and computer programs written for the classification result., Comment: 60 pages, 31 tables, 15 figures

Summary Focal status epilepticus in POLG‐related mitochondrial disease is highly refractory to pharmacological agents, including general anesthesia. We report the challenges in managing a previously healthy teenager who presented with de novo epilepsia partialis continua and metabolic stroke resulting from the homozygous p.Ala467Thr POLG mutation, the most common pathogenic variant identified in the Caucasian population. We applied transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS; 2 mA; 20 min) daily as an adjunctive therapy because her focal seizures failed to respond to five antiepileptic drugs at maximal doses. The electrical and clinical seizures stopped after 3 days of tDCS. The second course of tDCS was administered for 14 days when the focal seizures re‐emerged a month later. The patient tolerated the procedure well. Following 4 months of hospitalization and prolonged community rehabilitation, our patient has now returned to full‐time education with support, and there is no report of cognitive deficit. We have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of tDCS in treating refractory focal motor seizures caused by mitochondrial disease.

Background Limited data exist among women living with HIV who become pregnant while exposed to long-acting (LA) cabotegravir (CAB) and rilpivirine (RPV). We report outcomes in pregnant participants and LA pharmacokinetic (PK) tail data in pregnant women exposed to CAB+RPV with live births. Methods Women of reproductive potential exposed to ≥ 1 dose of CAB+RPV (oral/LA) from ViiV-sponsored Phase 2/3/3b clinical treatment studies and the compassionate use program were included in this analysis and pregnancies identified. Per protocol, upon identification of pregnancy, CAB+RPV was discontinued and an alternative regimen initiated, with continued quarterly PK sampling for 52 weeks post last injection during long-term safety follow-up (LTFU). Descriptive characteristics of pregnant women and birth outcomes and available CAB and RPV PK during pregnancy for those with live births are summarized. Results As of March 31, 2021, 26/325 women of reproductive potential (age 18–49 years) became pregnant while exposed to CAB+RPV (5 oral, 21 LA [including 3 following LA discontinuation]). There were 11 live births (1 oral, 10 LA), of which 10 had no reported congenital abnormalities and 1 had reported congenital ptosis, in a pre-term infant with intrauterine growth restriction. There were 9 elective terminations and 6 miscarriages (5 in first 9 weeks of gestation). Ten women exposed to intramuscular CAB+RPV LA became pregnant with subsequent live birth outcomes, including 3 infants conceived during the PK tail in LTFU. All women were virologically suppressed at time of pregnancy identification. In women becoming pregnant on LA dosing, plasma CAB and RPV concentrations during pregnancy were within the range of expected concentrations in non-pregnant women. Two of 10 women with live births exposed to CAB+RPV LA continued LA therapy during pregnancy (compassionate use program participants). Conclusion Pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to CAB+RPV at conception are consistent with earlier findings. There was 1 reported congenital anomaly among 11 live births. CAB and RPV PK tail in pregnancy was within the expected range for non-pregnant women. Ongoing monitoring of birth defects within the antiretroviral pregnancy registry and pregnancy surveillance within the treatment program continues. Disclosures Parul Patel, PharmD, GlaxoSmithKline (Shareholder)ViiV Healthcare (Employee) Susan L. Ford, PharmD, GlaxoSmithKline (Shareholder)ViiV Healthcare (Employee) Mark Baker, PhD, GlaxoSmithKline (Shareholder)ViiV Healthcare (Employee) Claudia Meyer, MBChB, MRCP, MSc, FRCPath, DTM&H, GlaxoSmithKline (Employee, Shareholder) Louise Garside, PhD, GlaxoSmithKline (Employee) Ronald D’Amico, DO, MSc, GlaxoSmithKline (Shareholder)ViiV Healthcare (Employee) Rodica Van Solingen-Ristea, MD, Janssen Research and Development (Employee)ViiV Healthcare (Employee) Herta Crauwels, PhD, Janssen (Employee) Joseph Polli, PhD, FAAPS, GlaxoSmithKline (Shareholder)ViiV Healthcare (Employee) Ciara Seal, BS, GlaxoSmithKline (Employee, Shareholder) Shanker Thiagarajah, MB ChB, GlaxoSmithKline (Employee, Shareholder) Eileen Birmingham, MD, MPH, Janssen Research and Development (Employee, Shareholder) William Spreen, PharmD, GlaxoSmithKline (Shareholder)ViiV Healthcare (Employee) Bryan Baugh, MD, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson (Employee, Shareholder) Matthew Bosse, DO, GlaxoSmithKline (Shareholder)ViiV Healthcare (Employee) Vani Vannappagari, MBBS, MPH, PhD, ViiV Healthcare Limited (Employee)

Background and Purpose Our initial aim was to generate cannabinoid agents that control spasticity, occurring as a consequence of multiple sclerosis (MS), whilst avoiding the sedative side effects associated with cannabis. VSN16R was synthesized as an anandamide (endocannabinoid) analogue in an anti‐metabolite approach to identify drugs that target spasticity. Experimental Approach Following the initial chemistry, a variety of biochemical, pharmacological and electrophysiological approaches, using isolated cells, tissue‐based assays and in vivo animal models, were used to demonstrate the activity, efficacy, pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action of VSN16R. Toxicological and safety studies were performed in animals and humans. Key Results VSN16R had nanomolar activity in tissue‐based, functional assays and dose‐dependently inhibited spasticity in a mouse experimental encephalomyelitis model of MS. This effect occurred with over 1000‐fold therapeutic window, without affecting normal muscle tone. Efficacy was achieved at plasma levels that are feasible and safe in humans. VSN16R did not bind to known CB1/CB2/GPPR55 cannabinoid‐related receptors in receptor‐based assays but acted on a vascular cannabinoid target. This was identified as the major neuronal form of the big conductance, calcium‐activated potassium (BKCa) channel. Drug‐induced opening of neuronal BKCa channels induced membrane hyperpolarization, limiting excessive neural‐excitability and controlling spasticity. Conclusions and Implications We identified the neuronal form of the BKCa channel as the target for VSN16R and demonstrated that its activation alleviates neuronal excitability and spasticity in an experimental model of MS, revealing a novel mechanism to control spasticity. VSN16R is a potential, safe and selective ligand for controlling neural hyper‐excitability in spasticity.

This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for Energy Production Multifunctional materials for energy conversion and storage could act as a key solution for growing energy needs. In this study, we synthesized nanoflower-shaped iron-nickel sulfide (FeNiS) over a nickel foam (NF) substrate using a facile hydrothermal method. The FeNiS electrode showed a high catalytic performance with a low overpotential value of 246 mV for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) to achieve a current density of 10 mA/cm2, while it required 208 mV at 10 mA/cm2 for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The synthesized electrode exhibited a durable performance of up to 2000 cycles in stability and bending tests. The electrolyzer showed a lower cell potential requirement for a FeNiS-Pt/C system (1.54 V) compared to a standard benchmark IrO2-Pt/C system (1.56 V) to achieve a current density of 10 mA/cm2. Furthermore, the FeNiS electrode demonstrated promising charge storage capabilities with a high areal capacitance of 13.2 F/cm2. Our results suggest that FeNiS could be used for multifunctional energy applications such as energy generation (OER and HER) and storage (supercapacitor).

This report lists the link diagrams in S^3 for all principal congruence link complements for which such a link diagram is known. Several unpublished link diagrams are included. Related to this, we also include one link diagram for an arithmetic regular tessellation link complement., 25 pages, 39 figures; Version 2 includes the new links found by Dunfield, Obeidin and Rudd

To contribute to solving global energy problems, a multifunctional CoFe2O4 spinel was synthesized and used as a catalyst for overall water splitting and as an electrode material for supercapacitors. The ultra-fast one-step electrodeposition of CoFe2O4 over conducting substrates provides an economic pathway to high-performance energy devices. Electrodeposited CoFe2O4 on Ni-foam showed a low overpotential of 270 mV and a Tafel slope of 31 mV/dec. The results indicated a higher conductivity for electrodeposited compared with dip-coated CoFe2O4 with enhanced device performance. Moreover, bending and chronoamperometry studies suggest excellent durability of the catalytic electrode for long-term use. The energy storage behavior of CoFe2O4 showed high specific capacitance of 768 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g and maintained about 80% retention after 10,000 cycles. These results demonstrate the competitiveness and multifunctional applicability of the CoFe2O4 spinel to be used for energy generation and storage devices.

The Human Proteome Organization’s (HUPO) Human Proteome Project (HPP) developed Mass Spectrometry (MS) Data Interpretation Guidelines that have been applied since 2016. These guidelines have helped ensure that the emerging draft of the complete human proteome is highly accurate and with low numbers of false-positive protein identifications. Here, we describe an update to these guidelines based on consensus-reaching discussions with the wider HPP community over the past year. The revised 3.0 guidelines address several major and minor identified gaps. We have added guidelines for emerging data independent acquisition (DIA) MS workflows and for use of the new Universal Spectrum Identifier (USI) system being developed by the HUPO Proteomics Standards Initiative (PSI). In addition, we discuss updates to the standard HPP pipeline for collecting MS evidence for all proteins in the HPP, including refinements to minimum evidence. We present a new plan for incorporating MassIVE-KB into the HPP pipeline for the next (HPP 2020) cycle in order to obtain more comprehensive coverage of public MS data sets. The main checklist has been reorganized under headings and subitems, and related guidelines have been grouped. In sum, Version 2.1 of the HPP MS Data Interpretation Guidelines has served well, and this timely update to version 3.0 will aid the HPP as it approaches its goal of collecting and curating MS evidence of translation and expression for all predicted ∼20 000 human proteins encoded by the human genome. This work was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health grants R01GM087221 (EWD/RLM), R24GM127667 (EWD), U54EB020406 (EWD), R01HL133135 (RLM), U19AG02312 (RLM), U54ES017885 (GSO), U24CA210967-01 (GSO), R01LM013115 (NB) and P41GM103484 (NB); National Science Foundation grants ABI-1759980 (NB), DBI-1933311 (EWD), and IOS-1922871 (EWD); Canadian Institutes of Health Research 148408 (CMO); Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare HI13C2098 (YKP); French Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, ProFI project, ANR-10-INBS-08 (YV); also in part by the National Eye Institute (NEI), National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), and National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U24HG007822 (SO) (the content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health).

The Human Proteome Project (HPP) annually reports on progress made throughout the field in credibly identifying and characterizing the complete human protein parts list and making proteomics an integral part of multiomics studies in medicine and the life sciences. NeXtProt release 2019–01–11 contains 17 694 proteins with strong protein-level evidence (PE1), compliant with HPP Guidelines for Interpretation of MS Data v2.1; these represent 89% of all 19 823 neXtProt predicted coding genes (all PE1,2,3,4 proteins), up from 17 470 one year earlier. Conversely, the number of neXtProt PE2,3,4 proteins, termed the “missing proteins” (MPs), has been reduced from 2949 to 2129 since 2016 through efforts throughout the community, including the chromosome-centric HPP. PeptideAtlas is the source of uniformly reanalyzed raw mass spectrometry data for neXtProt; PeptideAtlas added 495 canonical proteins between 2018 and 2019, especially from studies designed to detect hard-to-identify proteins. Meanwhile, the Human Protein Atlas has released version 18.1 with immunohistochemical evidence of expression of 17 000 proteins and survival plots as part of the Pathology Atlas. Many investigators apply multiplexed SRM-targeted proteomics for quantitation of organ-specific popular proteins in studies of various human diseases. The 19 teams of the Biology and Disease-driven B/D-HPP published a total of 160 publications in 2018, bringing proteomics to a broad array of biomedical research. G.S.O. acknowledges grant support from National Institutes of Health grants P30ES017885-01A1 and U24CA210967; E.W.D. from National Institutes of Health grants, R01GM087221, R24GM127667, U54EB020406, and the U19AG023122; L.L. and neXtProt from the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; C.M.O. by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Foundation Grant and a Canada Research Chair in Protease Proteomics and Systems Biology; M.S.B. by NHMRC Project Grant APP1010303; J.M.S. by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation for the Human Protein Atlas; and Y.-K.P. by grants from the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare HI13C22098 and HI16C0257.

It has recently been suggested that the human sperm genome is highly unstable, which may be a reasonable explanation as to why men, even fertile men, produce defective spermatozoa. Furthermore, an unstable genome may also explain why the semen profile of the same man changes from one ejaculate to the next. As such, we took multiple ejaculates (between 3 and 6) from 7 individuals over a 6-month period and isolated sperm through density gradients. We then compared the DNA of: (i) good and poor-quality spermatozoa within the same ejaculate; and (ii) from multiple ejaculates from the same individual. Our results suggest that on a global level, DNA present within spermatozoa is actually quite stable and similar between both good and poor sperm. This is important information for the assisted reproductive community when it comes to sperm selection.

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Background: Writer's cramp (WC) is a task-specific focal hand dystonia presenting with pain, stiffness and/or tremor while writing. We explored the involvement of cortical and brainstem circuits by measuring intermuscular coherence (IMC) and pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) of the blink reflex. Methods: IMC was measured in 10 healthy controls and 20 WC patients (10 with associated tremor) while they performed a precision grip task at different force levels. Blink responses were evaluated in 9 healthy controls and 10 WC patients by stimulating the right supraorbital nerve and recording surface EMG from the orbicularis oculi muscles bilaterally. PPI involved conditioning this stimulation with a prior shock to the right median nerve (100 ms interval), and measuring the reduction in the R2 component of the blink reflex. Results: Significant IMC at 3–7 Hz was present in WC patients, but not in healthy controls. Compared to healthy controls, in WC patients the R2 component of the blink reflex showed significantly less PPI. IMC at 3–7 Hz could reliably discriminate WC patients from healthy controls. Conclusion: Cortical or sub-cortical circuits generating theta (3–7 Hz) oscillations might play an important role in the pathogenesis of WC. Moreover, the lack of PPI implicates abnormalities in brainstem inhibition in the emergence of WC. IMC may merit further development as an electrodiagnostic test for focal dystonia.